Eames House - Environmental Mutation

ea m es h ouse

environmental mutation- assignment 02

new context environmental perform ance environmental control system

Pa c if ic Pa l i s a d e s , Ca l i fo rn i a

Sh e nto n Park, Pe rth

Latitude: 30.03N Longitude: 118.52W Altitude: 39m Koppen-Geiger Classification: Csb Climate: Warm-summer Mediterranean Average Temperature: 23.1 °C Annual Average Rainfall: 412mm Timezone: UTC-8 (Pacific)

Latitude: 37°57’15 S Longitude: 115°48’9 E Altitude: 13m Koppen-Geiger Classification: Csa Climate: Mediterranean Climate Average Temperature: 25.3 °C Annual Average Rainfall: 588mm Timezone: UTC+8 (AWST)

Dini Mahmud 22884722 Saleh Kaji Esfahani

Co nt ex t - Ge n e r a l Com pa ri s on Pacif ic Palisades, California, USA

Assig n m ent 2 - Env iro n m ent al Mu t at io n

Shenton Park, Perth, Australia

Global Horizontal Irradiation

Average Temperatures(°C)

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Comparison:

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Average Low Temp (°C)

During summer, the average high temperature in daytime is 28°C while at night time it is 20°C. In winter, the average low temperature in daytime is 19°C while at night time it is 11°C. 80%

The average high temperature is higher in Pacific Palisades than in Perth, for the daytime period in summer and lower in Perth than Pacific Palisades at night. However, the average low temperature is higher in Pacific Palisades than Perth for the daytime period in winter but same at night.

Average Humidity(%) Comparison:

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Humidity (%)

The humidity percentage in summer is generally higher than winter as warmer air can hold more moisture than cold air, even when the air is saturated.

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Average Low Temp (°C)

During summer, the average high temperature in daytime is 27°C while at night time it is 18°C. In winter, the average low temperature in daytime is 17°C while at night time it is 11°C. 80%

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There is lesser precipitation in summer to winter. The warm oceans make the winters mild, leading to higher evaporation of water causing more rain. In summer, there are no warm currents and winds, hence lesser rain.

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Average UV Index Graph

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Average UV

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UV Index is highest in summer as the sun’s position is highest in the sky. This is means that its rays travel directly through much lesser ozone than winter. Winter has clouds which block the sun hence lesser UV Index.

Sa leh Ka ji Es f a h a n i Enviro n m e nt a l De s i g n

Jan

The average UV index for both sites are highest during the summer period. However, the UV index in Pacific Palisades increases by 1 during summer while it is at a consistent amount in Perth. Also, UV is higher in Pacific Palisades than in Perth.

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Humidity (%)

Relative humidity is higher in winter than in summer.

Cold air substantially holds lesser moisture than warm air which makes it to saturate a parcel of cold air.

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Average Rainfall Days

Precipitation (mm)

The precipitation levels in winter is higher than summer.

The capacity of cold air is lesser than warm air, hence cold air holds lesser water vapor even before saturation compared to warm air in summer.

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Comparison:

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UV Index

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Average Rainfall (mm)

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It is concluded that both sites’ precipitation amounts are higher in winter than summer. The precipitation amount in winter is higher in Perth than in Pacific Palisades.

Average Rainfall Days

Precipitation (mm)

The difference in humidity for both sites is due to their geographical location. Perth is situated at a lower altitude while Pacific Palisades is located at a higher altitude. Therefore, the humidity levels in Pacific Palisades is higher than Perth in summer, but Perth has higher humidity in winter.

Precipitation (mm)

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Average Rainfall Days

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UV Index

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Average Rainfall Days

Temperature (°c)

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Average UV

UV Index is highest in summer as the sun’s position is highest in the sky. This is means that its rays travel directly through much lesser ozone than winter. Winter has clouds which block the sun hence lesser UV Index.

