Transportation Sector Table 3.20 Institutional Functions and Jurisdictions in Transportation

vices and planning, which should be linked to demand, available resources, and urban characteristics. Cities typically establish policy-based criteria to defi ne transportation network coverage, the distance between stops, and service frequencies. Network coverage is often defi ned as the share of the population within walking or bicycling distance of a public transportation stop. In Bogotá, Colombia, for example, the master plan established that the share of residents within 500 meters of a station or stop under the Transmilenio bus rapid transit (BRT) system should reach 50 percent in phase 1 and 80 percent in phase 2. Along with service decisions, many cities also enact policies regulating public transportation fares and subsidies.

The allocation of existing and planned road space among pedestrians, transport (motorized, nonmotorized, and public), and parked vehicles represents one of the most potent, low-cost ways that local governments may use to promote equitable transportation management (World Bank 2008). The goals of allocating street space may be diverse, such as protecting walkers and cyclists, ensuring the safe movement of people, and facilitating public transportation via transit-only lanes. One option for reallocation is constructing dedicated lanes for high-performance BRT on arterial roads (for example, the BRT system presented later in this note in box 3.17). In many large cities, transportation demand may justify reallocating one or more lanes to buses. Yet, local authorities often fi nd this diffi cult. Unfortunately, because of public pressure, motor vehicle mobility is often emphasized at the expense of nonmotorized transportation and public transportation.

Institutional Context

Effi cient and stable institutions are an essential part of an urban transportation system. These institutions may be characterized by their functions and scope, including jurisdictions and modes. The institutional scope may vary from a special city district (for example, the central business district), a major corridor, or a vast multijurisdictional region. Institutional functions encompass planning, including strategic, policy, investment, and fi nancial planning; implementation and service provision, including operations and maintenance by public and private entities; and management and regulation. In table 3.20, good practices are presented for two diff erent institutional scenarios: a single jurisdiction with unintegrated modes and multiple jurisdictions with integrated modes.

Table 3.20 Institutional Functions and Jurisdictions in Transportation

UNINTEGRATED STAGE I: (ONE JURISDICTION, STAGE II: (MULTIPLE JURISDICTIONS, FUNCTION: EACH MODE SEPARATELY) INTEGRATED MODES) Planning and fi nancing • Roadway investment and maintenance plans • Coordinated metropolitan planning and decision making • Public transportation network planning Service and accessibility standards • Pedestrian and bicycle access and facilities Prioritizing and budgeting Financial mechanisms

Implementation and • Physical integration (intermodal terminals) • Integrated transport strategy (physical, operations, fare service provision • Electronic fare systems with prepayment policy, land use, emissions) • Private sector participation Joint development Concessions and management contracts Management and • Separate management of • Centralized control and multimodal optimization with regulation Road access Real-time information systems Regulation of public transportation and taxis Signal priority and coordination Traffi c and parking management Freight

Source: Author compilation (Georges Darido).