Analysis and Proposal for beach front developement

1

ECOSENSITIVE ZONES

1.1 Water bodies and ground water.

The LPA boundary of Kaup has water bodies with a total area exceeding 146.64 hectares, which includes nine manmade water bodies but excludes small storm water drains. Due to the contrasting landform of low-lying areas and undulating terrain, there are several water bodies present, which are classified as major water bodies, natural drains, storm water drains, and ponds and lakes. Eco sensitive areas such as mangroves are located along the creek in the villages of Mattu and Uliyaragoli. The creeks are not used for farming or drinking purpose due to its salinity due to its proximity to the sea. There are few low lying areas which get flooded during high tide or high rainfall.

1.2 Geomorphology & Soil type The district comprises of three distinct physiographic units viz., (i) Narrow stretch of the coastal tract (ii) Upland area (iii) The hilly terrain. The coastal areas exhibit coastal beach, spits and creeks and backwater swamps with the surface features of sandy strips and linear troughs. The coastal parallel troughs are seen around Parampalli, Kota and Manur. The area adjoining the coastal stretch exhibits forested high hilly topography with deep valleys.

Most part of the district is rugged terrain and demarcates areas with slopes of less than 2%, 2 to 5% and more than 5%. About 50.68% of the district fall under 2 to 5% slope and remaining fall under more than 5% slope. Most part of Lateritic capped pediplains have an elevation ranging from 40 to 60 mamsl. Hich is an important physiographic feature. Upland pediplain area intercepted with low hills between Western Ghats and the coast, which is moderately cultivated. Western Ghats and forested area located in the eastern part of the district. The district is covered with three types of soils i) sandy soil covering the beaches and the adjoining stretches ii) yellow loamy soil and iii) red lateritic soil. The sandy soils are confined to a narrow strip of the coast having a width ranging from less than 100 m to as much as a kilometre. These fine to medium texture sands are characterized by their extremely high rate of infiltration and act as a good recharge media for ground water. Yellow loamy soils are transported from origin and are found mostly along river banks and lower reaches of valleys. They are mostly used for tile industries. This soil type is very well suited for

irrigation and shows good response to irrigation practices. Red lateritic soil is the most dominant soil type in the area. The texture of these soils varies from fine to coarse. The soil in the valleys and immediate slopes are rich in loam where as in upper slopes and pediplanes are much coarser in nature. The degree of leaching undergone by this soil type is also variable.

1.3 Climate & Rainfall The climate in Udupi is hot in summers and pretty good in the winter. During summers (from March to May) the temperature reaches up to 40°C and in winters (from December to February) it is usually between 32°C and 20°C.Udupi district gets highest annual rainfall in Karnataka state, about 4000 mm. In this coastal district, the bulk of the rainfall i.e., over 85% occurs during the monsoon season. The 3575sqkm area of Udupi district has 3 rain gauge stations (1station/1199 sq km). The temporal variation of rainfall is confined to 3 to 4 months in a year. The rainfall increases from west to east with a coefficient of variability ranging from 18.7 to 18.9%. Average Annual Rainfall is 4136.3 mm.

1.4

Vulnerability analysis of water body

Vulnerability assessment is done to analyze the critical areas along the water bodies and ecologically sensitive zones using vulnerability mapping. In the map the following are marked: 1. Flood-prone and low-lying areas 2. Sea erosion areas and stone walls 3. Illegal construction activities 4. Mangroves and other biodiversity 5. Natural and artificial drains 6. Issues like solid waste dumps and discharge of untreated water into water bodies

1.4.1 Major Water Bodies – Rivers

Figure 1 Papanashini River (1, 2 )

Papanashini river is also known as Udyavar river. Pinnakini river inKaup contains saline water, which cannot be used for drinking or irrigation purpose but acts as natural drain.

Mangroves and small islands are visible. Small scale fishing takes place in some parts of these rivers. Effluents from fish oil industry from Udyavar is released which is degrading the water quality and hampering fish breeding. Pangala river or Pinakini river flows from Shirva.

The Pangala river contains saline water. Therefore it is used as natural drain.

1.4.2 Major Natural Drains

Figure 2 Natural drains mallar (3,4)

The natural drainsflow almost throughout the year. Natural drains in Majuru flow along the paddy fields and residential areas. Natural drains in Padu flow along the paddy fields.

Maintenance is required as it is eco sensitive areas and residents are dumping solid waste in the drains.

1.4.3 Storm Water Drains

Figure 3 Storm water drain (5,6 )

These storm water drains are constructed by local bodies for easy flow of storm water.The solid waste is dumped by residents in these storm water drains making the drain to clog and flood during rainy season.

1.4.4 Ponds and lakes

Figure 4 Pond in Bada (7,8)

There are many ponds and lakes in Kaup due to its low lying areas and water collection for irrigation and few are used as recreational spaces.The maintenance of the ponds has to be

looked into as few of the ponds which have to be used for recreational purpose are dumped with solid waste from residents.

1.5 Analysis of the ground water table

As it rains continuously there is no shortage of water.However the artificial shortage of water is caused because of the saline quality of water especially in the northern region of Mattu.

