2020 Master Thesis in Sustainable Architecture, NTNU

M Sc i n SU S TAI NAB LE ARCH I TE C T U R E

Master Thesis 2020

Master’s Theses Catalog Sustainable Architecture June 2020 Print: NTNU Grafisk senter Graphic Design : Marta Piùeiro Lago and Irene Hutami

ABO U T TH E PROGR A M M E The curriculum of the MSc in Sustainable Architecture is structured around three main concerns related to the environmental impact of the built environment (environmental performance, environmental impact, and integrated energy design).

MSc SAThe _ focus of the theory and project courses run in each semester corresponds to the acquisition of specific knowledge and competence for lowering GHG emissions of buildings. The lectures, studio, and laboratories are alignedI. Environmental towards the focus of the Semester performance. specific semester without losingdesign a holistic perspective. architectural of climate adapted The first semester focuses on/ high-comfort climate analyses and the buildings / passive optimization of a buildings’ performance. strategiesenvironmental / Energy efficiency.

The second semester addresses issues related to the Semester II. Environmental environmental impact of materials from aimpact. life cycle as design driversstudents / Life cycle perspective. DuringEmissions the third semester, are assessment / Embodied and introduced to integrated design processes energy for optimizing emissions in materials. in relation to the the building environmental performance

curriculum

integration of the energy systems. Throughout the two year Semester III. Integrated Energy design. duration of the MSc programme, a holistic approach is Energy systems design and integration / emphasized which encompasses the many architectural renewable energy systems / Advanced expressions and possibilities within a zero emission built envelopes. environment. Within each of the theory and project courses, high demands are IV. made Semester Thesis.towards integrated design strategies so as to ensure the usability and synergy of the design with its surroundings and users. Throughout the whole programme, the students are continuosly

trained in interdisciplinary co-operation to better equip them to integrate integrated design methods in their everyday professional practice.

Luca Finocchiaro - Program Leader

MSc

environmental impact

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CO N TE N T S Optimisation of solar energy use with a dynamic integrated photovoltaic shading device

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M a t te o F o r m o l l i

An alternative structure with PCM-based building component: A case study of OEN project in Oslo

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Meng-Shen Kan

Zero-emission low-rise student housing at Haugenhuset

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Émilie Chartrand

Parametric analyses of facades in the early design phase, to optimise daylight and energy performance

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Marit Henriette Mo Sandberg

Optimising daylighting for Husebybadet at Saupstad, Norway

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W i n n i e Po o n

Green student housing in Moholt - Trondheim Farnoosh Mohammadkazemkhani

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Moholt Living LAB - The investigation of different ambition levels for sustainable design applied to student housing

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Cecilia Patriarca

Sustainable densification through wooden extensions -The case study of Sentralbygg 1 at Gløshaugen

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Eleftheria Lousi

The impact of ventilative cooling technologies on heating energy and thermal comfort in residential buildings

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Vegard Skregelid Johansen

Future sustainable development of buildings in the high altitude Khumbu region of Nepal

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Kirsty Elizabeth Bruce

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Optimisation of solar energy use with a dynamic integrated photovoltaic shading device The integration of photovoltaics on the buildings’ envelopes is getting increasing attention in the last few decades. Stringent energy regulations have led to the development of new products, responding to multiple functions simultaneously.

This thesis investigates the potential of photovoltaic integrated shading devices (PVSDs), by proposing a methodology to assess the advantages of a dynamic shading system over a static one, for different time characterisations and latitudes. The optimisation is carried out through a multi-objective optimisation (MOO) approach, having as objectives the reduction of total energy consumption and an adequate level or internal natural daylight. A simple office room, with the shading devices installed on the two south-oriented windows, is used as test geometry to perform the analysis.

Matteo Formolli Supervisors: Gabriele Lobaccaro Francesco Goia Ellika Taveres-Cachat

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The study demonstrates an overall improvement at every latitude by adopting a dynamic system, especially when the frequency of changes in the orientation of the system increase along the year.

