زبان تخصصی شهرسازی

The profession that studies physical, social, and political systems and how the interactions between these systems can create urban environments that have desired effects on people, communities, and economies. Urban planners make recommendations and decisions that determine how cities grow and function. Though planning work typically focuses on cities and urbanized areas, many planners also focus on nonurban areas to ensure that natural resources are protected, or on the environment at large by monitoring air and water quality to protect our health. Planners can be employed by city departments, regional agencies, consulting firms and nonprofit organizations.

Urban Design

Urban design is concerned with the arrangement, appearance and function of our suburbs, towns and cities. It is both a process and an outcome of creating localities in which people live, engage with each other, and engage with the physical place around them.

Although urban design is often delivered as a specific project, it is in fact a long-term process that continues to evolve over time. It is this layering of building and infrastructure types, natural ecosystems, communities and cultures that gives places their unique characteristics and identities.

Urbanism

Urbanism performs the miracle of allowing contrasting talents and ambitions to thrive as neighbours, building pleasing communities. That is the defnition of urbanity and the goal of urban civilization.

The graduate courses of urbanism in Iran divides only into three disciplines: Urban planning ,urban design, urban management.

Urbanism as an academic discipline in Iran is often blind to both experimental and empirical parts of education, as a result, there is always a gap between academic study and professional environment. Urbanism is the study of the interaction of towns and cities with built environment.

Urbanization

When we speak of urbanization the assumption is often applied that there is a two-fold change: change from agricultue to industrial work, while at the same time changing from rural to urban residence. It can also be termed as the progressive increase of the number of people living in urban areas. It is highly influenced by the notion that the cities have achieved better economic, political, and social mileages compared to the rurla areas.

Te process of urbanization historically has been associated with other important economic and social transformations, like the change that occur in social structures when people move to town and cities.

City/ Urban area

In today’s increasingly global and interconnected world, over half of the world’s population lives in urban areas although there is still substantial variability in the levels of urbanization.

Globalization and urbanization facilitated new itineraries of hope and aspirations.

Cities are the platforms for global and local change in the 21st century. Urban landscapes are the spaces of convergence of economies, cultures, political, and ecological systems.

Cities of Iran are at the center of global challenges. Rapid urbanization of major cities of Iran leads to social and economic decline of these cities. Also, it reduces safety and sense of belonging of its citizens.

It is essential in urban planning to make goals compatible with developed and flexible methods. urban development should assist the continuance of systems of city and suburbs through the active protection and sustainable utilization of natural sources. Strategies of urban development should not be applied by governors and should be designed and completed by people and professionals. Issues related to urban development are extremely complex and often transcend the responsibility and capacity of municipalities. It is therefore important to adopt a holistic approach to bring together diverse stakeholders from different levels who represent both government and civil society.

Rapid Urbanization

The scale and the speed of the urbanization phenomenon are unprecedented, together with scarcity in terms of economical and knowledge resources. most of the urban growth happens out of traditional planning terms, with the result of combining inadequate infrastructure, polarized development, unsafety, inequality and environmental fragility. How is it possible to shape rapid growth, driving it sustainable, in this context of informality and misgovernment? The newly urbanized and poor citizens couldn’t afford a car or public transportation to cover the metropolitan distances. Even the government couldn’t afford the forecasted investments, with the results of strengthening of segregative urbanism.

Segregation

Social or spatial segregation can be one of the main causes of a city’s general deterioration. Henry Lefebvre explains segregation as a type of detachment that destroys the totality of a complex, tears the city apart and brings formlessness and isolation.

According to Jacobs, cities have the capability of providing something for everybody, only because and only when they are created by everybody. In orther to help the society to become more cohesive, policies should provide a recognition of all groups through contribution to the social fabric and be representation in political decision-making processes. Identifying groups at risk of exclusion is an important step in shaping a strategy for sustainable municipalities.

Urban Decay

Urban decay is the process whereby a previously functioning city or a part of it, falls into dispair and decrepitude. Some of the most promising cities have now turned into neglected wastelands. This phenomenon has various causes. A city can make people and businesses stay by offering more appealing services. Instead the moving of companies and communities leaves unused lands and abandoned buildings. Poverty contributes to urban decay by decreasing the quality of urban landscape and increasing drug and vandalism. High unemployment rete is another characteristic of urban decay.

Social Sustainability

Social sustainability refers to the quality of societies and nature of social relationships and in some ways signifies internal relations of the society. At a more operational level, social sustainability stems from actions in key thematic areas encompassing the social realm of individuals and societies, from capacity building and skills development to environmental and spatial inequalities. Social coherence, social capital and social inclusion are sub-categories of social sustainability. The role that governments and policy-makers should be delivering soft objectives. When urban change accelerates due to external forces, cities are likely to face the crisis of identity. the sense of community is the key to survival now.

In the city, the natural landscape elements are used more and more in the urban recovery, in which the natural landscape overlaps and integrates the architecture and structure of the place, defining new configurations and territories. Instead of engineering nature to meet the needs of our world, cities must find the appropriate balance and learn to live within natural constraints.

Preserving agricultural lands, building compact cities and having sustainable water and waste management, more sustainable living patterns and behaviors and reduction of energy use, Using green infrastructure and mobility are all principles of an environmentally sustainable deveopment.

Economic sustainability

Considering economy in development means the human rights of people living in city are reinforced, economic advantages are shared more equitably, and every child and business has a opportunity to reach their potential. Future cities will require designers to reflect on who they are really designed for, and not just in the short term, but the residents who will benefit from the long-term economic and social health of a community. cities must leverage market demands to simultaneously upgrade infrastructure, expand affordability, restore and protect natural environments, and enhance overall livability.

Humanity has the ability to make development sustainable to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own The Sustainable Development Goals are the blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all. They address the global challenges we face, including those related to poverty, inequality, climate, environmental degradation, prosperity, peace and justice. Urbanization can be transformative, create jobs, reduce poverty, and improve citizens’ quality of life based on resilience principles. Sustainable urban development would be possible if it is based on the local and environmental characteristics.

Cities occupy just 3 % of the Earth’s land, but account for 60-80 % of energy consumption and 75 % of carbon emissions. Pollution deteriorates everyone’s health and effects worker’s productivity and therefore the economy. The goal of a sustainable city is creating shared prosperity and social stability without harming the environment. Sustainable City implies a profound basis on which to make decisions which impacts the social, economic and environmental sustainability of the built environment. It’s relations to the world around it - local, regional, and global - play a decisive role in sustainable urban development. When working towards sustainable urbanism, multidisciplinary approach and holistic integration of efforts should be focused.

Plans & Implementation

Financing is not the only issue cities face in trying to get their initiatives off the ground. Cities don’t have access to technical expertise to develop and implement programs, they also lack sufficient staff who can actually execute those projects. Whatever the institutional set up and plan preparation approach have been, the dilemma is that all these types of plans could not be fully implemented. Hence, budjet, time and human resources are wasted on this master plan making exercises in Iran. Key impediments identified relate to excessive delays in plan preparation and approval process, weak institutional set up, lack of coordination among government departments, inadequate financial resources and political struggles.

Recent amendments to planning legislation have resulted in the development of tools compatible with new concepts of urbanism. While the neighborhoods have evolved and face new challenges and opportunities, the ideas of celebrating their elements, enhancing mobility, and promoting neighborhood pride continue. appreciate and value unique and mature landscaping throughout the neighborhood. The evolution of the neighborhoods has resulted in a diverse mix of architectural styles and home sizes. Short blocks and close proximity to a variety of destinations like downtown create a pleasant and convenient walking environment.