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Ne w Cont e xt - Si t e Ana lys i s

Assig n m ent 2 - Env iro n m ent al Mu t at io n

Project: Eames House Architect: Charles and Ray Eames Building Type: Private Dwelling Location: Orton Rd & Dawes View, Shenton Park WA 6008 Latitude: 37°57’15 S Longitude: 115°48’9 E Altitude: 13m Size: 2431.67m² (approx) Orientation: North-facing, W to E axis Climate: Mediterranean Climate (Csa) Average Temperature: 28°C Dec to Feb (Hottest months), 17°C Jun to Aug (Coldest months) Average Rainfall: approx 160mm, July (Wettest Month) Average Humidity: 63%

Winter winds 12pm

5.20pm Sunset

21st June Winter Solstice 7.17am

A B

A B

21st December Summer Solstice 5.07am

7.22pm Sunset

Summer winds

SITE PLAN 1:1000

NEW SITE ANALYSIS

WIND DIRECTION DISTRIBUTION

SUMMER WIND SPEED

PRECIPITATION AMOUNTS

Unlike Pacific Palisades in California, the new site is in YEAR AVERAGE SUMMER : DEC - FEB WINTER: JUN - AUG a suburban area that is located in the west of the Perth Central Business District. The site has a generally flat terrain compared to its Pacific Palisades, which eases commute to the house. The new site is situated in the southern hemisphere, summer begins in December and ends in February while winter begins in June and ends in August. The warmest month is in February at 24.9°C while the coldest is in July at 12.9°C. Annually, the rainfall is 588mm and there is a difference of 101mm between the driest and wettest and driest The annual wind rose depicts that majority of the wind distribution is from the W,E,S and SW directions. In summer, month. Throughout the year, Perth experiences almost 3213.22 hours of sunshine and an average of the wind distribution comes from the S,SW,SSW and E directions while in winter, the wind distribution comes from 105.77 sunshine hours are experienced per month. the W,N,NE, and NNE directions. The average annual wind speed is at 12.90m/s (highest) and 1.29m/s (lowest).

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SUN HOURS 400

OUTDOOR COMFORT HOT

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Sunny

The driest month is March with almost 30 days of dryness while the wettest month is July with rains for 10 days, with precipitation amounts of almost 20-50mm.

In winter (June to August), wind speed is frequent especially in the afternoon and is more consistent than summer. The speed ranges from 1.64m/s(lowest) to 4.10m/s.

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In summer (December to February), the winds are more frequent in the afternoon. The speed ranges from 1.03m/s(lowest) to 3.09m/s.

CLOUD, SUN AND RAIN DAYS

COLD

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Precipitation days

July has the highest overcast and cloudy but the lowest days sunny days while December has the lowest overcast and cloudy but the highest sunny days.

TEMPERATURE HOT

Sunhours

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Annual outdoor temperature shows outdoor comfort.

In summer (Dec-Feb), outdoor comfort is extremely The hottest month is January with a temperature of June has the lowest amount with 144 hours of sunshine hot especially from 6pm to 12pm. In winter (Jun-Aug), 24.03°C while the coldest month is August. The month with while December has the highest with 322 hours of sunshine. outdoor comfort is cold from 12pm to 6am the highest humidity is July at 77.24% while January has the lowest humidity at 14.27%.

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New Cont e xt - Or i ent a ti on

Assig n m ent 2 - Env iro n m ent al Mu t at io n

BUILDING ORIENTATION ANNUAL SOLAR RADIATION

Figure 1: Annual Solar Radiation

Figure 3: Annual Diffuse Radiation

Figure 2: Annual Direct Radiation

The diagrams above represent the amount of solar radiation that the site receives annually. This is essential in determining the new orientation of the Eames House on the new site so that it can achieve its optimum performance. Figure 1 represents the annual total solar radiation of Shenton Park. It is an accumulation of direct and diffuse radiation. (Direct is more intense than diffuse) Figure 2 represents the annual direct radiation. In simple terms, direct solar radiation follows a definite direction. Direct radiation is at its peak when the sky is clear and the sun is at its highest. This means that places exposed will have to be properly shaded for indoor/outdoor comfort. On the other hand, figure 3 represents the annual diffuse radiation. This type of radiation follows a more scattered and uneven path. This means that solar radiation is more distributed throughout the sky and it gets higher as the sun lowers. Diffuse radiation is essential for the placement of solar/photovoltaic panels on the house.

ORIENTATION SOLAR RADIATION ANALYSIS Iteration 01: NW orientation

Figure 4a: Summer radiation

Figure 4b: Summer radiation-perspective

Figure 4c: Winter radiation-perspective

The two blocks represent the 2 parts of the Eames House - longer part is residential and shorter part is studio. As per the solar radiation models, it is evident that whether it is summer or winter, the roof is always exposed to solar radiation. However, solar radiation hits all the living spaces.