The most remarkable results are visible at lower latitudes, where levels of optimisation higher than 20% are obtained. The entire study, from the geometry creation to the energy and daylight simulations, was conducted inside the Grasshopper environment, using the Ladybug Tools as software packages. The final aim of the thesis is to contribute to broadening the potentialities on PVSDs, as well as drawing general outlines, valid when considering the adoption of a dynamic system of this kind.

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START

Create reference building geometry

Define PVSD geometry Create preliminary schedules for a dynamic system Generate 19 BSDF descretising the CFS geometry for each 5° step from 0° to 90° in LBNL Window

Run annual energy and daylight simulations for the 19 angles’ configurations

Calculate cDA with 3 Phase

Calculate H, C, L demand

Total energy demand (ETOT)

Collect and analyse results in Excel

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Calculate PV output

Seasonal

Monthly

Weekly

Run a second set of energy simulations to make the preliminary schedules account for thermal history

Final dynamic schedules

Run last energy and daylight simulations with dynamic schedules and compare the results with the best fixed configuration to check the level of optimisation

END

Fig. 21 is visible how the energy use and the natural daylight availability is drastically different from the two previous cases. The demand for heating in Rome is relatively low, thanks to the mild climate that characterises the Italian capital for a great part of the year, while the cooling load is significant. The cDA remains high for most of the configurations, dropping under 50% only at 40°. This helps to keep the electric energy consumption for artificial lighting low and

60

90

50

80

cDA [%]

70

40 70

69

67

60 50 40

5

30

16 BLINDS 20 10

13 BLINDS 0 10 BLINDS

4

4

30

66

63

4

TIME‐STEPS

61

4

4

58 4

cDA [%]

55 5

52 6

48 7

11

9

8 245

51.3%

26

SEASONAL

51.4%

25.4

37

33

0.2%

MONTHLY

50.2%

25.2

‐2.1%

WEEKLY

50.7%

25.1

‐1.2%

FIX 15°

52.4%

27.3

0° SEASONAL 5° 10° MONTHLY

15°

20°

FIX 30° SEASONAL

52.7% 25° 30° 35° 40° 26.8 45° 51.5% Louvres angle 26.4 52.6%

HEATING

54.4% COOLING

50°

55°

0.6%65° 60° ‐1.7%

20 10

OPT. E 0 TOT

OPT. cDA

ETOT [KWh/m year]41

FIX 10°

13

14

31

-10 2.1% -20 2.9% -30 3.5% -40 70° 1.8% 3.1%

Angles

100

Annual Electric Energy [KWh/m2 year

have a broader range of selectable options.

70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Time steps

28.9

LIGHTING 28.7 PV

cDA

ETOT 3.4%

0.8%

Optimal fixed

Seasonal

Monthly

Weekly

53.8%share of energy and 28.3 cDA for the different 2.3% configurations 2.1% of the Fig. 201. Chart MONTHLY showing the Rome 16 louvres photovoltaic shading device

The great difference between the two previous cases is represented by the amount of solar energy harvested by the PV. The electricity produced compensates for a large portion of the 2 2 4 KWh/m year.

The energy demand ofTIME‐STEPS the building, keeping many of the ETOT values OPT. E cDA [%] OPT. cDA ETOT [KWh/m year] around TOT

FIX 15° 4.0 used as the matter of comparison in best configuration for a fixed system65.5% is here the one at 15°, SEASONAL

64.7%

3.4

‐1.2%

14.0%

16 BLINDS building up theMONTHLY optimised schedules.64.7% Rome shows significant potential for optimisation, 3.2 ‐1.2% 18.8%giving WEEKLYalready with a seasonal 64.6% 3.1 a 14% improvement ‐1.4% encouraging results schedule, with over21.8% the fixed FIX 25°

65.7%

7.4

system.

By increasing of changes to a monthly and weekly numbers SEASONAL the frequency 65.7% 6.7 0.0% base, the8.7% 13 BLINDS MONTHLY 65.7% 0.0%is kept over 11.6%a more become even more promising, with increments close to 6.5 20%, while the cDA FIX 30°

68.9%

11.0

than acceptableSEASONAL value of 60% (Table68.8% 11).

