Grimske Thesis Proposal

THE DOWNTOWN CONNECTION DESIGNING A DOWNTOWN WATERFRONT FOR THE CITY OF ELKHART

Dominic Grimske 5th Year Comprehensive Project Professors M. Hunt & B.Zhang LA 451: Research Methods Ball State University Fall 2013 College of Architecture and Planning Department of Landscape Architecture

THE DOWNTOWN CONNECTION: DESIGNING A DOWNTOWN WATERFRONT FOR THE CITY OF ELKHART

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Abstract This research discusses the development of a connection between a failing downtown and a newly developed riverwalk in the heart of Elkhart, Indiana. The economic recession, urban sprawl, and loss of cultural identity has greatly reduced the pedestrian flow in the downtown area. The heart of Elkhart is used to transport vehicles as quickly as possible. This strategy deprives the downtown area because the vehicular right of way consumes the pedestrian right of way. Overall, the downtown of Elkhart has been forgotten due to vehicular circulation.

This research explores the possible connection from the newly developed riverwalk to the deprived Main Street in downtown Elkhart. This downtown development is intended to attract people to the downtown area and increase the economic status, quality of life, and cultural identity. The newly developed riverwalk will coexist with Main Street to increase the pedestrian circulation throughout the city of Elkhart. The use of multiple interviews with design professionals and review of scholarly publications will guide the design decisions for this downtown master plan. Site visits and observations will reveal key information of the behavior of downtown Elkhart. When the research is complete, the riverwalk connection and downtown area is expected to guide other small town design frameworks.

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Table of Contents Introduction ...................................................................................... 6

Section I: The Problem and its Setting .............................................. 8 Problem Statement....................................................................... 9 Sub-questions.............................................................................. 9 Hypothesis ................................................................................ 10 Definitions ................................................................................. 10 Assumptions .............................................................................. 11 Delimitations ............................................................................. 11 Significance ............................................................................... 12

Section II: Review of Literature ...................................................... 14 Streetscape Design..................................................................... 15 Riverfront Connection ................................................................. 22 Cultural Identity ......................................................................... 27

Section III: Methodology ................................................................. 36

Section IV: Appendices .................................................................... 44 Appendix I: Mission, Goals and Objectives ..................................... 45 Appendix II: Site Summary ......................................................... 48 Appendix III: Design Concerns & Considerations ............................ 54 Appendix IV: Interview Transcripts ............................................... 56 Appendix V: Timeline .................................................................. 63 Appendix VI: Observation Map ..................................................... 65 Appendix VII: Bibliography .......................................................... 66

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“One Day history will tell a story of a city that invested in its future, a city that moved forward with an identity for its community.�

Thomas Balsley, Design Strategies for Urban Parks

Introduction This quote hints at the loss of community identity in the modern era, and Thomas Balsley believes change is essential for downtown environments. The purpose of this project is to reintroduce Elkhart to its cultural identity, through streetscape design and a riverwalk connection that will increase the failing downtown economy. The proposal sheds light upon the key areas in which the downtown can improve to obtain their cultural identity. As Thomas Balsley discussed, our identity is what makes us different from each other.

The downtown proposal includes recreation, education, history, expansion of pedestrian right of way, and reduction of vehicular right of way in order to revive the cultural identity of Elkhart. The final proposal will not only revive the cultural identity, but also increase economic values and quality of life for the City of Elkhart.

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Section I:

The Problem and its Setting

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Introduction This project focuses on the development of a master plan that will create a pedestrian connection and economic opportunities for the povertystricken downtown area of Elkhart, Indiana. Specifically, it evaluates the need for a connection from the newly developed Elkhart River Walk to the deserted Main Street to revitalize the cultural identity of Elkhart and improve economic opportunities for local businesses.

Subquestions 1. How can a connection from the newly developed River Walk to Main Street safely and effectively draw pedestrians from surrounding areas into the downtown realm?

2. How can the lack of economic opportunities be improved through streetscape design of Main Street?

3. How can Elkhart’s past cultural identity be revealed and contribute to the creation of an effective master plan of downtown Elkhart?

What features and materials are needed to create an effective connection between the River Walk and Main Street?

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Hypothesis 1. The new connection from the River Walk to Main Street could effectively move pedestrians throughout the site, ultimately returning Main Street’s cultural identity.

2. Redesigning Main Street and the connection to the River Walk for safety and aesthetics could raise economic values in the downtown area.

3. The emphasis on Main Streets identity in Elkhart could lead to better material selections and site amenities for the overall design.

Definitions 1. Streetscape is the system of natural and constructed features on a street, which provide aesthetic appeal.

2. Infrastructure- is the system of utilities, for example buildings, streets, and piping, that keep a city running day to day.

3. Connection- is the area where the River Walk meets Main Street, which allows pedestrians to move freely between each location.

4. Amenities- are the materials that make up the features of the site.

5. Right of Way- is the program of movement on a street; this contains everything from sidewalks, parking lanes, bike lanes, medians, and driving lanes.

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Assumptions 1. The redesign of the downtown and development of secure pathways and connections will attract pedestrians to Main Street, activating the site to new levels.

2. The new design will increase pedestrian circulation, security, and aesthetics in the downtown area, resulting in an economic increase.

3. Elkhart’s downtown area, though currently depressed, has the infrastructure, space, and amenities in place to build upon in a master plan to regain the cultural identity of Elkhart.

Delimitations 1. This research will not include the design of side streets leading to Main Street, only the River Walk connection too Main Street and Main Street itself.

2. The project will not redesign the entire River walk, only the connection too Main Street.

3. The overall project will not include a budget or funding options.

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Significance The urban sprawl of Elkhart, Indiana, has resulted in a povertystricken downtown area that has lost its cultural identity. Nearly, eighty percent of the new businesses in Elkhart fail each year. (Wagner 2013) This project intends to create a pedestrian connection that will revitalize Elkhart’s cultural identity and enhance the economic opportunities for local businesses. The new connections from the riverwalk to Main Street allows Elkhart residents to experience the history of Elkhart while walking both Main Street and the riverwalk creating a more attractive downtown, resulting in the increase of economic opportunities. This project strives to reduce the failure of new businesses to under fifty percent, by introducing a vibrant authentic downtown experience, restoring building facades, and increasing pedestrian right of ways. Overall, this project could become a major influence for connecting local riverwalks to downtown environments.

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Section II:

Review of Literature

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Introduction Small cities Main Streets throughout the US have been abandoned in the modern era. As people spread away from the downtown realm and into the suburban area these streets become economically depressed and desolate. These conditions make for an unwanted environment, which leads to failing businesses, crime, and the loss of cultural identity. Looking into the future, landscape design can bring these Main Streets back to their thriving selves. The question becomes how to plan and design these vital streetscapes to revive the cultural identity and increase economic value?