While it is good that the house will be well-lit, the house will not achieve passive design as it is gaining heat during summer instead of minimising it. I believe that this orientation is not successful and that the house will not achieve its maximum potential.

Iteration 02: North Orientation

Figure 5a: Summer radiation Figure 5b: Summer radiation-perspective

Figure 5c: Winter radiation-perspective

While it is good that the house is orientated to the north, the solar radiation hits the residential and studio spaces as they are faced towards the east and west direction. This will not achieve passive design as these spaces should not be exposed to the sun and should be shaded instead, as it will cause heat gain or overheating. However, the spaces are well radiated in winter, hence it will be warm. (Passive heating is achieved here). This orientation, like above, is unsuccessful and the house will not achieve its maximum potential.

CHOSEN ORIENTATION: Iteration 03: North facing and sitting on the EW axis Summer Sun

Figure 6a: Summer radiation

Winter Sun

Figure 6c: Winter radiation

New Eames House Orientation

Figure 6b: Summer perspective

Sa leh Ka ji Es f a h a n i Enviro n m e nt a l De s i g n

Figure 6d: Winter perspective

Figure 7

The orientation that would allow the new Eames House to yield the optimal outcome would be North facing, on the West to East axis. North facing homes are generally more desirable in Perth due to the positioning of the sun as seen above. The living spaces are well radiated in winter, maximizing heat gain in winter and allows for passive cooling in summer. This orientation is successful and the house will achieve its potential.

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Env i ro nm e nt a l Pe r forma nc e Summer

Assig n m ent 2 - Env iro n m ent al Mu t at io n

NEWLY MUTATED EAMES HOUSE VIEWS AND PROPOSED SOLUTIONS

NEW FRONT VIEW

NEW BACK VIEW

Proposed Solutions: • Green roof - add to roof insulating properties, reduce heat loss and decrease energy consumption rates • Overhangs - allow winter light penetration, saves energy and electricity costs • Vertical green system - protect building from wind and reduce heat loss (air pocket) • Photovoltaic panels - using build up heat to produce power for the house = environmentally friendly!

• Kinetic / Parametric Facade - minimize heat gain and solar radiation • Vegetation - natural air filter, divert/funnel wind into the house for ventilation

SOLAR RADIATION AND THERMAL ANALYSIS

LONGITUDINAL SECTION AA

Plants on roof block solar radiation from reaching the underlying roof. Shading reduces surface temperature below the plants, and the cooler surface reduces heat transmission into the house

DECIDUOUS VEGETATION

URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT

Does not shed leaves during summer, acting as a shading device. Reduces ambient temperature through transpiration and moderate humidity through evaporation

SOLAR RADIATION ABSORPTION

DIRECT SOLAR RADIATION

12pm, 81° Afternoon sun

Sun directly hits photovoltaic panels, absorbing solar energy, that is used to power the house, resulting in 0 energy consumption from electrical sources.

Surrounding buildings absorb solar radiation. This increases surface and ambient temperature. Green roofs reduce absorption of solar radiation and urban heat island effect.

AIR QUALITY 9am, 46°

3pm, 52°

Surrounding vegetation aids in alleviating the air quality of the environment by diminishing air pollution (natural air filters)

RADIATION (GROUND)

Heat transfer by radiation from ground

Radiation

Evaporation release O2

Transpiration

release O2

Reflection CO2 intake CO2 intake

7.22pm Sunset

5.07am Summer sunrise

Conduction

Radiation

DAYLIGHTING

THERMAL MASS INSULATION

Prevents condensation and reduces heat gain in

House is well-lit due to light summer which aids in regulating indoor temperature penetrating into the indoor spaces, while avoiding direct sunlight in order to maintain the comfort of the room.

COURTYARD SHADING

Allows daylight to pass but reduces the amount of infrared heat, reducing summer heat gain

Adding shade to blur the distinction between indoor and outdoor spaces, reduce solar radiation and increasing outdoor thermal comfort, while controlling heat island effect.

Covered courtyards provide solar control for interior spaces.