10 BLINDS MONTHLY

TIME‐STEPS 16 BLINDS

10.4

‐0.1%

5.0%

10.3

0.4%

5.9%

ETOT [KWh/m2 year]

OPT. cDA

OPT. ETOT ‐83.6%

69.2%

cDA [%]

40

FIX 35°

68.7%

‐2.9

SEASONAL

69.4%

‐5.4

1.0%

MONTHLY

68.1%

‐5.8

‐0.9%

‐98.4%

WEEKLY

68.0%

‐5.9

‐1.0%

‐101.5%

FIX 30°

65.6%

‐9.3

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An alternative structure with PCM-based building component: A case study of OEN project in Oslo Statistical data of Norway shows in the next thirty years, market of near zero energy buildings will be rapidly growing. This requires more participation in building industry to carry out design complying with lower energy or passive house energy standards.

This research aims to convert a heavy weight structure to a light weight structure driven by lowering the environment impact. A holistic approach is conducted to assess the total environment impact of both embodied emissions and operational heating energy consumption with the introduction of PCM-based building component as additional thermal mass. Study finds that changing concrete structure to light weight wood structure results in increase in heating load, while incorporating PCM panel as additional thermal mass in light weight wood structure reduces heating demand compared to design option without PCM panel. This demonstrates the possibility of improving current static design in a passive standard building of Nordic context.

Meng-Shen Kan Supervisors: Tommy Kleiven Luca Finocchiaro

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Results of environment impact study based on the context setting of this research show that converting concrete structure to wood structure reduce embodied emissions by 43%. Wood structure with PCM panel as additional thermal mass is even though not the least carbon emission design option, it can be a relatively competitive solution if one takes into account reducing both embodied emission as well as operational energy demand as future energy price is expected to increase. The holistic approach driven by lowering environment impact of design choices are deemed vital in response to building market’s trend in compliance with future policies and energy goals.

Picture source: Code Arkitekt

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Zero-emission low-rise student housing at Haugenhuset

In response to the need for student housing in Trondheim, Sit is expected to further expand its building stock. With new projects comes the necessity to address and the opportunity to contribute to the decarbonization of the student housing sector by implementing low-emission solutions as part of rehabilitation and new construction processes. The potential for reducing the climate footprint of student housing is demonstrated in this thesis through the design of a set of five low-rise buildings at Haugenhuset, in Moholt Studentby.

Émilie Chartrand Supervisor: Tommy Kleiven

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The buildings were designed based on the principles of zero-emission building and integrated energy design. The design was done on three levels, from the building, to the neighbourhood and the landscape. The energy and environmental analyses were conducted from the preliminary stage of the design, informing the shape and layout. The roof plays a big role in the design concept, as it was shaped to optimize the on-site electricity generation, and provide space for a mezzanine.

The simple and compact shape houses between five and eight students. The use of passive strategies is reflected in the orientation and configuration of the buildings.

At the centre of the site, there is a common outdoor space with a greenhouse made from reused bricks and windows from the existing building on-site.

The buildings generate enough renewable electricity to offset the emissions from their operation. Consequently, this thesis showcases the potential of integrating low-emission strategies in the design of low-rise student housing.

Solar PV production

Extra daylight + Stack ventilation through manual skylights

Supply in bedrooms & living area Exhaust in bathrooms & kitchen

Fresh air intake through operable windows

South-facing windows for solar heating

Stack ventilation in staircase

Radiator heating in bedrooms

HRV

Used bricks for thermal mass Exposed concrete slab for thermal mass

Balanced ventilation with HRV

Waterborne underfloor heating on the 1st floor Ground-source heat pump with electric boiler

A1-A3 A4-A5 B4 B6 Material Construction Material Operational production (Not included) replacement energy 3.28

+

1.91

Avoided emissions from renewable energy Emissions from building

+

(7.26 - 11.06)

-11.06 kgCO2eq m²•y

3.28 kgCO2eq m²•y

1.91 kgCO2eq m²•y

7.26 kgCO2eq m²•y

C1-C4 End of life

Balance

A1-A3 A4-A5 B4 B6 Material Construction Material Operational production (Not included) replacement energy

(Not included) =

1.39

2.60

+

1.40

Avoided emissions from renewable energy

Emissions from building

+

(7.38 - 7.73)

C1-C4 End of life

Balance

(Not included) =

3.65

-7.73 kgCO2eq m²•y

2.60 kgCO2eq m²•y

1.40 kgCO2eq m²•y

7.38 kgCO2eq m²•y

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Parametric analyses of facades in the early design phase, to optimise daylight and energy performance By 2030, there will be 6 million people in Norway. Population growth will mainly take place in big cities. In order to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement, and to achieve low-emission cities, planning for the expansion of the cities must include many aspects.