The map got from the bhuvan shows the ground water table in the different regions of the LPA boundry.It is observed that all along

the

coast

water

is

available between 30 to 80m deep at the rate of 100 to 200 LPM yield.

As we go farther away from the beach the water table reduces to <30m deep.

Figure 5 Ground water table.

2

BEACHES AND VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS

2.1 Introduction Coastal Zone means the area from the territorial waters limit (12 nautical miles measured from the appropriate baseline) including its sea bed, the adjacent land area along the coast, and inland water bodies influenced by tidal action including its bed, upto the landward boundary of the local self government or local authority abutting the sea coast, provided that in case of ecologically and culturally sensitive areas, the entire biological or physical boundary of the area may be included, as specified under the provisions of Environment Protection Act, 1986. (Sankhua).Indian coastline is known for its wide range of Mangroves, coral reefs, sea grasses, salt marshes, sand dunes, estuaries,Lagoons and unique marine and terrestrial life.

Coastal Karnataka is a central part of the Malabar coast, which extends to the 3 districtsDakshina Kannada,Udupi and Uttara Kannada. The Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts lie between 120 27â&#x20AC;&#x2122; and 130 58â&#x20AC;&#x2122; north latitude Dakshina Karnataka and udupi has a coastal stretch of 160km.The study area shall take the 13km stretch of the udupi coast , extending from the Mattu in the north to Bada in the south.

The coastal stretches are often vulnerable to the environmental deterioration leading to the depletion of the ecology ,flora and fauna around the precincts. Over the years these coastal stretches has undergone changes, the coastal ecosystem is under stress. With rapid urbanization, real estate development, Industrialization, increased mining, aquaculture has led to increased demand of infrastructure, which has led to unsustainable extraction of the natural resources. The climates has been changing, about 34% of the Mangroves are destroyed in India over the last 40 years, fishing stocks has been decreasing. Such depletion and degradation if not considered shall have adverse impact on the livelihood of the coastal population. Hence in order to regulate the development along the coastline, coastal regulatory act came up in 1991,under the Environmental act of 1986.The act prevents, restricts and controls the development along the coast from low tide line to 500m towards the landward side. Although there is this coastal regulatory act 2011 in practise it is necessary to examine the same and carry out strategies so that the development takes place in a sustainable manner without compromising the environmental aspects. The current study area-L.P.A boundary of kaup which is currently in the developing stage has recently has gone through the conversion from panchayat to Municipal council hence

2.2 Assets of the coast 2.2.1 Ecological attributes2.2.1.1 MangrovesThere are 12 species of Mangroves identified in this area.The local name of Mangroves is Kandla. Which includes Pencil Kandla, Cheer Kandla, Hore Kandla, Giriginti Kandla and Nela Kandla. The Mangroves are the most important elements of the coastal ecosystem.

2.2.1.2 Sand dunes Sand dunes are the narrow strips of sand that lie between the sea and the land. Dunes are formed above the beach as dry air blows landward. Dunes are formed when there is adequate sand on the landward side and onshore wind of sufficient velocity. As the dune built it becomes an obstacle for the landward movement of the sand. These dunes act as a medium for the coastal vegetations to grow.

2.2.2 Aquaculture practice Can have a positive impact on nature, as the practice of this demands good quality water and a clean environment. It also plays a very important role in adding to the economy generating capacity of the coastal environment as well as encourages tourism within the city. Sustainable practice of this in order to combat the negative environmental impacts is an important aspect.

2.2.3 Fishing as an asset along the coastal stretches of Kaup From the onsite study it is observed that the fishing along the coastal stretches of kaup is an important activity. Years back along the stretches of Yermal Thenka there were many fish mills where women were employed in fish cutting, However over time this fishing as a tradition as decreased drastically. Even today we see many traces of fish drying tanks on the shore of the coast, however it is not put to use, fig 25

Figure 6 Fishing as an imp. economy generating activities

Figure 7 fish drying tank

In the coastal stretches of Kaup it is observed there is small scale finishing activities happening. People involved in fishing activities usually go to Malpe for fishing. There are different techniques of fishing. The season too plays a very important factor in defining the

2.3

Activities causing environmental impacts along the coast

2.3.1 Waste management along the coast 2.3.1.1 Fishing â&#x20AC;&#x201C;A waste generating activities It is observed that the coast is prone to various form of pollution. Fishing is an important economy generating activity. The solid waste from fishing boats such as fishing nets, polystyrene, batteries and lighting devices can cause harm to the coastal life ,adversely affecting the sea bed habitats, reefs and coastal ecosystems. Hence it is necessary to analyze the fishing as an important economy generating which does not cause harm to the environment but instead shall be practiced in a sustainable manner. Hence the policies and design should be framed to tackle the solid waste generated from fishing activities. New methods of treating and recycling of waste generated from the fish mills needs to be practiced.

It is observed in the coastal stretch of padu the pipelines from the fish cutting mill is being drained into the coast. From the observation it is clear that there is poor governance and design strategies that controls the pollution induced through these activities. On approaching the people living along the coast, it was understood the negative consequence of these situation. It was observed that the waste from the sea 2.3.1.2 Waste from the industries Waste from the fish mill industries and other factories are important factors leading to pollution it is important to analyze the pollution causing activities and arrive at guidelines to prevent the same.