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LOW EMISSIVITY WINDOWS

CONDUCTION (GROUND)

Heat transfer by conduction from ground to above air by direct contact

Least efficient way to transfer heat as air is a poor conductor of heat

VERTICAL GREEN SYSTEM

Includes creepers and other sorts of plants that are deciduous. Screens the house from opposite buildings and protects dwelling from the sun, through filtering light and air quality for interior spaces, which helps to increase the sustainable quality of the house.

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Env i ro nm e nt a l Pe r forma nc e Summer

Assig n m ent 2 - Env iro n m ent al Mu t at io n

WIND DENSITY ANALYSIS LONGITUDINAL SECTION BB

VEGETATION EVAPORATION STRATEGIC PLANTING By planting strategically in the landscape to channel the breezes, air can be funneled into the building. Having trees that of varying heights also help as smaller trees with open canopies allow wind to pass through easily while porous canopies reduce wind loads and impact on the building.

In hot and dry climates, low humidity increases discomfort. For a place to achieve comfort, hot air should be cooled before flowing into the dwellings and to increase the moisture in moving air. Surrounding plants undergo evaporation on a daily basis and evaporation induces cool air ventilation into the building as well as the surrounding area, which improves indoor comfort.

BOUNDARY VEGETATION

There is no physical boundary to the Eames House so using the vegetation and placing the plants strategically around the boundary of the dwelling , serves as a wind break that protects the house from any intense or strong prevailing winds.

The sun hitting the vegetation outside also creates shadows in the interior spaces.

Vegetation selected have to be native to the landscape and are climate appropriate, so as to reduce need for irrigation and encourage easier maintenance (saves money)

Decreased hot wind density after passing through the trees Evaporation

release O2

Transpiration CO2 intake

CROSS VENTILATION

INCREASED SUSTAINABILITY

The openings on both residence and studio are still maintained. This allows the wind to split which aids in cross ventilation.

Indoor plants act as active cooling agent which reduces the need for mechanical cooling systems, reducing energy consumption and increasing sustainable quality.

WIND CONTROL

EAST SUMMER WINDS AIRFLOW

Existing double height spaces serve as larger air inlets, promoting air flow through the building, providing comfortable indoor climate with a stable temperature.

Surrounding trees control the prevailing summer winds, by influencing wind movement and regulating comfort both indoors and outdoors by decreasing demand for air conditioning.

SIDE SUN AND WIND ANALYSIS EAST ELEVATION

The green roof is fully exposed to solar radiation when the sun is at its peak. They are filters that regulate the building’s temperature by acting as insulators while reducing urban heat island effect by decreasing the amount of energy needed to cool hot air.

INDOOR PLANTS

Including plants indoor improves the quality of air as it purifies, humidifies and oxygenates the air moving across the two buildings which improves indoor air quality and adds psychological value.

More people will come out of the house during summer either to enjoy the sun/ experience the prevailing winds, causing noise pollution to increase. This system absorbs noise instead of reflecting it between buildings which increases the quality of life indoors.

East Summer winds are filtered by the boundary and vertical green system, forcing hot air out and allowing cool air into indoor spaces to prevent heat gain and improve thermal comfort.

ADJUSTABLE LOUVERS

Increases exposure to prevailing summer winds and maximises cross ventilation in summer (convective currents will always force air out on hot days)

Vertical green system reduces energy use by decreasing demand for air-conditioning (active cooling agents). It also decreases the production of associated air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, by removing air pollutants and store and sequester carbon dioxide.

Exterior green walls significantly reduce

wall surface temperatures, resulting in significant energy savings and increasing sustainable quality of the house. Air quality is also greatly improved.

Wooden lattice-type trellis for plants to grow on for the vertical green system.

Louvers are strategically placed around the house to increase exposure of prevailing summer winds. The panels are equally spaced to offer protection to minimize heat gains which can affect indoor thermal comfort.

Since the dwelling is North-facing, the roof is extended beyond the interior spaces to provide shade and create a more temperate environment by preventing full solar penetration and unnecessary absorption of heat.

Sa leh Ka ji Es f a h a n i Enviro n m e nt a l De s i g n

The kinetic facade minimizes solar radiation and build up of heat in the house as it will only open when the light hits the faces of the facade while ensuring that indoor spaces are well lit. The facade reduces glare and UV radiation. This means that curtains are not needed as the secondary facade protects the interior spaces, unlike the previous house design.

