Final log book

Week 1 Lecture 1 Key rules: ● Construction principle ● Construction process ● Materials Assessment:: logbook, assignment, exam (open book) and quiz (not so important) Essential equipments: penal, pen, masking tape, a tape measure, yellow trace/ tracing paper, scale ruler (triangle) Experiments in lecture: a piece of paper+ one brick ● Fold

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Fold+another shape

Star shape ●

Fold+ shape changes+masking tape

Analysis:The strongest one is the one bonded by masking tape. Masking tape can make the construction stronger (harder structure and construction form).

E-learning ● Ching: 02 The building (2.08-2.11) The loads, which imposed on buildings, are dead load, live load, settlement load, occupancy load, static load, ground & water pressure.

Important load definitions: Dead load (fixed value): non-lives load, Dead loads are static loads acting vertically downward on a structure, comprising the self-weight of the structure and the weight of building elements, fixtures and equipment permanently attached to it.

Eg: roof & floor weight, structural frame weight Live load (can change values): live loads comprise any moving or moveable loads on a structure resulting from occupancy, collected snow and water, or moving equipment. A live load typically acts vertical downward but may act horizontally as well to reflect the dynamic nature of a moving load.

Eg: a car is moving on a bridge Occupancy load: it results form the weight of people, furniture, stored material and aother similar items in a building.

Settlement load: are imposed on a structure by subsidence of a portion of the supporting soil and the resulting differential settlement of its foundation

Construction overview Case study: Melbourne university design building construction â—?

What do we need to be considered during the construction process?

-construction principle -load transfer -material chosen -efficiency -the site process (labors, engineer, who is doing what) -basic science -construction techniques -global language so engineers from different countries can communicate Analysis: Construction is a way of using different materials and construction techniques to make buildings. During the process, we required to consider load transformation (forces). It also must be act under construction principles Materials There are 6 elements we need to take into consideration -strength (strong/weak): Steel is stronger than timber -stiffness (stiff, flexible, stretchy, floppy): concrete (stiff), carpet and rubber (flexible) -shape (mono-dimensional (linear), bi-dimensional (planar), tridimensional): metal (bidimensional), brick/ concrete (tridimensional) -material behaviors (isotropic/ anisotropic) -economy (cheap/ expensive): expensive-transport materials (wood frame is not appropriate in Australia because of the lack of wood resources in Australia) -sustainability â—?

Analysis: local materials are preferred in all the building construction. We are required to think of the properties of materials we needed before starting material chosen Basic structural forces: Compression Tension Load path: Live load

Reaction forces: to be stable with loads (force balance)

Not working towards load

Reaction forces Reaction forces

Reaction forces

Analysis: force are always balanced (overall must be zero).

Try to avoid unnecessary part, which might cause to material waste

Quiz 1 ●

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Compression is a characteristic of mass construction (Mass construction: volume filling the space) Forces defined by direction, sense and magnitude (size). (opposite sense=balance=equal forces ) Why do we use scale? To represent larger elements in smaller format/ to represent smaller elements in a larger format/ for practical reasons Window drawing

Wall

Timber frame

Activities in tutorial Materials: medium density timer cube Target: construction: tower Test 1: triangle base

Reasons: triangle is a very stable structure

The space we cannot fill in

Test 2: circle base Level 1

The shape of circle is easier to be built by using timber cubes

Leave space in order to save more materials Level 2 Cubes in level 2 is to fill the space left in level 1. it is able to main the stability of the building

Analysis: this model eventually failed to catch up with other groups in our class due to the over-large base. We seek for more stable base, which results in slow speed and material waste.

Repeating to fill in space in next level

Destroy this unfinished model Useless part. The cubes in this part may not contribute to the stability of the tower.

Similar to the case study in e-leaning video, these cubes does not work towards load.

A lot of materials are wasted in this part

Joining other group and make closure At the top, we need to close the column slowly

Level 2 Level 1

Downward forces

Cubes moved towards inside

Analysis: We moved cubes to closer to the center in order to close this column. However, we need to do it gradually. Otherwise, the downward load might be greater than the support load (reactive load). The 'new roof' of the column might fall

On the top We do this to try to get height in the condition of lacking materials

Horizontal + Vertical It can make the structure more stable

Compare with other groups wide

narrow This way can reduce material waste and improve efficiency

They tried different ways of making model. It gain the stability of the tower and enrich patterns

Week 2 E-learning Structural system -Solar system -Frame system (it may be included efficient transfer load to the ground) -Membrane system (catch wind, structural frame, air pocket) Eg. sails, ETFE(a plastic membrane) used in Beijing Olympic -Hybrid system -Surface structural -Solid structure (Materials:mud, brick ans stones & compression forces) ●