It is observed along the coastal areas of Thenka the pipe from the UPCL is let into the water body which is the cause of pollution. It is understood from the survey done that few years back there was breakwater constructed all along the coast line, purpose was to carry the UPCL pipe underneath the breakwater, However the construction of this has led to various

issues of clogging, which required regular check and clearance of the clogging in addition to the pollution that it was causing on to the beach.

2.3.2 Agriculture along the coastal environments.

Along with tourism, transport, industry, urbanization and various other activities along the coast ,agriculture is one of the most important activities that needs to be addressed along the coast. It can also be a source of pollution for the coastal water. Intensive use of pesticides, fertilizers can enter the coastal marine ecosystem through soil which can adversely effect the ecology of the coastal water. Participatory approach by including the farmers in managing the coastal environment and arriving at improved farming practice is an important aspect.

2.4

Coastal vulnerability assessment

To understand the vulnerability index along the coastal stretch literature study comprising vulnerability assessment was carried out. From this study the most and least vulnerable areas ass per the geomorphologic changes were mapped. Secondly walk through assessment of the entire coastal stretch was carried out and the mapping of the coastal assests was done so as to understand the ecologically sensitive areas. Similarly indicators of negative influence along the coast such as pollution and waste disposal was mapped. The following fig. show the vulnerability assessment done for the areas in parts. Scoring was given for the various variables. Comparative analysis of different regions was carried out to know the most vulnerable regions.

2.5 Understanding Parameters of Vulnerability The coastal vulnerability study of the coastal area can be done using geomorphologic and physical variables. The geomorphologic variables refers to the historic shoreline change, geomorphology and coastal slope and the physical variables refers to the mean tidal range, mean significant wave height and global sea level rise.

G.S Dwarakish highlights the vulnerability of the coastal stretches of Mattu and Ulliyargole with respect to the issues of erosion and sea level rise which he had conducted using remote sensing and Geographical information system. Various parameters of Vulnerability was taken into consideration. He derives at a conclusive statement mapping the highly vulnerable areas.

It is observed that the areas of Mattu and Udyavar towards the north are in high risk zone with higher rates of sea level change and erosion.

From the secondary data analysis map has been generated to indicate the regions of very high vulnerability, medium vulnerability and least vulnerable areas.

Secondly the other vulnerability factors includes the social variables-population density inhabitants/km2,Land use pattern and the economic status.The below table 17 shows the physical variables and social variables which includes annual sea level rise, tidal range, annual shoreline displacement wave height, mean tidal change that plays role in analyzing the vulnerability index of the coast of Karnataka.

Vulnerability of the coastal areas also depends on the social factors which includes the density, economic status and the extent of land use activities. These social factors defines the capacity of the people living along the coast to adapt to the coastal changes.

Table 1 (Thang T.X. Nguyen a, 2016)

Figure 8 Observed sedimentation Source-Google earth

From the geomorphology study done to Understand the vulnerability index with respect to tidal changes and sea level rise, the study proved that the certain regions along the coast is relatively more vulnerable considered to other regions of the coast as can be seen in the fig on the right hand side.

The deposition of Sediments along the coast too leads to coastal problems. The Google map gives the clear demarcation of the sediments along the coast.

Very High risk High risk Moderate risk Low risk Figure 9 Vulnerability mapping

The below table 18 shows the Vulnerability parameter. Similar study shall be carried out for the coastal area of Kaup L.P.A boundary. The each of the variable-a(beach width),b(Dune width),c(Distance to 20m isobaths),d(distance of vegetation behind the back beach),e(percentage outcrop) shall be given vulnerability rating varying from 1(extremely low vulnerability) to extremely high vulnerability(4).The total relative Vulnerability score shall be got by adding all the rankings, CVI(coastal vulnerability index)=vulnerability rating of 1+ vulnerability rating of 2+ vulnerability rating of 3+ vulnerability rating of 4+ vulnerability rating of

Table 2 Vulnerability parameter

5.,Sand dunes-6,observed spots of erosion prone areas-7,density-8 shall additionally be added on to the 5 variables so as to assess the 4 different regions ranging from a-Mattu to half of Ulliyargoli,b-Ulliyargoli to north of padu,c-North of padu till uchilla,d-Uchilla till tenka separately .Vulnerability scoring shall be given rating from 1 to 3 Therefore coastal vulnerability index shall be calculated as follows-(vulnerability rating of 1+ vulnerability rating of 2+ vulnerability rating of 3+ vulnerability rating of 4+ vulnerability rating of 5+ vulnerability rating of 6+ vulnerability rating of 7+ vulnerability rating of 8+ vulnerability rating of 9) CVIa=1a+2a+3a+4a+5a+6a+7a+8a CVIb=1b+2b+3b+4b+5b+6b+7b+8b CVIc=1c+2c+3c+4c+5c+6c+7c+8c CVId=1d+2d+3d+4c+5c+6c+7c+8c

2.5.1

Analysis of the variables

2.5.2 Beach widthThe beach width along the coastal stretches from Mattu to bada Varies.The beach width will be calculated from the low tide line to the first housing unit along the coast.This is also an important factor in understanding the Vulnerability along the coast.

