Nanotechnology in architecture

”NANOTECHNOLOGY IN ARCHITECTURE”

Dissertation submitted by DIVYANK SAHA 123701302 B.ARCH. “VII”th SEMESTER “D” SECTION

Faculty of Architecture Manipal University Manipal

November 2015

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Faculty of Architecture Manipal University Manipal

CERTIFICATE We certify that the Dissertation entitled “NANOTECHNOLOGY IN ARCHITECTURE”, that is being submitted by “DIVYANK SAHA” bearing the registration no. “123701302”, in the VII semester of B.Architecture undergraduate programme, Faculty of Architecture, Manipal University, Manipal is a record of bonafide work, to the best of our knowledge.

-----------------------------Faculty in charge

----------------------------Director

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my gratitude to the people who have helped me and guided me with this topic. Firstly, I would like to thank Anusha Maam who believed in the prospect of application of nanotechnology in architecture and encouraged me to go ahead with this topic. Then I would like to thank Mr. Amit C. Kinjawadekar who inspired me towards nanotechnology, Ahmadullah Sir who always had a futuristic approach towards nanotechnology.

Last but not the least, I would express my gratitude towards my guide, Mr. Arun Hariharan Natarajan, who criticized me with my approach towards this topic which later helped me to look into the limitations nanotechnology has in the field of architecture.

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ABSTRACT Ever increasing population is putting a pressure on the resources available as the demand is more than the supply. The highest amount of energy is consumed by buildings (39% of the total) which pushes architects, engineers and builders to construct buildings which consumes lesser energy. Nanotechnology is the technology which can reduces the energy consumption of a building and increases the useable floor area. The purpose of this paper is to improve the energy efficiency of buildings in India using nanotechnology.

The purpose of this research is to provide the readers with an ample knowledge about the advanced materials used to replace the conventional materials to develop better performance of the building. In this research paper, a comparative analysis of Nano insulation materials with conventional insulation materials has been calculated using a simulation software for the performance of thermal heat gain in a building. Online data were collected through research papers, articles and journals of professionals in R&D field of nanotechnology and even students in Universities like Ball State and MIT (U.S.) involved in the experiments conducted for nanomaterials.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................... 3 ABSTRACT ....................................................................................... 4 1

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................. 10 1.1

Definitions ............................................................................................. 10

1.2

Background........................................................................................... 10

1.3

Relevance ............................................................................................. 10

1.4

Research question/statement ............................................................... 11

1.5

Aim of the study .................................................................................... 11

1.6

Objectives ............................................................................................. 11

1.7

Scope and focus of the work................................................................. 11

1.8

Limitations of the study ......................................................................... 12

1.9

Methodology ......................................................................................... 12

1.10

Expected outcome from the study ........................................................ 13

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................... 14 2.1

Introduction ........................................................................................... 14

2.1.1

Nanoscale ................................................................................................. 15

2.1.2

Nanoparticles ............................................................................................ 16

2.1.3

Nanocomposites ....................................................................................... 16

2.1.4

History and background ............................................................................ 16

2.1.5

Why Nano materials?................................................................................ 16

2.1.6

Risks from nanotechnology ....................................................................... 17

2.1.7

Future of Nanotechnology ......................................................................... 17

2.1.8

Conclusion ................................................................................................ 17

2.2

Nano architecture ................................................................................. 18

2.3

Why insulation is necessary.................................................................. 19

2.3.1

Background .............................................................................................. 19

2.3.2

Conventional thermal insulation materials ................................................. 20

2.3.3

Advanced thermal insulation materials ...................................................... 21

2.3.4

Thermal insulation: Aerogel ...................................................................... 29

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3

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2.3.5

Temperature regulation: Phase change materials (PCMs) ........................ 30

2.3.6

Solar Protection ........................................................................................ 31

2.3.7

Anti-reflective ............................................................................................ 31

Case studies ............................................................................. 33 3.1

Nano Houses ........................................................................................ 33

3.2

NanoHouse Initiative : Australia ............................................................ 33

3.3

Nano Studio .......................................................................................... 36

3.4

Seitzstrasse mixed use building, Munich, Germany: ............................ 37

3.4.1

INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 38

3.4.2

The VIP system ........................................................................................ 38

DATA ANALYSIS ...................................................................... 43 4.1

Findings from the study ........................................................................ 53

4.2

CONCLUSION ...................................................................................... 53

BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................... 54

TABLE OF FIGURES (Figure 1) Milestones of nanotechnology. (Leydecker 2008) .............................. 14 (Figure 2) The shining blue colour in butterfly’s wings are caused by light reflections rather than pigmentations. Its wings are made up of nanostructured scales that reflects light and cancel out all other colours except blue. For this reason researchers tried to replicate this in buildings through nanotechnology.

(Leydecker 2008) ................................................................................................ 14 (Figure 3) Development of total products listed for nanotechnology. .................. 15 (Figure 4) The scale, nanometers. (science.doe.gov/bes n.d.) ........................... 15 (Figure 5) Biomaterial structural composites, like these panels made from flax and cellulose, turn renewable resources into recyclable building components. .. 16 (Figure 6) Walt Disney Concert Hall designed by Frank Gehry, 2003 shows the different materials and design elements he used. (Richard & Boysen 2005) ...... 18 (Figure 7) Nanocomposites will expand the ........................................................ 18 (Figure 8) The dancing House by Frank Gehry, 1999, shows the form of deconstructivism, which was a new style of architecture in late 20 th century.(Allhoff 2008) .......................................................................................... 19 (Figure 9) Thickness of different insulation materials (Allhoff 2008).................... 20 (Figure 10) Flat and Folded VIP with core material, envelope and heat ............. 21 (Figure 11) Results of embodied energy, UBP97 and Eco99 between glass wool, EPS and VIP experiments have been shown. (Schonhardt, U., Binz, A., Wohler, M., and Dott, R. 2003) ......................................................................................... 21

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(Figure 12) Section of a Vacuum Insulation Panel with dimensions. (Allhoff 2008) ............................................................................................................................ 22 (Figure 13) Comparison of Oxygen Transmission rate and water vapour transmission rate between different materials. (Allhoff 2008) ............................. 22 (Figure 14) Melting and burning of a metalized multi-layered polymer laminate film. (Schonhardt, U., Binz, A., Wohler, M., and Dott, R. 2003) ......................... 22 (Figure 15) Thermal conductivity of different materials at specific internal pressure.

(Simmler 2005) ............................................................................... 23 (Figure 16) Schematic representation of thermal bridging in caused by the VIP envelope. (htt3) .................................................................................................. 24 (Figure 17) Comparative R-value per inch of different insulation materials.

(Dow) .................................................................................................................. 25 (Figure 18) Installation of Vacuum Installation panels on site needs to be very precise. Different sized VIP. (Leydecker 2008) ................................................... 25 Figure 19 Test Data results of two walls. One with nansulate coating while other without thee coating. (http://www.nansulate.com/Nansulate_and_LEED.htm n.d.) ............................................................................................................................ 26 Figure 20 Test Data results of two separate concrete sections at different temperatures. One concrete sustrate has nansulate coating and the other one doesn't have. (http://www.nansulate.com/Nansulate_and_LEED.htm n.d.) ........ 27 Figure 21 The photos illustrate how thermal bridging happens through the studs in the home where traditional insulation cannot be used. Using NansulateÂŽ thermal insulation coating over the entire wall surface greatly reduces heat flow through those thermal bridging areas. (http://www.nansulate.com/Nansulate_and_LEED.htm n.d.) .............................. 28 (Figure 22) Glass sample with black ................................................................... 29 (Figure 23) Sectional detail shoeing aerogel panels. (Leydecker 2008) ............. 29 (Figure 24) Aerogel panels being fitted in the school in London. (Leydecker 2008) ............................................................................................................................ 30 (Figure 25) Close-up of a phase-changing material embedded in glazing. ......... 30 (Figure 26) Layer composition of a ..................................................................... 30 (Figure 27) Sur Falveng, Housing for elderly people facade. (Leydecker 2008) . 31 (Figure 28) Electrochromatic glass with an ultra-thin nanocoating needs only be switched once to change state, gradually changing to a darkened yet transparent state. At present the ............................................................................................ 31 (Figure 29) Silica glass capsules are .................................................................. 32 (Figure 30) A photovoltaic module with or without anti reflective coating (Leydecker 2008) ................................................................................................ 32 (Figure 31) Computer generated model for the Nano House. (Nanohouse.

