NAVRACHNA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN AND ARCHITECTURE
DESIGN INTERVENTION TO INTEGRATE DAYLIGHT AT AN EXISTING UNDERGROUND METRO STATION BY USING AN ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL : TRANSLUCENT CONCRETE
Under the guidance of Ar. Priyank Shah
Submitted by Dishit Parsana 16192009 | B.Design 2019-20
NAVRACHNA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN AND ARCHITECTURE
DESIGN INTERVENTION TO INTEGRATE DAYLIGHT AT AN EXISTING UNDERGROUND METRO STATION BY USING AN ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL : TRANSLUCENT CONCRETE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF SCHOOL ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN AND ARCHITECTURE IN PARTIAL FUFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELORS OF DESIGN 2020-21
Submitted to :-
Submitted to :-
Guided by :-
Submitted by:-
Prof. Pratyush Shankar Dean | SEDA
Shalini Amin Program Chairperson B.Design | SEDA
Ar. Priyank Shah
Dishit Parsana 16192009
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the thesis entitled “ Design intervention to integrate daylight at an exisiting underground metro station by using alterntive material : Translucent concrete ” is a record of original work by me under the guidance of Ar. Priyank Shah. The references taken from published or unpublished thesis and contribution of others have been clearly mentioned in the thesis. Dishit Parsana
In my capacity as guide of the candidate’s thesis, I certify that the above statements are true to the best of my knowledge. Ar. Priyank Shah
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This thesis wouldn’t be possible without the immense support and guidance of the people who have helped me throughout. I would like to grant my heartfelt thanks to Professor Shalini Amin and Advaita Jalan, without there attention and mentorship, this thesis would’ve been incomplete Her share of experience and knowledge helped enhance this work. I am grateful for my guide Ar. Priyank Shah, whose sincere efforts helped me to build the bridge between planning the thesis, researching on it and then executing it into words. His guidance was supportive towards my topic and his suggestions gave intense perspectives to take up this work. I was completely naive when I began my thesis, but his immense support and belief in me encouraged me to put my best foot forward. His experience in the architectural world gave momentum to my work and provided me with first hand experience not just for the thesis but for my career ahead. I could never be more thankful to him than right now for being so helpful. My immense gratitude to Ar. Vishwanath, who helped me in immeasurable ways to select the site to work on and gave his valuable advices and suggestions for the same and heartiest thanks to DMRC : Chief Ar. Papiya Sarkar and Ar. Deepankar Nath, who provided me with all the necessary legal actualities and permits required to perform my thesis on underground station of Delhi. I would also like to extend my gratitude to ACC cement, Thane and Dhairya Pancholi who helped with the research of translucent concrete. Also I am thankful to Id. Devanshi Vyas, who helped me in research work. Furthermore, I am grateful to my family and all the faculty and staff members of navrachna university who have helped me sail through the undergraduate programme with their unnerving experience, knowledge, practical education that has given us a huge share of opportunities that we can take up. They have nurtured us in the world of architecture where we entered with a curious mind and lot of uncertainty but they managed to ease the stepping stones of our life education and helped us rise above our fears and uncertainty. And to end with, I would like to thank all my batchmates, who stood by me and supported me throughout, without them this journey wouldn’t have been possible. iii
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ABSTRACT
The thesis focuses on research of an extremely unique material quality, composition and form of concrete and how it can be used in our daily lives in an innovative manner. To study the properties and functioning of translucent concrete and henceforth to create an interesting design proposal for the interior of underground metro stations using the same is the aim. An approach to get natural light in underground spaces, to make them sufficiently lit, using a material like concrete is an attempt, that has been made in the thesis. Concrete, a material that is most likely used only as a construction material, has more potential than what it is in present day scenario. That is what has been the nucleus of the research, how with the help of optical fibres and concrete can do wonders in the world of interior. The analysis of translucent concrete, investigation of its properties and exploring it as a material that carries light towards darker spaces has been the goal. After gathering a strong basis over the research of the material, an attempt has been made on renovating the interiors in a more enthralling manner of the existing Patel Chowk Metro Station in Delhi. An underground metro station that is refurbished in such manner in the design, that it not only comforts the user but engages the user with it as well.
