Offshore Class_tcm4-384055 by DNV Columbus

Offshore Classification

DNV serving the energy industry

Go strong.

| THIS IS DNV | DNV is a global provider of 足services for managing risk. Established in 1864, DNV is an independent foundation with the purpose of safeguarding life, property and the environment. DNV comprises 300 offices in 100 countries, with 7,000 employees. DNV Energy is one of four business areas in DNV, alongside DNV Maritime, DNV Industry and DNV IT Global Services. Our vision is global impact for a safe and sustainable future.

DNV provides world-class expertise in technology, operations, management and risk. We combine our know-how into a professional service concept designed to safely improve the performance of your business. So you can go strong on all dimensions.

| Contents | Services Overview u Lifecycle assurance of safe and reliable operation

Distributed Production Organised for optimal service delivery

Cold Climate Meeting the challenge of a足 rctic operations

Conversions A better decision making p 足 rocess

Fatigue Assessment A holistic approach

Offshore Standards Developing codes and s足 tandards

Beyond Classification Capitalising on our knowledge

DNV SERVICES TO THE ENERGY INDUSTRY Enterprise Risk Management SHE Risk Management u Technology Qualification u Verification u Offshore Classification u Asset Risk Management u Training u IT Risk Management u Certification u u

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target segments Through these services, our teams of highly qualified professionals deliver cutting-edge solutions to customers across the industry: u Deep and ultra-deepwater field development u Floating offshore installations u Fixed structures u Offshore and onshore pipelines u Natural Gas/LNG u Refining and petrochemicals u Power generation and transmission u Wind, wave and tidal energy u Arctic operations and technology u Operations excellence u Carbon capture and storage

Expanding

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The oil and gas industry is increasingly exploring and exploiting resources at remote offshore sites. Operators need to stay longer on location, executing complex activities with the use of new and adapted technology solutions. At the same time, the public is aware and intolerant of accidents and environmental damage. As a result, demonstrating and assuring the integrity and safety of offshore units is more important than ever before.

offshore operations safely As the leading offshore classification society, DNV has more than 40 years of experience in providing classification and statutory certification services for offshore units. Offshore classification is based on our own offshore standards, developed over several decades. DNV takes a holistic approach to classification that incorporates advanced theoretical analysis and relevant industry standards, as well as our extensive industry experience and internal knowledge base. We help the industry in its pursuit of valuable energy resources, by identifying, assessing and managing risk.

THE BUSINESS LIFE CYCLE

DNV â&#x20AC;&#x201C; assisting companies in the energy industry along the entire life cycle to safeguard and improve business performance Project phases:

Strategy

DNV energy deliveries:

design

Feasibility & concept selection

offshore classification Pre-contract Services Design Approval Certification of mate Fabrication

NON-classification support service enterprise and she risk management and decision support environmental modelling and project risk management technology qualification supply chain assurance asset operations performance support ongoing technical support

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construction

rials and components (CMC) Survey and commissioning In-sErvice surveys

managEment (prm)

(SCA)

installation & commissioning

operation & life extension

DECOMMISSIONING

sErvices overview

Lifecycle assurance of safe and reliable operation The cost of delivering hydrocarbons to the market is rising, as are external stakeholder concerns about environmental damage and accidents. This makes risk management essential. Classification provides a structure for managing risks related to offshore units.

A broad range of stakeholders, such as financial institutions, shareholders, insurers and the public, are focused on safety and reliability in the oil and gas industry. Consequently, there is a declining tolerance of incidents leading to death, injury or environmental impact. Through offshore classification, DNV helps clients to ensure and demonstrate adequate safety, reliability and regulatory compliance, throughout the lifecycle of an asset. The DNV approach DNV Offshore Classification establishes basic requirements for Mobile Offshore Units (MOUs), and verifies the required safety standards during design, construction and operation. It is based on both theoretical analysis and practical experience.

Selection of customised class notations

The industry must proactively address stakeholder concerns.

Global network of dedicated offshore

to match service objectives XX Identification and review of safety-critical aspects at design phase XX Certification of critical marine and industrial components and systems XX Construction survey through the complete fabrication phase XX Inspections and tests from construction through commissioning XX Regular surveys during operation

in-service surveyors XX Assurance of shelf and flag state compliance XX Technical and operational feedback Lifecycle Services The following components are integral to the integrated, lifecycle, risk management approach of offshore classification.