Construction system -system: it can be defined as an assembly of interrelated or interdependent parts forming a more complex and unified whole and serving a common purpose -enclosure system (facade, envelop system): it is the shell of envelop of a building, consisting of the roof, exterior walls, windows and doors -structural system: it is designed and constructed to support and transmit applied gravity and lateral load safely to the ground without exceeding the allowable stresses in its members -mechanical system/service system: the mechanical systems of a building provide essential services to a building. eg. water supply system, sewage disposal system , heating and ventilation system, electrical system and fire-fighting system -performance requirement: performance for comfort, insulation, rain, acoustic and maintenance -Aesthetic Qualities (face quality, proportion and color) -economic considerations: affordability, which is included initial cost, maintenance cost and embodied energy -environmental impact ●

ESD and selecting materials -Embodied water: it is total energy (oil water, power) used during all stages of a material's life Eg. household item, transporting, sale & storing them Life cycling: it begins with the extraction of raw materials from earth and end with the disposal of waste products back to the earth or recycled (partially or totally) into other products (Raw material acquisition> primary processing and refining>manufacturing >delivery >construction used and maintenance>final disposal) sourcing>manufacturing>distribution> use> recovery/disposal Recyclability (it always links to resue): it is potential for a product/material to be re-used or transformed into a new product.

Carbon footprint: it is measure of the amount of greenhouse gases generated during the fabrication,transportation and use of particular product. (the larger the product, the more positive impacts it has,the less detrimental effect it has) EBS strategies: local material, material efficiency, thermal mass, night air purging, solar energy, wind energy, cross ventilation,smart sun design, insulation and water harvesting ●

Structural joint.

-roller joint: ●

Load transferred only one direction.

Vertical load only

-pin joint It has two directions on the planar.

-fixed joint (solid joint)

Lecture 2 The definition of force: Force is defined by sense, magnitude and direction.

Experiment in the lecture Materials:straws Ex1. Push one straw.

The value of force indicated: 500

Ex2. 4 straws are holding together

The value of force indicated: 200

Analysis: this is due to force diffusion.

The force on the 4 straws are only balanced Ex3. Straws are bonded with a plastic lid

force diffused

The value of force indicated: 300

Downward force

Reactive force

Analysis:the lid act as a fixed joint, which bonded all the straws to force them to work towards on direction. It reduces diffused forces Ex4. Straws have slight angle

The value of force indicated: 500

When straws have slight angle, straws will be able to take more

Analysis: to have slight angle on straws can make the forces work towards one point. It can further reduce the effect of force diffusion. To respond to the stronger downward forces, the reactive force from the ground will larger. It is due to the balance between forces (downward force-reactive force= zero) Ex5. Try different shapes of straw bases

The value of force indicated: 800

Triangle shaped straw base

Analysis: the straw id folded to form a triangle shape. Downward forces are also separated by the foots to work towards different points on the ground. The stability of triangle base and force separation cause the model to take more

Ex6.

The value of force indicated: 200

Analysis: the foots are too separated. The failure of bonding foots together will cause force diffusion Ex7.

The value of force indicated: not work

Analysis: there are only two foots bonded. It will cause force to go two different different directions. This is why it fall, when pressure is imposed to the lid Ex8.

The value of force indicated: ideal

The base is formed by two triangles

Analysis: fixed joint, slight angle of straws and the stability of triangle will make this model very stable. It allows the model to take more.

Quiz ● ● ● ●

Cross-ventilation is an ESD strategy, but not frontal ventilation Facade is envelop, which is enclosure system .

A fixed joint can restrict any movement, including vertical horizontal and rotation load transformation

Distribution load

Point load

load transformation

Stable triangle

force

Union house (compression and tension)

Prevent movement

Tutorial practice Material: basalt wood Target: a tower Plan 1: circle+ fixed joint

Analysis: this plan does not work eventually because the property of the material. Basalt wood is not sufficient flexible and stretchy to make a circle. Many basalt wood breaks when I attempt to make a Circle. However, fixed joint is still a good idea to maintain the stability of the model. It can prevent force diffusion and many movements Plan 2:triangle+ fixed joint triangle

Analysis: in this plan, triangle is chosen due to its stability. On the higher level, I place the higher triangle in different position to test more possibility and patterns

higher level

Final model

Top view To the top

Testing the model

The corner, which three pieces of basalt wood are connected, are very strong.

Compare to that, the basalt wood stick is weaker. The stress imposed by tutor breaks the thin wood stick

Analysis: at the corner, we uses the stability of triangle to stabilize the connecting stick The connecting point are surrounded by 3 small sticks in the model, which forms a triangle

Others' works

Weak connecting point, which effect the stability of the model

strong connecting point.

It is made by two overlapped sticks.

Overlapping gains the strength of the materials

Week 3

Lecture -buildings must be fit to the surrounding landscape. Landscape is a very important element in design and construction.