March, 2008) ....................................................................................................... 33 (Figure 32) Glass panels in naoHouse in Austrailia (Nanohouse. March, 2008) . 34 (Figure 33) The white walls of the Nano House absorbs light and harvests solar energy. (Nanohouse. March, 2008) .................................................................... 35 (Figure 34) Computer generated images of the Nano House.

(Nanohouse. March, 2008) ................................................................................. 35

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(Figure 35) Different ways in which nanotechnology has been integrated in Nano House. (Nanohouse. March, 2008) ..................................................................... 36 (Figure 36) Using carbon nanotubes in a ............................................................ 36 (Figure 37) Students of Ball University are exploring new ways to design a building by nanotechnology. ( Nanostudio September, 2008) ........................ 36 (Figure 38) A section in foundations of a nanostrctured building with the use of carbon nanotubes (Image ................................................................................... 37 (Figure 40) First building to integrate VIP completely (Pool n.d.) ........................ 37 (Figure 41) VIP external panels (Pool n.d.) ...................................................... 37 (Figure 42) Plan of the building. It is covered by tall buildings on the south, east and western façade.

(Pool n.d.) ..................................................................... 38 (Figure 43) Installation of VIP within polyurethane frames (Pool n.d.) ............ 39 (Figure 44) window joint with VIP (Pool n.d.) ........................................... 39 (Figure 45) The external look after the installation of VIP in windows (Pool n.d.) ..................................................................................................................... 39 (Figure 46) Thermographic image showing no damage of VIP till date (Pool n.d.) ........................................................................................................... 40 Figure 47 Nansulate® coatings were used as a sustainable energy saving solution for the the Suvarnabhumi International Airport in Bangkok, Thailand. (http://www.nansulate.com/Nansulate_and_LEED.htm n.d.) .............................. 41 Figure 48 Temperature differences with coated and uncoated wall with Nansulate coating. (http://www.nansulate.com/Nansulate_and_LEED.htm n.d.) ................. 41 Figure 49 Before and after thermographic images of Nansulate coating. (http://www.nansulate.com/Nansulate_and_LEED.htm n.d.) .............................. 42 Figure 50 The picture above shows how Nanuslate coating can be incorporated into a LEED project (http://www.nansulate.com/Nansulate_and_LEED.htm n.d.) ............................................................................................................................ 42 (Figure 51) Summary of climatic conditions in Aswan city during the simulation. 43 (Figure 52) The calculated information of the thermal base case for zone3. ....... 43 (Figure 53) The base case thermal model/Autodesk Ecotect Analysis 2011. ..... 44 (Figure 54) Thermal properties of the baseline model materials A – Paints and coatings............................................................................................................... 44 (Figure 55) Thermal properties of the baseline model materials B – Paints and coatings............................................................................................................... 45 (Figure 56) Thermal properties of the Nano model materials – Paints and coatings............................................................................................................... 45 (Figure 57) Rates of fabric heat transfer through the envelope of the baseline model A – Paints and coatings. ........................................................................... 45 (Figure 58) Rates of fabric heat transfer through the envelope of the baseline model B – Paints and coatings. ........................................................................... 46 (Figure 59) Rates of fabric heat transfer through the envelope of the Nano model – Paints and coatings. ......................................................................................... 46 (Figure 60) Thermal properties of the baseline model materials – Thermal insulation of external walls. ................................................................................. 46 (Figure 61) Thermal properties of the Nano model materials – Thermal insulation of external walls. ................................................................................................. 47

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(Figure 62) Rates of fabric heat transfer through the envelope of the baseline model – Thermal insulation of external walls. ..................................................... 47 (Figure 63) Rates of fabric heat transfer through the envelope of the Nano model – Thermal insulation of external walls. ................................................................ 48 (Figure 64) Thermal properties of the baseline model materials – Thermal insulation of external roofs .................................................................................. 48 (Figure 66) Thermal properties of the Nano model materials – Thermal insulation of external roofs. ................................................................................................. 48 (Figure 65) Rates of fabric heat transfer through the envelope of the baseline model – Thermal insulation of external roofs. ..................................................... 49 (Figure 67) Rates of fabric heat transfer through the envelope of the Nano model – Thermal insulation of external roofs. ................................................................ 49 (Figure 68) Thermal properties of the baseline model materials – Single glazed glass.................................................................................................................... 49 (Figure 69) Thermal properties of the baseline model materials – Double glazed glass.................................................................................................................... 50 (Figure 70) Thermal properties of the Nano model materials – NanoGel glass. . 50 (Figure 71) Rates of fabric heat transfer through the envelope of the baseline model – Single glazed glass. .............................................................................. 50 (Figure 72) Rates of fabric heat transfer through the envelope of the baseline model – Double glazed glass .............................................................................. 51 (Figure 73) Rates of fabric heat transfer through the envelope of the Nano model – NanoGel glass. ................................................................................................ 51 (Figure 74) Rates of fabric heat transfer through the envelope of the baseline model. ................................................................................................................. 51 (Figure 75) Rates of fabric heat transfer through the envelope of the Nano model. ............................................................................................................................ 52 (Figure 77) Achieving ultra-low U-values and advanced performance of Nano model less than baseline model. ......................................................................... 52 (Figure 76) Increasing the thermal lag values of Nano model compared to the baseline model. ................................................................................................... 52 (Figure 78) Achieving the lowest value recorded scientifically of heat transfer values of Nano model which amounted to over 70% when compared to the baseline model. ................................................................................................... 53 (Figure 79) The highest amount of energy consumption is done by buildings (Allhoff 2008)....................................................................................................... 54

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1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Definitions -Nanoscale: on a scale of 10−9 meter; having or involving dimensions of less than 100 nanometers.

-Nanoparticles: It is defined as a particle with at least one dimension less than 200nm.

-Nanocomposites: By adding a nanoparticle to any material, the properties of the material changes. The new material thus found is termed as a nanocomposite.

-Nanoarchitecture: It is defined as the use of nanomaterials in the conventional building materials to change its property and the form of architecture created through nanomaterials is termed as Nanoarchitecture.

-Insulation: Providing resistance to.

-Envelope (in insulation materials): It is defined as a covering or containing structure or layer.

-Core material (in insulation materials): It is defined as the central, innermost part of the insulating material which is the principle component in resisting the thermal heat gain from the material.

1.2 Background In today’s world, ever increasing population has caused crisis on energy consumption. Buildings constitute a lot on energy consumption which is a serious issue in developing countries.

Nanotechnology is the technology of the future which deals with nanoparticles. These nanoparticles like carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, silicone, etc. are derived from nature i.e. earth, air and water and they can manipulate the properties of conventional materials at nanoscale and desired materials can be achieved of required specific properties.

Through nanotechnology we can achieve reliable sustainable environment by creating durable, lightweight, energy efficient and cheap materials.

Nanotechnology can build faster, flexible and robust buildings. Concrete can be made stronger and glass can be made self-cleaning.

Nanotechnology has the ability to achieve a minimum thermal conductivity in a building’s facade with very thin insulation materials.

Nanotechnology has many benefits on the environment but the risks and drawbacks like health hazards and mass production needs to be identified and controlled.

1.3 Relevance Ever increasing population is putting a pressure on the resources available as the demand is more than the supply. The highest amount of energy is

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consumed by buildings (39% of the total) which pushes architects, engineers and builders to construct buildings which consumes lesser energy. Nanotechnology is the technology which can molecularly perfect every material and if mass produced, it can even reduce the construction cost of the building as it can be made on site, obviously it reduces the operational cost of the building and also increases the useable floor area, which again reduces the cost of the building.

1.4 Research question/statement    

How Nanotechnology can improve the energy efficiency in a building in India?

How will nanomaterials help in providing better thermal insulation with thinner materials?

How will it help in designing better buildings?

How Nanotechnology can replace the materials used in current practice?

1.5 Aim of the study To improve the energy efficiency of buildings in India using Nanotechnology.

1.6 Objectives To evaluate and develop a comparative analysis of Nanotechnology and conventional methods/technology, according to the following parameters: 1. To study and analyse characteristics of various building materials developed with Nanotechnology.

2. To compare and understand the various aspects of these building materials with the conventional materials.

3. To study the impact of Nanomaterials on thermal heat gain of a building.

4. To study how Nanotechnology can be implemented to reduce the energy cost of a building.

1.7 Scope and focus of the work 1. The research will mainly focus on how Nanotechnology will affect building materials in India based on various climatic zones.