This literature review attempts to address the problem with small city Main Streets by reviewing literature on streetscape design, local riverfront access, and cultural identity in order to revitalize the downtown realm.

Streetscape Design The streetscape involves visual quality, accessibility, function of the street, value of storefronts, and pedestrian flow. These key factors make up a desirable streetscape that can increase the economic value. The following information will describe the design information for successful streetscapes, along with the design process on countless case studies. The literature has displayed multiple key features which are open spaces, circulation, plantings, and lighting that will construct a vision for future street design.

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Open Spaces In the early 2010’s Christian Uffelen ,Ilse Helbrecht, and Kheir Kodmany theorized plazas around the world. Street plazas are outlined by building and street edges. These plazas play a key role in streetscape design. They are permanent structures that allow people to stay on the street, but feel set back from all the commotion. (Uffelen 2013, Helbrecht 2011, Kodmany 2013) If these plazas are poorly designed they can become vacant spaces but if they are successful many people will utilize the space for a wide variety of reasons like, eating lunch, destination spot, or seating.

Designers will orient the plazas away from the sun to provide a cooler environment during the day. (Uffelen 2013) This also prevents winter winds from deterring people from using the plaza during colder months. There are thousands of examples of plazas around the world, one thing they all have in common is seatablilty. Public plazas in Seattle, Washington, create opportunities for pedestrians to sit and stay in the downtown realm longer.

(Gehl Architects 2014) This will prompt other pedestrians to linger around these spaces increasing the time and money they spend in the area. These spaces can drastically alter the economic value in the area.

Throughout the 2000’s StudioINSITE and Peter Bosselmann recorded and implemented courtyards around the United States. The presence of courtyards have been around for centuries. These spaces are defined by building edges just like plazas, but courtyards are drastically smaller and Grimske | 16

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more secluded from the street. This results in a more intimate space.

Courtyards can be public or privately owned, either way they are both important along a street. Just like the plaza the courtyards are utilized by passing by pedestrians looking for a place to sit and enjoy the environment.

(StudioINSITE 2011, Bosselmann 1999) Although they are similar to plazas they completely seclude the pedestrian from the street, creating a completely new environment. These spaces vary in size, but usually have some type of water feature to sooth people. (Ozkose 2007) Cedar Street Courtyard, located in Austin Texas, utilizes the space by combining the cities nightlife and musical performances. (Cedar Street Courtyard 2012) The intimate space combined with access to the street creates a very popular area for pedestrians. This makes for a unique experience along the street, drawing people into the space.

Mike Zahler, author of Rekindling Main Street, focuses on spaces that create opportunities for failing Main Streets. One of the spaces was Green Pockets, which are very similar to courtyards, but they do not have to be outlined by buildings. Many green pockets can be very relaxing and a great place for pedestrians to rest. (Zahler 2007) Designers utilize green pockets to help break up the monotony of building facades. The main uses for these pockets are for pedestrians looking for a place to sit and escape the street.

Pedestrians that leave the street don’t spend any money in the local businesses, but if these pockets are developed many pedestrians will stay

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longer and be more inclined to spend money increasing the local economy.

Green pockets can be anywhere from the to fifty feet wide by however much space is left over. (Zahler 2007) A project in the Netherlands, Het Groene Dak, is a perfect example of a green pocket. The project not only utilizes the space for pedestrian use, it filters the streets runoff through the plant material located in the space. (Beatley 2009) Lisa Speckhardt, a featured writer in Landscape Architecture Magazine, recently wrote about a new type of public space being built in street parking spaces. Parklets are a newly developed strategy for keeping people on the street. They temporary structures are built in parking spots along the road. They offer seating and a buffer between cars and pedestrians. They can be quickly built and removed whenever necessary.

(Speckhart 2012 a) They are built in a 9’x18’ parking spot. The parklets can be made from numerous materials, it just depends on the installer. “The value of something like a parklet is in places where there exists a mundane everyday social life that has not been validated by the presence of inviting spaces.” (Speckhart 2012 a) These temporary spaces create an inviting accommodation that keep people on the street and willing to come back.

Seattle has devoted time and energy into parklets. They have a mix of temporary and permanent structures. They have parklets with plants to buffer pedestrians from vehicles, and parklets that have café seating to accommodate pedestrians. (Seattle DOT 2014)

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Circulation Eric Dumbaugh, author of Safe Streets, Livable Streets, displayed pedestrian circulation issues within downtown areas. Pedestrian circulation is critical in reviving economic values along Main Streets. Allowing pedestrians to move freely along sidewalks makes people more comfortable along streets. (Dumbaugh 2005) In 2003 Janett Attarian, author of Streetscape Guidelines for the city of Chicago, determined the average street sidewalk is between six to fifteen feet, but the most comfortable for a pedestrian is closer to ten feet. (Attarian 2003) This space allows enough room for movement along the sidewalk, but doesn’t make the pedestrian feel overwhelmed. This sidewalk can be paired with other features such as seating, outdoor restaurant space, and tree grates. The Pike Pine streetscape, located in Seattle, project utilized ten-foot wide sidewalks with space for tree grates and pop up shops along the street. (GGN 2013) This project utilized the space they had by making driving lanes smaller while giving more room to the pedestrian. The added space allowed for a newly developed bike lane, which increased the amount of access to the project site. These new bike lanes created an added element to the project. The four to five foot bike lanes produce a better circulation system for the downtown area of Seattle. The new circulation system will hopefully increase the economic value of the area.

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In 2006 John Edwards, author of The Main Street Parking Initiative, keyed in on the importance of vehicular circulation. Vehicular lanes are very important because they draw in more site visitors from further distances.

These vehicles need enough space to make the driver feel comfortable, but not enough space to make the driver speed through the area. Shrinking the drive lanes from the average twelve feet to eleven, or ten feet makes a driver more aware of their surroundings while slowing the vehicle down.

(Edwards 2006) When traffic is slower pedestrians feel safer. There are multiple ways to shrink the street. The first, shrinking the traffic lane, which has been discussed above. The second, creating pockets of parking on the street. This technique creates sections that move in towards the sidewalk designated for parking. These lanes are usually nine feet wide, and eighteen feet long. The parking lane turns back into sidewalk or a planted buffer.

These bump outs create a widening and narrowing effect on the passing by cars. Battery Park, located in New York, creates this affect along the street to slow traffic down. (Rogers Marvel Architects 2005) This project focused on creating a calming effect on traffic to make the space feel more comfortable.