Eg. London Olympics Parks -Olympic stadium (the combination of many elements) , which is related to material chosen and engineering solutions -Engineering solutions.

e-learning Picture: video of structural element

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Forces -from video of Structural elements

-strut (compression):a slender element design to carry load parallel to its long axis. The load produces compression -tie (tension): a slender element design to carry load parallel to its long axis. The load produces tension -beam (both compression (above) and tension(below)):Generally a horizontal element designed to carry vertical load using its bending resistance—tend to curve -Slab/plate (force distribution): a wide horizontal element designed to carry vertical load in bending usually supported by beam -panel (wall (vertical force)/ shear diaphragm (horizontal force)): a deep vertical element designed to carry vertical or horizontal load Analysis: These structural elements are utilised in different structures and types of building to maintain the stability. For instance, strut are used in the pillars of a temples, in which compression forces are applied. In contrast, a bridge, where tension forces might take place, selects ties to stabilize the entire structure.

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Footing and foundations system-from video of footing and foundation

-Settlement (consolidation of soil to eliminate void-sink): Buildings compress the earth beneath them and buildings tend to sink a little into earth (Failure: Differential settlementcracking due to exceeding soil bearing capacity) -Foundation (load distribution to maintain the building stability): the lowest division of a building-the substructure- transfer loads to footings. ● Able to hold back alone of the adjacent ground (soil) ● Load (live/died loads) transfer from the building to footings -Footings: big footings to distribute loads, so can carry more load Eg. Snow shoes

Anchorage required to resist sliding, uplift, or overturning Substructure

foundation

Picture: Ching, “building construction illustrated”, P3.02

Footing system- from video of footing and foundation

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-shallow footing (common-stable soil) -deep footing

Picture: Ching, “building construction illustrated”, P3.05

-Shallow footings (normal- lightweight and low level house): stable soil bearing capacity occurs relatively near ti the ground surface

of adequate

Pad footings

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This type of footing help to spread a point load over a wide area of ground

Strip footings

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It is used when loads from a wall / a series of columns spread in a linear manner.

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Raft footings They provides increased stability by joining the individual strips together as a single mat.

Strips are normally at the edges or the center.

-Deep footings (over-heavy building/ unstable soil (insufficient soil bearing capacity)): Load is transferred through the unsuitable soil and down to levels where bed rock, stiff clay, dense sand/ gravel is located. (distribute building weight) ●

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End bearing piles It can extend the foundations down to bedrocks

Fiction piles (piling system) It replies on the resistance of the surrounding earth to support the structure

End bearing piles

Fiction piles

Analysis: Building load will be carried through foundation to the footings. Different types of footings will be built according to the bearing capacity of soil and the building weights.

Moreover, the pressure load of the earth behind the retaining wall will be taken into account as well to prevent overturning.

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Masonry (brick) video-Stone, earth, clay and concrete-from video of masonery

It refers to units with the use of mortar as a bonding agent ● Bond: the pattern or arrangement of the units ● Course: a horizontal row of masonry units ● Joint: the way units are connected to each other ● Mortar: mixture of cement or lime, sand and water used as a bonding agent These units of masonry (many bricks) together act as monolithic whole (a wall) .

Course Mortar Picture: video of masonry

Main properties: strong in compression, but weak in tension, hard (resist abrasion), , good thermal mass, insulation well and durable.

Analysis: bricks can be used as internal or external materials due to its good insulation and high thermal mass. In summer, bricks can insulate heat from outside, while the brick, which is act as thermal mass, will moderate the extreme indoor temperatures at noon/night

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Brick video Stretcher course header course Brick-on-edge course Soldier course

Picture: video of brick

Clay brick joints (Mortar joints) Raked

-vertical joints of perpends, -horizontal joints of bed joins

Ironed Weather struck Flush Picture: video of brick

Clay brick (different colors) ● Extruded and wire-cut

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Machine mounded

Picture: video of brick

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Handmade

Block video-concrete blocks with holes-from video

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of block

Web

(interior portions between hollow cells)

-These holes can reduce weight of the block, increase insulation, allow to place reinforcement -concrete blocks are manufactured from cement, sand, gravel and water. the manufacture process involves mixing, moulding and curing.

-it can be hollow/ solid unit

Picture: video of block

Face shell/ facade -concrete use ● . Mainly used in the construction of walls both leading bearing (structural) and non-load nearing (dividing and decorative walls ) ● provide greater structural resistance to lateral loads, concrete masonry units are often strengthened with steel reinforcement bars and then filled with grout.