Green system promotes shading especially for morning and evening sun and promotes enhanced storm water management and water quality by reducing runoff and filtering rainwater albeit summer has lesser precipitation than winter.

Air flows through the layer that is in between the facade and the window. This is called a cavity. The cavity is vented outside to mitigate solar gain. Excess heat is drained through chimney effect, where differences in air density create a circular motion that causes warmer air to escape so the building will be isolated against heat gain in summer.

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Env i ro nm e nt a l Pe r forma nc e Wi nter

Assig n m ent 2 - Env iro n m ent al Mu t at io n

NEWLY MUTATED EAMES HOUSE VIEWS AND PROPOSED SOLUTIONS

NEW FRONT VIEW

NEW BACK VIEW

Proposed Solutions: • Green roof - remove excess heat and regulate/reduce ambient and roof temperature • Overhangs - passive solar shading from the sun in summer • Vertical green system - natural air filter, protection for east-west facing windows, temperature regulator • Photovoltaic panels - using build up heat to produce power for the house = environmentally friendly!

• Kinetic / Parametric Facade - minimize heat gain and solar radiation • Vegetation - natural air filter, divert/funnel wind into the house for ventilation

SOLAR RADIATION AND THERMAL ANALYSIS LONGITUDINAL SECTION AA

REFLECTED RADIATION The low angle 12pm sun in winter is reflectFor a green roof to have insulating properties, evergreens were ed off the shade from the courtyard which bounces into the upper floors of the studio, used as the predominant plant life. The roof helps to reduce keeping the space warm and well-lit. heat loss and decrease energy consumption in winter.

ROOF INSULATION

AIR QUALITY Air is more dry in winter than summer due to the low humidity levels. Leftover moisture is sucked up into the air.

DIRECT SOLAR RADIATION

The 3pm afternoon sun directly hits the photovoltaic panels.

Photovoltaic panels work better in colder temperature, thus performing more efficiently and producing more sustainable power for the house’s usage. This also reduces carbon footprint

12pm, 34° Afternoon sun

Radiation

3pm, 22°

Evaporation

Evaporation Transpiration

Transpiration

Leaves falling

9am, 17°

5.20pm Sunset

7.17am Winter sunrise

SURROUNDING VEGETATION

Surrounding existing trees can reflect some of the winter sunlight into the house (passive design for climate zone5)

INSULATION AND DAYLIGHT

Acts as an insulation and keeps the building warm during winter while allowing optimal solar radiation and light into the house to create well-lit spaces throughout the house

THERMAL MASS INSULATION

Absorption of heat from the sun throughout the day where it is stored and released for cold days to keep the floors and house warm in winter

Sa leh Ka ji Es f a h a n i Enviro n m e nt a l De s i g n

MAXIMIZING HEAT GAIN

In winter, the vegetation can protect the building from wind and reduce heat loss via convection along the facade and the air pocket between the vegetation and the dwelling. However, the thick layer of air does not improve insulation as convection loss due to stack effect increases .Hence, compartmentalizing the vertical growth of the vegetation using the supporting structure is important.

SOIL

The ground (soil) has a large heat capacity.

Soil captures heat during summer, and stores/retains it for as long, maintaining warmer air temperatures during winter

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Env i ro nm e nt a l Pe r forma nc e Wi nter

Assig n m ent 2 - Env iro n m ent al Mu t at io n

WIND DENSITY ANALYSIS LONGITUDINAL SECTION BB

MIXTURE OF VEGETATION EXTRA INSULATION

The vertical green system comprises living plants. It acts as extra insulation for the house, with a layer between the plants and the wall, lowering heating costs and providing comfort.

Evergreen and deciduous vegetation are introduced to offer the best protection for the house. As the process of deciduous vegetation decreases and shed leaves during winter, the evergreen vegetation will step up and carry out regular plant processes.

AIRFLOW

Openings are kept close in winter to prevent the cold winds from entering the house so the air that moves throughout the house is from the heat that is gained throughout the day that is being regulated to keep the interior temperature of the house warm.

Evaporation

Evaporation

release O2

Transpiration CO2 intake

INSULATOR

In winter, green roof increases insulation by 25% in dry conditions like Perth. It increases the outside temperature of the roof on average by 4.5°C and reduces heat loss due to the wind by 50% compared to a regular roof. Less heat is lost from the inside hence lesser energy is consumed to keep the interior temperature warm. Heat is retained.