Our classification activities include: XX Setting Rules XX Integration of safety standards though early engagement in design process

Benefits DNV Offshore Classification gives access to the acknowledged leader, in terms of: XX Capabilities in industrial and marine structures and systems XX Application of safety principles XX Third party review and assessment XX Critical components & systems certification to relevant standards XX Survey during construction and commissioning

Design approval Operating MOUs and Floating Production, Storage and Offloading units (FPSOs) requires subscribing to a policy of zero tolerance of failure. However, there is a danger of wasting resources by over-specifying requirements. While we normally issue classification-based assurance independent of location, our classification can also be linked to particular locations and environmental conditions, to meet the client’s specific operational needs.

Case:

Drilling Units Lifetime Classification

Mobile Offshore Drilling Units’ (MODUs) primary purpose is to drill holes rapidly, get quickly to the next location, and repeat. However, modern MODUs are now expected to function as platforms for any activities that the operator of the field wishes to execute in support of wells and subsea developments. MODUs must be functional, always available, reliable and able to survive whatever the environment and the drilling crew might throw at them. The owner must be able to continuously demonstrate the integrity of the unit to all stakeholders. The DNV approach to classification of MODUs

recognises operational and business demands. It includes: XX Dedicated offshore standards XX Specially trained, and dedicated, MODU survey staff XX A rig coordinator appointed for each unit XXIn-service inspection programmes prepared for each unit XX A database of all defects ever found on DNV-classed units The owners of DNV-Classed MODUs typically work closely with DNV and use DNV’s systems to maintain integrity and achieve availability of their units.

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Operating MOUs requires zero tolerance of failure.

By applying this flexible approach, supported by sound risk principles, we ensure that the optimal path is taken in verification of designs, that requirements and criteria are appropriate and that the objectives of the relevant standards are met. We achieve this within an agreed and realistic timetable. Fabrication survey and commissioning Prior to start of fabrication, DNV assesses the set-up and control at the yard and major subcontractors’ facilities. We also carry out surveys and audits. This ensures that approved drawings and plans are being followed and that the yard is following its own systems and producing the required quality. Ultimately, the fabrication survey and commissioning activities should confirm that the unit is built to pre-agreed standards. Certification of materials and components (cmc) Construction of MOU’s involves a growing

number of potential providers of materials, components and systems. This creates uncertainty about the capabilities of suppliers, delays, and quality problems. Ultimately, it increases the risk of incidents. Classification requires that materials, components or systems be certified as meeting class and regulatory requirements before delivery to the yard. This a vital tool for eliminating unnecessary supply chain delays. When coupled with supplier assessment pre-contract services, this creates a powerful tool for the industry to utilise in managing supply chain risks. In-service surveys Confirming continued adherence to standards is crucial to ensuring the safety of lives at sea. DNV leads the industry in providing owners and operators with customised MOU inservice solutions and capabilities, including: XX Customised In-service Inspection Programmes (IIPs)

| Critical Issue: Achievement & demonstration of integrity and availability. Solution: DNV MODU Classification ‘package’ (people, experience and systems). KEY DeliverABLEs: Proactive and flexible approach to meeting class & s tatutory requirements. Value to Client: Balancing of integrity, unit availability and stakeholder needs.

DNV Classification assists clients throughout the asset lifecycle.

Customised integrity survey scopes

ertified, dedicated, offshore surveyors C familiar with the units XX Acceptance of risk-based and reliabilitycentred methodologies XX Data collection and analysis, for identifying trends and improvement opportunities in MOU design, operation and classification XXAcceptance of Condition Monitoring as alternative to opening up XXAlignment with the asset integrity and maintenance systems XX

Our in-service classification services are fully integrated with those of both owners and regulatory authorities. This leads to the highest level of integrity, coupled with the least amount of downtime.

Distributed Production

Organised for optimal service delivery Customers require services on demand, on time and on location. Our delivery model utilises key service centres at strategic locations, allowing distributed, global networking of resources. As a result, we offer industry-leading response times and real added value.