Plantings The firm BNIM, an architectural studio, won an ASLA award for designing the streetscape in Greensburg, Kansas. BNIM discovered plantings along the streets have three common areas, which are medians, buffers, and tree grates. All three areas create a soothing feeling for both pedestrians Grimske | 20

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and vehicles. Each planting feature has a different dimension, but each feature has to be at least four feet by four feet in order for a tree to grow properly. (BNIM 2014) Smaller plants can usually grow in three feet of space. These plantings can greatly reduce the street width. The city of Greensburg, Kansas planned to narrow their streets by placing plant buffers between the sidewalks and the street. These plantings not only created a more attractive downtown, but they also united the community and created a space where people wanted to visit. Overall, the project was extremely successful because they used the plantings to reduce the road and focus on the pedestrian experience. The town saw an increase in business and they choose low maintenance plantings in the buffers to create less work for the town. (BNIM 2014) Lighting In 1996 Kate Painter, author of The Influence of Street Lighting Improvements on Crime, Fear, and Pedestrian Street Use, after Dark, studied the effects of street lighting on three separate streets. Street lighting is a crucial component for streetscapes. The lighting aspect not only makes people feel more secure during the darker hours, but it allows businesses to stay open later while still bringing people into their business. (Painter 1996) A study was done that showed the difference when streetlight is on versus off. Kate Painter, director of the study, monitored multiple streets while streetlights where on and off. Painter discovered crime reduced drastically Grimske | 21

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when street lights where on, and people where out later on the streets because they felt safe. Streetlights are designed to keep the street well lit.

The average Main Street lights are placed every fifty feet and stand thirteen feet tall. (PPS 2014) This can change on the amount of traffic in the area.

Streetlights can be designed to include the character of the area to develop a stronger theme. A design project in Syracuse, New York, created a streetscape for both day and night activities. The designer, Daniel Jost, created a pedestrian street that utilized day and night. The lighting design used multiple sources of light such as light posts, in ground lighting, and reflective surfaces to increase the lights effectiveness. (Jost 2013) The added lighting increased the nightlife, which increased the local economy.

The more time pedestrians spend on site the more money they will be willing to spend.

Riverfront Connection A downtown that can utilize a waterfront has a tremendous opportunity to increase economic values. The downtown area can transform their environment while creating a new pedestrian circulation system to the city. There are multiple factors that create successful connections to Main Street. The following literature has displayed these factors in great detail.

The factors include access to the riverfront, circulation to and from the riverfront, transitions to Main Street, and community involvement. These

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main factors can create a unique opportunity for any city that has waterfront property.

Access In 1998 David Wallace, author of Riverfront Reborn, discussed the numerous benefits directly related to waterfront access. Access to and from a waterfront becomes extremely crucial when in the design process. It becomes even more crucial when the waterfront has already been developed and it just needs to be connected to Main Street. The access to the waterfront comes down to the entrance. The pedestrian must feel like they have passed through a gateway entering onto the waterfront. (Wallace 1998) Everything from the material of the seating, lighting, and pavement must be designed to create an effect on the pedestrian. A waterfront in Wilmington, California used lighting to protect and draw pedestrians into the space. (Speckhart 2012 b) They utilized pedestrian lighting every fifty feet to provide adequate light for security. This project developed a new entrance to an existing park along the waterfront. These new entrances provided access from multiple locations along the waterfront. By adding new entrances more pedestrians felt inclined to utilize the new access points to the water.

Another project located in White Plains, New York utilized parking along the entrance. (Spano 2004) This allowed people to drive right up to the entrance and unload their bikes or supplies instead of carrying them down the long road. Parking along the entrance is fine as long as the parking lot doesn’t Grimske | 23

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overwhelm the entrance. If it does the entrance will lose its value and seem insignificant.

Circulation David Wallace also mentioned several aspects relating with pedestrian circulation. Pedestrian circulation to and from the waterfront is extremely important. The transition creates a unique opportunity to draw pedestrians into the space from around the downtown area. Adequate space must be given to the pedestrian in order for the circulation system to be successful. If this circulation system is for the pedestrian it must be at least six feet wide.

(Wallace 1998) There is max width because it depends on the area where the project goes in, but Wallace thinks pedestrian paths that are less than 15 feet become more intimate and create a more significant experience for the visitor. Bell Street, located in Seattle, Washington, utilized ten foot sidewalks along a street leading to the waterfront. They used curbless sidewalks in order to make the space more pedestrian friendly. The street has the opportunity to become solely for the pedestrian. (SvR 2014) This type of design could be useful in this research project. By creating an option between a traditional street and a pedestrian street the space can be completely transformed within minutes. The street can be blocked off by bollards creating a barrier between the waterfront and the rest of the vehicular system, making the entire road for the pedestrian.

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SvR, a design firm in Seattle, Washington, focuses on creating two separate zones along the street. Vehicular circulation along the street to and from the waterfront is important, but it can be blocked when necessary.

(SvR 2014) However, it is an opportunity to create overflow parking closer to the waterfront. (Balsley 2010) Balsley discussed several projects that utilized vehicular circulation around urban parks leading to public waterfronts. The projects Balsley discussed utilized pockets of parking along the parks edge. These projects allow people to park just outside of the park that will take them to the Main Street or waterfront. The spaces can be turned into pop up stands on certain days during the week. Some of the cities that they are in have weekly farmer markets that close down the streets for the pedestrian. This allows the parking spaces to be utilized as storefronts for vendors.

Park Transition Greg Cranz, author of Defining the Sustainable Park: A Fifth Model for Urban Parks, focused on the key elements in park transitions. Many modern projects with access to waterfront property connect the waterfront to the downtown area with an urban park. These urban parks can break the monotony of building facades in a downtown area. It also gives the added benefit of connecting the waterfront to the downtown through green space, which increases retail value. (Cranz 2004) In many cases designers took the opportunity to connect the two areas with whatever open space existed.

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(LAM Staff 2014) A project in Boston south of the Charles River utilized a portion of the street that had been neglected for years. The design team decided to simply create a basic lawn with outlaying trees. This park became an instant success because people now had access to green space and safe passage through some of the city. (LAM Staff 2014) The park was built over an existing underground parking garage. This project utilized lighting to increase pedestrian comfort levels. Smaller light posts were installed every twenty-five feet in order to illuminate the entire park at any hour of the night. The newly developed park increase property value and the local economy. Local restaurants and coffee shops saw an increase in business since the project was constructed. This can be very helpful with this research project because the decreasing property value and local business needs something to revive their levels. This type of connection could be just the right idea.

Community Involvement Katarina Katsma, author of What We Want From Cities, provided a clear cut survey to identify the needs of the community. Community involvement is a driving factor in developing waterfronts. Without the communities support waterfront projects may never be developed. A survey done on 1,000 people showed forty seven percent of people want some type of waterfront connection and nearly all of the participants wanted some type of involvement in the design process. (Katsma 2014) In 1997 Jeff brown Grimske | 26

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related the same ideas with a Detroit riverfront project. When designers in Detroit involved the community they gathered brilliant ideas for themes of the riverfront and several more ideas on possible connecting points. (Brown 1997) Involving the community can build anticipation for a project and create a buzz for the future area. This helps keep people excited about an area being developed, and when it is finally built pedestrians will come from miles around to enjoy the newly built spaces. The community involvement can take form in multiple ways such as surveys, workshops, meetings, and charrettes. All of these ideas activate the community and create trust between the designers and citizens. This can be utilized in this study because many citizens are reluctant to see such expansive projects in their small cities. (Sanoff 2005) In the end design teams have to be able to reach the community and develop a sense of trust to make their projects a success, without trust the project may never get built.