Clay bricks (expand) VS concrete blocks (Shrink) overtime -Concrete blocks: The cement paste reduces in volume as it hydrates and dried shrinkage occurs as water is lost to the atmosphere -Clay bricks: tends to absorb moisture from the atmosphere and gradually expand Movement joints are required for each material

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Stone--video of Stone (igneous, limestone and Metamorphic)

-igneous: is formed when molten rock cools eg. granite, basalt and bluestone (dense and hard) -sedimentary: is formed when accumulated particles are subjected to moderate pressure (easy to be carved and shaped) eg. Limestone and sandstone (easy to be damaged by wind and water, soft and less dense)

Limestone is easy to curve

Old Quadrangle in Unimelb -Metamorphic: is formed when the structure of igneous or sedimentary stone changes when subjected to pressure, high temperatures or chemical processes. eg. marble slate (flooring, cladding and beach) Uses -retaining walls

casted

Rocks is directly used in the same state when they found

Elements & units -Monolithic -ashlar: when rocks can be cut into smaller units eg. Chinese wall -Rubble: is used when they found

Rubble

Chinese wall -ashlar

Property comparison-from videos of bricks, blocks and stone Clay brick properties ●

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hardness-medium-high, can be scratched with a metallic object Fragility-medium, can be broken with trowel Ductility-low Flexibility/plasticity-low Permeability-medium-low (become soaked only if placed in prolonged contact with water) Density- medium Conductivity-poor Durability-very durable Reusability/recyclability- high Sustainability & carbon footprintssave in transport (can be produced locally), cost in the firing process Cost-low, but with a high cost of labor

Concrete properties ●

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Hardness-medium-high, can be scratched with a metallic object Fragility-medium, can be broken with trowel Ductility- low Flexibility/ plasticity-low Permeability-medium, (some concrete blocks are sealed to reduce the opportunity for water absorption.)

Density- medium Conductivity-poor Durability-very durable Reusability/recyclability-medium, sometimes reused with no change but more often crushed to be used as aggregate in other concrete products Sustainability & a carbon footprint Cost-low, but high labor cost

stone properties ● Hardness-large order (Igenous-Metamorphic-Sedimentary) ● Fragility-lagely geometry dependent ● Ductility- low ductility ● Flexibility/ plasticity-low ● Permeability-pumice is porous, granite is not ● Density- dependance ● Conductivity-poor ● Durability-extreme durable ● Reusability/recyclability-high ● Sustainability & a carbon footprint-save energy in transport if local stone. Costly in stone sourcing ● Cost-high labor cost Analysis: through property comparison, we can see the similarities and differences between bricks,, concrete and stone. Stone properties really depended on the stone types and there is no consistent properties for all the stones. However, the similar physical properties have illustrated on bricks and concrete, which is medium hardness, medium fragility, low ductility, low flexibility, medium density, high durability, high/ medium reusable and high sustainability (but high labor cost). Both of them also semi-permeable in water and expansion might occurs in bricks and concrete.

Equilibrium-from video of Geometry and and equilibrium Center of mass (Center of gravity) -a point about which an object is balanced Equilibrium (reaction force) -is a state of balance or rest resulting from the the equal action of opposing forces.

Free body diagram (load diagram)

Illustration from ‘Tony Hunt’s Structures notebook’, page 41 (2003)

Equilibrium -sum of the force=0 ● No vertical movement, sum of the vertical forces=0 ● No horizontal movement, sum of the horizontal forces=0 ● No rotation, sum of moment=0 Moment (rotation) ● Moment of forces -is the tendency to make an object or a point rotate ●

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No point pass through

Moment (distance & forces)

Quiz -bricks has 3 faces, which are header, stretcher and bed face -their courses are corresponding to the face they exposed, such as header course formed when header exposed, stretcher course formed when stretcher exposed Bed face

Header exposed

Stretcher exposed

Header course

Stretcher course

stretcher header

Perpend: vertical mortar

Moment calculation Moment at A=0 Knm because the distance is 0 Moment at B=2*5=10 Knm because the distance is 2 m

Tutorial-Site visit

Action: Walk around campus Aim:Understand systems and concepts through observation

Building 1. Lot 6 Cafe Strut, which carry the loads from the roof concrete slab and the bottom floor

Concrete slabs

Steel beam inserted into the building, which is supported by the brick wall and interior structure It is not functioned as a structural elements because it did not carry any load from the building structure

Aluminum window

It is more like a decoration

Brick wall

Artificial grassland on top of a concrete slab (or a basement) http://www.designcityliving.com/2012/05/lot-6-cafe-and-bar-melbourne-university.html

Frame structure The building frame is clearly indicated on the building surface that struts, concrete slab, foundation and footings support the structure. The live load, such as people, furniture and wind forces, and the dead load of the frame weight are all carried by the building frame.

Foundation system: Basement A artificial grassland laid on front court indicates that there is a concrete slab underneath. It means that a basement is hided underground. The basement might be encircled by continuous foundation wall to hold back the surround earth and support the superstructure above (Ching, P3.04). Wires and footings will be placed under the basement.

Materials: concrete (structure and frame), Aluminum (window frame), brick (the decoration wall, steel beams)

building.

Artificial grassland basement

Wire place

Reaction forces

Concrete is used as structure and frame materials. It might be due to low costs and environmental conservation. The concrete used in this building is reused formwork that concrete aggregate can be collected from demolition site to pass through a crushing machine. To use recycled concrete can also reduce the construction costs.

