Offshore pipelines
DNV serving the energy industry
Go strong.
| THIS IS DNV | DNV is a global provider of Âservices for managing risk. Established in 1864, DNV is an independent foundation with the purpose of safeguarding life, property and the environment. DNV comprises 300 offices in 100 countries, with 9,000 employees. DNV has four business areas, DNV Energy, DNV Maritime, DNV Industry and DNV IT Global Services. Our vision is global impact for a safe and sustainable future.
DNV provides world-class expertise in technology, operations, management and risk. We combine our know-how into a professional service concept designed to safely improve the performance of your business. So you can go strong on all dimensions.
| Contents | Services Overview u The importance of a complete picture
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ENTERPRISE RISK MANAGEMENT – ERM Is pipeline the optimal transport solution?
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SHE Risk Management Making pipeline the safe option
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Flow Assurance, Design, Foundations and Materials u Pushing the design envelope safely
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Verification u The assurance of full independence
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Pipelines in Operation u Safely extending the lifespan
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World-Class Codes and Standards u Taking the industry forward
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DNV SERVICES TO THE ENERGY INDUSTRY Enterprise Risk Management SHE Risk Management u Technology Qualification u Verification u Offshore Classification u Asset Risk Management u Training u IT Risk Management u Certification u u
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target segments Through these services our teams of highly qualified professionals deliver cutting-edge solutions to customers across the industry: u Deep and ultra-deepwater field development u Floating offshore installations u Fixed offshore installations u Offshore and onshore pipelines u Natural Gas/LNG u Refining and petrochemicals u Wind energy u Power generation and transmission u Carbon capture and storage u Arctic operations and technology
Addressing
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As conduits for oil and gas, pipelines form the backbone of most national and international energy infrastructures. Pipeline systems represent significant financial investment and constitute a key element of the industrial and public value chain. Therefore, operators must withstand scrutiny from a number of constituencies, while securing an acceptable return on investment. Ensuring that each pipeline is designed, fabricated and operated in a safe, reliable and cost-effective manner involves a multitude of professional disciplines.
pipelines end to end Tomorrow’s oil and gas reserves will be located in ever deeper waters, in harsh environments, far from existing infrastructure. Since the early seventies, DNV has supplied the industry with a full range of services and capabilities related to the development, operation and maintenance of pipeline systems. Pushing into the new energy frontier poses greater challenges for pipeline systems and DNV is committed to support the industry continuously as a pipeline technology leader.
PAGE 4 | DNV Energy | Services Overview | ERM | SHE Risk Management | Flow Assurance, Design, Foundations and Materials | Verification | Pipelines in Operation | World-Class Codes and Standards
THE BUSINESS LIFE CYCLE
DNV – assisting companies in the energy industry along the entire life cycle to safeguard and improve business performance Project phases:
Strategy
DNV energy deliveries:
Feasibility & concept selection
design
BUSINESS CASE ASSESSMENT integrated field development support project due diligence project risk management SHE risk management reliability assessment technology qualification design support verification
offshore classification
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construction
installation & commissioning
operation & life extension
quality surveillance and inspection material and corrosion testing
operations excellence troubleshooting Maintenance Management
DECOMMISSIONING
PAGE 6 | DNV Energy | Services Overview | ERM | SHE Risk Management | Flow Assurance, Design, Foundations and Materials | Verification | Pipelines in Operation | World-Class Codes and Standards
services overview
The importance of a complete picture Designing, constructing, installing and operating pipeline systems are complex challenges. DNV offers the whole gamut of pipeline-related services. We can help you safeguard and improve your operations through a deeper and more complete understanding of risks and opportunities in pipeline projects.
Industry and governments make significant investments in pipeline systems. They rely on a broad range of expertise to ensure that each pipeline operates in a safe, reliable and costeffective way. Since the early 1970s, DNV has played a leading role in the development of pipeline technology. We were deeply involved in the SUPERB Joint Industry Project, that introduced limit state-based design and modern design principles, revolutionising pipeline design. Today DNV offers unique multidisciplinary competences to customers all over the world – from the very early phases through to operations and life extension.
DNV services comprise the full life cycle of pipeline systems.
ADDRESSING THE ENTIRE LIFE CYCLE
A complete suite of services
DNV can assist you in selecting the right transport solution, evaluating aspects ranging from availability and tariffs associated with existing infrastructure, to cost, revenue and risks related to a new solution.