One of these aspects is the buildings, buildings account for almost 40\% of the total energy consumption in Norway, and the focus should be on reducing the energy needs in both planning and operation of buildings.

Solar conditions are a particularly important aspect that allows passive energy to be utilised in the buildings both by reducing electric heating, but also by using electric light. If the planning is done well enough in an early phase, both thermal and visual factors can be optimised for each building.

Marit Henriette Mo Sandberg Supervisors Gabriele Lobaccaro Inger Andresen

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The goal of this master thesis is to find a method that can be used to optimise the window to wall ratio (WWR) concerning both energy use and daylight in the early design phase. Landbrukskvartalet in Grønland in Oslo is used as a case in this thesis, based on a collaboration between NTNU and Asplan Viak.

Today, the project is in a zoning plan, and the background material in this thesis is volume and opportunity studies in the area.

To get an impression of the area and the sun conditions, initial analyses were performed on the whole area. This is also done to show some of the opportunities one has for analysing micro-climate using the “Ladybug tools� analysis tools.

After the initial analyses were completed, a building in the Agricultural Quarter was selected as a case to apply the developed method to optimise the WWR. Octopus in Grasshopper was used as an optimisation tool. The main finding from the developed method in the early design phase is that the WWR was optimised,

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even if it did not change the performance of the building significantly.

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Before optimisation

After optimisation

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Optimising daylighting for Husebybadet at Saupstad, Norway

Daylight is dynamic and ephemeral. It expresses the dimension of time while light and shadow´s movements uncover the changing diurnal and seasonal cycles. Daylight and and the ever-changing forces of sun, wind and weather help us to orientate. When coupled with passive solar and bioclimatic design strategies, daylight can reduce energy consumption and provide environmental benefits while heightening human comfort, health and well-being. Daylight is an architecural medium and the most intangible materials. It symbolises the changing moods of the sky and qualities of place while interacting with the building forms, materials, surface textures, shades and reflectivity. The varied and changing material and atmospheric effects of daylight can stimulte the senses and further enhance our relationship with the surroundings.

This thesis is focused on optimising daylighting conditions in Husebybadet, a publically owned swimming pool in south of Trondheim. Two designs are proposed and analysed. The design attempt to balance technical, architectural and social aspects.

Winnie Poon Supervisors Barbara Szybinska Matusiak Bjørn Aas

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Current building design is simulated and analysed in order to understand lighting demands, optimal light levels and to set parameters for lighting design.

Two scenarios are developed using digital 3D modelling, sketches and daylight performance studies. Solutions are analysed using simulations. Annual daylight levels, glare occurrence probability and brightness dynamics are employed.

Daylight factor is used to inform daylight provision under overcast sky, while annual glare probability simulation evaluate visual comfort in side lit spaces based on geographically-specific climate data. A comparison of the quantitative results along with a qualitative assessment of aesthetic outcome determine the best design.

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GREEN STUDENT HOUSING IN MOHOLT - TRONDHEIM

Due to the increasing demand for student housing in Trondheim, SiT as one of the biggest student welfare organizations in this city has decided to initiate a new project in Moholt studentby-Trondheim.

This master thesis is about developing a community of student housing in this area where several goals in sustainable design meet. These goals include social sustainability, optimum building orientation and placement, material reuse, energy balance, and passive strategies in natural ventilation and daylighting.

As a result of this project, according to different needs of students, and distinctive features of different spots on the plot, various types of buildings were created that together, not only can promote the quality of the plot but can also be beneficial to the whole Moholt area in terms of social sustainability.