Brick is used as a wall material, which might be due to its hardness and colorless. Brick is strong enough to support the steel beam to achieve the design. Moreover, a wide variation in colors also allowed the designers to pick any Yellow bricks are bonded color they wanted (Brick video). by ironed mortar joints.

A stretcher course are indicated to form a pattern.

Building 2. ERC library-ground floor -this is a brick wall, while some small holes on the surface. Brick pattern are also quite different from the top o the bottom brick pattern Brick patterns 1 header+2 stretcher

Weep holes on the surface

Brick pattern: header only

Header laid in a line

Weep hole-is used in drainage When it is shown on a brick wall surface, it means that this wall is a masonry cavity wall.

Behind the wall, there is empty space will be shown to drain water. According to Ching p7.18, the flashing might be placed in the cavity to drain water away.

Moreover, the different brick patterns showed on the wall that the hybrid courses on top to the pure header below (row lock—Ching P5.26). I think that the pure header course is placed below is due to the strength differences between bedhead and stretcher. In workshop, we are taught that the wide face of the wood is more easily broken compare to the thin face.

Similarly, if the brick laid is like the top on the edge, the wider face might let brick easy to be broken. While if the bricked is order in rowlock, the thinner face of stretcher will be exposed to make the edge more stronger stud Outer brick wall Weep hole

Water flow

Wide Bed face Thin stretcher Thin face: strong

Wide: easy to break

more

flashing

Ching p7.18 cavity

This is the wall structure I thought

This is the header course we saw at the edge. The thin is more stronger, which can take more load

Building 3. car park -concrete car park, which seems to be supported by many trees (piles) These panels are well-sealed. Water cannot get into the seals. Also due to the funnel shape, the water will be drain through the piles to the ground. So cars in this car park is protected from water dropped from the roof

Water drained from the roof

This is the piles I saw, which is formed by concrete panels. It might assembled at the site, like Olympic stadium in lecture.

Building 3. car park (outside) -retaining wall are exposed to the outside Panels formed the retaining wall. It different from the retaining we saw on video that the wall do not have to carry the load from the adjacent soil. However, similarily, it is must take the load from the top. It might act like strut to take load form the top and bottom to undergo compression.

Also, this panels might be well-sealed to prevent water from penetrating into walls

grassland load

Panels (retaining wall) Supporting force from ground or this is reactive force

Building 4: Arts west student center -zinc sheet, rough stone and rubber sealant are used in this site

Gutter, to drain rainwater

rough stone

Sealed by rubber -rubber has a great effect on water proofing

Down pipe

Corrugated roof to lead water to flow down from the roof

Zinc sheet (expensive and common used in roof) for decoration extruded Fold back Water flow down through the roof, rather than leaving on top to cause leakage

In this building, many drainage technologies are used, such as sealant, gutter, storm water system and corrugated roof. It might help me understand the application of water drainage system in construction.

Building 4: union house -steel bars, colored bricks and eaves are applied in this building Steel frame used in this building to support and carry structures, such as stair case/ Beam carry load Steel line Different colors and hybrid pattern of header and stretcher.

It gives us a feeling of modernism According to the video of masonry, different colors of bricks are due to the natural clay used in brick Beam -take the load of stair case

Stair case

Pin joint, which is learnt in week 2, is used to allow the beam move effectively to reduce lateral effect

It can move left and right, like apin

Eaves on the doorway

Building 5: Oval pavilion

Timber frame

Cladding by concrete or brick

Week 4-E-learning Span and spacing -Span (horizontal or vertical): the distance measured between two structural supports â—?

Floor Floor

Floor

-Spacing (Centre-line): the repeating distance between a series of like or similar elements

Span (from the top floor to the undesired floor above)

vertical

Analysis: spacing and span are quite similar that they all represent the distance between two structural elements. However, Span refers to the internal distance between two elements, while spacing is the distance between centre-lines.

Floor and framing system -unimelb construction site-reinforced concrete Load transfer-slab to beam to columns â—?

-Concrete system (one/ two-way slab) It is spanned between structural supports and is expanded beam to beam

longer distance

Light/moderate load

One way span (2 directions )

heavy load

Two way spans (4 distances)

-Steel system (light/ heavy gauge)-span from joist to joist longer distance, thicker floor boad, timber+solid and heavy steel

Shorter distance with efficient (light) steel c

-Steel frame (decking)+concrete slab system Concrete slab Steel decking

Combination : steel decking gain concrete tensile strengthen to make it expand.

Concrete is also have good fire rating that it is able to cope with fire longer period of time than steel and timber -Timber system (Primary beam (bearer) and secondary beam (joists)) Concrete stumps Bearers -carry joists -reduce joist spans to carry more load

concrete piers

Joists -Support flooring (floorboard, decking or panels)

Bears and joists used to reduce span and cut down the material size Analysis: three types of flooring systems can be used in different situations. To a commercial and public buildings, such as hospitals and office, the combination of concrete and steel might be preferred in order to carrying more load in a high fire rate condition. Timber floor system might be more likely used in lower story building due to less load carrying.