With global demand for offshore classi fication’s services continuing to grow, DNV has reorganised its resources, in order to improve its capability to meet client needs. The process is supported by DNV’s state-ofthe-art Nauticus software production platform and web-based tools such as E-Approval. DNV Offshore Classification provides classification services globally, for mobile offshore drilling units, floating production units and other offshore installations. We assist our clients in proactively managing their operational safety challenges. Closer to the customer “The key to success is in having qualified resources locally to support our client needs, balanced by access to our global network,” says Carl Arne Carlsen, Director of Operations for

In order to achieve this, DNV is strengthening its offshore service centres in Houston, Rio de Janeiro, South Korea, Shanghai, Singapore, Aberdeen and Oslo. These locations feature Offshore Service and Approval Centres catering to the local and regional market. These centres are capable of delivering full approval and survey capabilities covering all disciplines. “The production work will be distributed using Nauticus, DNV’s state-of-the-art electronic production system. In addition, DNV fully supports the use of ‘e-Approval’, a leading initiative that is universally accepted by the industry. Worldwide coordination DNV has invested significantly in these changes.

DNV has improved its regional service centres.

“The latest model provides us with more flexibility, so that we can meet – or exceed – our customers’ expectations on delivery of DNV services. The industry has already responded positively to our changes,” adds Carlsen. The new offshore classification network has shifted the delivery of services for the oil and gas market, to the regional level. This has resulted in a more active approach across all national boundaries, using a common system and best practices to ensure a consistent and high quality delivery for our customers worldwide. One positive result of the changes is the customer delight at exeptional turnaround times. Projects for Petrobras in Brazil being

DNV Offshore Classification.

As a result, our worldwide offshore classification activities are better coordinated.

good examples.

Case:

PETROBRAS E-APPROVAL

Petrobras, the Brazilian National Oil Com pany, entrusted the development of a new production semi-submersible for the Marlim Sul field, off the Brazilian coast, to engineering contractor Technip. Given the tight design and production schedule, Technip required that all project activities be coordinated and executed with minimal delay or disruption.

tion status, using our DNV Exchange, internet based service.

DNV needed a solution to speed the review, verification and approval of design. To do this, we implemented our e-Approval documentation handling system. The client has internet access and overview of documenta-

E-Approval has been a critical factor in the success of the project. The faster exchange of information has resulted in a dramatically shorter response time for approval of plans. Over the course of the project, the initiative will eliminate the handling of 15,000 printed copies of documents, significantly reducing processing cost and complexity. Petrobras and Technip have been extremely satisfied with the outcome of the initiative.

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Cold Climate

Meeting the challenge of arctic operations A quarter of the world’s remaining oil and gas reserves lie under Arctic waters. DNV’s expertise in Arctic-related technology, operations and human factors will be crucial for exploiting these reserves. We are working closely with industry leaders to address these challenges.

DNV set its first requirements for ice strengthening in 1881. Nansen’s famous 1892 Arctic expedition ship “Fram” was classed to DNV Rules and used in 1911 by Roald Amundsen for the first trip to the South Pole. Since then, DNV has been the leading classification society for Arctic vessels and continues to increase its market share for maritime and offshore Arctic activities. There is an increasing focus on hydrocarbon activities in cold climate regions, where environmental conditions pose technological and operating challenges for offshore installations and crew. As many of these regions are pristine or vulnerable, the world expects the industry to maintain the highest standards of HSE performance. We help ensure that the proper requirements for safe and environmentally friendly operations are established – and met.

| Critical Issue: Approval turnaround times. Solution: DNV e-Approval System. Key Deliverables: Faster turnaround; accessibility, reduced costs. Value to Customer: Avoidance of delays & uncertainties.

For many years, DNV has addressed winterisation of offshore units working in the high north. We understand that although existing projects provide the building blocks that bring Arctic development within reach, significant risks remain that require additional cross-party understanding, investment, and technology development. In support of these challenges, DNV offers: XX Cold climate technical expertise XX Specific class notations for ice interaction, winterisation, environmental performance and equipment XX Approval in Principle (AIP) for innovative solutions XX Guidelines for use of DNV Offshore Standards in Arctic environments XX Ice specialists for risk sensitive aspects such as mooring system design, ice management, loadings, escape and evacuation

DNV helps clients operate safely in the Arctic.

DNV runs its own Arctic research centre, with dedicated experts exploring cutting-edge technologies and solutions to be applied on behalf of our clients, in the future. Evolving DNV classification will consider other safety-critical areas such as operating philosophy, human factors affecting performance, ice management and disconnection systems. Therefore, we expect that responsibly managing safety in unusual operating environments will require classification clients and societies to adapt to an evolving classification scope. We are fully committed to this and to working with the industry to make it happen.