From well to shore, from concept to operation, from internal flow to external threat – DNV offers the full range of pipeline-related services:
Materials need to be stretched to their limit in order to safely install and operate pipelines in extreme water depths and other challenging conditions. We work on the latest design methodologies. We assure quality and integrity during installation so that you can break barriers confidently. Once in operation, there is a fine balancing act between withstanding scrutiny and maxi mising safety, while securing an acceptable return on investment. DNV recommends that you start planning the operational phase early in the project. Don’t wait until it is too late.
Transport solution Concept & feasibility studies u Environmental studies and impact assessment u Safety and risk analysis u Structural design assistance u Material selection u Geotechnical engineering u Flow assurance u Verification and certification u Fabrication and installation surveillance u Marine warranty u In-service inspection u Condition and integrity risk assessments u Lifetime extension and re-qualification of existing pipelines u Database management u Laboratory facilities for both small scale and full scale testing u Failure investigations and analyses u u
Case:
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Alpine Deepwater pipeline with 40 years design life
The Williams Companies of the U.S. decided plant, welder and AUT system qualification, to embark on the challenging Alpine project and survey of offshore pipe lay and com in the Gulf of Mexico. The scope includes missioning. construction of a deepwater pipeline start“The Alpine project was successful, in part, ing at a new spar platform in Garden Banks due to DNV’s technical expertise, effectiveblock 668 at a water depth of 3,150 ft (960 ness working in a team environment with metres) and ending at an existing platform multiple contractors, and recognition of in Galveston Block A244. our particular needs,” says Charles Nichols, DNV was engaged to support Williams from Williams project manager. Nichols concluded the design phase to installation and commisthat DNV was professional and responsive sioning. The detailed scope included verification to their needs as a deepwater pipeline ope of detailed steel catenary riser and pipeline rator in the Gulf of Mexico. design, assessment of prime contractors’ quality system, QA of pipe mills and coating
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State-of-the-art software tools and solutions DNV applies state-of-the-art software solutions as an integrated part of our services. Some of the key tools are listed below: u
EasyRisk is used to assess business risk related to different field development scenarios.
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OLGA is a programme developed for analysis of multiphase flow issues in pipe systems.
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FATFREE is a programme for failure analyses of free spans exposed to ocean current and wave loading in compliance with the DNV RP-F105 Free Spanning Pipelines.
| Critical Issue: Challenging riser and pipeline design. Solution: Deep multidisciplinary competences. Systematic assessment of suppliers and contractors. Deliverables: Design verification. Quality system assessment. QA of pipe mills and coating plant, qualification welder and AUT. Survey of pipe lay and commissioning. Value to Customer: Successful installation on schedule.
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STABLELINE is a programme used to calculate stability of offshore pipelines according to DNV-RP-F109 On-Bottom Stability Design of Submarine Pipelines.
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ABAQUS is used for non-linear structural design analysis including pipe-soil interaction as well as advanced materials engineering.
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Pipeline Engineering Tool (PET) addresses all key design formulas in DNV OS -F101 Submarine Pipeline Systems.
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ORBIT Pipeline Management System is a web-based tool covering both Onshore and Offshore pipeline integrity management.
THE FUTURE The international pipeline industry is not static. There is need for continuous developments and enhancements in order to guide and support the industry in relatively uncharted territories such as the arctic, ultra-deep waters, and projects with challenging fluid composition and long tie-back solutions. Our vision is to make a global impact for a safe and sustainable future. By developing new methodologies, understanding the new risk agenda and working hard to manage risk and improve safety and environmental performance – we take steps in the right direction.
PAGE 8 | DNV Energy | Services Overview | ERM | SHE Risk Management | Flow Assurance, Design, Foundations and Materials | Verification | Pipelines in Operation | World-Class Codes and Standards
ENTERPRISE RISK MANAGEMENT – ERM
Is pipeline the optimal transport solution? The selection of a transport solution depends on a host of factors. DNV helps you find the optimal alternative, based on the particular needs of your project.