Concrete Concrete formation: Cement+water â—?

hydration

Concrete

Water: too much---week Too little-----unworkable Formwork (holes) and polished concrete

Formwork (IN-SITU & Precast): -a temporary mould, which sued to hold the liquid concrete in place until it becomes hard Lining, eg plywood, is supported by timer stud and walers Timber stud

Spreader Prevent formwork from further apart ties

Walers

Bracing

Curing process (concrete get cold and shaped) -need support because wet concrete is very heavy bracing

props

Formwork will be removed when the concrete is shaped.

It is also reusable and can be reused in other concrete works Concrete finishes

Sand-Blasted

Exposed aggregate

Raked finish -line

Bush hammered -chemical finish

Board & Batten

Board Marked -timber work

Concrete reinforcement- steel mesh/bars -concrete is strong in compression,but weak in tension.

-reinforcement is used to strength it to make concrete strong in both compression and tension.

-concrete is placed around reinforcement

Bottom: take more load than the top Reinforcement mesh

Reinforcement bar More reinforcement are needed in order to keep columns in the same size

Concrete consideration â—?

Reinforcement degradation (moisture & oxidation) -concrete is permeable (not waterproof) -if reinforcement is too close to the concrete surface, it will be rusted -Rustiness will cause reinforcement to expand, then dip out from the concrete Poor vibration of concrete -might result in the element failing -hence, vibration is required in pouring process. Vibration can get rid of air bubbles. â—?

Reinforcement, which is rusted, is exposed to the surface

Analysis: Concrete is invented in 19 century during industrialism. It is commonly used in many modern buildings. It is durable, cheap and easy to get. It is also renewable resources and a good thermal mass (according to last week's e-learning). Today it is used in many parts of a building, such as concrete-on-ground slab, concrete roof, concrete frame and wall system.

IN SITU concrete (make concrete on the site)

â—?

-Reinforcement, formwork, pouring, vibration & curing -Pouring concrete into formwork ---undergoing hydration process -Assembly of formwork & place reinforcement+Pouring: vibration to get rid of getting bubble, cured on the building site -Concrete will be dried in limited time, then scratched to get concrete flat The wall is built IN-SITU. the formwork has been removed

The formwork, might use to build another wall

Ground slab is cast In-SITU

IN-SITU joints -Construction joints: use to divide the construction into smaller and more manageable sections of work.

So, Create efficient strength to take the weight of the walls above -control joints (expansion):Required to absorb the expansions and contractions that thermal variations cause and the long term tendency of concrete to shrink over time. He elongation/ shrinkage is proportional to the temperature differential, and the material coefficient and the dimension of the piece.

Analysis: IN-SITU means that the concrete can be made on the site. However, labor cost is a big issue to Australia because of the labor shortage. Also, many formworks are also needed to be transported to the place where new IN-SITU concrete is needed. It will lead to energy cost and environmental concern, like global warming â—?

Pre-casting concrete (do concrete in factory)

-Prefabrication in a controlled environment -More standard outcome -Much faster rate

Lift panel have been precast Columns have been precast

Slab is IN-SITU

-prefabrication components is lifted into site -precast need support (prop) to sustain the structure. When the floor is cast, prop can be removed

Joints -Construction joint: the panel/ elemental nature of per-cast concrete mean that joints naturally occur when on precast element meets another.

-Structural joint: The type and performance of the structural connections joining the precast elements to each other and to other parts of the structure are critical for the overall performance of the building.

Construction joint

-Decorative joint: construction and structural joint in a aesthetic form

decorative joint .Finish -not damaged by transport -Silicon formwork-The formwork cannot be shaped when the concrete is cast

Special consideration -limited in size due to transport Site change is quite difficult to corporate -reuse formwork

Beam and cantilever A cantilever (horizontal/ vertical/angled): is created when a structural element is supported at one end. It carry loads along the length of the member and transfer these loads to support. â—?

A beam (horizontal): to carry loads along the length of the beam and transfer these loads to the vertical supports 1. supported at both ends of the beam 2. to supported at numerous points along the length of the beam

3. to supported at points away from the ends of the beam

4. to supported at one end of the beam

Analysis: the difference between cantilever and beam is that beam is always horizontal. The two supports can also be placed at the end of the beam, so there is no cantilever formed.

Quiz.

Why pre-cast concrete might be preferred over in situ concrete -low cost, more effective, less time, environmental conservation and assembly better in a controlled environment Concrete plank

Steel must hold timber together by nail plates

Tutorial R.I- Relative level=reduce level of controlling plane -refers to the structural level -F.F.L. Refers to Finished Floor level

Rigid insulator: more commonly used in walls

Like an eye referring to another plan section

Title block=basic info about the drawings, scale, north, who is the client, architecture, date

Scale discussion: Why scale is used in construction drawing? Is it because the building is too big or too small?