It is observed that the beach width of the sea shore varies along the coast. The region of Mattu to upper part of Ulliyargoli has the first housing unit at a distance varying from 4045m.The region from upper Ulliyargoli to upper Padu area has housing units at the distance of 50m-60m,The region from padu to uchilla has the first housing as close as less than 30m whereas the region from padu to tenka has housing unit at a distance of 40-50m.Hence the vulnerability index with respect to proximity to high tide line is very high in the case of padu beach.

2.5.3 Density and activities and its impact to Vulnerability of places Analysing the density along the coast premises -of the beach we understand the development has not happened uniformly all along the coast. The coast along the Mattu is densely populated, similarly regions of Yermal Thenka coast too is densely populated. However the region of Uchilla is sparsely populated. Hence there are regions with differing densities all along the coast. The regions of Padu is with development along the 500m coastal line against the coastal byelaws. Hence it is observed that there are many developments that has come up along the coastal stretch which are against the coastal regulatory act. This is especially true in the case of Padu and Yermal, as there are many resorts coming Density of “a”-900P/sqkm(Mattu) Density of “c”- 1500P/sqkm(Padu)

,Density of “b”- 600P/sqkm(Ulliyargoli0 Density of “d”- 800P/Sqkm(Southern region),as

can be seen in the fig 28 There is no activities happening along the CRZI of the coastal areas. However the activities along the CRZI of the water coast includes only residential. Activities along the CRZ II no development zone of the coastal areas includes Anganwadi, temples and beach offices. schools and resort. Activities along the CRZ III includes temples schools and offices.

Eco-sensitive aspects-Distance of vegetation and percentage outcrop

Figure10 Density map along the coast

2.6 Vulnerability Assessment along the coast 2.6.1

vulnerability assessment of bada tenka beach.

2.6.1.1 Beach character along Bada Beach quality Status of the soil-Loamy soil.

Status of the beach-Severe coastal erosion along the beach. Encroachment of the beach area at the erosion level is in need of protection.

Socio -economic sphere: Industrially this beach is encroached to some extent with a coir industry located near its vicinity. Apart from this, fishing activities goes on briskly.

Recreational Value-Not fit for development as a sea side resort.

2.6.1.2 Beach character along tenka Status of the soil-Loamy Sand Status of beach-A number of Fish oil extracting industries had come up, all along the backshore,in the past. Coastal erosion has also caused great damage to the beach. Hence a temporary wall has been built along the backshore as a preventive measure. Encroachment of the beach for varied reasons is telling upon the quality of the beach.

In the following map there is mapping of the sensitive zones on the basis of the Stretch of Mangroves, Sandunes, zones of pollution ,intensity of activities and the density.

It is observed that the southern most region of Tenka is ecologically most important as there is observed sandunes mangroves, water body. Distance of the houses from the shore line varies between 400 to 600m.

The coast has certain region of erosion. The certain regions along the coast line where the sea is harsh is protected by boulders which was constructed 3 years back.

A. Erosion prone

Figure 12 Erosion near Tenka

Figure 13 Erosion near Mahalingeshwara

Figure 11 Erosion near Tenka

It is observed that the Stretch along the Bada is prone to erosion.

Considering the subdivision of upper middle and lower part, the coast exhibits different scenario .On the northern side near Uchilla temple, their was observed erosion(erosion1) as can be seen in fig 8.Also this area, is less developed and with dense vegetation. The middle portion of bada, was also prone to erosion as can be seen in the fig29 & fig 30.

B. Ecologically sensitive zones

Figure 14 Sand dune

Figure 15 Nala leading to the beach

Figure 16 Nala leading to the beach

It is observed that the middle portion of the beach has sensitive zones of sand dunes,and Nallas in 2 different location as can be seen in the fig 9 and fig 10.Sandunes are the important locations for favouring the growth of vegetation and hence should be preserved.

The vegetation here stretches a longer distance about 1768m controlling the severity of erosion.

Distance of first housing unit from the shoreline is 40 to 60m.The sea wall along this stretch has been constructed recently 3 years back which is an indicator that the coast is undergoing changes in the recent years

Figure 17 waste from UPCL

Figure 18 Accretion

Figure 19 Erosion

2.6.1.3 Vulnerability rating for the Bada beach in the range of 1,2,3(1 standing for least vulnerability and 3 for high vulnerability) Total Number

Vulnerability Score

Beach width

<20m

2

Dune Width

6-8m

1

Distance to 20m

Information not

Information not

Isobath

available

available

Distance of

<20m

3

No outcrop

3 High vulnerability

Observed at 2

1

vegetation behind the back beach Percentage outcrop.

Sand-dunes

location Erosion prone

Observed at the

2

stetch of 30m in the middle of Bada Density

Less dense

1

Vegetation along

90% of the coast

3

coast %

covered with coast

Figure 20 Vulnerability Mapping

Waste disposal,Pollution

High industrial

3

Number of spot-1

Table 3 Vulnerability rating for Bada Tenka Beach

Hence total vulnerability scoring for the bada beach is 2+1+3+3+1+2+1+3+3=19 The figure on the R.H.S depicts the 3 different zones of Bada with different beach conditions and vulnerability.