Early phase field development involves business case assessments of possible development concepts. A major part of a development concept is the transport solution, where alternatives range from sea transportation using shuttle tankers to novel subsea-to-land solutions. The selection of a transport solution depends on several factors, from availability and tariffs associated with existing infrastructure, to cost, revenue and risks related to a new solution. To find the best solution, you need to challenge and assess both technical and economical aspects of the full field development solution. Our approach DNV applies an integrated approach to ensure that both technical and economical issues are properly accounted for when assessing the attractiveness of the various development and export alternatives. The field development is described as a value where the oil and gas from sub-surface to final export is modelled, so that both physical flows (oil, gas, condensate, NGL, etc.) and resulting cash flows are calculated.
From this model, technical and economical performance of the field development alternative can be assessed; in particular the various export alternatives. The integrated model includes the various risks and uncertainties that impact the field development, such as: Uncertainties in in-place volumes and recovery factors u Availability and risks related to technical performance u Frequency of component failures, duration of repairs, and waiting time and cost of repair resources u Uncertainty in CAPEX, OPEX, tariffs, etc. u Uncertainty in product prices u Uncertainty in timing of first oil/first gas
DNV can assist in identifying the best transport solution.
Net Present Value (NPV), Break-even oil price, etc. can be found. key Benefits The DNV approach does not replace detailed analyses, but provides a means of aggregating data from different disciplines into a more complete basis for decision making.
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Since the integrated model allows all relevant uncertainties and their dependencies to be included, the total risk can be described more completely. Furthermore, the major risk drivers and their underlying causes and knock-on effects can be analysed.
Through the integrated model, the dependencies between the technical, economical and the risks are managed. To support the selection of export alternative, full probability distributions for economic indicators such as
Case:
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langeled A million tons of steel safely supplying THE UK with Norwegian gas
A length of 1,200 kilometres makes Langeled the world’s longest submarine gas pipeline. The pipeline starts at the Nyhamna export terminal in western Norway, goes via the Sleipner riser platform in the North Sea, and lands in Easington on the English east coast.
DNV has supported StatoilHydro with diffe rent SHE studies for the concept phase and planning of the Langeled pipeline. Examples of studies include:
Langeled has a capacity of 20 billion cubic metres of gas to be transported annually from the Norwegian continental shelf. This will cover 20 per cent of the gas consumption in the UK.
Concept risk assessment analysing 3rd party societal risk, personnel risk and pipeline damage caused by external impact u Risk comparison of alternative locations of future tie-ins u Risk assessment of marine operations u
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SHE Risk Management
Making pipeline the safe option We work with our clients to develop, implement, maintain and continuously improve best practices in SHE Risk Management of offshore pipelines.
A new risk agenda is emerging, bringing with it new demands on your business and how it is managed. Stakeholders expect clear management of safety, health and the environment. Mere compliance with legal requirements for SHE performance is no longer sufficient for forward-thinking organisations. We can help you safely and responsibly improve your business performance. DNV applies risk-based methods and advanced software tools to ensure that hazards are identified and understood throughout the life cycle of projects and operations. We adopt our approach to the relevant project challenges, applying the full range of DNV capabilities and experience.
Increase safety Our services will ensure that you make the appropriate strategic and operational decisions related to health and safety issues: Risk Assessments Consequence assessments u External impact assessments u Design Accidental Load and protection studies u Management Systems and performance standards u Emergency planning, response and investigation u u
Environmental challenges We provide many inter-related services in the area of environmental risk management including:
| Critical Issue: Long pipeline with large areas of free spans, trawling activity and steep landfall. Solution: Applying sophisticated risk assessment techniques. Key Deliveries: Documentation of pipeline risk, including third party risk and pipeline damage. Value for Client: Decision support on risk reducing measures and pipeline routing optimisation.
DNV applies a riskbased approach to SHE Risk Management.
Environmental impact and risk assessment Dispersion and fate modelling u Impact and risk management planning u Spill preparedness and response analysis and planning u Biodiversity management – Environmental monitoring – Visual mapping of sensitive areas – Environmental ROV surveys u Corporate Social Responsibility u u
EXPERTISE AND COMMITMENT We combine technical expertise and advanced risk methodologies with management consulting skills to offer a new and different type of consulting service. By understanding the new risk agenda and working hard to improve safety and environmental performance, we are committed to our vision of making a global impact for a safe and sustainable future.