2. To focus on how Nanomaterials can replace the conventional building materials used in current scenario.

3. To study how Nanotechnology can be used in building envelopes to improve the strength to weight ratio of the building.

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1.8 Limitations of the study 



  



The use of Nanomaterials within the realm of architecture will be explored, without studying the molecular and atomic properties of nanomaterials.

Architects in developing countries like India are not familiar with the application of Nanotechnology in the building sector as it is a new and advanced technology, and it has not been explored in India.

Finding case studies related to Nanotechnology in India will be a limitation of the research.

The research will not deal with the risk factors to the labours, during construction of a building using Nanotechnology.

The research will not look into the Government regulations or financial issues of applications of Nanotechnology in India.

The research will not look into the manufacture of Nanomaterials through the integration of billions of Nanoparticles to produce a building material.

The research will not look into the sophisticated instruments used in the construction of a building with Nanotechnology.

1.9 Methodology • • •

• • • • •

The following methods were followed to carry out this research:Research question and aim was stated as improving the energy efficiency in buildings using nanotechnology.

Research questions were stated as to how Nano materials can be implemented to get a better energy efficiency in buildings.

Online data were collected through research papers, articles and journals of professionals in R&D field of nanotechnology and even students in Universities like Ball State and MIT (U.S.) involved in the experiments conducted for nano materials.

History of nanotechnology was traced as to how these minute particles started creating a difference in our lives.

Literature data was collected for various insulation materials incorporating nanoparticles. Online verified experiments were taken for nanomaterials.

Nano insulation materials were compared with the conventional insulation materials of today and various tables and charts has been provided for the comparative analysis of these materials.

Number of prototype case studies has shown the best possible way nanotechnology can improve energy efficiency in buildings,(Nano House, Australia).

Primary case study in Munich was studied as how the architects and workers used the Vacuum insulation panels for the first time in an entire building facade to achieve lower U-value.

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•

Last but not the least, Simulation was done for Nanomaterials and conventional materials in buildings to check the thermal performance.

1.10 Expected outcome from the study Nanotechnology is said to be technology of the future. The expected outcome is to prove that Nanotechnology improves the energy efficiency, indoor air quality, durability and reduces thermal heat gain of buildings in India.

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2 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction Nanotechnology, even known as “nanotech”, is the study of the control of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally nanotechnology deals with structures of the size 100 nanometers or smaller in at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices within that size. Etymologically “nano” means “dwarf” in Greek. A nanometer is one billionth of a meter, which is one hundred thousandth of the width of a hair.

(Figure 1) Milestones of nanotechnology. (Leydecker 2008)

 

Nanotechnology is the integration of nanotechnology in architecture, by using nanoproducts developed from nanoparticles, nanomaterials, nanocomposites or even nanoshapes. It can devise faster, cheaper and smaller materials, using less raw materials and consuming less energy. It can make considerable changes in following ways:  Reduction in wastage of raw materials  Reduction in weight/volume  Improving energy efficiency  Reduced carbon emissions

Greater economy Reduced need for maintenance

Basically nanotechnology allows us to modify the conventional materials and make them stronger and lighter.

Materials like carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, silicone, etc. are the major nanoparticles which are derived from nature i.e. earth, water and air, therefore the cost of these materials is practically zero though the manufacturing process is quite expensive.

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(Figure 2) The shining blue colour in butterfly’s wings are caused by light reflections rather than pigmentations. Its wings are made up of nanostructured scales that reflects light and cancel out all other colours except blue. For this reason researchers tried to replicate this in buildings through nanotechnology. (Leydecker

2008)

The consequences of nanotechnology on buildings are bringing together innovative possibilities for used materials. They impart completely new physical and mechanical properties to the conventional building materials. The key characteristic is the size of the nanoparticle.These are accountable forproperties such as fire-resistance, durability and strength. Applications of nanotechnology range from controllable adhesion and grip, tribological aspects such as ultra-low friction, switchable magnetism or light absorption, conductive transparent surfaces, light diffusers and so on to insulation materials for buildings. The multitude of nano technological products in this area underlines the economic relevance of such new materials. Nanotechnology is an "enabling technology". It helps to improve existing products rather than creating completely new products.

2.1.1

Nanoscale

(Figure 3) Development of total products listed for nanotechnology.

Nanoscale science, engineering, and technology are fields of (nanotechproject.org/consumer n.d.) research in which scientists and engineers influence matter at the atomic and molecular level in order to obtain materials and systems with significantly improved properties. Nanomaterials are materials that have at least one dimension smaller than 100 nanometers (one billionth of a meter) i.e. 1/80000 th the width of a human hair.

(Figure 4) The scale, nanometers. (science.doe.gov/bes n.d.)

One dimensional : thin films, layers and surfaces One dimensional nanomaterials are used for electronic device manufacture, chemistry and engineering.

Two-dimensional : tubes and wires Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are stretched tubes of rolled graphene sheets. It is strong, flexible, paper thin and its electrical conductivity is high.

Three-dimension : nanoparticle and fullerenes

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C60(buckminsterfullerene) is a spherical molecule of diameter of 1nm made up of 60 carbon atoms, arranged in 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons, replicating a football.

2.1.2 Nanoparticles A nanoparticle is an atomic particle whose size is measured in nanometers (nm). It is defined as a particle with at least one dimension less than 200nm. When brought into a bulk material, nanoparticles can strongly influence the mechanical properties of the material, like stiffness or elasticity.

Such nanotechnologically enhanced materials will enable a weight reduction accompanied by an increase in stability and an improved functionality.

Two nano-sized particles that stand out in their application to construction materials are titanium dioxide (TiO2) and carbon nanotubes (CNTâ€&#x;s).

2.1.3 Nanocomposites Nanocomposites integrates new nanomaterials with the conventional materials like steel, concrete, glass and makes it much stronger than the conventional material and even improves performance, durability and strength to weight ratio of these materials.

Some students in Ball University, incorporated Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to create transparent load bearing curtain walls which were neither obstructed by columns nor by beams, quantum dots are able to change the colour of walls and ceilings with the flip of a switch.

In near future, nanocomposites like CNTs will highly secure our buildings from terrorism, it can even make army vehicles bomb-proof by reinforcing nanofibers in polycarbonate. It may soon be applied in all building materials.

(Figure 5) Biomaterial structural composites, like these panels made from flax and cellulose, turn renewable resources into recyclable building components.

2.1.4

History and background

Nanotechnology is an advanced technology but not a newly discovered technology.

Scientists have been exploring this technology since hundreds of years. The nano-sized gold particles (nanoparticles) integrated in the stained glass windows of medieval churches was an application of nanotechnology itself, which imparted various colours from the windows. Silver-halide photography is a nineteenth-century technology.

(Elvin May1st, 2007)

2.1.5 Why Nano materials?

As construction industry is the highest producer of CO2 emissions, the use of nanotechnology plays an important role in manipulating the properties of conventional methods and making it energy efficient.

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Nanotechnology has the following benefits :  Tackles climate change  Reduces greenhouse gas emissions in future  Improves the energy efficiency of a building  Sustainable construction

2.1.6 Risks from nanotechnology Though nanotechnology offers a lot of benefits to the building sector, some of the nanoparticles pose a threat to human health if inhaled during manufacturing.

Government is funding into its Research and Development in order to make it secure for the people working in the manufacturing stage and also for the occupants inside the building made up of nanoparticles. The nanoparticles which poses a threat to the human health or the environment has to be identified and precautionary measure needs to be taken so that the benefits of nanotechnology overcomes the threat it poses.

2.1.7 Future of Nanotechnology Usually by using nanotechnology in buildings, each and every building will behave differently in different climatic conditions and material identification theories will change completely. For example, photochromatic glass changes its colour according to the outdoor temperatures, changing its appearance and properties.

According to John M. Johanson (an American Architect from FAIA) predicted that through nanotechnology buildings will be able to communicate with themselves. It will detect the presence of a human being, money, etc and will change its colour accordingly. An intelligent building is a building which can think and evaluate its needs to slve its weaknesses, but if buildings have artificial intelligence without even consulting the architect, they can accommodate themselves in the environment as a specific entity.