Farnoosh Mohammadkazemkhani Supervisor: Tommy Kleiven Co-supervisor: Per Kristian Monsen

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Moholt Living LAB - The investigation of different ambition levels for sustainable design applied to student housing As the city of Trondheim continues to grow, there is a looming fear that there will not be enough housing for a growing population, especially students.

Innovative designs and environmental friendly energy systems are an important part for the improvement of energy efficiencies in the building sector and, in order to meet International obligations - UN Sustainable Development Goals - for reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, improvement of energy efficiency and increased production of renewable energy.

Trondheim, Municipality, together with SIT, is building up housing stock to contribute solutions for the increasing number of students moving to Trondheim and applying for an accommodation. SIT (Studentsamskipnaden i Trondheim) is an organisation for student welfare which also relates on the UN Sustainable Development Goals to define their social responsability within sustainability and the environment. The increasing demand of student applying for an accommodation in Moholt invites SIT to build new housing, but always aiming to reduce their climate footprint as much as possible. As regard to this, there are many measures that contribute to sustainable housing, but these are often expensive and the effectiveness of these in student housing is unknown.

Cecilia Patriarca Supervisor: Tommy Kleiven

30

To realise SIT’s strategy, the thisis will rely on learning what sustainability goals mean while dealing with student housing. The aim of this research by design thesis is to propose design solutions for three low-rise, small detached houses that will be built on the Haugenhuset plot at Moholt student village. Those houses will represent a varied consumption profile that investigate different energy ambition levels. One detached house will be a dwelling built according to TEK 17 regulations, with no additional measures. The other detached houses will keep the same basic

PASSIVE HOUSE

ZEB BUIL-

TEK17 BUIL-

Moholt Living LAB West Elevation and section of TEK 17

Moholt Living LAB East Elevation

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Technical

TEK 17 Building _ First floor plan

Tek17

requirements

for

TEK 17 Building _ Second floor plan

small

Tek17 building _Energy budget

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TEK 17 Building _ Roof plan

Tek17

building

_Specific

energy

Passive House requirements for small houses

Passive

House

building

_Energy

Passive House building _Specific energy

ZEBrequirements for small houses

ZEB

building

_Energy

ZEB

building

_Specific

energy

ZEB building _ZEB balance

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Sustainable densification through wooden extensions -The case study of Sentralbygg 1 at Gløshaugen The increased demands of urban densification in combination with the ongoing rising amount of CO2 on atmosphere are calling for direct actions. As the buildings industry is accountable for about 40% of all GHG emissions, it is our duty to reconsider and develop the current built environment with zero-emission solutions that aim for sustainable growth.

A prominent solution that can tackle that problem is the wooden constructions as extensions on existing buildings. Wood can absorb and store significant amounts of CO2 and it can be easily reused after its end of life while the embodied energy of the current buildings stock cannot be underestimated.

This master thesis focuses on the wooden extension of Sentralbygg 1 at the Gløshaugen plateau in Trondheim, facilitating student housing. Recently, the campus is undergoing significant changes as the Dragvoll campus of NTNU will move into Gløshaugen and the built environment will change drastically. That will result to the creation of new needs and functions on the plateau. So the proposal aims to host some of the new needs.

Eleftheria Lousi Supervisors Pasi Aalto Tommy Kleiven

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The Nordic climate is key driver to the design along with the current socio-cultural environment of the campus. With emphasis to the users-residents and with respect to the existing structure, a three-storeys wooden extension is proposed to accommodate 36 students. The life cycle assessment (LCA) is conducted towards an optimal choice of materials. An important objective is to create a zero-emission wooden extension with possibilities for further energy generation.

The concept of energy synergy is proposed to upgrade the energy efficiency of the existing office building, Sentralbygg 1, while providing the necessary energy to the residential extension.

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Residential Floor Plan

Common area - Top Floor Plan

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45%

Almost of the annual energy demand of the Host building (Sentralbygg 1) can be covered from renewable energy sources.