PAGE 10 | DNV Energy | Services Overview | ERM | SHE Risk Management | Flow Assurance, Design, Foundations and Materials | Verification | Pipelines in Operation | World-Class Codes and Standards
flow assurance, DESIGN, FOUNDATIONS AND MATERIALS
Pushing the design envelope safely Extreme free spans, global buckling of HPHT pipelines, ice scour induced loads and enhanced utilisation of materials in corrosive environments – DNV can help you break these and other barriers with confidence.
With a highly experienced and well trained global network of personnel, DNV is well placed to meet the requirements of a global pipeline market. We offer tailored solutions throughout the life cycle of pipeline systems with focus on adding value and safeguarding life, property and the environment. flow assurance DNV provides in-depth understanding of multi-phase flow characteristics in pipeline systems at both normal and incidental operating conditions. This knowledge represents a valuable input to the optimisation of the design and operation of pipelines. And contributes to cost-effective solutions, and robust and effective pipeline performance.
Thermo-hydraulic analysis (pressure and temperature drop) u Capacity/line sizing u Slug/terrain slugging u Hydrate and wax prediction u Chemical injection u Insulation optimisation/design u Start-up and shut downs u Cool down u Blow down u Water hammer/pressure surge analysis u Leak analysis u
Experienced and well-trained personnel ensure cutting edge solutions.
for both steady state and transient analysis. The programme solves the governing equation for mass, momentum and energy for the various phases, based on flashing and condensation of the gas and liquid phases. STRUCTURAL DESIGN A key element of DNV’s services is that independent detailed engineering analysis forms part of third party verification activities. We use a range of state-of-the-art software pack ages to perform relevant technical analysis:
OLGA is developed for analysis of multiphase flow issues in pipe systems, and may be used
Global and local buckling Pipe reeling u Pipe snaking u Upheaval buckling u Expansion curve u Tie-in spool piece u J-tube pull-in u Fatigue analyses for free spans and VIV u On bottom stability u Pipeline installation, dynamic and static u Structural Design
Case:
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international r&D High Pressure and High Temperature Pipelines
High Pressure and High Temperature (HP/ HT) pipelines will expand due to thermal and internal pressure. The integrity of such a pipeline can be assured either by restraining it and keeping it in place, or by releasing the compressive force by allowing it to buckle in a controlled manner. The choice is influenced by a number of complex parameters and depends on the operator’s and the designer’s experience and preference. Buried pipelines are normally designed not to buckle and, hence, to sustain the loads in the original configuration.
The new recommended practice DNV-RPF110 Buckling of Pipelines is the result of the HOTPIPE Joint Industry Project (JIP) performed by Snamprogetti, Statoil and DNV and sponsored by Statoil, Agip, Shell, BP and Hydro. The new recommended practice complements DNV-OS-F101 and gives specific requirements for global buckling scenarios of HP/HT pipelines.
We address the following key areas either as part of an integrated approach or as standalone services:
Understanding and analysing multiphase flows is a complicated task. DNV utilises the state-of-the-art transient multiphase programme OLGA to analyse issues related to production and transportation of multiphase flows from the reservoir to the separator. We participate in all phases of a project, from feasibility studies to the operational phase.
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Our design support is based on advanced testing and technical analysis.
solid foundations
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Geotechnical design is associated with a variety of challenges where a broad understanding of both structural responses and soil characteristics is required. In DNV, soilpipe interaction issues are identified and solved by integrating the geotechnical services in the design or verification process. Our services involve application of DNV standards, other recognised standards, national requirements and client specifications. The services are offered for a broad scale of both onshore and offshore pipelines, including:
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Geophysical surveys to identify potential hazards u Seismic hazard studies u Soil investigations u Slope stability analyses u Flow analyses of failed soil (‘debris flow’, turbidity flow) u Optimum pipeline route selection u Soil properties and soil resistance u
Heat isolation for cover Anchor or ice ridge hazards and impact loading
The right materials Ensuring that the right material is selected, specified, delivered and installed is a key aspect of every successful pipeline project. DNV owns and operates material laboratories in Norway, Singapore and the USA. We draw on a wealth of experience from failure investigations, corrosion studies, testing and R&D projects to help the customer select the optimal material. We also help ensure that the materials are properly joined through our deep understanding of welding and non-destructive testing. DNV has published a number of codes and standards to ensure that the international pipeline industry has easy access to best practices.
| Critical issue: Develop reservoirs with high pressure and high temperature characteristics. Solution: The new DNV RP-F110 with state-of-the-art methods. Key deliverables: The DNV RP-F110 includes design methods for: u Exposed pipelines on even/uneven seabed u Buried/covered pipelines with potential global buckling in the vertical plane Value to the industry: Optimum pipeline design.