Scientists working in Nannotechnology predicts the future as nanomaterials will behave as a separate entity altogether. In near future, artificial materials would replace the traditional architecture as their restricting pattern wouldn’t have any role in the future. Even the construction time would decrease gradually. Changes in architectural domain in some of the developing nations is inevitable through nanotechnology.

2.1.8 Conclusion Companies working in Nanotechnology without waste of energy and layer and has ample modification with the environment. In the conventional technology, reactant hardly amend to the products but as an example a glass that protected by a Nano cover doesn’t let infrared to permit at all. Getting to the supreme products which accommodates with the atmosphere causes architects to work effectively. During the present study, initially researchers tried to present

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differences of Nanotechnology with other technologies and its positive and negative effects and on the other hand scientists’ thoughts and disapprovals were posed. In this paper, the importance and role of Nanotechnology in the construction findings examined. Considering the stated points just done to explain architects with this technology and researchers didn’t try to give next generation building picture. Writers struggled to explain architects’ part in using those kinds of products in the construction industry.

2.2 Nano architecture

(Figure 7) Nanocomposites will expand the structural flexibility, such as the dramatic cantilever envisioned by Andy Naunheimer, a student at Ball State.

(Elvin May1st, 2007)

(Figure 6) Walt Disney Concert Hall designed by Frank Gehry, 2003 shows the different materials and design elements he used. (Richard &

Boysen 2005)

Nanoarchitecture is the fusion of nanotechnology and architecture.

Nanoarchitecture varies from materials improving energy efficiency of the buildings to designing different forms and architectural expressions in the building sector. Nanotechnology will have an effect on the construction materials and will be able to manipulate their properties at nanoscale.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has attained molecular perfection and is said to be 100 times stronger than steel. As it is made up of carbon atoms, it can bond with various other matter, CNTs can be good conductors of electricity. A building can have flexible structural options as well as it can conduct electricity in the building facade.

In the near future, the materials will gain molecular perfection, hence the architectural designs will evolve and revolutionize. Just by adding a nanoparticle to a material, we will be able to build differently. Structures will be built from bottom to top as CNTs have self-assembly properties. Nanoarchitecture will change the way we perceive buildings and the way we live in this society.

As new materials and building methods develop, the initiation of everyday use of nanotechnology will certainly set free the designer’s imagination.

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This variation of technology has entered in the second half of the 20th century with the sighting of new principles and practices of unusual materials has led to an developing new styles, patterns and configurations of thinking that has revolted the customary way of rationalizing in architecture. Peter Eiseman and Frank Ghery with their distorted extraordinary forms have established a new movement unlike early modernist structures.

(Figure 8) The dancing House by Frank Gehry, 1999, shows the form of deconstructivism, which was a new style of architecture in late 20th century.(Allhoff

2.3 Why insulation is necessary

The primary function of thermal insulation materials used in small fishing vessels using ice is to reduce the 2008) transmission of heat through fish hold walls, hatches, pipes or stanchions into the place where chilled fish or ice is being stored. By reducing the amount of heat leak, the amount of ice that melts can be reduced and so the efficiency of the icing process can be increased. As has already been discussed, ice is used up because it removes heat energy from the fish but also from heat energy leaking through the walls of the storage container. Insulation in the walls of the container can reduce the amount of heat that enters the container and so reduce the amount of ice needed to keep the contents chilled.

The main advantages of insulating the fish hold with adequate materials are: 

 

to prevent heat transmission entering from the surrounding warm air, the engine room and heat leaks (fish hold walls, hatches, pipes and stanchions); to optimize the useful capacity of the fish hold and fish-chilling operating costs; To help reduce energy requirements for refrigeration systems if these are used.

2.3.1 Background World’s maximum energy consumption is constituted by buildings. Thermal insulation materials are a better solution for reducing energy consumption of buildings than wind and solar energy and it is a more cost-effective method as well.

Conventional building insulation materials increases the thickness of the building envelope, leading to lesser floor area to building envelope thickness ratio. In recent past, researchers have come up with thinner insulation panels which gives greater thermal insulation than conventional materials.

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Heat transfer in a building is divided into three parts:Conduction through solids, conduction through gas molecules and radiation through pores. Conduction through solids is found to be the maximum heat transfer that is why insulation material should be highly porous with the least amount of solid particles. Greater porosity an insulation material has, better thermal resistance will it achieve.

Materials like aerogel and VIP have reached thermal resistance of ten times greater than conventional building insulation materials. Using these nanostructures insulation materials will benefit the builders to achieve better thermal insulation and greater floor area.

2.3.2 Conventional thermal insulation materials Mineral wool It is made up of molten glass, stone or slag i.e. spun into fiber-like structure.

Inorganic rock or slag are main components (typically 98%) of stone wool. Remaining 2% organic content is generally a thermosetting rein binder (adhesive) and a little oil.

Expanded polystyrene (EPS) It is a rigid and tough closed cell foam, made of pre-expanded polystyrene beads. These insulation materials are used for bowls, fish boxes, trays, plates, etc. The market value of EPS is supposed to rise more than US $15 billion by the year 2020.

(Figure 9) Thickness of different insulation materials

Extruded Polystyrene (XPS) (Allhoff 2008) Consists of closed cells, offers improved surface roughness, high stiffness and reduced thermal conductivity.

(Density range = 28-45 kg/cubic meter) Cork One of the oldest insulation material. In the past, it was widely used for refrigerators. Due to scarcity of cork-producing trees, It’s price has gone very high. It has few disadvantages like it absorbs moisture upto an average permeability of water vapour of 12.5g cm/ m-2.

Polyurethane Best conventional material for insulation. Low moisture permeability, good thermal insulation, high mechanical strength and low density.

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2.3.3 Advanced thermal insulation materials Vacuum Insulation Panel An evacuated foil encapsulated open porous material as a high performance thermal insulating material. The nanomaterial used in its core fill is fumed silica and envelope is basically used as a metalized laminated sheet. It has a very low thermal conductivity.

It has a core material with small pores of 10100mm, enclosed by thin laminate film with low gas permeability. Core (Figure 10) Flat and Folded VIP with core material, envelope and heat Sealed metalized multi-layered polymer laminate. (Zain M. 2013) material is evacuated to a pressure of 0.2-3 m/bar, gives thermal conductivity 2-4 mW/mK. If laminate is not gas tight it allows gas to come inside, which increases pressure within the core material of VIP reducing the thermal resistance of the material.

Few types of vacuum insulated panels used in the past:  In 1963, first nanostructured core material panel was introduced. Since then different cores and low permeability laminates have been in large demand. Core material which was used was fumed silica and enclosure was plastic envelope with 12000 nm thick aluminium film.  Another kind of VIP where the core material was made up of fiber and 75nm envelope of thin welded steel sheet. It had a thermal conductivity of 2-7mW/Mk.  Core material was taken as diatomite (90% silica, 4% aluminium, 2% iron oxide), 100000nm sheet steel casing. The first building it was used in was ZAE Bayern in 1998.

Three Swiss life cycle analysis (LCA) was taken. Embodied energy, UBP97 and Eco99 was calculated for three different insulation materials were taken (Figure 11) Results of embodied energy, UBP97 and Eco99 between (glass wool, EPS and glass wool, EPS and VIP experiments have been shown. (Schonhardt, VIP). Embodied energy U., Binz, A., Wohler, M., and Dott, R. 2003) is the total energy used in production and processing, UBP97 is the material comparison according to the resources used, production of radioactive waste, need of landfill and emissions to air, water and

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land while Eco99 was the amount of effects on ecosystem, human health and resource depletion.

2.3.3.1.1 Envelope

Most common envelope with vacuum insulation panels are metalized multilayered polymer laminate which is heat sealed to form a continuous envelope. As the pressure in the core material increases the thermal resistance decreases. There were two experiments conducted by which the researchers concluded that the water vapour transmission rate (WVTR) would decrease exponentially if the thickness of the panel decreases. No effect of WVTR due to number of laminate layers were observed.

(Figure 12) Section of a Vacuum Insulation Panel with dimensions. (Allhoff 2008)

Different types of glues degrades the laminates, even the fluoride ions in drinking water. To produce durable laminates glue should be free of Chloride and other substances such as gallium, lead,etc which reducess the stability of the aluminium in laminates.

(Figure 13) Comparison of Oxygen Transmission rate and Multi-layered polymer laminates is water vapour transmission rate between different materials. (Allhoff 2008) flammable around 150 degrees celcius and releases carbon monoxide and other aldehydes. At a temperature of 350 degrees celcius, the material autoignites itself. New 6000nm thick flame retardant brominated acrylic copolymer coating on the outside of laminate should be applied. It has a higher fire rating.