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The impact of ventilative cooling technologies on heating energy and thermal comfort in residential buildings In the recent decade, the requirements for energy and indoor climate in buildings have become increasingly stringent. At the same time, new technologies have been introduced, which can have the potential to solve existing problems related to the poor indoor climate and excessive energy use. Window and hatch-ventilation with integrated control systems and ventilated windows are some of the technologies that have been launched as a replacement for conventional solutions. In Norway, there are few multi-story residential buildings with sophisticated ventilative cooling control systems. However, there have been projects for schools and dwellings, where the outcome has been positive.

The building, which is analyzed, is a multi-story residential building located in Mariero, Stavanger, and is planned to be completed by 2023. The multi-story building is modeled with the use of the simulation software IDA ICE 4.8. In the initial phase, the building was evaluated as a whole in order to find the most critical apartment based on thermal comfort. Further, the most critical apartment was chosen and a more detailed model was developed to achieve more reliable results.

Vegard Skregelid Johansen Supervisors: Mohamed Hamdy Laurina C. Felius Hans Martin Mathisen 38

Thermal comfort has been studied for several years, where new standards have become more specific for the different building categories. Despite that, the new standard NS-EN 16798:2019 does not distinguish between thermal comfort adaption in different rooms in residential buildings. In this thesis, the thermal adaptivity and energy use for bedrooms and living rooms have been investigated for different building ambition levels, ventilation strategies, automation systems, and ventilative cooling technologies.

The results for occupant emulated window opening shows a significant increase

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Future sustainable development of buildings in the high altitude Khumbu region of Nepal. A design for Cafe De Imja Tse Bakery & Guesthouse, Chukhung 4730m The Khumbu, also known as Everest Region, is the home of the Sherpa people.

Sherpas have become accustomed to the harsh conditions of living at high altitude where even the lowest Sherpa settlements are above 3500m. Traditional Sherpa houses are built with local materials and their known construction methods. With much of the Khumbu a ten-day walk from the nearest road, the availability of modern materials is very limited. Buildings in local stone, often suffer severe damage in this earthquake prone region. Indoor temperatures commonly fall below freezing whilst open yak dung fires, used for cooking and heating, contributes to poor indoor air quality.

Kirsty Elizabeth Bruce Supervisor: Tommy Kleiven

42

Since the middle of the 20th century, tourism from trekking and climbing has become increasingly important to the local economy. A shortage of materials following an earthquake in 2015 and demand for inexpensive buildings to accommodate tourists has led to an influx of poorly constructed prefabricated buildings and as well as a loss of traditional techniques. Modern and mostly expensive Western practices are usually only seen in Western funded developments and are generally not available to the local Sherpa people. Tourist rooms are available for as little as 5 USD. Increasing the standard of tourist services can raise the spend which will benefit local living standards and educational opportunities which can consequently slow the rate of indigenous depopulation.

The thesis looks at historical and current Khumbu building practice. It examines their sustainability and then seeks to identify both simple affordable improvements that can be implemented locally. The second part presents a development proposal for an existing high altitude bakery in Chukkung (4730m).

Everest BC

Mt. Everest

5364m

Kalapather

8848m

5550m

Gokyo Ri 5360m

Renjo La Pass 5368m

Gokyo

5368m

4790m

Thagnak

Nuptse

Gorak Shep

Cho La Pass

5140m

Lobuche

Dzongla 4910m 4830m

7861m

Kongma La Pass 5535m

Chukhung Ri

4700m

5550m

Chukhung Machhermo

Lungden

Dole

Khumjung Thame 3820m

Pheriche

4470m

4380m

4240m

4230m

3860m

Island Peak 6189m

Island Peak BC

Dingboche 4410m

Phortse 3780m

Pangboche

3780m

Khunde

4730m

3985m

Tengboche

Namche Bazar

Ama Dablam 6856m

3860m

3440m

Monjo Phakding

2820m

2610m

Kathmandu

45 min flight

Lukla 4 days walk

10-12 hour drive

Salleri

Khumbu Map. Many of the Khumbu villages are more than 10 days walk from the nearest road

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The extremely remote location of the Khumbu promotes the use of local materials 44

Elevations for a design proposal for the Cafe De Imja Tse Bakery and Guesthouse

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