Assessment of ultimate pipe capacity Fracture mechanics and fatigue assessment u Verification of material specifications and manufacturing documentation u Mechanical testing u Metallurgical investigations u Corrosion testing u Qualification of new materials u Quality surveillance u Troubleshooting u Remaining life assessment u Failure investigation u u
PAGE 12 | DNV Energy | Services Overview | ERM | SHE Risk Management | Flow Assurance, Design, Foundations and Materials | Verification | Pipelines in Operation | World-Class Codes and Standards
verification
The assurance of full independence DNV’s transparent and fully independent approach to verification, certification, quality surveillance and marine operations will help reduce and manage risk, thereby ensuring a successful project.
Authorities now tend to move from prescriptive regimes to functional requirements in a goal-setting regime, where safety shall be demonstrated based on risk approaches. Hence, there will probably be a stronger future demand for measurable objectives to be presented by the owners regarding safety to life, property and the environment. Verification and certification have historically been carried out with varying scope and depth of involvement. The depth of involvement, or level of verification, has not always been very transparent. In order to ensure a transparent approach, DNV was the first organisation that introduced a riskbased approach.
A risk-based approach DNV aims through Risk-Based Verification, to instil confidence in our customers and other stakeholders. Through independent and competent scrutiny, the intent is to confirm that the asset is designed, constructed and/or operated so that: It is fit for its intended purpose u Its level of integrity is as high as reasonably practicable u The associated risk to health, life, property and environment is as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP) u
The DNV OSS -301 Certification and Verification of Submarine Pipeline Systems, which describes DNV’s certification and verification services for pipeline systems, was published in October 2000. It is the first, and still only, publicly available detailed description of third-party involvement for pipeline systems. The document gives detailed scope of work for certification and verifications for
To ensure confidence, DNV applies a risk-based approach to verfication.
three different levels, low, medium and high. This will allow the owner to select the degree of certification or verification in compliance with the overall risk objective for the project. Importance of early involvement Risk-Based Verification services should seek to reduce any uncertainty in the field or pipeline development as early as possible. If any weaknesses are revealed, the services should allow for effective management of necessary changes. DNV’s verification experience reinforces the important message of early involvement and the need for in-depth knowledge of the activities required to obtain optimal resource allocation for the verification process. A proactive approach is required, placing particular emphasis on roles and responsibilities.
Case:
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KG D-6 India’s first deepwater project
Block KG-DWN-98/3 in the Krishna Godavari Basin, Bay of Bengal off the east coast of India is the first deepwater development in India. The gas field covers an area of 7,500 km2, located 40 kilometres and 60 kilometres south east of Kakinada with water depths of between 400 and 2,700 metres. Phase 1 of the project comprises subsea production systems, flowlines, pipelines, a shallow water control and riser platform and an onshore process plant. It is developed by Reliance Industries Ltd., India’s largest private sector enterprise, with businesses in the energy and materials value chain.
DNV has supported Reliance Industries Ltd. from the Front End Engineering Design (FEED) through to detailed design verification, manufacture control and independent construction and installation inspection. The work is based on DNV-OSS-300 Risk Based Verification and utilises resources from DNV’s worldwide office network. In addition to verification work, DNV is also supporting Reliance Industries Ltd. by analysing reliability, availability and maintainability of the overall system.
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Quality surveillance and inspection The level of verification activity is differentiated according to the inherent risk (i.e. consequence) to the pipeline system. During the fabrication and installation phase we support our customers by providing: Quality surveillance during pipe manufacturing and coating u Inspection services and construction supervision through pipeline installation and commissioning u
Depending on risk level low, medium or high, DNV’s attendance varies from an audit based approach to full 24/7 site team attendance.
Early involvement= Higher chance to implement changes with lower financial impact
Marine Operations
Global reach
The financial and technical consequences which may be incurred as a result of an accident or occurrence during offshore marine operations can be devastating. This fact alone emphasises the importance of a well-defined marine verification scope, a recognised technical reference, competence and experience, and quality within the marine verification service.
