Table 3.26 Summary of Select Vehicle and Fuel Interventions

base on the costs, benefi ts, and lessons learned in intelligent transportation systems, visit http://www.benefi tcost.its.dot.gov/.)

Vehicle fl eet and fuel supply

Technological interventions targeting vehicle and fuel savings should normally be implemented together to ensure performance and costeff ectiveness. There is usually little point in investing in advanced vehicle technologies without complementary fuel measures (and vice versa). For example, fi lters that capture dangerous particulate matter in exhaust will not work eff ectively without ultralow sulfur diesel fuel, and these fi lters may be counterproductive if they are not properly installed. It is also important that basic steps be implemented before advanced technologies are pursued. These steps might include adopting minimum fuel and economy standards for new vehicles and banning the most polluting vehicles (such as vehicles with highly ineffi cient two-stroke engines). In many countries, periodic inspection and maintenance schemes are common to compel the repair of the most polluting vehicles or their removal from roads. Table 3.26 provides a partial overview of common vehicle and fuel technologies and practices, along with illustrative examples.3 However, only a few advanced interventions are suggested because they are highly dependent on the local context.

Good management and operational practices are also essential. For example, a bus with a highly sophisticated hydrogen fuel cell would provide little benefi t if the bus carries few passengers or the primary fuel source used to produce the clean hydrogen was something more polluting than standard diesel. Table 3.27 provides estimates of CO2 emissions from various vehicle types based on realistic assumptions of occupancy, maintenance, and primary energy sources.

Stakeholder Dynamics

Incentives for the public sector, private sector, and citizen stakeholders need to be aligned and coordinated. Table 3.28 outlines the various stakeholders and their interests.

The main interests of the stakeholders are as follows:

• Decision makers: Elected and appointed offi cials (typically with four- to fi ve-year terms) gauge the political and economic feasibility of innovative urban projects. Innovative projects are often linked to city goals, eff orts to boost the quality of life, and major special events that may catalyze transformative change (such as the Olympic Games in Bei-

Table 3.26 Summary of Select Vehicle and Fuel Interventions

STAGE VEHICLES FUELS

Stage I: Enabling • Minimum safety and effi ciency standards • Minimum fuel-quality standards (unleaded, low-sulfur, conditions for new vehicles reformulated fuel, and so on) • Ban existing two-stroke engines Stage I: Additional • Emissions control equipment • Alternative and bio-fuels, where appropriate and measures Catalytic converters for gasoline cost-effective Particle traps for diesel Natural gas • Inspection, maintenance, and scrappage Ethanol requirements • Reduce leakages and ineffi ciencies in the vehicle and distribution system Stage II: Additional • Advanced technologies for managed or • Renewable alternative fuels with distribution network, measures shared fl eets where appropriate Eco-driving options and idle reduction Solar Hybrid-electric Wind Plug-in electric

Source: Author compilation (Georges Darido).