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TROPHOBIOSIS Trophikos (nourishment) and bios (life)
Relationship of dependence between the nutritional quality of plants and their parasites
By Eugenio Gras www.mashumus.com
Chaboussou’s book Healthy Crops is presented in three sections: Pesticides and Biological Imbalances; Deficiencies and Parasitic Diseases; and Agriculture Techniques and the Health of Crops. He documents his case citing a wide variety of research, including his own.
Plants are autotrophic organisms, they synthesize their own food (selftrophic) from mineral carbon and water through sunlight.
Healthy environment = healthy cells
Unealthy environment = unhealthy cells
THE FUNDAMENTALS OF TROPHOBIOSIS WHEN YOU ARE HEALTHY IS BECAUSE YOUR FOOD IS HEALTHY , YOUR FOOD IS HEALTHY BECAUSE PLANTS ARE HEALTHY , PLANTS ARE HEALTHY BECAUSE YOUR SOIL IS HEALTHY
AIR
Organic Matter
Macro and microorganisms
HUMUS GAS
WATER
Minerals
Soil
"All vital process is under the dependence of meeting the needs of the living organism, whether plant or animal" (Chaboussou, 1960).
According to Chaboussou, plants have two basic states, which are: Synthesis and Lysis. PROTEOSYNTHESIS The optimal Synthesis state can be found in a plant that, within its ecosystem, can be it one hundred percent efficient using the nutrients that absobrs.
The availability of trace elements and organic complexes (in quantity and diversity) contributes to that state that allows optimization of enzyme activity and, therefore, protein synthesis and growth.
The rigid state of a plant corresponds to the accumulation of starch, increased protein of phenolic compounds (alexine) and respiration,
Pests starves on helathy plants
when this happens, it shows a fast metabolism and therefore, increases plant resistance to parasites.
This synthesis triggers others processes, like the synthesis of proteins, called PROTEOSYNTHESIS.
In order to synthesize proteins, heterotrophic organisms get their nutrients saprophytically parasitiing on these reserves through proteolysis
The state or proteolysis, is a characteristic of senescence. The tissues degenerate and that, physiologically, it means that simple sugars, nitrogen and free amino acids accumulate in the sap. This is the signal for opportunistic decomposers and all the micro and meso-fauna and flora, promoting recycling in nature.
So, on the other side, since fungi and viruses have no food reserves, they need a sap or cytoplasm as a nutritional source with proteolytic accumulation.
Without any intoxication, the parasitic fungus simply dies of starvation.
Pathogens act through toxins to overcome antifungal defenses of plants.
Without toxification, the parasitic fungus simply dies of starvation
MOLECULAR TROPHOBIOSIS
Therefore, the use of agrotoxins dramatically reduces the defences of plants.
Trophobiosis
Francis Chaboussou Fertilizers and agro-poisons cause changes in plant metabolism, leading to an enrichment of their cellular fluids in soluble sugars and free amino acids
Trophobiosis
Unbalanced plant enriched with:
From the insects perspective
It´s really a wonderful thing the power bugs have to distinguish when a tree or a plant is nutritionaly unbalanced
Insects developed, evolutionarily, the perception of individuals of their species as or opposite sex through pheromones, where minute quantities of the order of 1 x 1O-15 -18 grams, attracts or repels individuals to tens of kilometers away.
Whiteflies are piercing insects that suck the juice from the plants tissue
Another capability of insects is the ability to detect an unbalanced plant in the middle of an orchard of the same species. Cutter ants clearly illustrate these cases, when it travels kilometers, in the middle of an orchard, to “attack� a tree.