The opportunities of the global energy market belong to those who approach them with a comprehensive understanding of risk. Equally important is the ability to implement solutions and uniform standards across geographies. That’s why DNV’s global presence is so highly valued by our customers in the energy sector. No matter where you conduct your business, DNV is close at hand and prepared to help. Our international organisation comprises a network of more than 300 offices spanning Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia and the Americas.
DNV stands up to these requirements through our integrity and independence, our close relation to in-house specialist disciplines, and through more than thirty years experience as warranty surveyor and marine verifier. We base our work on DNV Rules for Planning and Execution of Marine Operation.
| Critical Issue: Managing risk in an international deepwater project with vendors and engineering consultants spread around the globe. Solution: Multidisciplinary competencies and state-of-the-art methods and tools. DNV’s world-wide network. Key Deliverables: FEED verification. Design verification. RAManalysis manufacture control. Independent construction and installation inspection. Value Delivered: Focus on critical design, fabrication and installation aspects.
DNV is close at hand and prepared to help all over the world.
PAGE 14 | DNV Energy | Services Overview | ERM | SHE Risk Management | Flow Assurance, Design, Foundations and Materials | Verification | Pipelines in Operation | World-Class Codes and Standards
PIPELINES IN OPERATION
Safely extending the lifespan As pipelines are put into operation and approach maturity in their design life, a different set of considerations and capabilities are required. At this stage, the value of planning the operational phase early in the project also becomes evident.
DNV provides a variety of services addressing issues related to pipelines in operation. These services focus on reducing pipeline operating costs, while still maintaining an acceptable reliability and safety level. DNV experts team up with the pipeline operators to establish the most cost-efficient solutions for each pipeline system. Most of our services for pipelines in operation are requested during the pipeline operational phase. However, DNV also provides operations-related services at an early design phase, ensuring that sound pipeline operational integrity has been built into the pipeline system during initial planning, design and construction. We build our services in the operational phase on the competence gained when participating in a number of joint industry development projects and developing DNV’s unique pipeline codes and standards. Services for Pipelines in Operation cover:
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Integrity Management involving all activities required for control and documentation of pipeline system integrity during its operational life. DNV also offers assistance for roll-out and/or implementation of the integrity management programme within an operator’s organisation.
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Condition Assessment for pipeline systems and components. This includes assessment of metal loss defects, dents and cracks (i.e. defect assessment) as well as assessment of freespan and global buckling (i.e. structural integrity of HP/HT pipelines).
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Our goal is to combine a high safety level with low operating costs.
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Pipeline Operability Review allows the pipeline operator to identify and assess all important areas of potential operational improvement (with regard to both management and technical solutions) against a set of ‘Best Practices’ based on DNV’s experience from major projects and international operators.
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Re-qualification as required for lifetime extension, change of use of the pipelines systems, or modifications and repairs due to damage.
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Data management support by collecting and organising data needed for long term integrity management and daily operation, covering pipeline data, surveys and inspection results, assessments etc.
Inspection and Maintenance Planning uses the results from the condition assessment to prioritise inspection and maintenance activities based on risk of failure balanced against cost of prevention work.
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GORM to filsø pipeline An impossible pipeline repair
A four-tonne anchor hooked and damaged the DONG-operated oil pipeline, which runs from the Gorm Field to Filsø on the Danish west coast. The pipeline transports all oil from the Danish offshore sector to shore. The potential development of future fatigue failure initiated a repair of the pipeline. The damaged section was in water depths of 52 metres, and the pipeline was buried 1.5 metres below the seabed. The cost of closing the pipeline for the repair would have been significant, so the company wanted the pipeline to be repaired whilst in operation.
DNV provided support to DONG for the overall repair approach and solutions, the damage assessment, the inspection requirements, the design of the repair clamp, the installation and the pipeline-excavation procedures. The urgent request was quickly solved by integrating all relevant disciplines such as soil, materials, clamp design, marine operations, inspection techniques and the damage assessment. DNV also performed third party verification of the repair work from its offices in Esbjerg, Denmark, and Aberdeen, Scotland.