2.6.2 Vulnerability assessment of mattu ulliyargoli area.

Similar assessment was carried out for Mattu Ulliyargoli area. This is the zone where the Papanashini river which is the river body formed because of joining of Udyavar and Pangala river.

2.6.2.1 geomorphology Beach ridge: Elevated relief. b)Stony out-crop/cliff:Nil. c)Beach platform: The beach is too narrow eroded very badly at some places and form an elevated relief at the rear, with a slow gradient.

2.6.2.2 Vegetationa)Foreshore:Nil b)Backshore: covered with intermittent patches of strand flora.

2.6.2.3 Beach qualitya) Status of the soil: The soil in both the foreshore and the backshore is loamy sand.

Status of the beachCoastal erosion is very severe here,as a result of this whole beach is very narrow and only supports a few strand plants. b) Socio-economic sphere-The beach is eroded by sea and on its backside udiyavar hole is found.It is very much encroached by local people for varied activities.

Disposal of waste

Figure 24 waste disposed on the coast

Figure 23 Vegetation along the coast

It is observed that the solid waste from the households and from the tourist is being disposed along the coast as can be seen in the fig 15. The coast is comparatively less vulnerable as compared to bada with respect to the shoreline width and vegetation as can be seen in the fig 14.The shoreline with is comparatively higher than bada,about 30m.

However the erosion is relatively high as compared to bada which has led to the loss of sand.Adding on to it construction of road without desired buffer zone from the coast has further increased the extent of erosion as can be seen in the fig 15 and 14.

Figure 21 Groynes and sea wall

It is observed that the measures have been taken by the Malpe port authorities in the construction of groins to reduce erosion.However it is important to ensure that these groynes wont lead to increase in the erosion in the other part of coast as can be seen in the fig 14 and fig 15.Currently sea wall stretch of 400m was constructed.

Figure 22 erosion spot 1 near breakwaters

2.6.2.4 Vulneravility scoring for Mattu beach.

Total Number

Vulne rabilit y score

Beach width

30m and above.

2

Dune Width

No dunes observed

3

Distance to 20m

Information not

Inform

Isobath

available

ation not availa ble

More than 30m

3

0

3

Sand-dunes

0

3

Erosion prone

3

3

Density

High

3

Distance of vegetation behind the back beach Percentage outcrop.

density,Distance from shore line very less,Hence highly Figure 26 Vulnerabilty Mapping

Vulnerable Vegetation along

Entire coast has

coast %

vegetation however

1

the width of the vegetation is relatively less as compared to bada Figure 25 Lagend

Waste

Number of spots-

disposal,Pollution

2,No chemical waste

2

Table 4 Vulnerability Scoring for Mattu beach

Hence Vulnerability score=2+3+3+3+3+3+3+1+2=32.Hence this stretch is more vulnerable as compared to Bada. The total stetch of vegetation is 800m,which does not have effective role as the wisth of vegetation is less and the beach is prone to continuous accretion.

2.6.3 Vulnerability assessment of Ulliyargoli to padu area.

2.6.3.1 Geomorphologya) Beachridge-A flat Topography, slightly raising at the rear. b) Stony out-crop/cliff: Protruding, cliff is seen towards the sea and rocky outcrops found infrequently which are covered with marine algae. c) Beach platform-Upward relief towards the inland.

2.6.3.2 Vegetation Pattern: a)Foreshore: Stony outcrop found, infrequently. b)Backshore: Relief with cliff and lunar beach with sparse strand vegetation

2.6.3.3 Beach quality: a) Status of the soil:Loamy Sand. b) Status of the beach: The coastal erosion is maximum here often affecting the quality of the beach. c) d) Encroachment of the 500m no activity zone, observed high water level.

Figure 31 Observed erosion

Figure 30 Observed erosion in Yard beach

The Coast along the Ulliyargoli and upper part of Padu too has undergone erosion in the year 2018.The above fig45 and fig 46 got from the coastal department indicates the extent of erosion.

Figure 29 Yard beach area after erosion

The picture on the left hand side shows the Yard beach today after the erosion.

Sea wall stretch of 2000m has been constructed on the southern side to control erosion

Figure 27 Vegetation

Figure 28 Vegetation

The above fig.48 and 49 shows the vegetation along the coast of Ulliyargoli.

The observed vegetation on the northern side makes the coast less vulnerable. The vegetation stretches to over 780m along the coast of Ulliyargoli. However the stretch of vegetation is relatively less as compared to Bada.

2.6.3.4 Vulnerability assessment of the coast

Total Number

Vulnerability score

Beach width

Dune Width

Beach wisth

2(relatively more

ranges from 35

width than

to 40m

Mattu)

Slight dunes

2

were observed encouraging vegetation to grow Distance to 20m

Information not

Information not

Isobath

available

available

Distance of

35 from the

2

vegetation behind

shore line

the back beach Percentage

0

3

outcrop.

2

Sand-dunes Erosion prone

1

1

Density

Moderate

2

density Figure 32 Vulnerability mapping

Vegetation along

780m stretch

2

coast % Waste

Disposal of Solid 1

disposal,Pollution

waste in a location was observed.

Table 5 Vulnerability assessment of Ulliyargoli Padu

Hence CVI of Ulliyargoli beach stretch is 2+2+2+3+2+1+2+2+1=17.