Trofobiosis
The nutritional quality of the plant affects the insects behavior in many different ways:
FERTILITY FECUNDITY LONGEVITY NUMBER OF GENERATIONS
SHORTER CYCLES NUMBER OF POSTURES GROED
GROWTH SPEED INCREASES FEMALE TO MALE RATIO
TROPHOBIOSIS
Plants get sick because of the use of:
Understanding the defense system of plants
ELICIATOR
TOXIN DISEASE Phytoanticipines Phytoalexines
“VIZAGRAS” OLEGÁRIO
ELICIATORS Signals of health
Phytoanticipines Phytoalexines
Many plants produce low molecular weight compounds that inhibit the growth of plant pathogenic fungi. These compounds may be preformed inhibitors present in healthy plants (also known as phytoanticipines) or synthesized in response to pathogen attack (phytoalexins)
TOXINS
Phytoanticipines preformed inhibitors present in healthy plants
Phytoalexins synthesized compounds in response to pathogens
Chaboussou explains why. Almost all conventional chemical agricultural technologies create favorable conditions for the growth of pest and disease organisms ... the susceptibility of the crop is increased: when offered free nutrients, pests grow better and multiply faster. In this sense therefore, agrochemicals and poisons cause pests and diseases� (2004, p. x, xi).
Sigatoka (black and yellow) ATAKCS THROUGH THE ACTION OF ITS TOXIN "Cercosporin"
30 FUNGICIDE APLICATIONS /YEAR
2005
The result
Glyphosate negative impact on phytoalexins development
AUTOR: JAMES E. RAHE, PROFESSOR SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY 1995
Glyphosate negative impact on phytoalexins development
AUTOR: JAMES E. RAHE, PROFESSOR SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY
1995
HORMESIS The effect of glyphosate on the foliage
Dilution 1 lt glyphosate in: 1 = control plant untreated 2 = 1: 10 millons 3 = 1: 2 millons 4 = 1: 400,000 lt 5 = 1 : 80,000 lt of solution
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
The effect of glyphosate is higher in roots than in foliage
5
Control plant Glyphosate 8%
Effect of glyphosate application (solution 8%) over the Brachiaria around the seedlings of coffee (repeated 3 times)
Effect of glyphosate application (solution 8%) over the Brachiaria around the seedlings of coffee (repeated 3 times)
generalized toxicity due to glyphosate in coffee trees
Typical situation of an orchard treated with glyphosate
Parasitism in a citrus orchard treated with glyphosate
High incidence of death of the ear of wheat (Fusarium Head Blight) in Saskatchewan "Risk factors of production" associated with the Stem Death : Environmental conditions (rain, temperature) Crop Production Factors – Glyphosate applied ** 18-36 months before wheat planting was the most consistent relationship with Stem Death over the years studied. M. Fernandez (2003). Report to Saskatchewan Agriculture Development Fund.
PATHOGENS PRODUCE TOXINS…what for? * To kill host cells and obtain nutrients * To kill host cells and prevent them from defending against the pathogen.
TOXINS ARE USUALLY: • Components that work in low concentration • Act at a distance of local production
On the other side: Pre-formed antifungal molecules in tropical fruits. A-Resorcinol: appear in the skin of mango B - Dienes: are present in the skin of the avocado.
Grapes produce Fitoalexins...trans-resveratrol
HIPERSENSIBLE RESPONSE - RH BIOTRÓFIC ORGANISMS
& NECROTRÓFICOS ORGANISMS
Hypersensitive response requieres THE PRODUCTION OF HIGH Phytoalexin Flavonoids and Isoflavones
The only way to obtain the mentioned compounds, for strength and quality of all the food and all societies (regardless of their technological development and their evolving form) is through crop management and living soils
Acquired Induced Resistance or may plants be immunized? -There are many demonstrations that inoculation with a virulent or nonvirulent pathogen or treatment with certain substances (Eliciators or signaling molecules) may result in the protection against infection by a virulent subsequent pathogen. -Local resistance syndrome (LRS) is restricted to the leaf in which the inoculation took place. - Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) flows through all the green parts of the plant.
So what we do is promote plant health
The antagonist Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg Cohn), falls in the eubacteria Order from the Bacillacea Family. It is a gram-positive rod-shaped with a compartment of 2.0 to 3.0 mm and diameter 0.7 to 0.9 mm. It needs an anaerobic atmosphere with activity between 5 and 55 º C and the optimum setting is 25 ° C.
Tolerated pH value is between 4.5 and 8.6, the optimum between 6 to 7.5. It sporulates in harsh conditions. In the stationary growth phase forms lipopeptidantibiótico: Iturina, Fengymycin and surfactin and ciclopeptídeo Mycobalicin.