Conversions

A better decision making process The selection of development solution for offshore hydrocarbon developments involves careful consideration of various options including building or converting an FPSO. We help you in making and executing these decisions.

Conversion of an existing vessel to a new use has many benefits, including reduced costs and time. However, conversion entails significant potential risks, including unforeseen problems with: XX The physical condition and integrity of the vessel XX Scheduling and integration of destruct/ construct activities XX Supply chain assurance for purchased equipment and systems XXThe current class & flag status of the vessel XX Philosophy regarding application of flag and class requirements

Execution The DNV method for involvement in major conversions includes the involvement of a local project manager, who is responsible for the technical and commercial aspects of the project and coordinates all DNV activities. We utilise dedicated local resources and all work is carried out at our local offices where possible. This enables us to give clients a commitment to approval turnaround time of 3 weeks or less.

The choice of classification society is key in terms of their specific working processes, which can either contribute to the project

Guidelines DNV recognises that the working process for conversions needs to be slightly different than that of newbuilds. Some differences include: XX Acceptance of ‘used’ equipment

success or be a potential block.

DNV assists clients in assessing conversion projects.

systems approach, rather than compoA nent review XX Acceptance of international and other standards

DNV is a leader in the classification and statutory certification of conversions of vessels originally classed by DNV and other societies. The DNV method aims to ensure that the requirements of class and flag/coastal state are met, with the maximum flexibility and consideration for project schedule, cost and functionality.

cceptance of field proven equipment A The principle of equivalence

Case:

FPSO Global Fatigue Assessment

DNV carried out a full fatigue verification of the installations in a major offshore West Africa development. Calculations were carried out according to the full stochastic fatigue analysis method. A part-ship structural model of hull structure with topsides was used in the analyses.

tailed understanding of the local circumstances. Stress responses in areas subjected to detailed fatigue calculations were calculated, using stress concentration factor (SCF) models and the sub-modeling technique.

In the fatigue screening (global fatigue analysis), damages were calculated at the element stress points. The conclusion from part-ship screening considered several critical locations for detailed local analysis. The fatigue damage in hot spots was re-calculated, for more de

Fatigue screening showed most critical areas with respect to fatigue strength. Based on the fatigue screening results, specific hot spot locations were identified for further refined hot spot analysis and for development of the In-Service Inspection Programme (IIP) provided by DNV.

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Fatigue Assessment

A holistic approach

Location 2

Location 3 Location 4

Fatigue of offshore structures is an emotive subject, partly because this failure mechanism has led to some of the worst accidents and incidents in the industry’s history. Industry leadership in fatigue analysis is essential to demonstrating reliability and safety.

For more than two decades, DNV has led the industry in establishing guidelines and standards for fatigue design of offshore structures. Specifically, DNV has worked with the industry to develop a holistic, project-specific approach for design and construction. Fatigue has been a highly visible subject in the industry. This is due to the cost and consequences associated with fatigue cracks, the concerns associated with Mobile Offshore Units operating in harsh environments, and several high profile incidents and accidents. DNV has been at the forefront in managing this risk, starting with the 1984 edition of “Fatigue Strength Analysis for Mobile Offshore Units” Classification Note 30.2.

ported with a new “FMS” Class notation for ship-shaped offshore units. RP-C206 is an extension of DNV’s active role and complements DNV’s current documentation: XX “Fatigue Assessment of Ship Structures”, Classification Note 30.7 XX “Recommended Strength Analysis of Offshore Steel Structures” RP-C203 The FMS class notation name is derived from the FPSO Fatigue Methodology Speci fication, jointly developed by ExxonMobil and DNV. It provides technical guidance for the fatigue design of new-build ship-shaped FPSO structures. This has been successfully implemented in FPSO developments including offshore West Africa.

In April 2007, we released a new “Fatigue Method for Offshore Ships” under Recom mended Practice RP-C206. This RP is sup-

| Critical Issue: Assess potential FPSO fatigue problems. Solution: Analysis according to RP-C206. KEY DeliverABLEs: Detailed analysis, in-service inspection programme (IIP). Value to Client: Confidence in fatigue risk management and optimisation of IIP.