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CONTENTS Chapter 1 : Introduction 1.1 Aim and objective 1.2 Scope and limitations 1.3 Methadology
Chapter 5 : Design process 3 4 4
Chapter 2 : Translucent concrete 2.1 Introduction to translucent concrete 2.2 Research on the material 2.3 Process of manufacturing material
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Chapter 3 : Case study 3.1 Bikas station, Budapest 3.2 Other stations 3.2.1 Novo Peredelkino station, Moscow 3.2.2 Bond street station, London 3.2.3 KĂĄlvin tĂŠr Station, Budapest
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3.3 Learning from the case study
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Chapter 4 : Programme brief 4.1 Redesign programme 4.2 Site introduction 4.3 Site selection 4.4 Site map
5.1 Concept 5.1.1 Concept 5.1.2 Axo view 5.1.3 Site analysis 5.2 Plan 5.2.1 Ground floor plan 5.2.2 First floor plan 5.2.3 Second floor plan 5.3 Section 5.3.1 Transverse section 1 5.3.2 Transverse section 2 5.3.3 Longitudnal section 5.4 3D views 5.4.1 Ground floor 5.4.2 First floor 5.4.3 Second floor
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Chapter 6 : Conclusion 6.1 Conclusion
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Chapter 1 : INTRODUCTION
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Introduction :
Natural light is an important aspect to human life. For the people travelling through the underground metro station, as they don’t get access to adequate natural light easily, however it can be attained by translucent concrete. Translucent concrete is a material which can pass partial light from one end to the other. By design intervention it can be possible to achieve natural light into the exisiting underground station, it is a difficult process due to the number of restrictions in the exisiting underground site.
Figure 1.1 : Optical fibres
1.1 Aim and objectives To design station in a way where several problems can be resolved by passing through optical fibres. To research completely on this material and about its existing properties. The idea is to redesign an existing underground station with this material & research about the design requirements for a station, it’s uses and limitations. Current issues in Underground Metro stations : - Dark space with no natural light - Data connectivity and network coverage - Indian aesthetics is missing
Figure 1.2 : Delhi metro station
Figure 1.3 : Delhi metro station
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1.2 Scope and limitations - Translucent concrete blocks are suitable for floors, pavements and load-bearing walls. - Facades, interior wall cladding and dividing walls based on thin panels can be designed. - Partitions wall can be used where the sunlight does not reach properly. - In furniture for the decorative and aesthetic purpose. - Light fixtures. - Light sidewalks at night. - Increasing visibility in dark underground stations - Data connectivity
Figure 1.4 : Partition wall
Figure 1.5 : Bench
Figure 1.6 : Flooring
Figure 1.7 : Bench
- Cost of the material is high. - Casting of translucent concrete block is difficult for the labour, so special skilled person is required.
1.3 Methodology Translucent concrete has unique properties compared to other mainstream materials. So, research will be solely on this material about its existing properties. The idea is to design an underground metro station with this material, for which research will be about the design requirements for an underground metro station, it’s uses and limitations. After which, there will be a design which will conclude with a brief that matches the properties of this material and work for the same.
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Chapter 2 : TRANSLUCENT CONCRETE
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2.1 Introduction to translucent concrete
Translucent concrete Translucent concrete is made with fine concrete and optical fibres. And it is c urrently used as facades, interior wall cladding, false ceiling. Partition wall can be used where sunlight cant reach directly.
Optical fibre An optical glass fibre (or optical fibre) is a flexible, transparent fibre made of glass (silica) or plastic, slightly thicker than a human hair and function as waveguide or “light pipe� to transmit light between the two ends. Figure 2.2 : Translucent concrete block
Figure 2.1 : Facade
Figure 2.3 : Testing of optical fibres
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2.2 Research on the material Translucent concrete : For casting of the translucent concrete, fine grain sand, cement and water is used, which comprises of 95% of it and only 5% of optical fibres are used for the same. After setting, the concrete is cut to plates or stones with standard machinery for cutting stone materials. Light intensity from the source to output remains nearby constant through optical fibres. By using core cutter, optical fibres can be inserted to underground for retrofit in exisitng station. Materials used for Translucent concrete : - Cement: As the optical fiber is only responsible for transmission of light, there is no special cement required. - Sand: Since the translucent concrete is manufactured only using fine materials, the size of sand should pass through according to size of optical fibres. The sand should be free from large stones and pebbles. - Water: Water to be used for translucent concrete should be free from impurities. - Optical fibers : Optical fibers in the range of 4-5% by volume is used for translucent concrete. Thickness of the optical fibers can vary between 0.5 mm to 2 mm as per the particular requirements of light transmission.