SIDE SUN AND WIND ANALYSIS

Generally in cold climates or in winter, the space between the facade and the windows behaves as an air buffer, This air buffer works as a barrier to heat loss. Sun-heated air contained in this zone can heat spaces outside the glass which reduces the demand for indoor heating systems. This reduces dependence on electrical power and reduces energy consumption.

EAST ELEVATION

Previously, the house had so many windows which resulted in receiving lots of solar radiation and UV light. Curtains were used to cover the interior spaces from receiving excessive amounts of lights. Hence, a secondary facade is introduced in the new design of the house.

The sun is lower in winter than in summer. The light will hit the surfaces of the north-facing facade directly. This allows the interior spaces to be naturally-lit and allows absorption of heat which is stored and regulated at night to keep the house warm. This reduces the need for electrical heating.

Although majority of the wind in winter comes from the west direction, the south facing adjustable louvers are kept close to prevent any wind from entering the house. Heat loss is reduced and interior temperature is maintained. The house is still flexible in allowing certain types of breezes into the house.

Since the sun is at a lower angle, a shadow is casted as it hits the top of the roof hence, the roof is only extended to create an overhang at the front instead of the back.

Sa leh Ka ji Es f a h a n i Enviro n m e nt a l De s i g n

WINDBREAKER

The trees are strategically placed around the house to protect the house from winter winds coming in from the W,N and NE directions. Surrounding vegetation acts as windbreakers.

This means that the trees slow down the wind speed, so little cold wind comes into the house. However, this is most effective if the surrounding vegetation comprises various species such as evergreen and deciduous as it will offer the best protection, and even take on the qualities of a fence.

Since there are stronger winds mainly on the W, N and NE directions, the living green wall systems are equipped with evergreen and deciduous vegetation for the most effective wind breaking function, filtering the cold winds passing through the house. The deciduous vegetation will shed leaves during winter. As such, natural lighting will be able to penetrate into the house, hitting the floors, capturing heat in the winter months to re-radiate its warmth on chilly evenings.

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Env i ro nm e nt a l Co nt rol Sys tem

Assig n m ent 2 - Env iro n m ent al Mu t at io n

RENDERED VIEWS OF THE NEW EAMES HOUSE Figure 7: Front View (North-facing)

Figure 8: Kinetic Facade Detail

Figure 9: Back View (South-facing)

Figure 10: Adjustable Louvers and Shaded Courtyard

Figure 11: Green Vertical System (East-facing)

Figure 14: Isometric View of New Eames House Design (Front)

Sa leh Ka ji Es f a h a n i Enviro n m e nt a l De s i g n

Figure 12: Wooden Lattice-Type Trellis (Seen during sunrise without plants)

Figure 13: Wooden Lattice-Type Trellis (Night time, West-facing)

Figure 15: Isometric View of New Eames House Design (Back)

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Env i ro nm e nt a l Co nt rol Sys tem PROPOSED SOLUTIONS FOR NEW EAMES HOUSE Proposed Solutions include: • Photovoltaic panels • Green roof • Vertical green system • Overhangs • Low emissivity glass windows • Glazing • Adjustable louvers • Thermal mass floors • Shaded courtyard • Kinetic / Parametric facade • Clapboard cladding

Assig n m ent 2 - Env iro n m ent al Mu t at io n

MATERIAL CATALOGUE STRUCTURAL MATERIAL The structure of the house is predominantly steel. As much as it possesses good thermal mass properties which are essential to achieving a passive house design, maintenance was needed due to moisture and leaking from the rainwater. This is not suitable for the current location as there is more amounts of precipitation, especially in the winter season. The solution is to ensure that the steel columns are not exposed and to include clapboard cladding. This protects the exterior walls against potential damage caused by rain or wind (good for winter). It also has insulation properties, keeping the heat in, reducing the need for mechanical heating in winter, increasing sustainable quality.

OVERHANGS

The roof is being extended, creating an overhang which provides shade and creates a more temperate environment indoors (summer)

ISOMETRIC VIEW OF EAMES HOUSE

EXTERIOR TILING

Granite is selected for the exterior tiles as natural stones work seamlessly in an outdoor environment, even though they are expensive to install. However, it does not require constant maintenance and can withstand significant weather shifts which is suitable for the current location.

