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w-»Þ¾-xôGÅ-zOÛGÅ-hïz-yïP- 30

‚Û-z-f-VßP-ü «åG-Lôh-GPÅ-zÞ-hq¾-HÛÅ-z¯¤Åü

zôh-GŸÝP-ÁïÅ-¼ÛG-¾Å-DÞPÅü

I

¯ô¤-OÛG-ºGm-º²Ûmü Í®×$-;©-Ǩôm-¾¤ü ¯ô¤-OÛG-qü Ç+¾-z¸P-¤DÅ-Iâzü ¯ô¤-OÛG-¾Å-¼ôGÅü zÇem-º²Ûm-hzP-ºhÝÅü ŸÝ-hG-qü VßP-±ï-¼ÛP-ü ¼Û-¤ô-z-hP-WâÅ-ºGôh-qü ±ï-zdmü Cover design and Typesetting: Tseten Copyright  2005 Department of Education All right reserved First Edition 2005 ISBN 81-86627-55-3 Published by: Publication Cell Department of Education (CTA) Gangchen Kyishong Dharamshala (H.P) Printed by: Sherig Parkhang / TCRPC Acknowledgement: Financial support from SOIR-IM (Swedish Organization For Individual Relief) has made this publication possible.

II

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IV

: ÇS-¤ô-ÇS-¤ô-zôh-GPÅ-Tm-HÛ-¿YPô Å-hï-ŸÛ-zhï¼-GmÅ-ÁÛP-ü VôÅ-ÆÛh-ˆÛ-¼P-hzP-hq¾-¾-

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ºô-²Û-‚Û-z-f-VßP-ü G-¼ï-‚Å-zéP-P¤-ü ŸïÅ-z;º-ºiÛ-GmP-z-¼ïh-ü !‚Û-z-f-VßP-

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3

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6

‚Û-z-f-VßP-ŸÛ-¤Ûº-Û ºFÛÅ-¾-ÇÀïzÅ-¤-fG-ŸÛ-¤Û-Çkhô -źÛ-HP-Vïm-qô-hïº-Û ÇeïP-µÛG-µÛG-‚!ïh-ˆÛm-

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Ç+zÅ-hï¼-»P-ÇKô¤-Vïm-HÛÅ-ü Eôh-ÅÞ-ŸÛG-GÛÅ-hïh-zéP-P¤-ü ŸïÅ-GÅÞPÅ-q¼-‚Û-z-f-VßPGÛÅ-Åï¤Å-mP-h-¿e-¼P-ZÛh-mÛ-EÛºÛ-¾ÞÅ-¾-º5é¼-»ôh-qÅ-ŸÛ-¤ÛÅ-hïh-!zéP-!ú!ÝÅ-m-P!ô-»P-±Ç‰¤-mÅ-P- P- P-G¸ÛG-GTÛG-GÛÅ-hïh-zéP-ü ŸïÅ-!!ú!ÝÅ-q-¼ïh-ü 8

Ç+zÅ-hï¼-!ÇKô¤-Vïm-zŸh-¤ô-zŸh-zŸÛm-!ý!Ý-ü Eïh-¼P-ºWÛGÅ-ÇoP-‚ïh-¤Û-hGôÅ-ü G¸ÛGGTÛG-»ôh-m-PÅ-Eïh-¼P-ÇeG-GTÛG-¾-z7é¼-VôG-ü TïÅ-GÅÞPÅ-bï-Åï-Gô¾-ŸÛG-GbôGÅGmP-z-hP-‚Û-z-f-VßP-Gøݤ-iG-Tm-HÛ-ÇeG-GTÛG-¾-º5é¼-z-¼ïh-ü 9

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‚Û-z-f-VßP-GÛÅ-hï-zÅ-Zï-®¤-ÅôP-mÅ-ŸÛ-¤Û-hïºÛ-GhôP-¾-z¿eÅ-®¤-!‚Å-qÅ-ü ŸÛ-¤ÛºÛGhôP-q-¤fôP-z-®¤-HÛÅ-¼P-ZÛh-ˆÛ-ljÛP-¯-ºw¼-±h-hï-±h-¾Å-zL¾-z¼-º5é¼-z-¤¸h-Ç+zÅ-hï¼-¿ËG-$ò÷P-ŸÛG-GÛÅ-ŸÛ-¤ÛºÛ-Ǩ-¼-n¤Å-z7ݾ-®¤-‚Å-ü 11