Figure 2.4 : Optical fibre section 8
Figure 2.5 : Translucent concrete block
Figure 2.6 : Signage
Translucent concrete can be used with an artificial light as well as natural light passing throught it. Natural light can be used where there’s a dark space beyond space where natural light already exists. By optical fibres, light can be passed easily from it’s transparent glass properties. It has two types : 1. 2.
End point optical fibre - Light pases from one end to other Edge point optical fibre - Light passes through whole fibre
Figure 2.7 : End point optical fibre
Figure 2.8 : Edge point optical fibre
2.3 Process of manufacturing material Process is done with optical fibres, mould, cement, fine aggregate such as sand and water. Fine grain concrete is made with 95% of cement, sand and water and there’s 5% of optical fibres which are added before casting process. Blocks dimension : 100 x 100 x 100 mm Figure 2.9 : Experiment 1 of translucent concrete
Figure 2.10 : Optical fibre and mould
Figure 2.14 : Dying concrete
Figure 2.11 : Optical fibre attached with mould
Figure 2.15 : Unmoulding
Figure 2.12 : Concrete pouring to mould
Figure 2.16 : 10 x 10 cm Translucent concrete block
Figure 2.13 : Poured concrete
Figure 2.17 : Light passing through block 9
Figure 2.18 : Experiment 2 of translucent concrete
Figure 2.19 : Block with bending optical fibre
It’s not necessary to keep optical fibre straight, it can be bend and it can attain any shape and can allow to pass light from it.
Figure 2.20 : Light passing through block 10
Figure 2.21 : Experiment 3 of translucent concrete
Figure 2.22 : Light pole with optical fibre
It can be use in lighting pole from which it can pass light towards underground space.
Figure 2.23 : Light passing through block
Optical fibre is an element which let’s light pass through it, and the light intensity loss from the source light is 1/10th of it but the brightness isn’t reduced. It remains constant, usually it depends on a single or bundle of optical fibres and also the diameter of an optical fibre which is used to pass light. By using lux meter, light intensity is measured and it shows that 1/10th of it’s intensity is reduced by optical fibres. Optical fibres should be placed according to it’s sources, so that it can pass an efficient amount of light through it. Optical fibres comes in 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2 and more sized diameter. which can be further customized according to the requirement. Light intensity can be seen through whole cable but if it is not coated by any other material, then it reduces the amount of the light emission by considerable amount.
Figure 2.24 : Experiment 4 of optical fibre
Figure 2.25 : Light passing through optical fibres
Figure 2.26 : Checking light intensity by lux meter 11
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Chapter 3 : CASE STUDY
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3.1 Bikas station, Budapest Retrofitting in Bikas park station, Budapest, Hungary Architects : Palatium studio Area : 6180 sqm Metro line : Underground M4 line Depth : 14.5 m Bikás Park is a station on the Budapest Metro which falls on Line 4 of the udapest Metro Network. Bikás Park station is located in southern Buda B region and is in the Kelenföld neighbourhood. The history behind the name is such that it is derived from Bulls Park wherein the station entrance is located. Speaking of the architecture of the Bikás Park station, there is a dome which is a slim-weight structure. This beautiful dome is rested over an elliptical opening of the platform ceiling. It is based on a triangular grid which is designed in such a way that some are glazed and the others solid for shading. For ventilationpurpose, there is an opening of elements on the back of the park. This provides for ventilation of the dome during hot summers. With addition to that, it gives irregularity to the pure geometrical form. One of the most characteristic element of the park is this new creature of urban scale. As this new creature is surrounded by rather dull residential blocks, its elements and characteristics highlight it among the neighbourhood and it stands as an extraordinary creature in the corner of the park. Budapest station has a huge glass dome which opens towards the sky, illuminating the main access of the platform space. Area near station is surrounded by garden. Problem in Indian station is roads are going through above station and it’s difficult to have natural light inside the station.