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Support for Regulatory Compliance including interpretation of regulations, consultancy during planning and implementation, information management and meetings with regulators. Risk assessment supporting the operators in managing SHE and business risk. Methods such as HAZID and QRA can be applied at different levels of detail, and the output risk ranking can be used as basis for decision making approaches like RCM and RBI. Availability and reliability evaluations of pipeline networks provide confidence and maximise system uptime. Technical support for operators in connection with repair, troubleshooting, onsite support and technical advice, intervention, decommissioning, training etc.
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DNV’s integrity management services and systems connect key operational activities with assessment and stakeholder requirements.
Web-based integrity management ORBIT Pipeline is a Pipeline Integrity Management support software tool developed by DNV in close cooperation with leading oil and gas companies. The tool supports the activities and working process within pipeline integrity control and documentation, and contains modules for: Data management Condition assessment u Defect evaluations u Pipeline and component risk assessment u Inspection planning u Pro-forma reporting u u
The new fully web-based ORBIT Pipeline Management System covers both onshore and offshore pipeline integrity management functions and is delivered with an Integrity Management Portal as standard. This portal provides ready access to historical reports, condition of all assets embraced by the system, overall risk profiles, system alerts and
| Critical issue: A four tonne anchor hooked onto an oil pipeline. Solution: A multidisciplinary approach to assess the condition and repair method for the pipeline. Key deliverables: Damage assessment. Repair method. Installation support. Inspection. Verification. Value to the customer: Pipeline successfully repaired without shutdown, saving several hundred million NOK.
status of integrity management projects and tasks in a traffic light fashion. Tailored integration to customer applications, e.g. GIS, SAP and other systems is important to reduce the overall impact on a company when introducing a new pipeline integrity solution. Rather than replacing in-house applications, the pipeline integrity solution represents a strengthening of the company’s overall asset management as it is integrated with already well functioning in-house systems. The oil and gas industry dedicates large resources to the development of tomorrow’s operations – making use of new technology for more efficient work processes. The ORBIT Pipeline will help you make faster and more qualified decisions, thereby safely extending the lifespan of your pipelines.
PAGE 16 | DNV Energy | Services Overview | ERM | SHE Risk Management | Flow Assurance, Design, Foundations and Materials | Verification | Pipelines in Operation | World-Class Codes and Standards
WORLD-CLASS CODES AND STANDARDS
Taking the industry forward
DNV works closely with the industry to advance standards.
DNV’s first pipeline code was issued in 1976. Since then we have created a series of internationally recognised standards and recommended practices together with the pipeline industry.
Following increased consumption of oil and natural gas, offshore pipeline construction activity is about to reach historic levels. Recent estimates forecast that close to 70,000 kilometres of offshore pipelines will be constructed in the period from 2007 to 2011 with Europe as the front runner followed by the South Pacific, Far East and the Gulf of Mexico. Pipelines are effective and a highly reliable means for hydrocarbon transportation over short and medium range distances. They represent large investment costs for a field development or gas export transport system. These investment costs are highly influenced by the applicable codes for design and construction of the pipeline.
SELECTING THE BEST CODE Many national and international pipeline codes in use today worldwide are subject to various safety regimes and operator preferences. What is the criteria for selecting the ‘best design code’? Is it the code giving the minimum wall thickness – or something else? DNV believes the selection criteria are simple and threefold: u
The code shall ensure at least a minimum safety level that is acceptable to society
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Given the above, the best code is the one that gives the minimum life cycle cost
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The code should comply with the overall ISO standards
For an ‘off the shelf’ pipeline design, any of the internationally recognised codes fulfill the first criterion based on historical record. Most of these codes are experience-based using an allowable stress format where all failure modes are covered implicitly in a few simple design formats. They are often simple
to apply and work well when applied within the scope of application, i.e. where there has been extensive past experience used as the basis for the code. For other pipeline designs where there is limited field experience, such as HT/HP, deepwater, uneven seabed, arctic pipelines in ice-infested areas, only a limit-state-based design code with links to fabrication, installation and operation phases can ensure a minimum acceptable safety level. A Family of Best Practices Based on our project experience, research, and joint industry development work, DNV issues a number of pipeline codes. These comprise service specifications, standards and recommended practices, and are highly regarded within the international pipeline community. The DNV-OSS-301 Service Specification for Certification and Verification of Pipelines presents DNV’s approach for certification
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blue stream THE WORLD’S DEEPEST TRUNKLINE
Russian energy giant Gazprom together with ENI of Italy embarked on a very ambitious project when they decided to install two subsea gas pipelines across the Black Sea – the Blue Stream Project. The pipelines were built to meet the growing demand for more environmentally friendly energy in Turkey and have a capacity of 16 billion cubic metres per year.