Cultural Identity Every town and every city in the world has a different identity. This identity can come from the cultural history of the area. A city that embraces their cultural identity can create a very unique experience for site visitors.

Users can experience the area through multiple facets such as building facades, signage, and historic landmarks. These facets can draw pedestrians in and entertain them with culture. However, many towns have lost site of

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their cultural identities and need designers to help bring it back. The following literature has displayed multiple ways to revive the cultural identity. The factors include the history of the area, native materials, and management of the site once the designing is complete. These factors can revitalize a town by bringing back the cultural identity that used to make the town unique.

History The history of a site is extremely important to reviving a cultural identity. However, it may be more important to know more about the surrounding areas history than just the site. History can shed light upon certain aspects of the town’s identity that has been neglected over the years. (Calcatinge 2012) Alexandru Calcatinge discusses the value of these landscapes, and how they must be revived in order for the past to live. The cultural identity is much too important to let go, it provides clear views into the past. Cultural identity can be brought back in many ways. A cultural project close to Savannah, Georgia, keyed in on a large property to help save the declining cultural aspect. The designers decided to create and educational aspect to the design. This would enlightened site visitors and provide opportunities for teaching moments with surrounding schools.

(Ryals 2010) The overall project was a success because it not only saved the cultural identity it explained it to site visitors while boosting the local

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economy. This project can show other towns how to protect their identity while creating learning opportunities for site visitors.

Materials Materials are a key to reviving cultural identity. These materials include pavement, signage, and building facades. These materials must be designed down to the human scale in order for the pedestrian to visualize the culture. (Childs 2010) Mark Childs explains how these districts must be vibrant in order to revive the cultural identity. The biggest step he took while designing small town was building facades. The facades must be updated to look as they did when the town was booming. The next was street amenities, these amenities allow people to visualize the area with respects to cultural identity. Many of the amenities Childs designed were elements from the past with a modern flair. Childs would take a light post and model it after something from the time era of the town and put a modern spin on it.

This would bring light to the past while giving it new life. The newly designed, and currently under construction, Chicago Riverwalk utilized materials from the iconic cities past. (Sasaki 2014) Sasaki Associates designed the riverwalk almost like a timeline of Chicago’s past. They started with the marshy lands of Chicago before development to the highly developed town it is now. This city might be much larger than other cities around the US, but the design process stays the same. The only thing that

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changes is the history of the area. Once the history has been established the project can start taking shape.

Management Any city that has a rich cultural identity has a strategic management plan. That plan designates when materials are cleaned and updated, when plantings are installed, and what kinds of activities are scheduled for the area. (Cannady 2013) Many people think that cultural landscapes take place on large scale areas, but Shelley Cannady thinks otherwise. Cannady believes that every space even the small ones must be planned to incorporate the cultural identity. Cannady does this by rekindling the facades of the buildings. This provides a more vibrant streetscape. The next step is cleaning and redoing the pavement designs. This will clean up the streetscape and create a clean look. Next, is developing a plan that keeps the city on schedule for clean ups and facelifts. A small design firm tried to update the downtown realm of Elkhart, Indiana, but they failed because they didn’t have a strategic plan to maintain their design. (Cripe Design 2013) Cripe Design planned a new Main Street and waterfront for the small town, but when they pitched their idea the city did not select their design. They fell short on rekindling the cultural identity of the town. This can be used to further the research on the town and develop a better plan to improve the cultural identity.

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Conclusion This literature review focused on three main topics, which are streetscape design, riverfront connections to Main Street, and cultural identity. These three topics can drastically alter the economic value of the local area, while improving the overall aesthetic. The streetscape design focuses on the pedestrian and vehicular realm. Each realm has different elements such as lighting, spacing, and open spaces. These elements can make or break how the public experiences the street. The riverfront connections can break up the monotony of the streetscape with added greenery. The urban park seems to be the best route to develop a transition from Main Street to the waterfront. This transition can lead to improved economic values. Bringing back towns cultural identity can drastically improve the overall experience within the town, this can be done by reviewing the town’s history to develop a plan to revive the identity.

Reviving the past and designing for the future seems to be the best way to completely revive the cultural identity.

In conclusion, the literature review has displayed several ways to make this research project a success. Overall, the literature has left no gaps in developing a project in Elkhart, Indiana. This information will be tweaked to make it fit into the planned being designed for Elkhart. The future design now has several case studies to help move the process along.

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Works Cited Attarian, Janett. "Streetscape Guidelines." City of Chicago. 1 Nov. 2003.

Web. 12 Oct. 2014. http://www.cityofchicago.org/dam/city/depts/cdot/Streetscape_Design _Guidelines.pdf Balsley, Thomas. “Design Strategies for Urban Parks.” ASLA Magazine. 2010.

Web. 13 Oct. 2014. http://www.asla.org/uploadedFiles/CMS/Meetings_and_Events/2010_A nnual_ Meeting_Handouts/SUNB9_Design%20Strategies%20For%20Urban%20Parks.pdf Beatley, Timothy. "Green Pockets." Green Urbanism: Learning From European Cities. Washington D.C.: Island, 2009. 212-214. Print.

BNIM. "City of Greensburg Main Street Streetscape Greensburg, KS." ASLA 2011 Professional Awards. Web. 11 Oct. 2014. http://www.asla.org/2011awards/480.html Bosselmann, Peter, Elizabeth Macdonald, and Thomas Kronemeyer. "Livable Streets Revisited."Journal of the American Planning Association 65.2 (1999): 168-80. Print.

Brown, Jeff. “ Walkway Transforms Detroit Riverfront.” Civil Engineering 77.8 (1997) 20-21 Print.

Calcatinge, Alexandru. The Need for a Cultural Landscape Theory: An Architect's Approach. Munster: LIT Verlag, 2012. Print.

Cannady, Shelley. "Managing Cultural Landscapes." Landscape Journal 31.2 (2013): 234-36. Print "Cedar Street Courtyard." Cedar Street Courtyard. 1 Jan. 2012. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://cedarstreetaustin.com/>.

Childs, Mark. "Creating Vibrant Public Spaces: Streetscape Design in Commercial and Histroric Districts." Journal of Urban Design 15.2 (2010): 287-89. Print.

Cranz, G., and M. Boland. "Defining The Sustainable Park: A Fifth Model For Urban Parks."Landscape Journal 23.2 (2004): 102-20. Print.

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Cripe Design. "Elkhart Riverwalk Master Plan." Cripe Design. 1 Jan. 2012.

Web. 13 Oct. 2014. <http://www.cripedesign.com/portfolio/urban.planning/index.php>.