2.3.3.1.2 Core material

Nanomaterials require the least quality of vacuum to be achieved and maintained. In panels made of pressed fumed silica, the contribution of the gas to the total heat transfer is virtually eliminated even at an

(Figure 14) Melting and burning of a metalized multi-layered polymer laminate film. (Schonhardt, U., Binz, A., Wohler, M., and Dott, R. 2003)

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internal gas pressure of a few hundred pascal. The following elements outline the key requirements of material selection for VIP’s:  To reduce the gas conductivity in normal insulation materials the pressure has to be very low, which is difficult to maintain by an envelope made by organic materials. This explains why for VIP a combination of nanostructured core material and pressure reduction is used.  To enable evacuation, the core material has to be 100% open-celled, so that air can be quickly removed out of the material.  Internal pressure of a VIP is only few mbar. Consequently the pressure load on the panel is close to 1bar. The core material has to be stable enough to withstand these pressures.  Radiation has also to be reduced to reach very low conductivity values.

This is done by adding opacifiers to the core material.

Commonly used nanostructured core material used is fumed silica, Silicone dioxide produced from SiO4. Glass wool, polyurethane and polystyrene are other core materials used in VIP’s. Thermal resistance of the core material depends on the conduction of solid materials through conduction in solids, conduction in gas and radiation through pores. If gas pressure is high, thermal conductivity also increases which is a failure of thermal insulation. Thermal insulation materials should be such that it could withstand higher atmospheric pressure without decreasing the thermal resistance which is prevalent in case of fumed silica.

Glass wool is a porous material with large cavities where heat transfer by convection and gas conduction are dominant at all atmospheric pressure. Polystyrene, polyurethane have smaller pores i.e. gas convection and conduction are smaller in these materials. Pore size of fumed silica ranges from 10-100nm which is similar to 70nm (Figure 15) Thermal conductivity of different materials at specific internal of air molecules at pressure.

(Simmler 2005) normal temperature and atmospheric pressure.

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2.3.3.1.3 Thermal Bridges

(Figure 16) Schematic representation of thermal bridging in caused by the VIP envelope. (htt3)

 

It is defined as linear thermal transmittance, which is multiplied with the length of thermal bridge i.e. perimeter of the VIP. Magnitude of thermal bridge depends on thermal conductivity of laminates.

Thermal bridging can take place due to the following reasons:  Thin film high barrier enveloping

the core material The small air gap between two adjacent panels Constructional irregularities

2.3.3.1.4 VIP SERIVE LIFE

Service life of VIP depends on ageing and durability. Ageing is a process of degradation due to very slow permeation of atmospheric gas molecules through the imperfect barrier, resulting in a non-reversible pressure increase and moisture accumulation in the hygroscopic VIP core. This process occurs because the low pressure internal environment of a VIP is not at equilibrium with the atmosphere creating pressure gradients. Through this process the thermal performance of VIP is impaired over time by:  Increasing internal gas pressure  Increasing internal water content In contrast with ageing, durability is the ability of VIP to withstand mechanical and chemical impacts that could cause them to break or rupture, which changes the internal pressure of the VIP. Certain failure rate is present inside them during manufacturing stage and can be avoided by quality check. Most of the damage to VIP is done during manufacturing and transporting to the site, once they are installed the failure risks is observed to be low.

2.3.3.1.5 DRAWBACKS

     

Thermal bridges at panel edges Expensive but the operational cost of the building reduces Air and moisture penetration Vulnerable to nails penetration Cannot be cut due to reduction in vacuum and very difficult to operate on site Moisture tight (condensation issues)

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Vacuum Insulation Materials Basically a homogenous material with closed small pores structure filled with vacuum. It has the ability to be cut and adapted on site with no loss of thermal insulation. Nail perforation would result in local heat bridge i.e. very little loss of thermal insulation unlike VIP’s where a huge loss of thermal insulation occurs if nail perforation occurs.

(Figure 17) Comparative R-value per inch of different insulation materials.

(Dow)

Conclusion VIP’s are optimally suited to deliver a very high thermal insulation while the insulation thickness of the panels being very low. The U-value i.e. the thermal conductivity of VIP’s is ten times lower than that of polystyrene. VIP’s have been proven to be the best material to provide maximum thermal insulation with minimum insulation thickness. Thickness of these panels ranges from 2mm40mm while the U-value is 0.005W/mk.

It can easily be applied to new buildings as well as in renovation works. It can be applied to walls and floors as well. These panels have a lifespan of 30-50 years and they can provide thermal insulation to pipelines, packages for medicines, etc.

(Figure 18) Installation of Vacuum Installation panels on site needs to be very precise. Different sized VIP. (Leydecker 2008)

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Thermal insulation coating: Nansulate Nansulate coatings are an original insulation technology that integrates a nanocomposite called Hydro-NM-Oxide, a product of nanotechnology. This material is recorded as having one of the lowest measured thermal conductivity values. Nansulate, when fully cured, consists of approximately 70% Hydro-NMOxide and 30% acrylic resin and performance additive. The low thermal conductivity of Nansulate and the nanomaterial contained in Nansulate is what makes it an excellent insulator.

Test1 of walls with Nansulate coating and without: Two wall samples are examined according to test standards for a variety of thermal measurements including thermal flow, thermal conductance and thermal resistance. The sample sizes are 120x120x10 cm (approx. 4ft x 4ft x 0.3ft) and they are tested at a mean temperature of 15 deg. C (59 deg. F). One wall sample is non-treated, meaning it is plaster + normal water-based paint. The other wall sample is plaster + 3 coats of Nansulate translucent coating.

Testing was done by the accredited laboratory Istituto di Richerche E Collaudi - a certifying body for the Italian Government.

Results: Thermal transmission, measured in watts, through the wall section coated with Nansulate was reduced by 34.80%.

Thermal resistance (1/U), measured in m2*k*w1, of the wall section coated with Nansulate was increased by

Figure 19 Test Data results of two walls. One with nansulate coating while other without thee coating. (http://www.nansulate.com/Nansulate_and_LEED.htm n.d.)

28.98%

STM E1530 - Standard Test Method for Evaluating Resistance to Thermal Transmission.

Test1 of concrete tile sections (with and without Nansulate coating): Two concrete substrates are tested at different temperatures. One is coated with two coats of NansulateÂŽ Crystal roof coating and one is uncoated. thermal conductivity is tested for each. Testing was done by the ISO certified laboratory Anter Laboratories, Inc.

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Results: Thermal transmission, measured in Btu/h ft F through the concrete substrate coated with NansulateÂŽ was reduced by an average of 29.7%.

2.3.3.4.1

Cure Time

Nansulate has a cure time of 30-90 days (dependent upon humidity, environment and number of coats used). The typical cure time for a 3-coat coverage in ambient conditions is 30-days, where the typical cure time for a 10-coat coverage at ambient conditions can be up to 90 days. During the cure time the excess moisture (which conducts heat) is dissipating/curing Figure 20 Test Data results of two separate concrete sections at from the coating, and as different temperatures. One concrete sustrate has nansulate coating this happens, the thermal and the other one doesn't have. (http://www.nansulate.com/Nansulate_and_LEED.htm n.d.) performance of the coating is improving. Do not expect to obtain any significant thermal readings if you are testing the coating before the cure time has completed.

If on one hand they present very low thermal conductivity (0,017 W/mK), on the other hand the coating thickness that you can apply on a building envelope is between 0.1 and 1 mm. As a results that the adjunct thermal resistance present very low values between (0.006-0.06 m2K/W).

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2.3.3.4.2 Uses and application of Nansulate coating :

Insulation (Building Envelope): Nansulate Energy Protect and Nansulate HomeProtect offer a flexible insulation solution for commercial and residential buildings. They can be applied on walls, ceilings, attics, duct work and other areas of the building envelope, without disrupting the building’s aesthetic as it is a translucent coating. Nansulate Crystal offers a clear insulation solution for roofs of all types. Unlike conventional forms of insulation, Nansulate coatings will not get infiltrated by moisture, mold, dust, or pests - and therefore maintains its insulating ability over time.