Figure 3.1 : Bikas underground station, Budapest 15
Plan and section of Bikas station, Budapest
Transverse section
Longitudinal section
Due to glass dome, sufficient light is carried forward to platform area.
Platform level Underpass level
Surrounded area near station is garden area so folly can be placed easily and optical fibres run towards underground. 16
Transverse section
Longitudinal section
Optical fibres can easily reach the underground. The Main benefit of the Bikas station is that it has plenty of unutilized space in surrounding.
Figure 3.2 : Bikas underground station, Budapest 17
View
Retrofit in the Bikas station is possible because there is plenty of area for the garden surrounding the station. The idea of folly can be placed and optical fibre is pulled off through the ground level till the underground. Most of the natural light comes through the glass dome, so it is easy to retrofit translucent concrete to the station.
Figure 3.3 : Platform space of Bikas station
Figure 3.4 : Platform space of Bikas station
In the second floor translucent concrete can be place over the walls and beams, As it can be retrofit by using translucent concrete.
By using translucent concrete, it can be used as partition wall, seatings, sign boards and among others. The ceiling will create an enhancing feel with the help of the nature in which the material works best, further it will give a diffused natural light through it.
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3.2.1 Other stations : Novo Peredelkino station, Moscow This station was redesign by Variant studio London, as a proposal of the quietest station in competition. It was Made from fire-safe porous ceramic, the panels not only absorb noise, but also compose a pattern of arrows to passenger navigation, pointing in the direction of platforms, exit, and train directions. It has the long pathway above ground besides the main road, so optical fibres can reach easily to underground space. Translucent concrete can be retrofit in existing structure of Moscow station.
Longitudinal section
Figure 3.5 : Novo Peredelkino station, Moscow
Longitudinal section 19
3.2.2 Other stations : Bond street, London London is has a busy underground network which is highly functional, there is no space like Budapest and Moscow. Less amount of optical fibres can be placed above the ground to collect sufficient amount of natural light, but still it can work by placing an optical fibres through light poles, side walkways and divders along underground station. The other side of the station can allow maximum amount of natural light to pass through optical fibres. Bond street station has also redesign in such a way that, every person can get easily get to underground space and hence the waiting time is reduced. Figure 3.6 : Bond street station, London
Longitudinal section 20
Longitudinal section
Figure 3.7 : Passage of Bond street station
3.2.3 Other stations : Kálvin tér Station, Budapest
Kálvin tér Station built by Palatium studio is M4 line station. This station also has a pavilion above the ground, but it’s not as big as enough as the Bikas station. It is among the huge station in Budapest as it is an interchange station with M3 line under a busy inner city square. It is designed with concrete and it is known as a ‘building with ten wings’, each wing has it’s own atmosphere and aura. Huge curved concrete box are put as a structural member, which also acts as way finding element for people travelling. Due to the huge amount of area alloted to this station, it’s difficult to retrofit the whole station, however Some places can be modify by translucent concrete.
Figure 3.8 : Kálvin tér Station, Budapest
Longitudinal section
Longitudinal section 21
3.3 Learnings from the case studies
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Structure is one of the key factors that matter for an underground station when considering redesigning. Level above underground station should be clear, but in India, it’s very rare to find such a circumstance as the underground stations are below main roads. Selection of metro station matters because a proper dark space should be enhaced later by natural light. More space is required to insert optical fibre on the ground level so that it can run to the undeground level easily. Material used in the station matter a lot due to safety issue. Free space must be given to avoid chaos. Noise cancellation techniuqes must be used in an underground station An adequate waiting area should be alloted to the travellers.