My answer: the scale is used because the building is too big. False I think that I was too focus on building size than other things Fact: scale is used to show the construction in a size you wanted in order to make you read easier. For instance, a car can be scale in 500: 1 to let see the plan. Also, it can be 200:1 to allow you to read its section. It depends on why size I want to read. It is nothing about the original size Scale issue in our practice: Our oval pavilion plan is half of the original size, so the scale turn into 10: 1.

Scale is crucial It can tell us the actual size of the building and all the related sizes will be followed

Scale, annotation & work drawing.

-remember to use two materials to check annotations, one of subject outline. The other one is oval pavilion

To understand these annotation is important to us that we can understand construction component through the drawings. Also, in the future, we can also express our ideas through these identical language

Week 5-e-learning Wall, grid and columns Wall: insulating light and heat, carry load, load is transferred form beam to columns. ●

Wall system: ● Structural frame: concrete (used in city building in a large scale), steel (industrial buildingslow fire rate) and timer frames (post and beam)-(not common in Melbourne) ● Load bearing walls: concrete (without backup columns behind them) and masonry. ● Stud walls: light gauge steel frame/ timber frame.

Stud frame

Cladding

Stud wall

Paneling (Cladding)-weatherboard

Eg. Clad veneer in Australia

Concrete frame -use a grid of columns with concrete beam connecting with columns together

Beams interconnected with joints to make rigid (moment) grid

concrete beam Rectangular columns

Circle columns Spiral reinforcementinterconnected with footing system columns

Steel frame -use a grid of steel columns connected steel girders and beams rigid joints crossbracing Brace with diagonal member Frame needed to be stabilized through bracing, bracing shear wall or make rigid joints Beams and joints putted on girders

Columns-material efficient Temporary props at the base -will remove when bracing can take back the load to the main structure, to the ground The length of each parts are equal to prevent buckling

Timber frame (post and beam) -use a grid of timber posts or poles connected to timber beams Corner bracing beam

Corner braced to make beam and column rigid

Columns

crossbracing

Diagonal bracing

Combination of timber and steel -timber columns+ steel beam=a long span

Load bearing wall 1: Concrete lad bearing wall (In-SITU/Precast) -load bearing panel to provide supports for spandrel panels over and link into other structural elements (such as floor slab, roof structure) Spandrel panelspan openings -pre-cast panel

Load bearing wall 2: Reinforced masonry -load bearing walls built from core filled hollow concrete blocks or Grout filled cavity masonry.

-bond beams over openings can be created using special concrete blocks which are filled with concrete to bond the individual units together. Eg, lintel (with reinforcement in concrete)

Lintel with steel bar

Reinforcement into concrete block

Load bearing wall 3: Solid masonry -single/ multiple skins of concrete masonry units or clay bricks - the skins of masonry are joined together using a brick or with metal wal ties placed within the mortar bed.

-Two skins walls used in the condition that waterproof is not crucial.

Eg garage and sub-floors

Steel wall tiesfasten the wall

Waterproof-flashing -allowed water to pass through the panel to outside

Lintels used out of steel -L-lintel to satisfactory this opening

Load bearing wall 4: Cavity masonry -two skins of masonry+a cavity (air space) - better thermal performance and opportunities for insulation within the cavity (due to the air pocket) -better waterproof (drain water from the cavity)-through flashing and weep holes -opportunity to run services within the wall cavity insulation

flashing

Wall ties

Stud framing (timber/Light gauge steel frame-studs are closed together) top plate

wall stud,

bottom plate sheet bracing (ply-bracing) Diagonal bracing(cross bracing) Nogging to prevent the long stud from buckling

Stud framing Brick veneer (1 skin of non-structural masonry and 1 skin of structural frame wall) -the structural system is timber/steel,but not brick -brick is used as cladding system, which tied to stud work Roof load Stud

bottom plate

joint bearer

pier Beam building stumps

Free body diagram: -stud wall: Roof load is carried down the stud , through the bottom plate on to the joints, on top the bearers, on to the piers and building stumps -brick wall: this wall does not carry any load at all Eg. oval pavilion (stud frame+cladding frame work) Analysis: Steel, timber concrete are used in building frames and bearing walls. Concrete has a better fire rating than steel and timber, while steel is more strength than timber and concrete.