Figure 21 The photos illustrate how thermal bridging happens through the studs in the home where traditional insulation cannot be used. Using Nansulate® thermal insulation coating over the entire wall surface greatly reduces heat flow through those thermal bridging areas. (http://www.nansulate.com/Nansulate_an d_LEED.htm n.d.)

Insulation (Daylighting): Nansulate Energy Protect over windows and skylights allows in diffused light, while insulating windows against heat transfer. Well designed daylighting allows in natural light that balances overhead electric lighting needs while curtailing glare. Nansulate allows 92% visible light transmittance and decreases UV penetration by 80% as tested on pane glass, and provides the opportunity to daylight without sacrificing building thermal performance. After coating, windows will have a ‘frosted’ look.

Sustainability : Nansulate coatings are naturally resistant to mold growth (without use of moldicides) and therefore will benefit air quality in a building by reducing potential for mold and mildew. There is also a version of Nansulate - LDX, which can be used for encapsulation of dangerous lead-based paint and lead contamination. Nansulate LDX is a clear, smooth lead encapsulation coating which can be used over a variety of surfaces.

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2.3.4 Thermal insulation: Aerogel

(Figure 22) Glass sample with black edging & aerogel-filled glazing cavity.

(Leydecker 2008)

It was developed in the year 1931 and since then it holds the title of being the lightest known solid material known to mankind. It is a very thin and light foam which consists 99.5% of air and the rest is filled with glass-like material and silica.

The air molecules are trapped within the foam, the minute nanopores are of size 20nanometer (nm) and these air molecules are rigid in nature, unable to move which adds to the benefit of aerogel being an exquisite thermal insulator.

It is optimally used in building envelopes because it acts as an insulating fill material between glass panes, U-profile glass or acrylic glass multi-wall panels. In short aerogel reduces the energy consumption cost of a building. As it is translucent, it has good light emittance value inside and even during cloudy days it is brighter on the inside.

It acts as a sound insulator as well due to the same basic principle.

Aerogel is an excellent thermal insulator which reduces the energy consumption of a building which is its basic fundamental property. It even has good emittance value without gaining heat on the inside and due to its lightweight, it gives slender facade to buildings.

(Figure 23) Sectional detail shoeing aerogel panels. (Leydecker 2008)

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School extension: London, England This School which is located in England, makes the best use of daylighting by installing 70nm thick aerogel filled panels in the southern facade. The classrooms, assembly hall, internet cafe and dance studio are located on the southern part of the floor plan. The aerogel has

been installed in the southern facade because south has the maximum solar heat gain, and to keep the rooms cool, aerogel filled panels are installed in the southern facade.

It resulted in outstanding energy efficiency and good transmission of light inside the school. It also saved the school’s running cost and it compensated for the previously installed large translucent panels.

(Figure 24) Aerogel panels being fitted in the school in London. (Leydecker 2008)

2.3.5 Temperature regulation: Phase change materials (PCMs) In a climate where summers and winters prevail equally i.e. where people experience hot climate as well as cold climate, Phase Change Material’s (PCMs) should be used. It reduces the extreme temperature conditions on the inside. It can be used both for heating and cooling as well. It can take up very high (Figure 25) Close-up of a phasetemperature of heat, without itself changing its changing material embedded in glazing. temperature which in turn keeps interiors cool (Leydecker 2008) with heat absorbed by PCMs which is used to liquefy the paraffin. Energy is stored as latent heat when material changes from one state to another. This latent heat is stored in the PCMs which is used for temperature regulation.

To regulate a 5 degrees Celsius increase in temperature, only 1mm of PCM is required compared to 10-40mm of concrete wall. It has enormous thermal capacity. In recent past, PCMs are available in market as (Figure 26) Layer composition of a Decorative PCM gypsum plaster applied to a additives which can be integrated in various masonry substrate. Although only building materials as plaster, plasterboards 15mm thick, it contains 3KG of microencapsulated latent heat storage material Per square meter. (Leydecker 2008)

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or aerated concrete blocks. On top of conserving energy, PCMs are also recyclable and biologically degradable. “Sur Falveng�, Housing for elderly people, Dormat/ems, Switzerland Consists of 20 large flats with south facing glazing to achieve maximum heat gain. The flats are heated actively or passively according to the seasons.

The glass panel is 8cm thick, (Figure 27) Sur Falveng, Housing for elderly people facade. which contains slat hydrate as fill (Leydecker 2008) material which acts as latent heat store, defending the rooms from overheating. The material's alteration of condition is therefore directly reflected in the building's facade.

2.3.6 Solar protection Integrating nanotechnology in electrochromatic glass has made it possible for the glass to work without continuous electric current. A single switch is required to change the amount of light transmission from one state to (Figure 28) Electrochromatic glass with an ultra-thin another. A single switch can change the nanocoating needs only be switched once to change state, gradually changing to a darkened yet colour of the glass from light to dark and transparent state. At present the vice-versa. Very little amount of electric maximum dimension of glazing panels is limited current is required to colour the ultra-thin (maximum size is 120*200cm). (Leydecker nanocoating which takes few minutes to 2008) change its colour.

In photochromatic glasses sunlight itself causes the glass to darken automatically without using a switch. Nanotechnology has made it possible to provide an energy efficient means of solar protection that can also be combined with other glass functions.

2.3.7 Anti-reflective Anti-reflective glass is used to improve solar transmission inside the building.

Anti-reflective glass is made by integrating transparent nanoscalar surface structure where these nanoparticles are smaller than the wavelength of visible light creating an efficient and effective anti-reflective solution. The structure contains a 30-50nm large silicone dioxide (SiO2) balls. Optimum thickness should be 150nm for anti-reflective solution. The amount of reflected light reduces from 8% to 1%, optimally utilizing the solar energy. Another cost-effective means of

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producing anti-reflective surfaces is the moth eye effect, cornea of moth which are active mostly at night, exhibits a structure that reduces reflection.

(Figure 30) A photovoltaic module with or without anti-reflective coating (Leydecker 2008)

The disadvantages of conventional antireflective light has been removed by integrating nanotechnology into the glass.

It can now be used in large quantities to increase the use of solar energy. Through this we can achieve an increment in sunlight absorption by photovoltaic systems as entire spectrum of solar energy from 400nm-250nm is transmitted.

Due to nanotechnology, we do not have to depend upon the angle of incidence of (Figure 29) Silica glass capsules are used in nanoporous anti-reflective sunlight as amount of light transmitted at coatings with a thickness of 150nm that low angles of incidence has increased. By are also able to reflect the invisible spectrum of light. (Leydecker 2008) reducing the loss of solar energy and utilizing it in photovoltaic systems, an increase of 15% performance gain is resulted.

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3 Case studies 3.1 Nano Houses A group of modern scientists, engineers and architects built a modern house in Sydney, Australia by using nanomaterials. They researched about the relationships, performance and materials and design of the NanoHouse. They framed possible questions before designing the house as to why constructing a house? As house is a basic shelter for human beings, a layman would understand the relationship between the house and nanotechnology.

A nano house is basically a house designed to save energy of one million dollars each year and cut down the carbon dioxide emission of 12500 tones from the atmosphere. Nano House integrates two layers, the first considered as the nano-layer (a physical layer) which saves information. The second layer is known as the logical layer which interprets raw information and does required changes for environment compatibility.

Frank Loydrait believed that building shapes according to nature of things, and each built form has emotions to express. As baked bricks comes from nature and will return in nature too. Thus our built form has a direct impact on environment and humans.

NanoHouses have dimensions of 1.5x0.5 meters and weights only 15 tonnes which could easily be transported. Nano Houses are mostly glass and is prefabricated. The nanoHouses have the following features:    

16mm thick roof and walls, usually made with self-cleaning materials.

Building floors have a thickness of 30mm which has two 12mm layers down and one 16mm layer up.

Entering section roof is wooden and is improved by nano type cover.

Metal profiles by the obtained alloys from nano-engineered materials makes the buildings frameworks.

3.2 NanoHouse Initiative : Australia NanoHouse is Australia’s first investment in nanotechnology in architecture through government investment from Australian Research Council and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation as well as investments from state government. Over 50 Australian companies claim to be working in nanotechnology.