hï-¿e¼-º5ݾ-z-¤fôP-ºy¾-¼P-ZÛh-ˆÛ-ljÛP-»P-D-mÅ-fôm-IzÅ-‚Å-q-¿e-zÞºÛ-Ÿïh-ÇoPhP-hPPÅ-CG-¤Û-z¸ôh-q-zéP-z¼-zdïm-!JÀô-zÞ¼-!ý!Ý-ÇKô¤-Vïm-!zúÞGÅ-GmÅ-ÅÞ-ƒôÅ-xÛm-ü ÇKô¤-Vïm-HÛÅ-‚Û-z-f-VßP-hï-¿e¼-ƒôÅ-»ôP-z-G¸ÛGÅ-Ç+zÅ-ÈP-ÅPÅ-bï-ü 12

‚Û-z-f-VßP-ü Eïh-¼P-G-¼ï-‚Å-mÅ-ƒôÅ-»ôP-z-»Ûm-m¤-ü JÀP-Vïm-«ôm-q-ºi-fÞG-q-

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ÇKô¤-Vïm-¾GÅ-ü P-¼P-Ÿïh-Å-mÛ-ŸÛ-¤Û-¾Å-GŸm-ÅÞ-»P-¤Ûm-ü E!ïh-ˆÛÅ-Dô-zôºÛ-¾ÞÅGP-!ý-Ý! z7é¼-GmP-mºP-Dô-zô-mÛ-Bï-ý! ÅÝ! -mÅ-‚Û-z¼-BïÅ-q¼-ÅôP-wm-ºƒÅ-GP-»P-¤Û-ºýÞG hï-¾Å-Dô-zô-‚Û-G¸ÞGÅ-ÅÞ-¼P-ºWGÅ-z7é¼-¼ôGÅ-GmP-ü ŸïÅ-!!ú!ÝÅ-ü 14

ÇK¤ô -Vïm-¤VôG-mÅ-ˆP-‚Û-z-f-VßP-GÛÅ-!úÅÝ! -q-¿e¼-Ÿ¾-zŸïÅ-GmP-Çeï-ü ‚Û-z-f-VßP-

Dô-¼P-ÇSôm-HÛ-‚Û-zºÛ-¾ÞÅ-hï¼-z7é¼-GmP-z-¼ïh-ü hï-mÅ-ÇKô¤-Vïm-ǨêG-Lôh-¤VôG-Åò¼»P-b!ÛP-Pï-º²Ûm-HÛ-¤Z¤-zŸG-¾-zúÞGÅ-Åô-ü 15

Ghôm-ºiï-¤Û-G¸m-¿eôGÅ-Á!Û¼zbP-zü

¯ô¤-OÛG-qÅ-Gmº-OæP-¾Å-zbàÅ-bï-¤Þ-ºƒï¾-z¸ôÅü

16

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Ghôm-ºiï-hï-mÛ-IôP-±ô-hïºÛ-GÁ¤-m-ÇkôP-GôG-GTÛG-GÛ-ºôG-!ø!Ý-Å-wÞG-mG-DÞP-ŸÛG-»ôh-q-

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ºôm-ˆP-ZÛm-GTÛG-vP-qôºÛ-zÞ-ŸÛG-IôP-±ô-hï¼-¿eô-ÅòôP-z¼-»ôP-Ç+zÅ-IôP-±ô-hïºÛ-GÁ¤-HÛ-

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vP-qôºÛ-zÞ-hï-mÛ-„Àô-DôG-ÁÛm-!ø!Ý-Vï-z-ŸÛG-»Ûm-qÅ-hï¼-Ÿïh-ÇoP-Ãá-®¤-»P-¤ïh-

q¼-ü h-!ý!ÝP-Ghôm-ºiï-hï¼-¤Û-¼ô-ºzïz-¼ôGÅ-hP-zGô-¼ôGÅ-ÅôGÅ-‚Å-ü 20

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vP-qôº-Û zÞÅ-ü ºhÛ-mÛ-¤Û-Á-¸-¾-¤Û-FG-ºfÞP-¤Dm-hï-»Ûm-q-fG-Vôh-zŤÅ-mÅ-Dô-qºÛ¤Û-ÆôG-z‡è-źÛ-A¾-q-hï-ºyôG-fÞz-q-‚-hGôÅ-zŤÅ-bï-ü P-mÛ-¤¼-ÃGÅ-hP-¾ÞG-Á¾-ºWÛGÅ-ˆÛ-»ôh-TïÅ-zXôh-ü

24

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