GREEN ROOF

PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS

There is compensation of energy through the use of photovoltaic panels which are installed on the roof as it uses the heat gained to produce energy.

Energy consumption of the house is 0, increasing sustainable quality.

ADVANTAGED OF PANELS: 1. Using renewable energy (solar energy) to produce energy 2. Reduces greenhouse emission 3. Reduces the need for a generation that uses electricity produced from fossil fuels

SHADED COURTYARD

It is hotter in the current location than the previous one. As such, a shade is introduced, with Low E glass, to improve the outdoor comfort. Residents of the house can now enjoy the courtyard even when it is raining.

EXPLODED PARTS OF PANELS

Frame Glass

Roofing was a problem in the previous house design as water easily pooled on the flat roof and the drainage system was inadequate. This required constant maintenance which was expensive. Hence, a green roof is introduced. Not only does it act as a biological sponge and filter that regulates the house’s temperature, it absorbs and slows the rate of storm water runoff, which increases the house’s sustainable quality.

ADVANTAGES OF GREEN ROOF: 1. Improved air quality 2. Improved acoustic insulation 3. Reduce urban heat island effect 4. Improve rainwater retention 5. Improve energy efficiency 6. Increase urban wildlife habitat 7. Moderate ambient temperature PARTS OF A GREEN ROOF

Encapsulant Solar cells Backsheet Source: Green roofs: A critical review on the role of components, benefits, limitations and trends, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 57, 2016,

Sa leh Ka ji Es f a h a n i Enviro n m e nt a l De s i g n

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Env i ro nm e nt a l Co nt rol Sys tem

Assig n m ent 2 - Env iro n m ent al Mu t at io n

MATERIAL CATALOGUE

PROPOSED SOLUTIONS FOR NEW EAMES HOUSE

ADJUSTABLE LOUVERS

Proposed Solutions include: • Photovoltaic panels • Green roof • Vertical green system • Overhangs • Low emissivity glass windows • Glazing • Adjustable louvers • Thermal mass floors • Shaded courtyard • Kinetic / Parametric facade

More openings are created at the back of the house for adjustable louver panels that are able to admit controlled amounts of light, maximises cross ventilation in summer and forces the convective currents out on hot days, which moderates the ambient temperature. In winter, these panels can be kept close to control the cold winds from coming into the house.

Material used: Aluminium

KINETIC FACADE ISOMETRIC VIEW OF EAMES HOUSE

Kinetic facade is introduced so the windows do not have to be constantly covered by curtains. It is introduced to manage light, air and energy. It reduces solar gain and allows a passage of fresh air into the house, which contributes to savings on heating and cooling.

Material used is polycarbonate as it is functional and adds on to the aesthetics of the house. It is lightweight, durable and can withstand heavy impacts.

-ve: Prone to scratches but can be easily managed through polishing of surfaces.

GLAZING

Visible Light Indoor Heat Infrared radiation

UV radiation

Glazing is implemented for certain of the windows of Eames House. This helps to control the amount of solar radiation in summer, whilst maintaining sufficient daylight penetrating the living spaces.

This reduces dependence on electricity which is produced from fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse emissions.

Low emissivity glass is used as glazing.

ADVANTAGES OF LOW EMISSIVITY GLASS:

FLOORING SYSTEMS

Active concrete floor systems are chosen for interior tiles as it has thermal mass properties. Energy gained in the day is stored and released at night to moderate drastic temperature swings and reduces the need for mechanical heating/cooling.

Active concrete floor tiles and hydronic systems combined is 30% more energy efficient and saves 50% of energy compared to traditional heating/cooling methods.

1. Improves solar and thermal control 2. Improves energy efficiency 3. Reduces summer heat gain and winter heat loss 4. Decreases amounts of UV transmission 5. Contains a coating that allows daylight to penetrate but reduces amount of long wavelength infrared heat.

CROSS SECTION OF WINDOW It also reduces the amount of heat conducted through glass by 30%, which is more efficient that basic glass.

Sa leh Ka ji Es f a h a n i Enviro n m e nt a l De s i g n

Dini Mahmud 2 2 88472 2 AR CT2 0 5 0