(Figure 31) Computer generated model for the Nano House. (Nanohouse. March,

2008)

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(Figure 32) Glass panels in naoHouse in Austrailia (Nanohouse. March, 2008)

CSIRO and University of Technology Sydney (UTS) have developed a model house i.e. NanoHouse showing how nanotechnology is applied in buildings. The NanoHouse initiative by Dr.Carl Masens and Ar.James Muir, has proven to be a success in the field of architecture, explaining how nanotechnology works in a building. Following are the ways nanotechnology has been integrated in this model house:  It has a radioactive cooling paint as the external surface of some of the roofing materials. Metal roof coated with this paint will cool the building without gaining heat inside  Self-cleaning TiO2 coated glass  UV/IR purifying and reflecting windows for control of undesirable solar heat gain  Protective coatings for furniture offering UV protection  The consuming dishes in the house, that is compatible with the environment to protect their containing against degenerative things.  Cold lighting systems for the harvesting of daylight during the day and use with ultra-efficient bright white LED light sources  Water quality control systems that remove pollutants from water and clean effluent water  Light coloured paints without glare and dark pigments for paints that do not retain heat  Dye-solar cells, photovoltaic based on TiO2 rather than silicone

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(Figure 33) The white walls of the Nano House absorbs light and harvests solar energy. (Nanohouse. March, 2008)

Decrease of the solar heat gain through windows reduces the need for cooling via air conditioning, saving electricity. In particular portions of a building, solar thermal radiation is comfortable, such as the exterior surface of a thermal mass.

NanoHouse doesn’t need any curtains because the glass walls are made up of Suspended Particle Device (SPD) glass which can be controlled with the flick of a switch. The switch will control the amount of light and heat transmission through the glass while the glass changes its colour from light to dark (i.e. from cold to hot) and vice-versa. It works the same way street lights go on when it becomes overcast. The technology uses particles dispersed in a liquid or in droplets encapsulated in a thin plastic film.

(Figure 34) Computer generated images of the Nano House.

(Nanohouse. March, 2008)

Particle align, allowing light to pass through when a charge is applied to a coating of electrically conductive transmission material. The particles return to random position to block the light when charge is not applied. Different types of insulating glasses can also be used. It has heat absorbent nanoparticle paints which are light coloured as dark coloured walls is aesthetically unappealing.

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(Figure 35) Different ways in which nanotechnology has been integrated in Nano House. (Nanohouse.

March, 2008)

3.3 Nano Studio This was a project carried out by a group of students from Ball University and Illinois Institute of Technology. Their aim was to explore the architectural design realm from nanotechnology and how it affects our built environment and also the social, ethical and environmental issues it raises.

They have used different nanomaterials for the nanoStudio like carbon nanotubes which is 100 times stronger than steel which would give structural flexibility and robustness to the nanoStudio. They have also incorporated minute particels such as nanosensors which can be embedded inside (Figure 36) Using carbon nanotubes in a humans as well to detect temperature changes multistory building. ( Nanostudio or environmental changes, and quantum dot September, 2008) lighting which will be able to change the colour and opacity of the ceilings or the walls. Students have also addresses the social and environmental concerns by nanotechnology (if inhaled during the manufacturing stage, these tiny particles can pass through a human cell membrane). They have also addressed the privacy issues it might cause with the use of nanosensors (how to control the data gathered by nanosensors?)

(Figure 37) Students of Ball University are exploring new ways to design a building by nanotechnology. ( Nanostudio September, 2008)

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(Figure 38) A section in foundations of a nanostrctured building with the use of carbon nanotubes (Image courtesy of nanostudio) ( Nanostudio September, 2008)

3.4 Seitzstrasse mixed use building, Munich, Germany: The building in the Seitzstrasse, Munich, is the first building over two storeys and also the first privately funded building to be insulated completely with vacuum panels. VIP’s being effectively suitable thermal insulators, the building attained 8-10 times better energy efficiency than normal insulation (Figure 39) First building to integrate VIP completely (Pool materials. By merging 2cm VIP n.d.) with a polyurethane render insulation method the thickness of insulation was decreased by half and 50 m² of useable floor area was achieved.

There was a 10% upsurge in the carpet area inside the building as these panels are very thin. In some areas of the fenestration VIP was included between window panes, resulting in a very thin high performance facade. Thermographic photographs was taken to show that none of the panels has been damaged till now.

VIP lays substantial requirements on planners and builders. Thorough planning and detailing is necessary. On site precautions and quality control of the panels are important.

Construction System and Certification fireproofing, structural security and heat transfer coefficient were tested.

(Figure 40) VIP external panels n.d.)

(Pool

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3.4.1 INTRODUCTION The building is particularly innovative in two ways: - It is the first large building, and also the first privately funded building, to be protected entirely with vacuum insulation panels (VIPs). These insulate up to 10 times as well as usual materials. Using these, insulation thicknesses were reduced and the usable floor area was considerably increased.

- It is the first building in central Munich which, regardless of the shaded site, reaches the “Ultra-Low Energy Standard” (Heating load 20 kWh/m²a). This far surpasses “low energy “houses which reach values between 30 and 70 kWh / m²a as well as regular Munich office and apartment buildings which use 200-300 kWh/m²a. The building would also reach the passive house benchmark in the UK, where the heating load over the year is approximately three quarters that in Germany.

Design Characteristics

(Figure 41) Plan of the building. It is covered by tall buildings on the south, east and western façade.

(Pool n.d.)

As it was surrounded by tall buildings on south, east and west side, there was a necessity for it to be of low energy building.

The idea was to utilize the northern sunlight to maximise solar heat gain. The lower floors have large corner windows while those on the shaded sides are smaller. The upper floors, with unobstructed solar gain, are freer in form, largely glazed and planned around roof terraces. A future extension on to the northern party wall will result in energy losses dropping still further and in the attainment of the “passive house” standard.

3.4.2 The VIP system The project is almost completely clad in VIPs. These panels insulate 5 to 10 times better than comparable conventional types of insulation, allowing for much thinner walls on low energy buildings.

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(Figure 42) Installation of VIP within polyurethane frames (Pool n.d.)

System Development and certification Lack of approved systems of installation for VIP, it became necessary for the architects to produce a new and unique system and get an approval. As buildings over three storeys tall fall under stricter regulations. Simpler, more cost-effective and more energy efficient systems that we conceived failed above all due to the stringent fireproofing conditions.

The system which was chosen, was similar to the ones used for timber so it had to be tested for fireproofing, structural flexibility and thermal qualities. It would increase the cost and duration of the project.

System Description VIP with thickness 2 cm in standard sizes 45 x 200 cm, were placed between battens of Purenit (recycled polyurethane). These were attached through the vapour barrier into battens laid into the main concrete wall. The covering of 8 cm of Polyurethane insulation was fixed onto the battens and finished with a (Figure 43) window joint with VIP seamless render facade. The construction (Pool n.d.) thickness is 12 cm, half of an equivalent conventional facade. The system was developed together with the building firm and the product suppliers.

The decision to cover the VIP with an additional 8 cm of insulation stemmed in part from uncertainty about the life of the VIP elements and in part from practical considerations. As well as being the render carrier, the PUR provides insulation for those cold bridges which are difficult to solve with any discrete panel insulation: the fixings, the joints (especially at windows, see fig.4) and other problem points. In the case of vacuum loss, the panels serve as backup insulation and provide supplementary mechanical fixing for the panels. The PUR lengthens the life of the panels, protecting them from the elements, from thermal strain and mechanical damage.

System Description: The window facade It was even incorporated between two glass panes which was held by wooden frame.

The facade at this point had a 3cm thickness.

(Figure 44) The external look after the installation of VIP in windows (Pool n.d.)

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Economic Factors: Walls The obvious two reasons for the use of VIP was to increase the floor area and to make the building more energy efficient. Typical insulation materials to achieve the required thermal insulation would have to be provided with a thickness of 25cms, while VIP took up only 4cm of thickness, due to which there was a gain of 10-12% in the useable floor area.

Economic Factors : Roofs Using it in the roof, increased the floor to ceiling height by 5cms on every floor, creating more volume for the users. It can take up horizontal loads and is fixed by its own weight.

Psychological factors Other than creating greater floor area and increasing the buildings thermal performance, it even had an aesthetically pleasing appearance. It had softer facades and creating more floor area gave a sense of openness to the users. In conventional insulation materials users would feel suffocated because of the huge thickness of the materials which was abated in this system.

(Figure 45) Thermographic image showing no damage of VIP till date (Pool n.d.)