Chapter 4 : PROGRAMME BRIEF
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4.1 Re design programme Site : Patel chowk metro station, New Delhi Re designing of the plaza, museum and platform by using translucent concrete
3. Platform – Area : 1800 sqm
1. Public plaza – Area : 3250 sqm - plaza - entrance foyer 2. Museum space – Area : 2200 sqm - museum - souvenir store - ticket counter - security check
Design elements : - Seatings - Light pole - Partion wall - paver blocks - shed
Journey of a user through metro Waiting area
Ticket counter
Security check
Waiting area
Platform
Museum
Souvenir shop
Waiting area
Figure 4.1 : Mind map 25
4.2 Site introduction Site : Patel chowk metro station, New Delhi New Delhi’s Metro is a rapid transit system serving Delhi and it’s satellite cities such as follows; Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noida, Bahadurgarh and Ballabhgarh.In the National Capital Region of India. It is by far the largest and the busiest metro in India, and second oldest after the Kolkata Metro. The network consists of Eleven colour-coded regular lines serving 285 stations with a total length of 348 kilometres (216 mi). Delhi metro has elevated as well as underground metro. Patel chowk is in yellow line and it has an underground station and also has a metro museum.
Patel chowk station, New Delhi
Figure 4.2 : Metro line map 26
Figure 4.3 : Patel chowk underground station, New Delhi
4.3 Site selection Site : Patel chowk metro station, New Delhi When selecting an underground site due to it’s unlighted space and if there is natural light by default then it would add an enhancing experience to the people, and also adds comfort for people travelling through underground stations. Patel chowk station has two floors, first floor has museum and second floor has platform and both floor has an unlighted space, as musuem has been given an open to sky in middle, however it’s not sufficient enough.
Figure 4.4 : Patel chowk underground station, New Delhi 27
4.4 Site map
Figure 4.5 : Location of the station
Site : Patel chowk metro station, New Delhi Delhi is 211.5 m from height above sea level. It has 2 underground floors approx of 300m long and 195.5m, from the height above sea level, -16 m level considering the below ground level 00 m.
Figure 4.6 : Site map
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Chapter 5 : DESIGN PROCESS
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5.1.1 Concept The idea in the design is to connect the spaces along one primary axis. The grid formed by the structural elements of the site contributes to this idea. Optical fibres have been used in the elements present inside the station. These elements act as a medium for light to travel and illuminate the spaces inside. The introduction and addition of elliptical shapes adds rhythm in the space because of its exisisting structure.
Axis of the site
Design inculcates levels leading to an underground space. What is constant throughout the design is the linearity of axis. Also, there is a constant grid which has been maintained according to where all the elements of the translucent concrete have been placed.
Site view Conceptual plan 31
5.1.2 Axo view
The axis play a major role in the design alignment and concept. It also creates an aesthetically balanced and pleasing pattern, even visually it’s appealing to the user. It also adds to a guiding factor. The spaces also get connected along the grid. The optical fibre is channelled through this design to bring in natural light to the space. The linearity stays constant in the design. 32
5.1.3 Site analysis - Transverse section
Transverse section 33
5.1.3 Site analysis - Transverse section
Transverse section 34
5.1.3 Site analysis - Ground floor plan
Circulation plan and levels given accorind to axis
Analysis of crowded place
The circulation inside the spaces is designed in such a manner that all the interactive spaces and main elements fall around the main axis of circulation. For instance the plinth has been converted into a waiting area. These elements are the centre of attraction for visitors thus emphasizing the use of optical fibre to serve the purpose. 35
5.1.3 Site analysis - First floor plan
Circulation plan and levels given accorind to axis
Analysis of crowded place Levels help in optimal usage of a space as well as provide a visual hierarchy and make it interesting to look at. Levels have been introduced in the design to create interesting interactive spaces on the site. A few places in the station are crowded because of sky light, waiting area, easily accessible area and considering these aspects levels and waiting area are introduced. 36
5.1.3 Site analysis - Second floor plan
Circulation plan
Analysis of crowded place
The circulation is kept linear to ensure and emphasize a strong sense of axis running along the space, connecting everything that goes around it. A journey of the user is from entry of station to security check to directly metro, if user is reaches early, the user can wait or see around in museum but it does not happen generally, the user in hurry most of the times.
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5.1.3 Site analysis - Longitudinal section
Longitudinal section
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The central idea of the design revolves around natural light and how optical fibres can be used as a medium to carry the light from above the surface to the interior spaces of the station. The placement of elements is also done along this primary axis to emphasize them. These elements act as the main source of natural light inside the station.