Hence this coast is relatively less vulnerable as compared to both Bada and Mattu beach.

2.6.4

VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF PADU TO UCHILLA

2.6.4.1 Geomorphologya) Beachridge-A flat Topography, slightly raising at the rear. b)Stony out-crop/cliff: Protruding,cliff is seen towards the sea and rocky outcrops found infrequently which are covered with marine algae. c)Beach platform-Upward relief towards the inland.

2.6.4.2 Vegetation Pattern: a)Foreshore: Stony outcrop found,infrequently. b)Backshore:Relief with cliff and lunar beach with sparce strand vegetation

2.6.4.3 Beach quality: Status of the soil: Loamy Sand.Status of the beach:The coastal erosion is maximum here often affecting the quality of the beach. Encroachment of the 500m no activity zone,observed high water level.

The coast here exhibits different scenario in 3 different zone along Padu to Yermal.On the northern most region the coast is very sensitive because of the presence of Mangroves around the water body joining the sea.

Figure 34 Observed accretion

Figure 33 Erosion prone area

Figure 35 Padu bridge

Figure 36 Nala joining sea

Figure 38 Pipes from the fish mill leading to beach coast

Figure 37 Waste from the beach flowing back to drain

The presence of Mangroves in this area makes the northern portion of this stretch ecologically more sensitive and needs to be preserved.

2.6.4.4 Vulnerability assessment of the coast Total

Vulnerability

Number

score

Beach width

<20m

3

Dune Width

No dunes

3

observed Distance to 20m

No

No

Isobath

information

information

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;available

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;available

15-20m

3

High

3

Distance of vegetation behind the back beach Percentage outcrop.

3

Sand-dunes Erosion prone

High Spotted

3

at various location Density

Medium

3

Vegetation along

Medium.900m

2

coast %

stretch

Waste

High

3

disposal,Pollution Table 6 Vulnerability assessment of lower part of Padu till Uchilla

Hence the CVI of the above coastal stretch=3+3+3+3+3+3+3+2+3=26.Hence this coastal stretch is more vulnerable compared to

Figure 39 Vulnerability assessment

Bada, Mattu and Ulliyargoli.

2.7 Inference It is Understood from the study that the coast The northern stretch of the coast is most vulnerable in terms of geological and physical variables as per as tthe he study conducted previously. However the coast vulnerability gives a different scene when the other factors of vulnerability is analyzed. From the above analysis carried out it is Understood that coastal stretches of Mattu is highly Vulnerable, Second stands ands the Padu area ,then the Bada and last the Ulliyargoli precinct.

Figure40 Coastal problems

3

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

3.1 Agriculture Soil type: Red lateritic and coastal alluvial Rainfall: 3011-4694mm Important crops Kharif: Paddy, sugarcane Rabbi: Paddy black gram, horse gram Summer: Paddy, groundnut Summer(Kolake) March to june

Place Mattu Kotte Ulliyaragoli Padu Muloor Mallar Majuru Pangala

Paddy(Area in hectares) A.Ye.Tha Samanya Total 0.5 0 0.5 2.2 0 2.2 2.5 0 0 0 0 0 5.2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2.5 0 0 0 0 0 5.2

Table 22.1 Crops grown during Summer

Kharif (Karthi) -July to October- Southwest monsoon A.Ye.Tha 51

Paddy Samanya 0

Total 51

120 75 72 103 74 130 625

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

120 76 72 103 74 130 626

Table 22.2 Crops grown during Monsoon

Uddu

Huruli

2.5 1 0.2 0.5 1 0.4 5.6

0 0 0 0 0 0

Green gram Long beans yellu

0.2

0.4

0.3 0.1 0 0.2 0.2 1

2.4 0.3 3 4 0.6 10.7

2.4 0.3 3 4 0.6 10.3

Rabi (Suggi) - October to March

Place

Uddu (urad Green Gram dal) Huruli (hesaru)

Paddy

Mattu Kotte Ulliyargoli Padu Mulooru Mallar Majoor Pangala

a.ye.tha 0.5 2.2

Samanya 0 0

total 0.5 2.2

3.5 2.5

0 0

0 0

0 0

2.5 7.5 3 3 4 8 30.7

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2.5 7.5 3 3 4 8 30.7

4 6.5 4 6.5 5.5 5 37.5

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0.5

Table 22.3 Crops grown during Monsoon

Agriculture Area Agriculture Area Total area: 1503.84

307.73

268.67 186.49 125.93

116.21

Mattu

Pangala

146.21

165.67 106.99

79.94

Kote

Long beans

Ulliyargoli

Figure 41 Total agriculture land in each of the Villages

Majur

Padu

Mallar

Muloor

Bada

3.1.1 Mattu Gulla (Brinjal) Month of cultivation-October to May 2010-2011- Establishment of Mattu Gulla Belegarara Sangha (MGBS) Total area of cultivation of brinjal-150 acres Number of people engaged in the cultivation-162 people.

100 are currently actively engaged.

Total tons of Brinjal produced=18lakhs kg.

Rs70lakh of Brinjal is purchased and 86 lakhs is sold to Mangalore, Bangalore and Udupi.