Swarnabhumi International Airport

When the new state of the art international airport in Bangkok, Thailand was being built, sustainability was a huge part of the building plan. The new Terminal Complex, in Nong Ngu Hao, Samut Prakarn Province, has a total floor area of 500,000m2 (5,381,955 SF), making it the largest airport in the world. Contractor H.R. Robertson supplied 11,530m2 (124,108 SF) of Robertson Wall Panels in fluorocarbon painted aluminium and steel, which were used as roof and soffit claddings for the terminal building's aerobridges, including the double-decker aerobridges. NansulateÂŽ Translucent PT insulation coating was chosen as an innovative addition to the airport to reduce energy consumption and reduce condensation. It was coated onto all the Robertson wall panels to increase building energy efficiency and sustainability. NansulateÂŽ PT also offered a low VOC coating and resistance to mold growth for improved air quality. This project was chosen in 2009 by the Journal of Architectural Coatings as a Top Green Global Project.

Case Study Synopsis Geographical Area: Bangkok, Thailand Issue: Incorporate new and sustainable materials into a state of the art airport.

Solution: Nansulate PT thermal insulation & corrosion prevention coating. A clear nanotechnology based innovative thermal insulation coating (TIC).

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Coverage: 3-coats Climate: Bangkok has a very hot annual average high temperature: 32C-33C (90F-91F) Results: -Insulation/Energy Savings -Reduced condensation of the aluminium panels -Space saving, allowed maximum design area -Sustainable technology which added to the overall airport sustainability.

Figure 46 Nansulate® coatings were used as a sustainable energy saving

solution for the the Suvarnabhumi International Airport in Bangkok, Thailand. (http://www.nansulate.com/Nansulate_and_LEED.htm n.d.)

ARCHITECTURE Thermal testing Case study Industrial Nanotech’s Mexico Distributor, Omnigenus Energy, was assisting a large manufacturing client with an issue they were having with heat transferring through a large sheet metal wall that divides the main mezzanine from an area that holds six industrial ovens.

The heat transfer was causing Figure 47 Temperature differences with coated and uncoated uncomfortable working wall with Nansulate coating. conditions. (http://www.nansulate.com/Nansulate_and_LEED.htm n.d.)

Nansulate® Translucent PT was applied at a 3-coat coverage to a 3x3 meter section of the wall to illustrate the insulation performance. Even before the coating was fully cured measurements showed a reduction of wall surface temperature from 39.9C (103.8F) to 24.8C (76.6F).

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A reduction of 15.1C /27.2F. With further reduction expected after the coating cures fully. Thermal imaging photos were also taken and clearly illustrate the reduction of heat transfer provided by the NansulateÂŽ insulation coating technology. Further application is being completed on two side walls and the ceiling.

Figure 48 Before and after thermographic images of Nansulate coating. (http://www.nansulate.com/Nansu late_and_LEED.htm n.d.)

Figure 49 The picture above shows how Nanuslate coating can be incorporated into a LEED project (http://www.nansulate.com/Nansulate_and_LEED.htm n.d.)

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4 DATA ANALYSIS Comparative Analysis of thermal performance of nanostructured materials and conventional materials.

Two baseline models with a basic 3room, single storeyed model was made with windows on all sides except southern facade was made on Autodesk Ecotect Analysis 2011. Model A was made with brick wall and model B was made with nanomaterials and both the models were compared for simulation.

(Figure 51) The calculated information of the thermal base case for zone3.

(Figure 50) Summary of climatic conditions in Aswan city during the simulation.

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(Figure 52) The base case thermal model/Autodesk Ecotect Analysis 2011.

• • • •

Two materials were taken for thermal insulation of external wallspolystyrene foam and Vacuum Insulation Panels.

Density, specific heat and conductivity of both the materials were specified to create a new nanomaterial (Vacuum Insulation Panel).

Both these models were compared and tested for simulation in Autodesk Ecotect Analysis 2011 to identify their U-value on thermal insulation of external walls.

Polystyrene foam gave a U-value of 0.48 W/m2K whereas the Vacuum Insulation Panel gave a U-value of only 0.06 W/m2K, achieving a lower thermal conductivity hence making it a better thermal insulation material for external walls.

(Figure 53) Thermal properties of the baseline model materials A – Paints and coatings.

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(Figure 54) Thermal properties of the baseline model materials B – Paints and coatings.

(Figure 55) Thermal properties of the Nano model materials – Paints and coatings.

(Figure 56) Rates of fabric heat transfer through the envelope of the baseline model A – Paints and coatings.

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(Figure 57) Rates of fabric heat transfer through the envelope of the baseline model B – Paints and coatings.

(Figure 58) Rates of fabric heat transfer through the envelope of the Nano model – Paints and coatings.

(Figure 59) Thermal properties of the baseline model materials – Thermal insulation of external walls.

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(Figure 60) Thermal properties of the Nano model materials – Thermal insulation of external walls.

• • • • •

Similar steps were followed to test the thermal properties in glass.

Thermal properties of single glazed and double glazed glass in model A and nanogel glass in nano model were compared for simulation.

U-value in single glazed glass= 6W/m2K U-value in double glazed glass= 2.7W/m2K U-value in NanoGel glass= 0.99/m2K

(Figure 61) Rates of fabric heat transfer through the envelope of the baseline model – Thermal insulation of external walls.

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(Figure 62) Rates of fabric heat transfer through the envelope of the Nano model – Thermal insulation of external walls.

(Figure 63) Thermal properties of the baseline model materials – Thermal insulation of external roofs

(Figure 64) Thermal properties of the Nano model materials – Thermal insulation of external roofs.

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(Figure 65) Rates of fabric heat transfer through the envelope of the baseline model – Thermal insulation of external roofs.

(Figure 66) Rates of fabric heat transfer through the envelope of the Nano model – Thermal insulation of external roofs.

(Figure 67) Thermal properties of the baseline model materials – Single glazed glass.

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(Figure 68) Thermal properties of the baseline model materials – Double glazed glass.

(Figure 69) Thermal properties of the Nano model materials – NanoGel glass.

(Figure 70) Rates of fabric heat transfer through the envelope of the baseline model – Single glazed glass.

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(Figure 71) Rates of fabric heat transfer through the envelope of the baseline model – Double glazed glass

(Figure 72) Rates of fabric heat transfer through the envelope of the Nano model – NanoGel glass.

(Figure 73) Rates of fabric heat transfer through the envelope of the baseline model.

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(Figure 74) Rates of fabric heat transfer through the envelope of the Nano model.

(Figure 75) Achieving ultra-low U-values and advanced performance of Nano model less than baseline model.

(Figure 76) Increasing the thermal lag values of Nano model compared to the baseline model.

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These three figures shows the graphical results of heat transfer values, thermal lag values and U-value in baseline model A and Nano model.

Nano Model achieves the least amount of heat transfer, highest amount of thermal lag and lowest U-value for all the conventional insulation materials used in current scenario.

(Figure 77) Achieving the lowest value recorded scientiďŹ cally of heat transfer values of Nano model which amounted to over 70% when compared to the baseline model.

4.1 Findings from the study -Better thermal insulation materials like Vacuum Insulation Panels were found and studied. It was tested to prove to be a better insulation materials than conventional materials.

-Photochromatic glass was studied to change the colour of the glass if there is greater heat gain in the building through glass. Better application of insulation in glass has been inferred.

-Aerogel, the lightest solid material on earth has been seen to reduce the structural load on the building, create more floor area and provide better thermal insulation than polystyrene foam, cork and other conventional materials.

-Vacuum Insulation Panels serves the best purpose for thermal insulation with the least thickness increasing the floor area. The installation of VIP has been studied and found on site. Vacuum Insulation Panel gave a U-value of only 0.06 W/m2K. -Prototype of nanotechnology in buildings have been found and its implementation and the effects it will have on our future building environments have been studied.

-U-value in NanoGel glass= 0.99/m2K

4.2 CONCLUSION The World has to move forward with advanced technology and nanotechnology promises to give a better future to the people. The growth of nanotechnology in India is increasing with the increase in the economic growth of the country.

Nanotechnology has made it possible to achieve net-zero energy with thinner materials achieving greater floor area which reduces the cost of the building.

Architects and researchers have to come up with an approved guidelines to be followed for nanotechnology in the construction industry so that it is incorporated by labours in India. Though the production cost is a lot, positive initiatives are being taken to reduce the production cost and mass-produce the materials for nanotechnology use in the construction industry.

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(Figure 78) The highest amount of energy consumption is done by buildings (Allhoff 2008)

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