DNV-RP-C206 ensures that all critical structural details are adequately designed to

DNV is a leader in fatigue analysis.

meet project fatigue requirements. It forms a basis for development of fabrication and in-service inspection plans. This document captures the latest knowledge, methodologies and techniques from JIPs and DNV’s internal research, integrating it into DNV’s Offshore Service Specifications. The RP is focused on a full stochastic fatigue analysis method. This technique is a “first principles” approach, using directly calculated wave loads and stresses from site-specific metocean criteria. A load component simplified fatigue methodology is described, to provide a sanity check on the results. DNV continues to contribute to the industry understanding and management of the risks created by fatigue in offshore structures. Our methodology is widely accepted as the leading approach.

Offshore Standards

Developing codes and Standards

DNV is the leader in delopment of standards.

Our Offshore Rules and Standards are based on the latest technology as well as our accumulated experience. We continuously improve, revise and publish them, based on research, development and user feedback. This ensures that they are kept up-to-date.

DNV has been classifying ships since 1864, and there is a clear crossover of experience from marine verification and certification to the oil, gas and process industries. We bring that experience, combined with our in-depth knowledge of risk management and tailormade risk tools, to assist you in meeting your stakeholders’ goals and expectations. Our Offshore Rules, Standards and Recom mended Practices cover hull, structure, marine and industrial equipment, pipelines and risers and marine operations. Our clients widely use our service specifications, standards and recommended practices as part of their project specification apart from adopting them as their company standards.

DNV Offshore Codes consist of a threelevel hierarchy of publications: XX Offshore Service Specifications: providing principles and procedures of DNV classification, certification and verification services XX Offshore Standards: providing technical provisions and acceptance criteria for general use by the offshore industry, as well as the technical basis for DNV offshore services XX Recommended Practices: providing proven technology and sound engineering practice as well as guidance for the higher level Offshore Service Speci fications and Offshore Standards

accepts the meeting of our offshore standards via compliance with such indutry recognised standards DNV Offshore Codes are offered within the following areas: XX Qualification, Quality and Safety Methodology XX Materials Technology XX Structures XX Systems XX Special Facilities XX Pipelines and Risers XX Asset Operation XX Marine Operations XX Wind Turbines XX Subsea Systems

A basic premise of the DNV offshore standards is that, where sound and industry accepted

Electronic copies of several of our standards

standards exist, DNV will not seek to duplicate these industry standards. Accordingly, DNV

can be downloaded at: http://webshop.dnv.com/global/

Case:

Major Offshore Field Development (Bohai) MPQA

An oil company needed to select suppliers of materials, equipment, systems and services from a large pool of potential partners. The project involved significant risks, in terms of capital loss, revenue flow and loss of reputation.

teams carry out assessments using the protocols. The inputs are used to produce quantitative and qualitative reports. This allows the purchaser to assess potential vendors, rank them, and identify potential weaknesses to be addressed later on.

DNV was asked to assist in managing the risks involved in the process. We recommended that the client adopt the DNV MPQA (Manufacturers Product Quality Assessment) approach. The MPQA service is a bottom-up assessment of elements which could prevent the supplier from meeting specifications. MPQA uses a series of specific protocols. Expert DNV/purchaser

DNV carried out a large number of assessments for the project. The client was extremely pleased to have the ability to demonstrate to partners the objective process used in the selection of vendors. The MPQA also generated valuable information for follow-up during delivery of service.

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Beyond Classification

Capitalising on our knowledge

Combining DNV capabilities across disciplines to provide solutions.

DNV is more than just a provider of Offshore Classification Services. We utilise our century and a half of experience and knowledge to support our corporate objective of “protecting life, property & the environ ment”. This is demonstrated in the wide range of ‘non-Class’ services that we provide to the industry.

In the typical schedule for offshore developments, there are continual challenges to be met, in order for the project to be successful from an economic perspective. Overcoming these challenges requires that the key participants in the project, (such as drillers, engineering contractors, developers, or others) have access to the best assistance in all areas. However, it is often difficult for these players to find and access resources that offer the necessary technical competence, and are adequately firewalled from the project, in order to provide truly independent assistance in assessment and decision making. DNV is in the enviable position of possessing both the necessary technical expertise in the offshore industry and universally acknowledged independence and integrity. This enables us to meet client needs in a truly supportive and unbiased way.

| Critical Issue: Robust method for supplier selection. Solution: DNV MPQA process. KEY DeliverABLEs: Quantitative and qualitative reports. Value to Client: Increased confidence in management of risks.