BIOFERTILIZER Y MINERAL PREPARATIONS
A non-military approach to farming
Biofertilizer preparation
Sebastiao and banana producer
Biofertilizer preparation
David Holmgren and son making biofertlizer with E Nebulizing biofertilizer to the bananas
Biofertilizer preparation
Ready for the pump, 100 lts enough for 6 aplications/ 1 hectare
Small scale biofertilizer production
Medium scale Biofactory
Medium scale biofertilizer production
Cortesía Simón Cañarte
Large scale biofertilizer production
10,000 lts
Ferti-irrigated biofertilizer
Biofertilizer factory growing bigger
A larger biofertlizer production
The latest version of a Biofactory
Transporting biofertilizer to the fields
For better results aim the nozzle towards the back of the leaves and use a nebulizer Make sure pump isn't contaminated with pesticides.
Limesulphur preparation
Lime sulphur preparation, Commercial $30 dlls/lt, self made $1.50 plus 1 hr labor and lots of fun!
bones
Rice husks
Silica Calcium
Fosfato
Soluble phosphorus (Fosfito)
Find a good source of bones
= Calcium + phosphate
Star up a bonefire with a bit of wood
Soluble phosphate, Commercial $50/Kg…self made… very cheap
REPRODUCE YOUR OWN MICROORGANISMS
Below the ground
REPRODUCE YOUR OWN MICROORGANISMS
Make compost to improve the quality of Soil
compost to increase youroffarms MakingMaking compost to improve the quality Soil income
Transform your machinery to do different tasks
Mill your own rock dust
Mill your own rock dust
Rock dust
USE ROCK DUST AND BIOLOGY
Look for cheap rock dust basalt source
Make you own soil analysis
Pfeiffer put it this way: “When the biological balance is upset, degeneration follows; pests and diseases make their appearance. Nature herself liquidates weaklings. Pests are therefore to be regarded as natureâ€&#x;s warning that ... the balance [has been] sinned againstâ€? (1958, p.16).
With rockdust
Without rockdust
RESULTS
“We need to overcome the idea of „a battle‟; that is we must not try to annihilate the parasite with toxins that have been shown to have harmful effects on the plant, yielding the opposite effect to the one desired. We need, instead, to stimulate resistance by dissuading the parasite from attacking. This implies a revolution in attitude, followed by a complete change in the nature of research” Francis Chaboussou
TROPHOBIOSIS----- FITOANTICIPINS, FITOALEXINS, MINERALIZATION..... BIOFERTILIZERS
TAMAULIPAS, MEXICO
SOILS TREATED WITH AGROTOXICS FOR MORE THAN 25 YEARS
PILOT
COMPOST + ROCK DUST + BIOLOGY
CONVENTIONAL COTTON 4.2 TONS. BIOFERTLIZED + BIORREMINERALIZED COMPOST COTTON 5.4 TONS
Biol can be used in veggie gardens as well
TROFOBIOSIS: HEALTH THROUGH NUTRITION MOÍSES (Egito 4.000 AC): Previsiones de Plagas a través de Observaciones Climáticas. HIPOCRATES (Grécia 600AC): "Tu alimento debe ser tu medicina y viceversa". "SUBLATA CAUSA TOLITUR EFFECTUS".
DIVERSOS (Idade Média) Felippo Ré (Veneza); Franz Unger e J. Meyer (Alemania) médicos y botánicos afirmaban: "Disturbios nutricionales predisponen los tejidos de las plantas a las enfermedades". SIGLO XIX e XX, según Vavilov: • - H.F. Hanna encontró oxidases alteradas en las variedades de trigos afectadas por royas. - Rikter, encontró peroxidases alteradas en las variedades de girasol atacadas por larvas de insectos. - Stakmann e Aamodt declararon que era posible aumentar la susceptibilidad del trigo a la roya con una fuerte fertilización por nitratos. Henning, Spinks e Patanelli obtuvieron ataques de royas de trigo (P. glumarum) y fríjol (Uromyces fabae) a través de fertilización nitrogenada.