5.1.3 Site analysis - Transverse section
Transverse section
Transverse section
The optical fibres in the elements are placed in such a way that they provide various intensities in light. These different itensities in a way bring in different quality of light in the station and thus defining the charachter of the space. 39
5.1.3 Site analysis - Longitudinal section
Longitudinal section 40
5.2.1 Ground floor plan
1. Plaza
The site is located between main road at patel chowk and has three entries and two emergency exits. e optical fibres are inserted from the Th pavilion which then extends underground towards public waiting area.
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5.2.2 First floor plan
2. Museum
It has two levels with museum at first floor and the station platform on the second floor. ezzanine floor is given for introducing souvenir M shop and display as it can be covenient for public who has been waiting long.
3. Mezzanine area
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5.2.3 Second floor plan
4. Waiting area
It is yellow line metro station which has island platform and optical fibres are pulled off by next to column. aiting area is given for public who has W long waiting period which is highlighted by translucent concrete.
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5.3.1 Transverse section 1
Ground floor view
First floor view
Second floor view
Design is focused on how sunlight can reach in exisiting station and which can be used in various elements to enhance the public space.
By using optical fibres, a design is made and then light is allowed to pass from ground floor to underground.
Optical fibres are the main element in the whole design from which light is passed through it.
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5.3.2 Transverse section 2
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5.3.3 Longitudinal section
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5.4.1 Ground floor views
In the design of the plaza, the key material in the space is concrete. The use of optical fibre in elements such as folly, benches, light poles, paver blocks and even the bus station produces interesting play of light. very elements is placed according to E linear axis. Light pole has also multiple functions in the design as it carries optical fibre through it. olly is placed with seatings with F different levels as well as stand alone columns. Ground floor elements acts as a bridge for optical fibres which reaches underground.
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Elements
Optical fibres are inserted in the elements itself which leads towards underground from which natural light is passed.
Bench 1
Bench 2 54
All dimensions are in mm
Elements
Seating with folly
Light pole
All dimensions are in mm 55
Views
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Views
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5.4.2 First floor views
The uniqueness of the design is itself the material which is allowing light to pass through it, Natural light as well as artificial light can be embedded into design. Elements designed in the museum area are Partition wall, exhibition space table, seatings, exhibithion space partition and ceiling. Translucent concrete just enhances the space and it gives a positive sign towards nature, every optical fibre is placed as in element that shows a distort form of the light.
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Exhibition space is also design in such a way where a person tends to go there by being attracted by the space and also the wall which which acts as light source and as an exhibition.
Views
Exhibition table
Bench 59
Views
Exhibition table
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Views
Exhibition wall 61
5.4.3 Second floor views
Waiting area is highlighted by translucent concrete with seating benches and tables for public. Partition wall and important signages are also d esgined with respect to concept of axis. It’s hard to find natural light on the second floor, but by featuring few elements with translucent concrete, natrual light can reach anywhere with ith less cut off brightness from the main source. Important signages are designed by using optical fibres and translucent concrete. As optical fibres sources have a single path to reach the second floor which is through sides of column.
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Views
Table
Bench
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Views
Bench
Signage 64
Column
Chapter 6 : CONCLUSION
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6.1 Conclsuion Concrete, the most commonly used material made by humans, a material that has vast amount of properties and is used for construction as well as in interiors can be used in a very distinctive way. After having analysed the composition, formation and manufacturing of translucent concrete in detail and furthermore having researched on the existing underground metro stations around the world having a greater amount of artificial light being used due to the precedent darkness, a design approach in interiors has been made on the Patel Chowk metro station, Delhi using a technique to pass natural light through optical fibres into the station in different manners which supports that follies, columns, seating, signages etc made of concrete can be incorporated with optical fibres, using them as a source of light to create a significantly unique interior for a metro station, that translucent concrete can be used in many ways to help resolve the problem faced of darkness, less amount of natural light in different spaces especially in underground spaces. The design approach thus taken signifies and sums up no. of ways by natural light can be brought into an underground metro station to make the space well lit, more interactive and there by more user friendly in nature.