DNV supported the project from the conceptual phase in 1995 to the installation completion of the two 24” diameter pipelines in 2002. The DNV-OS-F101 ‘Submarine Pipeline Systems’ was chosen as the governing code and has now been adapted as the corporate standard for all of Gazprom’s offshore pipelines.
The project faced challenges such as extreme water depths approaching 2,150 metres, a difficult seabed topography both on the Russian and Turkish side, and high external H2S content. Furthermore, the installation took place in areas with high seismic activity.
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operation construction design
internationally recognised codes
and verification of offshore pipelines. The specification presents a comprehensive and detailed risk based method for this service. The DNV OS -F101 ‘Offshore Standard for Submarine Pipeline Systems’ provides acceptance criteria and design procedures for pipelines. The standard applies modern limit-state-design principles with ‘safety classes’ linked to consequences of failure. The DNV standard is complemented by several recommended practices (RPs) which give detailed advice on how to analyse specific technical aspects according to stated criteria: DNV RP- C205 Environmental Conditions and Environmental Loads u DNV RP- F101 Corroded Pipelines u DNV RP- F102 Pipeline Field Joint Coating and Field Repair of Linepipe Coating u DNV RP- F103 Cathodic Protection of Submarine Pipelines by Galvanic Anodes u
u
the future
u
Codes and standards should reflect current good practice and be open for application to innovation and state-of-the-art technology. Therefore ‘best codes’ do not exist statically or indefinitely. There will always be a need for developments and enhancements in order to guide and support the industry in relatively uncharted territories such as the arctic, ultra-deep waters, and projects with challenging fluid composition and long tie-back solutions.
DNV RP- F105 Free Spanning Pipelines DNV RP- F106 Factory Applied external Pipeline Coatings for Corrosion Control u DNV RP- F107 Risk Assessment of Pipeline Protection u DNV RP- F108 Fracture Control for Pipeline Installation Methods Introducing Cyclic Plastic Strain u DNV RP- F109 On-bottom Stability u DNV RP- F110 Global buckling of pipelines u DNV RP- F111 Interference Between Trawl Gear and Pipelines u DNV-RP-F112 Design of Duplex Stainless Steel Subsea Equipment Exposed to Cathodic Protection u DNV RP- F113 Pipeline Subsea Repair u DNV RP- O501 Erosive wear in Piping systems Some of the above RPs were originally developed for offshore pipelines, but are also relevant for onshore pipelines. See www.dnv.com for an overview of all available codes.
| Critical Issue: Installation of export pipelines at extreme water depths and demanding seabed conditions. Solution: Use of DNV-OS-F101 involving multidisciplinary competencies and state-of-the-art methods and tools. Key Deliverables: Total System Certification via design verification, manufacture control and independent construction inspection. Value Delivered: Completion on time in accordance with strict international standards.
A clearly set structure accommodates the different DNV Codes.
We are currently working with the industry to develop better criteria for deepwater installations, better understanding of pipe/ soil interaction, arctic pipelines and smarter pipeline integrity management.
PAGE 18 | DNV Energy | Services Overview | ERM | SHE Risk Management | Flow Assurance, Design, Foundations and Materials | Verification | Pipelines in Operation | World-Class Codes and Standards
DNV locations DNV serves the energy industry from more than 40 primary locations worldwide. In addition, we draw on DNV’s entire worldwide network of 300 offices in 100 countries.
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| OFFSHORE pipelines |
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Concept and design: CREUNA Images: Front cover DNV, p2 Nina Rangøy, p6 DNV, p7 courtesy of StatoilHydro, DNV, Global Industries Ltd., p8 Corbis, p9 courtesy of StatoilHydro, Nina Rangøy, p10 DNV, p11 DNV, p12 DNV, p13 DNV, p14 DNV, p15 Snamprogetti, p16 DNV, p17 Saipem. Production: Ressurs