The DNV model in providing such services is to concentrate on the capabilities contained within the DNV organisation and fit customised solutions to the client need. DNV’s capabilities cover the following areas: XX Risk management XX Management systems XX Technology In many cases, the solution that fits in one situation fits well in subsequent ones and becomes a typical and repeatable non-class provision. Typical Non-Class Services The following list includes some of the nonclassification services DNV typically provides: XX Concept selection studies XX Qualification of new technology isk-based verification/certification R Independent design assessment and verification

XX XX

SHE risk management and analysis nvironmental assessments including E Environmental Impact Statements (EISs) XX Safety case development XX Development of verification schemes for regulatory compliance XX Engineering and technical support XX Geotechnical engineering XX Corrosion management, including assessment and control XX Risk-based quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) XX Laboratory testing including full scale XXFailure Investigations XX Re-Assessment for life extension XX Asset integrity management including developing In-Service Inspection Programmes (IIP) XX Project management services XX XX

XX Supply chain assurance services In this way DNV truly partners with the industry.

DNV locations DNV serves the energy industry from more than 40 primary locations worldwide. In addition, we draw on DNVâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s entire worldwide network of 300 offices in 100 countries.

Trondheim Bergen Stavanger Oslo Sandefjord Aberdeen Esbjerg Copenhagen Manchester Moscow Antwerp London Essen Paris

Astana

Tanggu Tripoli

Shanghai

Kuwait Doha

Abu Dhabi Muscat Mumbai Ho Chi Minh City

Lagos

Vung Tau

Kuala Lumpur Singapore Jakarta Luanda

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Calgary St. John’s Halifax Columbus Houston

Trinidad

Salvador Rio de Janeiro

Macaé

São Paulo Porto Alegre Buenos Aires

DNV ENERGY main offices: Aberdeen Cromarty House 67-72 Regent Quay Aberdeen AB11 5AR United Kingdom Tel: +44 1224 335000

Calgary Bay 123 2340 Pegasus Way NE Calgary AB Canada T2E 8M5 Tel: +403 250 9041

Antwerp Duboisstraat 39 b1 2060 Antwerp Belgium Tel: +32 3 206 65 40

Columbus 5777 Frantz Road Dublin, Ohio 43017-1386 USA Tel: +1 614 761 1214

Abu Dhabi The Towers Abu Dhabi Trade Centre Near Beach Rotana Hotel East Wing – E 108 Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Tel: +971 2 6457580

Copenhagen Tuborg Parkvej 8, 2nd Floor DK2900 Hellerup Copenhagen Denmark Tel: +45 39 45 48 00

Bergen Johan Berentsensvei 109-111 NO-5020 Laksevåg, Bergen Norway Tel: +47 55 94 36 00

Houston 16340 Park Ten Place Suite 100 Houston, TX 77084, USA Tel: +1 281 721 6600

Kuala Lumpur 24th Floor, Menara Weld 76, Jalan Raja Chulan 50200 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Tel: +603 2050 2888

Paris Centre BFI, Tour AREVA, 92084 Paris La Defense Cedex Paris France Tel: +33 1 47 96 46 36

London Palace House 3 Cathedral Street London SE1 9DE United Kingdom Tel: +44 207 357 6080

Moscow Business-Center “Country Park” 3rd Floor, Panfilova 19 141407 Moscow Region Khimki, Moscow Russian Federation Tel: +7 495 739 4833

Luanda Edificio Monumental Rua Major Kanhangulo, nº 290 2º Andar Luanda Angola Tel: +244 222 391 631 Oslo Veritasveien 1 NO-1322 Høvik Norway Tel: +47 67 57 99 00

Mumbai Emgeen Chambers, 10, C.S.T. Road, Vidyanagari, Kalina Santacruz East Mumbai 400098 India Tel: +91 22 26650909

Rio de Janeiro Rua Sete de Setembro, 111 – 12o andar CEP 20050-006 Rio de Janeiro, R.J Brazil Tel: +55 21 3722 7232 Shanghai House No. 9, 1591 Hong Qiao Road Shanghai 200336 China Tel: +86 21 3208 4518 Singapore DNV Technology Centre 10 Science Park Drive Singapore 118224 Singapore Tel: +65 6779 1266 Stavanger Bjergstedveien 1 NO-4007 Stavanger Norway Tel: +47 51 50 60 00

DNV Veritasveien 1 NO-1322 Høvik, Norway Tel: +47 67 57 99 00 Fax: +47 67 57 99 11 www.dnv.com/energy

Concept and design: COBRA /CREUNA Images: DNV, p6 Getty images Production: Ressurs