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List of figures Chapter 1 : Introduction Figure 1.1 : Optical fibres Source - istockphoto.com Figure 1.2 : Delhi metro station Source - milleniumpost.in Figure 1.3 : Delhi metro station Source - zeebiz.com Figure 1.4 : Partition wall Source - archdaily.com Figure 1.5 : Bench Source - pinterest.co.uk Figure 1.6 : Flooring Source - materialsresourcecenter.wordpress.com Figure 1.7 : Bench Source - markettrendingresearch.over-blog.com Chapter 2 : Translucent concrete
Figure 2.5 : Translucent concrete block Source - Pinterest.com Figure 2.6 : Signage Source - Pinterest.co.uk Figure 2.7 : End point optical fibre Source - Pinterest.com Figure 2.8 : Edge point optical fibre Source - Pinterest.com Figure 2.9 : Experiment 1 of translucent concrete Source - Author Figure 2.10 : Optical fibre and mould Source - Author Figure 2.11 : Optical fibre attached with mould Source - Author Figure 2.12 : Concrete pouring to mould Source - Author
Figure 2.1 : Facade Source - Archicree.com
Figure 2.13 : Poured concrete Source - Author
Figure 2.2 : Translucent concrete block Source - Author
Figure 2.14 : Drying concrete Source - Author
Figure 2.3 : Testing of optical fibre Source - Author
Figure 2.15 : Unmoulding Source - Author
Figure 2.4 : Optical fibre section Source - ijettcs.org
Figure 2.16 : 10 x 10 cm Translucent concrete block Source - Author 69
Figure 2.17 : Light passing through block Source - Author
Figure 3.3 : Platform of Bikas station Source - Archdaily.com
Figure 2.18 : Experiment 2 of translucent concrete Source - Author
Figure 3.4 : Platform of Bikas station Source - Author
Figure 2.19 : Block with bending optical fibre Source - Author
Figure 3.5 : Novo Peredelkino station, Moscow Source - variantstudio.com
Figure 2.20 : Light passong through block Source - Author
Figure 3.6 : Bond street station, London Source - en.wikipedia.org
Figure 2.21 : Experiment 3 of translucent concrete Source - Author
Figure 3.7 : Passage of Bond street station Source - etruxes.com
Figure 2.22 : Light pole with optical fibre Source - Author
Figure 3.8 : KĂĄlvin tĂŠr station, Budapest Source - Archdaily.com
Figure 2.23 : Light pass through block Source - Author
Chapter 4 : Programme brief
Figure 2.24 : Experiment 4 of optical fibres Source - Author Figure 2.25 : Light passing through optical fibres Source - Author Figure 2.26 : Checking light intensity by lux meter Source - Author Chapter 3 : Case study
Figure 4.1 : Mind map Source - Author Figure 4.2 : Metro line map Source - Pinterest.com Figure 4.3 : Patel chowk underground stattion, New Delhi Source - Author Figure 4.4 : Patel chowk underground stattion, New Delhi Source - Author
Figure 3.1 : Bikas underground station, Budapest Source - Archdaily.com
Figure 4.5 : Location of the station Source - maps.google.com
Figure 3.2 : Bikas underground station, Budapest Source - Archdaily.com
Figure 4.6 : Site map Source - Author
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References •
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translucent_concrete
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https://theconstructor.org/concrete/transparent-concrete-light-transmitting-concrete/9271/
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https://studylib.net/doc/9556060/transparent-concrete-full-seminar-report.ppt
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https://theconstructor.org/concrete/transparent-concrete-light-transmitting-concrete/9271/
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https://www.coursehero.com/file/p1rdc7f8/Casting-of-translucent-concrete-block-is-difficult-for-the-labor-so-special/
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https://www.photonics.com/Articles/Fibre_optics_Understanding_the_basics/a25151
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https://www.archdaily.com/559278/budapest-underground-line-m4-bikas-park-station-palatium-studio?ad_ source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all
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https://www.archdaily.com/559104/budapest-underground-line-m4-kalvin-ter-station-palatium-studio
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https://variantstudio.com/moscow-metro-station-2015/
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http://www.etruxes.com/architecture/connections-a-redesign-for-bond-street-station-london/
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https://www.lightingassociates.org/i/u/2127806/f/tech_sheets/Daylighting_by_optical_fiber.pdf
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https://www.thefoa.org/tech/lighting/lighting.html
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http://www.litracon.hu/en/references/33
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https://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/litracon/
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https://www.lucem.com/
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https://www.slideshare.net/shashankjavalagi/translu 71