Dumbaugh, Eric, and J. L. Gattis. "Safe Streets, Livable Streets." Journal of the American Planning Association 71.3 (2005): 283-300. Print.

Edwards, John. “The Main Street Parking Initiative.” Institute of Transportation Engineers 76.11 (2006): 30-39. Web. http://www.ite.org/membersonly/itejournal/pdf/2006/JB06KA30.pdf Gehl Architects. "Public Spaces & Public Life." Green Futures. Web. 11 Oct. 2014. <http://greenfutures.washington.edu/pdf/Public-Spaces-PublicLife-Downtown-Seattle-Gehl.pdf>.

GGN."Pike-Pine Renaissance Streetscape." Gustafson Guthrie Nichol. 1 Jan. 2013. Web. 17 Sept. 2014. <http://www.ggnltd.com/projects_detail.php?id=68>.

Helbrecht, Ilse. New Urbanism Life, Work, and Space in the New Downtown.

Farnham: Ashgate, 2011. Print.

Jost, Daniel. "Stoss’s Winning Syracuse Street." Landscape Architecture Magazine. 17 Apr. 2013. Web. 11 Oct. 2014. http://landscapearchitecturemagazine.org /2013/04/17/stossswinning-syracuse-street/ Katsma, Katarina. "What We Want From Cities." Landscape Architecture Magazine. 28 Aug. 2014. Web. 11 Oct. 2014. <http://landscapearchitecturemagazine.org/2014/08/28/ what-wewant-from-cities/>.

Kodmany, Kheir, and Mir M.. Ali. The Future of the City Tall Buildings and Urban Design. Southampton: WIT, 2013. Print.

LAM Staff. “An Alternate Park Universe.” Landscape Architecture Magazine.

07 Oct. 2014. Web. 13 Oct. 2014. http://landscapearchitecturemagazine.org/2014/10/07/an-alternatepark-universe/ Ozkose, Aysun. "Courtyards in the Traditional Anatolian Urban Pattern and Their Contribution to Planning." Academia.edu. 1 Jan. 2007. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://www.academia.edu/2764360/Courtyards_in_the_Traditional_ Anatolian_Urban_Pattern_and_Their_Contribution_to_Planning>.

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Painter, Kate. “The Influence of Street Lighting Improvements on Crime, Fear and Pedestrian Street Use, after Dark.” Landscape and Urban Planning 35.2 (1996): 193-201. Print PPS. "Lighting Use & Design." Project for Public Spaces. Web. 1 Nov. 2014. <http://www.pps.org/reference/streetlights/>.

Ryals, Wes. "Wormsloe: Reenvisioning a Cultural Landscape." ASLA 2010 Student Awards. Web. 11 Oct. 2014. <http://www.asla.org/2010studentawards/062.html>.

Rogers Marvel Architects. “Battery Park city Streetscapes.” ASLA Magazine.

2005. Web. 13 Oct. 2014. http://www.asla.org/awards/2005/05winners/531.html Sanoff, Henry. “Community Participation in Riverfront Development.”

CoDesign 1.1 (2005): 61-78. Print Sasaki. "Chicago Riverwalk." Sasaki Associates, Inc. Web. 17 Sept. 2014. <http://www.sasaki.com/project/134/chicago-riverwalk/>.

Seattle DOT. "Seattle Department of Transportation: Seattle Pilot Parklet Program." Seattle.gov. 1 Jan. 2014. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/parklets.htm>.

Spano, Andrew. "Westchester Riverwalk." 1 Jan. 2005. Web. 13 Oct. 2014. <http://atfiles.org/files/pdf/RWguidelines.pdf>.

Speckhardt, Lisa. "Parklets Everywhere." Landscape Architecture Magazine.

26 Nov. 2012. Web. 11 Oct. 2014. <http://landscapearchitecturemagazine.org/2012/11/26/ parkletseverywhere/>.

Speckhardt, Lisa. “Reparations Become a Park.” Landscape Architecture Magazine. 10 Apr. 2012. Web. 13 Oct. 2014. http://landscapearchitecturemagazine.org/2012/04/10/ reparationsbecome-a-park/ StudioINSITE. "14th Street Initiative Urban Design Guidelines." World Landscape Architecture. Web . 2011. http://worldlandscapearchitect.com/14th-street-initiative-urbandesign-guidelines-denver-colorado-studioinsite/#.VDriY6hdWSo

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SvR."Bell Street Park." SvR Design Company. Web. 17 Sept. 2014. <http://www.svrdesign.com/bellstreetpark/3kc9z7bczoje8jv5ov6ljbcf7 dcnif>.

Uffelen, Christian Van. Urban Spaces: Plazas, Squares and Streetscapes.

Salenstein: Braun, 2013. Print.

Wallace, David. "Riverfront Reborn." Planning 1 May 1998: 17-19. Print.

Zahler, Mike. "Rekindling Main Street." Chain Store Age 83.10 (2007): 14852. Print.

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Section III:

Methodology

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Case Studies Several case studies have been identified for further study in this research project. A content analysis will be performed on each, assessing them for design methodologies used in the development of streetscape design, park transitions, and waterfront access. 

Streetscape Design o Greensburg Main Street by BNIM 

Located in Greensburg, Kansas

o Wyoming Street by Stoss  

Located in Syracuse, New York

Park Transitions o Battery Park by Rogers Marvel Architects 

Located in New York, New York

o Post Office Square by Halvorson Design Partnership  

Located in Boston, Massachusetts

Waterfront Access o Bell Street Park by SvR 

Located in Seattle, Washington

o Pike – Pine Renaissance by GGN 

Located in Seattle, Washington

Streetscape Design Streetscape design has several components to take into account.

Greensburg Main Street and Wyoming Street will need to be picked apart to help guide the design of this research project in the future. First, the width of the pedestrian zones will have to be determined. Pedestrian zones such as Grimske | 37

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sidewalks, plazas, and open space will have to be measured to create a useable reference. Next, the width of the vehicular zones will have to be measured such as, driving lanes, parking lanes, and pulloffs. After, these have been recorded placement of street planters along with street trees will have to be addressed. The types of materials will be especially helpful, so those need to be recorded as well. Then, the amount of seating and type of seating will need to be recorded. This will help design procedures in the future. After, street plantings the type and distance of lighting will need to be discussed for further research. The final design detail to record is the type of materials used within the sidewalk, street, and planting beds. This will help guide the design process in the future.

Park Transitions Park transitions create unique spaces between two areas; these are extremely rare when the park is between a Main Street and the waterfront.