Other crops – Harvesoppu, Kalangadi (water melon), Bende(Lady’s finger) TYPE

COST

Grade 1(With stickers)

Rs 60-Rs100/kg

Grade 2(Without Stickers)

Rs 30-Rs 50/kg

Table 7 Types of Mattu Gulla and its cost

3.1.2 Method of Cultivation The new method of cultivation involves growing the saplings in pro-tray in a net house and then planting them in soil covered with a plastic mulch sheet and watering them through drip irrigation.

3.1.2.1 Advantage of drip irrigation and Mulching •

Less labour cost

•

Consumes less water

•

Covered mulch protects the plant from the attack of insects.

Nearly 14,000 saplings can be planted in one acre of land and the amount of water required for these plants under drip irrigation was about 1.4 lakh liter once in two

3.2 Fishing Fishing is an important economy generating activity. It is only in those time of the year when the waves are less harsh people practice fishing. Some of the local fishes such as Kodai, Mackarel, Silver ilver fish, Bolingir are got during the month of August till December. During the months from July to August the practice of fishing is strictly prohibited as it is the breeding season of fishes. Only traditional fishing techniques is allowed during these months, which is practiced in Malpe. There are various methods of fishing culture. Certain techniques such as bill troll and light fishing is banned.

3.3 Animal Husbandry.

PLACE

TOTAL PEOPLE

TOTAL MILK

REGISTERED

INLITRES/DAY

Mattu

54

350

Katpadi

130

750

Innange

238

970

Table 8 Milk Supply from different regions to Ulliyargoli diary.

Milk supplied from 120 houses. houses.170l 170l of milk per day is obtained in an average.

3000l capacity bulk milk cooler cooler-Processing of milk got from Mattu, Katpadi, Pangala and Innanje.

Malnad Gidda cattle breed is a native of Western Ghats in K Karnataka.90% 90% of the people own cross breeds which include jersey, There is a need to conserve the cattle population.

Figure42 Bulk milk cooler

Figure43 Milk Chilling Unit in Kaup

BEACH FRONT DEVELOPMENT

Conceptual Zoning for beach front development Conceptual Zoning Aim is to ensure resilient Coastal development through land use planning strategies.

Objectives -To develop the tourism in Kaup -To protect Eco sensitive Zone -Identification of Potential beaches for the development in Kaup -To enhance the economy of Kaup through tourism development.

-To improve Connectivity and Management of the coast to the city.

The zones that have been identified for the design level interventions are-

Figure 44 Potential zones for beach front developement



Mattu



Ulliyargoli(Jolly Beach, Yard park and beach)



Pollipu beach



Kaup beach (2 zones)



Uchilla beach

BEACH FRONT DEVELOPMENT-proposal 1(Mattu) Site analysis It is observed from the Survey analysis that Mattu has the second highest potential for tourism after Kaup. However it falls under the highly eco-sensitive zone. Hence the design strategies have been carried out in a way to promote tourism and to preserve the environment.

However it was important to understand the bottleneck onsite so as to address those issues in tourism. A walk through analysis along the 3km edge of water body and coast was used as a way to analyze the site capturing its cultural significance as well as pointing forth the issues.

The figure below shows the analyzed context on the site.

From the analysis carried out concept has been derived to integrate the tourism with nature.

From the below figure 5 it is understood that the main problems on the sites includes

Figure 45 Site Analysis

the reluctant attitudes towards the nature. The 3 different spots were identified where the waste was disposed out of which 2 were along the water edge and one was along the coast.

The conceptual sheet looks into addressing these issues by finding out ways to change the attitude of people towards nature. This is possible once the area gets its importance and is controlled under the strong governance model. Hence the figure below shows the 3 different regions of development indicated by 1,2,3.The region of 1 shall be developed to rejuvenated the existing water body and to convert it into an area where people can swim. A swimming institute shall be set up beside it. This shall bring back the lake to its value that has been currently ignored.

Second is the Zone 2,It is observed that the road leading to this zone 2 has a very appealing visual corridor. The precinct is inhabited by around 4 to 5 houses along the water edge. What is observed is that the house waste being disposed onto the river. The grey water from the kitchen too is let into the water body. Also the spotted area is one of the ecologically most sensitive because of the Mangroves. It was also observed that there were few boats landed on the water edge, which were used for sand mining. This region can be thought of to be planned for the experience of boat ride for the tourists coming from different place.

The third zone which is along the coast is left vacant. Though there is constructed Public toilet and a slide none of them are used making it a dead space. Hence the design proposal aims at developing this area into a zone to strengthen the cultural elements along the coasts which includes The fishing spot and other recreational activities for all age groups. Hence the proposal looks into all these aspects.

Lastly the zone 4 which is the zone along the approach towards the Mattu beach,has been proposed for development . This zone has been developed to catch hold the attention of the tourists coming to the beach. There is a existing seating area and kids play zone towards the north. A proposed commercial zone. The spots along the coast where waste is being disposed has been identified and rejuvenation of the area to prevent that.

All of the above zones of stop points have been designed in a way that the tourists gets a stop point within a reasonable walking distance of less than 400m.