Battery Park and Post Office Square create vibrant and special places for pedestrians; this is why the design information must be researched. First, the type of connection the park is making needs to be evaluated. This means what is the park connecting, for example is the park connecting a city to a waterfront. Second, the overall size of the park needs to be determined to evaluate the overall density. It is important to know how much seating is in each project in order to develop a successful park space. Then, the width of paths must be measured to get an idea of the space needed to design Grimske | 38

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successful circulation. Next, the distance of lighting and type of lighting need to be recorded. Determine if the lighting is above or below the eye line. The amount of trees will also be important to know because it will show how much shade is on the site. In return this will provide information on how the design utilized sunny and shady areas.

Waterfront Access The waterfront access within Bell Street Park and Pike â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Pine Renaissance need to be researched to gather more design information for future reference. The first item of information that needs to be discovered is the size of entrance each project utilized. The entrance must be broken down into what type of materials were used, and was there an overall theme?

Next, how does the entrance address the road? The type of intersection needs to be recorded and the dimensions of the street along with any crosswalks. Next, the type of lighting and the separation needs to be recorded. This will help further the understanding of design information used in each project.

Observations The observation study will take place in downtown Elkhart, across from the Learner Theater (directly perpendicular with the Riverwalk connection).

Three 3-hour periods of observation will be undertaken; the first will occur Grimske | 39

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during the morning commute (7 – 10 a.m.), the second during lunchtime (11 a.m. – 2 p.m.) and the third during the evening commute (4 – 7 p.m.).

Multiple features will be observed: 

Traffic flows o Density



Interactions with the street o Intersections o Assessing street people



Interactions with indoor spaces o Local businesses o Popularity



Lighting (Morning & Night) o Safety o Intervals



Pedestrian movement o Transportation modes o Pedestrian nodes o Seatability o Density



Social Behavior o Utilized space/Neglected space o Food vendors



Natural Environment o Sun o Wind o Shade



Built Environment o Building Facades Grimske | 40

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During the observation study all notes will be written in a listing format followed by when the activity occurred. A map will also be used, located in the appendix, to provide a more detailed look at where the activities observed occurred. Sketches and quick details will be drawn during the studies to provide a quick three-dimensional view for later reference. These techniques will provide a thorough account of each observation.

Interviews Multiple interviews will take place between the months of December and January for further study on this research project. The interviews will provide unique insight on community needs and design information on the downtown of Elkhart, Indiana. 

Community Wants/Needs o Barkley Garrett 

Economic Development Manager

o Dick Moore  

Mayor of Elkhart, Indiana

Design Information o Daniel Cripe 

RA, Principal at Cripe Design

o Eric Trotter 

Planner, Planning and Zoning, Cultural Preservation Commission

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Community Needs The set of interviews, located in appendix IV, from Barkley Garrett and Dick Moore will help identify the community needs and wants for the downtown area of Elkhart, Indiana. The following interviews will occur through email correspondents.

Design Information The set of interviews, located in appendix IV, with Daniel Cripe and Eric Trotter will identity key design issues with the downtown area of Elkhart, Indiana. The following interviews will occur through email correspondents.

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Section IV: Appendices

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Appendix I: Mission, Goals & Objectives Mission Statement The mission of this project is to revitalize the cultural identity in the downtown realm of Elkhart, Indiana, by implementing modern streetscapes, riverwalk access, and a transitional park space. This downtown development is intended to attract people to the downtown area and increase the economic status, quality of life, and the cultural identity. The newly developed riverwalk will coexist with Main Street to increase circulation throughout the city of Elkhart. The following goals and objectives were established to help the design of Main Street and the riverwalk connections:

Goals & Objectives Goal I: Develop a strategy for revitalizing cultural identity in Elkhart.

Objective: This will be achieved by creating educational aspects throughout the site that highlight the history of Elkhart.

Objective: This will be achieved by reviving rundown facades to enhance the cultural experience within downtown.

Objective: This will be achieved by utilizing cultural significant materials such as wood and stone in the street construction.

Goal II: Create a vibrant streetscape that will promote the downtown.

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Objective: This will be achieved by creating more pedestrian space along Main Street to increase the security level.

Objective: This will be achieved by incorporating local art into the design to create unique streetscapes.

Objective: This will be achieved by developing plantings along Main Street to enhance the streetscape.

Goal III: Provide a connection to the riverwalk from Main Street that will enhance pedestrian circulation throughout the city.

Objective: This will be achieved by creating an urban park between Main Street and the entrance of the riverwalk.

Objective: This will be achieved by utilizing solely pedestrian access points along the riverwalk.

Objective: This will be achieved by connecting the riverwalk to multiple points along Main Street.

Goal IV: Develop a strategy to unite the riverwalk with downtown that will increase green spaces.

Objective: This will be achieved by creating multiple access points to the riverwalk in the downtown area.

Objective: This will be achieved by utilizing abandoned spaces that can be transformed into green spaces.

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Objective: This will be achieved by identifying key materials that attract pedestrians to each access point.

Goal V: Promote local economy, especially that of the downtown.

Objective: This will be achieved by creating ample space along Main Street to allow community activities.

Objective: This will be achieved by repurposing abandoned buildings to enhance the visual quality.

Objective: This will be achieved by utilizing signage to promote the downtown experience.

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Appendix II: Site Summary Location: Downtown Elkhart, Indiana

Elkhart is located in north central Indiana. (North is up in all Maps)

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The downtown of Elkhart is marked by the labels “Island Park” and “Elkhart”.

The Lerner Theater is located on Main Street adjacent to the riverwalk.

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The red outlines the proposed site.

Site Information Located in the north central region of Indiana, the City of Elkhart has evolved around industrial business, railways, and music. The current population at just over 50,000 people has recently seen a drastic drop in employment. The amount of abandoned homes, failing businesses, and decaying infrastructure has rocked this community to their core. The focus of this research project will address Main Street and the connection it has with the riverwalk. The design will run roughly the length of South Main Street, 1mile in length, and along the existing riverwalk.

The site located in the heart of downtown Elkhart is roughly 100 acres and has been chosen because of the proximity to the Elkhart riverwalk. The

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current South Main Street runs parallel to the Elkhart River and perpendicular to the St. Joseph River, creating a unique opportunity to unite the highly developed riverwalk and surrounding commercial areas. Sections along the street have undeveloped space that could lead to promising connections to the riverwalk. The primary portion of the design will focus on the streetscape of Main Street. The secondary portion of the design will address the transition from Main Street to the entrance of the riverwalk. The tertiary portion will focus on connecting Main Street to other sections of the riverwalk, creating an increase in downtown circulation. This will result in an increase of local economy and quality of life in the City of Elkhart.

Site Context

Failing Facades and overwhelming amount of vehicular space (All site photos courtesy of The Elkhart Truth)

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Abandon or neglected lots detere people from downton.

Underutilized spaces create uncomfortable areas.

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THE DOWNTOWN CONNECTION: DESIGNING A DOWNTOWN WATERFRONT FOR THE CITY OF ELKHART

The Riverwalk has great potential, but doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t utilize Main Street connections.

Park space can be utilized to connect the riverwalk to Main Street.

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Appendix III: Design Concerns & Considerations Concern: Circulation on Main Street focuses solely on vehicles, making it extremely uncomfortable for pedestrians.

Consideration: Reducing the size of traffic lanes will help to increase the size of pedestrian sidewalks, and alleviate the uncomfortable environment.

Concern: The current lighting system along Main Street and the riverwalk are unsafe and create a sense of danger.

Consideration: Updating the lighting system along Main Street and the riverwalk will allow people to feel more secure as they walk at night.

Concern: The failing facades and abandoned buildings along Main Street create unwanted eyesores that deter pedestrians.

Consideration: Updating the facades and creating uses for the buildings will allow people to walk the downtown without the past eyesores.

Concern: The excessive amounts of parking along Main Street consume a large portion of the streets right of way and possible park space.

Consideration: Reducing the amount of on street parking and parking lots will open space for pedestrians to utilize throughout the downtown.

Concern: Access to the riverwalk is extremely limited and ultimately keeps pedestrians from entering because the access points are so far apart.

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Consideration: Create clear access points along Main Street that are visible for pedestrians at any time of the day.

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Appendix IV: Interviews Interview Questions & Responses Interviewee: Barkley Garrett (Economic Development Manager) Contact Info: 574-294-5471 x 109 Interview Date: Interview Location: Anticipated Outcome: To understand the importance of the riverwalk through the eyes of local government; To identify any features that the community needs/wants that can help further the design.

Q 1: What significant changes have you seen take place in the downtown area? What kind of reactions came from the community?

A: Q 2: How would you describe the downtown area in its current condition?

A: Q 3: To your experience and knowledge what does the community want/need in the downtown?

A:

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Q 4: What have been the major problems within the downtown area?

Do any of those problems stem from the Riverwalk?

A: Q 5: What are your thoughts on the Riverwalk?

A: Q 6: Have you had any experiences on the Riverwalk? If so, Explain?

A: Q 7: What would the community like to see happen to Main Street?

A: Q 8: Do you believe connecting the Riverwalk to Main Street and redeveloping those areas could increase the economy around Elkhart?

If so, How? A: Interviewee: Dick Moore (Mayor of Elkhart) Contact Info: 574- 294-5471 x 240 Interview Date: Interview Location: Anticipated Outcome:

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To understand the importance of the riverwalk through the eyes of local government; To identify any features that the community needs/wants that can help further the design.

Q 1: What significant changes have you seen take place in the downtown area? What kind of reactions came from the community?

A: Q 2: How would you describe the downtown area in its current condition?

A: Q 3: To your experience and knowledge what does the community want/need in the downtown?

A: Q 4: What have been the major problems within the downtown area?

Do any of those problems stem from the Riverwalk?

A: Q 5: What are your thoughts on the Riverwalk?

A: Q 6: Have you had any experiences on the Riverwalk? If so, Explain?

A:

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Q 7: What would the community like to see happen to Main Street?

A: Q 8: Do you believe connecting the Riverwalk to Main Street and redeveloping those areas could increase the economy around Elkhart?

If so, How? A: Interviewee: Daniel Cripe (RA, Principal at Cripe Design) Contact Info: 574-596-5073 Interview Date: Interview Location: Anticipated Outcome: To gain a credible opinion on the current status of Elkhartâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s streetscape condition; To understand the needs this project must incorporate to provide a successful master plan.

Q 1: What significant changes have you seen take place in the downtown area? What were your thoughts on the issues?

A: Q 2: How would you describe the downtown area in its current condition? What would you recommend changing?

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A: Q 3: What are your design thoughts on the Riverwalk?

A: Q 4: Have you had any experiences on the Riverwalk? If so, Explain?

A: Q 5: What would you like to see the Riverwalk do in the future?

A: Q 6: How would you like to see Main Street develop connections to the Riverwalk?

A: Q 7: Do you believe connecting the Riverwalk to Main Street and redeveloping those areas could increase community presence in the downtown?

A: Q 8: What have been the major problems within the downtown area?

Do any of those problems stem from the Riverwalk?

A:

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Interviewee: Eric Trotter (Planning and Zoning, Cultural Preservation Commission) Contact Info: 574-294-5471 x 123 Interview Date: Interview Location: Anticipated Outcome: To gain a credible opinion on the current status of Elkhartâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s streetscape condition; To understand the needs this project must incorporate to provide a successful master plan.

Q 1: What significant changes have you seen take place in the downtown area? What were your thoughts on the issues?

A: Q 2: How would you describe the downtown area in its current condition? What would you recommend changing?

A: Q 3: What are your design thoughts on the Riverwalk?

A: Q 4: Have you had any experiences on the Riverwalk? If so, Explain?

A: Grimske | 61

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Q 5: What would you like to see the Riverwalk do in the future?

A: Q 6: How would you like to see Main Street develop connections to the Riverwalk?

A: Q 7: Do you believe connecting the Riverwalk to Main Street and redeveloping those areas could increase community presence in the downtown?

A: Q 8: What have been the major problems within the downtown area?

Do any of those problems stem from the Riverwalk?

A:

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Appendix V: Timeline Project Timeline Christmas Break Site Visits/ Photograph Site Conduct Interviews Week of January 12 Meet with advisor Finalize inventory Establish goals Begin Site analysis Week of January 19 Finalize site analysis Begin concept 1 Discuss concept 1 Week of January 26 Begin concept 2 Discuss concepts 1 &2 Week of February 2 Begin concept 3 Discuss concepts 1, 2, & 3 Week of February 9 Gather 3 concepts Find similarities Move forward with concepts Week of February 16 Begin conceptual master plan Week of February 23

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Continue design of master plan Start character sketches Week of March 2 Revise design of master plan & sketches Focus on key areas of interest Week of March 9 Determine the drawings the project will need to be finalized Start sections, perspectives, and sketches Week of March 16 Continue sections, perspectives, and sketches Finalize Master Plan Week of March 23 Begin writing site descriptions Week of March 30 Collect site details and selected drawings for final Week of April 6 Begin powerpoint presentation Work on site details Week of April 13 Render master plan Start working on finalized drawings Week of April 20 Finalize powerpoint Finalize drawings Finalize text Week of April 27 Present Project Celebration Party!

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Appendix VI: Supplemental Documents Observation Map

Diagramming will take place during observations on this map.

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Appendix VII: Bibliography Attarian, Janett. "Streetscape Guidelines." City of Chicago. 1 Nov. 2003.

Web. 12 Oct. 2014. http://www.cityofchicago.org/dam/city/depts/cdot/Streetscape_Design _Guidelines.pdf Balsley, Thomas. “Design Strategies for Urban Parks.” ASLA Magazine. 2010.

Web. 13 Oct. 2014. http://www.asla.org/uploadedFiles/CMS/Meetings_and_Events/2010_A nnual_ Meeting_Handouts/SUNB9_Design%20Strategies%20For%20Urban%20Parks.pdf Beatley, Timothy. "Green Pockets." Green Urbanism: Learning From European Cities. Washington D.C.: Island, 2009. 212-214. Print.