Lastly the goal is towards the street development along the tourist corridor. It is important to make the walk more pleasing and enjoyable. Hence the proposal of design elements aims at making the journey of tourists more pleasing. On the existing river side corridor the nature being already integrated into the journey gives it a strong points for development. However to

add on to it, street arts and local flowering plants along the pathways have been proposed to keep the people walking at the same time enjoying the visual essence of the designed place.

Along the coastal stretch the Sustainability aspects of the coasts have been taken into considerations so as to eliminate the issues of Vulnerability that was observed.

The northern most stretch of the coast is the most vulnerable one, with observed problems of erosion. The Soft core techniques of sand stabilization and soft-scaping which involves planting of native beach vegetations have been incorporated.

4

1

3

2

Figure 5.1 Site Analysis

Design interventions Tourism development along the coastal stretch of Mattu.

The figure 3 shows the proposed tourist circuit. The circuit has been designed in a way that the appropriate stop points have been identified within the reasonable walking distance. The first stop point is the point where the agricultural land use changes to residential. It is the point where Cultural Plaza is developed, next the trail leads to the boat landing area, with a ticket counter. The trail does not continue forward as it turns ecologically sensitive towards the way forward. Hence the trail route takes a turn towards the west towards the beach. Here they are given facility to pay and use bicycles and go on a coastal ride along the beach as can be seen in the figure 3 .The entire coast too shall be designed with the stop points .The first phase of stop point on the coast is at the point 5 marked in figure 6. This area, shall be designed for all sort of activities ranging from childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s play area, recreational area, fishing and boat rides as they move further either by walk or cycle ride there is a commercial zone.

Where all sort of retails of temporary structures made of bamboo or vending carts sell their goods, on the way forward there is existing seating and children play area. Hence the natural elements of nature has been integrated in the trail.

Careful through has been given in street design. The proposed beach side road has been planned and designed for all types of users. Beach side safety has also been taken into consideration in its design. The figure 4 shows the detail of the beach side road. Pay and use bicycle facilitates and encourages people to use non motorized transportation.

Development of tourism trail

Figure 46 tourism trail

Detail of beach front road It is observed that problem core along the northern region of Mattu beach side has been addressed through sustainable design strategies. The tourism circuit has been planned in a sustainable way by encouraging reduced use of vehicles, making the walk more pleasing by giving attractive stop points.

A Zone of commercial area as can be seen in the figure 7 has been proposed. The activities proposed along the coast have taken into consideration of Sustainability. Certain strategies such as Sand nourishment and Soft core techniques of restoring the beach vegetations have been incorporated.

Figure 48 Key plan

Figure 47 Street design of beach road(Detail 2)

Figure 49 Section 1-1

Design proposals along the water front

FigureFigure 50 Cultural 4 Cultural Plaza-A Plaza

Figure 52 Section cut along the plaza(section A-A).

Figure 51 Plan.

In the transition zone from residential to agricultural, there is observed Nagabana and a view of river makes it a healing surrounding to glorify the culture of this place as can be seen in zone A of figure 11.

Figure 53 Rejuvenation of water body(Detail B)

Figure 54 Section B-B

It is Observed that the existing water body is being depleted, and the observed pollution from the waste being disposed is a matter of concern. Hence there is a need to redevelop this area so as to control the activities that causes problem to the environment. Placing of the dustbins wherever possible is a important thing to be considered. A Place of recreation can also act as an important tool in Community engagement in keeping the surroundings clean.

Figure 55 Section C-C

Figure 56 Detail C

It is observed that the violation in the CRZ along the water front has Caused Environmental Pollution and can ultimately affect the ecology. Objective of the above design was to give the area itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s important so that the area turns under the control of Authorities so as to take control over it. There is a proposed Environmental awareness club with a ticket counter for the people to go on a boat ride and other water activities. Currently the area already has a region of parked boats for Sand extraction. The proposal aims at changing the scenario and bringing about the change as can be seen in the figure 13 and 16.

Design proposal 3-Sustaining the Culture and conserving the Environment

Figure 57 Key Plan

Figure 58 Proposal 3(Detail 3,Refer Key plan)

Proposal along the coast has taken into consideration of Sustainable aspects and also has aimed at resolving the Environmental Problems. The Southern region of Mattu as can be seen in the figure 18,has been developed to Sustain the socio economic aspects and Cultural elements along the coast. A Region which is currently a barren site has been a region of Waste disposal causing harm to the beach Ecosystem has can be seen. Hence an attempt to redevelop this area conserving the environment. As can be seen in the circled zone of figure

13, the area has been developed to design Children park, Recreational zone and a Fishing zone.

Design Proposal (detail 1,refer key plan)-Eradicating the coastal Problems

It is observed that there is high rate of Coastal Erosion in the northern portion of Mattu. The Constructed groynes is leading to the spread of the erosion to the south. Hence there is immediate necessity to address the same. This Zone of Mattu has been placed to incorporate beach nourishment technique so as to prevent the coastal erosion.

Proposed section as seen in Fig 20 aims at reducing the wave intensity. Hence thereby preventing erosion.

Figure 61 Key Plan

Figure 60 Existing section 3

Groynes

Mattu beach has the lowest slope of 1:50, which is the main cause of accretion. So the proposal aims to rectify the existing section so as to avoid

Figure 59 Proposed section 3-3 Figure 62 Plan