BNIM. "City of Greensburg Main Street Streetscape Greensburg, KS." ASLA 2011 Professional Awards. Web. 11 Oct. 2014. http://www.asla.org/2011awards/480.html Bosselmann, Peter, Elizabeth Macdonald, and Thomas Kronemeyer. "Livable Streets Revisited."Journal of the American Planning Association 65.2 (1999): 168-80. Print.

Brown, Jeff. “ Walkway Transforms Detroit Riverfront.” Civil Engineering 77.8 (1997) 20-21 Print.

Calcatinge, Alexandru. The Need for a Cultural Landscape Theory: An Architect's Approach. Munster: LIT Verlag, 2012. Print.

Cannady, Shelley. "Managing Cultural Landscapes." Landscape Journal 31.2 (2013): 234-36. Print "Cedar Street Courtyard." Cedar Street Courtyard. 1 Jan. 2012. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://cedarstreetaustin.com/>.

Childs, Mark. "Creating Vibrant Public Spaces: Streetscape Design in Commercial and Histroric Districts." Journal of Urban Design 15.2 (2010): 287-89. Print.

Cranz, G., and M. Boland. "Defining The Sustainable Park: A Fifth Model For Urban Parks."Landscape Journal 23.2 (2004): 102-20. Print.

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Cripe Design. "Elkhart Riverwalk Master Plan." Cripe Design. 1 Jan. 2012.

Web. 13 Oct. 2014. <http://www.cripedesign.com/portfolio/urban.planning/index.php>.

Dumbaugh, Eric, and J. L. Gattis. "Safe Streets, Livable Streets." Journal of the American Planning Association 71.3 (2005): 283-300. Print.

Edwards, John. “The Main Street Parking Initiative.” Institute of Transportation Engineers 76.11 (2006): 30-39. Web. http://www.ite.org/membersonly/itejournal/pdf/2006/JB06KA30.pdf Gehl Architects. "Public Spaces & Public Life." Green Futures. Web. 11 Oct. 2014. <http://greenfutures.washington.edu/pdf/Public-Spaces-PublicLife-Downtown-Seattle-Gehl.pdf>.

GGN."Pike-Pine Renaissance Streetscape." Gustafson Guthrie Nichol. 1 Jan. 2013. Web. 17 Sept. 2014. <http://www.ggnltd.com/projects_detail.php?id=68>.

Helbrecht, Ilse. New Urbanism Life, Work, and Space in the New Downtown.

Farnham: Ashgate, 2011. Print.

Jost, Daniel. "Stoss’s Winning Syracuse Street." Landscape Architecture Magazine. 17 Apr. 2013. Web. 11 Oct. 2014. http://landscapearchitecturemagazine.org /2013/04/17/stossswinning-syracuse-street/ Katsma, Katarina. "What We Want From Cities." Landscape Architecture Magazine. 28 Aug. 2014. Web. 11 Oct. 2014. <http://landscapearchitecturemagazine.org/2014/08/28/ what-wewant-from-cities/>.

Kodmany, Kheir, and Mir M.. Ali. The Future of the City Tall Buildings and Urban Design. Southampton: WIT, 2013. Print.

LAM Staff. “An Alternate Park Universe.” Landscape Architecture Magazine.

07 Oct. 2014. Web. 13 Oct. 2014. http://landscapearchitecturemagazine.org/2014/10/07/an-alternatepark-universe/ Ozkose, Aysun. "Courtyards in the Traditional Anatolian Urban Pattern and Their Contribution to Planning." Academia.edu. 1 Jan. 2007. Web. 30 Oct. 2014.

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<http://www.academia.edu/2764360/Courtyards_in_the_Traditional_ Anatolian_Urban_Pattern_and_Their_Contribution_to_Planning>.

Painter, Kate. “The Influence of Street Lighting Improvements on Crime, Fear and Pedestrian Street Use, after Dark.” Landscape and Urban Planning 35.2 (1996): 193-201. Print PPS. "Lighting Use & Design." Project for Public Spaces. Web. 1 Nov. 2014. <http://www.pps.org/reference/streetlights/>.

Ryals, Wes. "Wormsloe: Reenvisioning a Cultural Landscape." ASLA 2010 Student Awards. Web. 11 Oct. 2014. <http://www.asla.org/2010studentawards/062.html>.

Rogers Marvel Architects. “Battery Park city Streetscapes.” ASLA Magazine.

2005. Web. 13 Oct. 2014. http://www.asla.org/awards/2005/05winners/531.html Sanoff, Henry. “Community Participation in Riverfront Development.”

CoDesign 1.1 (2005): 61-78. Print Sasaki. "Chicago Riverwalk." Sasaki Associates, Inc. Web. 17 Sept. 2014. <http://www.sasaki.com/project/134/chicago-riverwalk/>.

Seattle DOT. "Seattle Department of Transportation: Seattle Pilot Parklet Program." Seattle.gov. 1 Jan. 2014. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/parklets.htm>.

Spano, Andrew. "Westchester Riverwalk." 1 Jan. 2005. Web. 13 Oct. 2014. <http://atfiles.org/files/pdf/RWguidelines.pdf>.

Speckhardt, Lisa. "Parklets Everywhere." Landscape Architecture Magazine.

26 Nov. 2012. Web. 11 Oct. 2014. <http://landscapearchitecturemagazine.org/2012/11/26/ parkletseverywhere/>.

Speckhardt, Lisa. “Reparations Become a Park.” Landscape Architecture Magazine. 10 Apr. 2012. Web. 13 Oct. 2014. http://landscapearchitecturemagazine.org/2012/04/10/ reparationsbecome-a-park/ StudioINSITE. "14th Street Initiative Urban Design Guidelines." World Landscape Architecture. Web . 2011.

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http://worldlandscapearchitect.com/14th-street-initiative-urbandesign-guidelines-denver-colorado-studioinsite/#.VDriY6hdWSo SvR."Bell Street Park." SvR Design Company. Web. 17 Sept. 2014. <http://www.svrdesign.com/bellstreetpark/3kc9z7bczoje8jv5ov6ljbcf7 dcnif>.

Uffelen, Christian Van. Urban Spaces: Plazas, Squares and Streetscapes.

Salenstein: Braun, 2013. Print.

Wagner, Eric. "Five Reasons 8 Out Of 10 Businesses Fail." Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 12 Sept. 2013. Web. 3 Dec. 2014. <http://www.forbes.com/sites/ericwagner/2013/09/12/five-reasons-8out-of-10-businesses-fail/>.

Wallace, David. "Riverfront Reborn." Planning 1 May 1998: 17-19. Print.

Zahler, Mike. "Rekindling Main Street." Chain Store Age 83.10 (2007): 14852. Print.

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