The materials selection for each structural elements is depend on the particular construction structures, such as stud walls for steel and timber and concrete frame. Loads and building structures, such as cantilever, and building heights are required to be taken into considerations when we decide to use any construction wall structures to materials. Also, insulation and water proof methods, such as wool insulation, flashing and weep hole, are needed to considered to preserve the strengthen of the construction

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Wood and timber External ring -used as furniture and construction materials -grows everyy year

Heartwood -not useable -does not last long

Ring wood (from light to dark) -early wood (light color): rapid growth, sufficient water---thin and large cells -late wood (dark color): slow growth, lass water----thick and small cells

Structural nature of wood (grain direction, strength and stiffness) -parallel force (strong and stiff) compression tension -when the force is perpendicular (weak)

compression

Apart

Seasoning (dry) -a process of removing water/ moisture from cells to gain timber stability—--less 15% water left in cell Moisture: -free moisture (voids in cell) -bound moisture (cell walls) Seasoning methods: -Air seasoning-cheap,but slow (6-12 months) -kiln seasoning- fast (20-40 hours)-dry to 12% -solar kiln seasoning-save energy costs and less expensive

100% Unseasoned timber

25% Partially seasoned

Seasoned timber

15%

Wood types (soft and hard wood) -softwood (weaker than hardwood) in Australia ● Pines (radiata pine, cypress pine and hoop pine) ● Douglas fir -hardwood (Australia is rich in hardwood) ● Victorian ash ● Brown box ● Spotted gum ● Jarrah ● Tasmanian oak ● Balsa wood

Sawn methods Quarter sawn (good for furniture): Growth rings parallel to short edge Disadvantages: slower seasoning, nailing on face more prone to splitting Advantage (good looking): Best grain shows on face, good wearing surface for floors, furniture, radial face preferred for coating, less cupping and warp than other cuts (for furniture), less shrinkage (for furniture) & can be successfully reconditioned Back sawn (good for construction): Rings parallel to long edge Disadvantages: -shrink more access width when drying, more likely to wrap and cup (not a problem for construction, might use in timber frame building) Advantage (easy to dry and strength): Season more rapidly, less prone to splitting when nailing, wide sections possible, few knot on edge

Radial sawn (used as a weatherboad cladding system for bridge and fences): -Face is always a radical cut Disadvantages: -wedge shaped cross section -more difficult to detail (structural properties not cleargood sawn/bad sawn) -more difficult to stack Advantage: -dimensional stability -less prone to warping, cupping -less wastage in milling.

Timber properties and consideration (strengthen and weakness) -timber use: furniture and construction ●

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●

● ● ● ● ● ●

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Hardness: medium-high (as hard as stone), most timbers can be reasonable easily marked Fragility:medium-low. Geometry defendant Generally will not shatter or break Ductility: low. Some timbers in their green state can be manipulated into a range of shapes Flexibility/plasticity-high flexibility and medium plasticity (can be shaped in particular state, pressing, curving) Porosity/permeability-high (need waterproof, cannot contact with water) Density-depend on timber type Conductivity-poor conductor of heat and electricity Durability/life span dependance Reusability/recyclability-high (eg. Second hand timber) Sustainability & carbon footprint: low embodied water. It is very sustainable , especially sourced from renewable forest Cost: low, low wood will reduce transport costs. Used in prefabrication in japan

Timber-design detail -graded according to strength -the availability of size and length -bearing situation -seasoned timber-less than 15%, unseasoned>15%

Special consideration (knot & durability) -Knots: week points/cause slope of grain slope

Knots

-strength around knots is weaker than strength cross grain.

-load situation: to bent under its load -part of the timber is put apart in tension, so avoid to have a knot. eg. in a normal beam situation, the top of the timber bent off it will undergo compression, the bottom will undergo tension.

Pro: we all want knot at the top of the beam because load compression on that will not have weakness Dis: if pulling against the knot, the timber can break parallel to the grain

knot will not cause weal at the top, but cause weak at the bottom

Special consideration 2: Durability-water, sunlight, heat, fire and insects -water: Damage: fungal attack, swelling & shrinkage (cracking) Solution: Avoid exposure, seal against moisture movement (paints), protection at the end grain

Water ingress greatest at end grain

-insect: Damage:termites and borer Solution:chemical/physical barrier between ground and limber -Sunlight and heat: Damage:excessive drying (shrinkage & break down wood Solution:light color paints

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Engineered timber products-curved/long span

Solid products -(LVL) Laminated venner lumber: high strength, aligned to longitudinal direction. eg. mainly structural (beams, posts, portal frames) -(Glulam) Glued laminated timber:gluing together to form a deep member.

Grain aligned to longitudinal direction eg. mainly structural (beams, posts, portal frames)

LVL

Glulam

-(CLT) Cross laminated timber: Gluing and pressing Grain laid in alternate direction (90 degrees), provide strength in two directions eg.-structural panels(horizontal and vertical)

CLT

Sheet products -plywood: gluing and pressing thin laminates together to form a sheet.

Grain laid in alternate directions, strength in two directions -eg. structural bracing/ structural flooring/ formworks/joinery/ marine applications -(MDF) Medium density fiberboard (recycled): made by breaking down hardwood and softwood waste into wood fibres, combining it with wax and a resin binder by applying high temperature and pressure MDF is more dense than plywood eg. non-structural applications (joinery)

plywood

MDF

-chipboard & strandboard (recycled): made by layering hardwood or softwood residuals (chips, strands) in a specific orientation with wax and a resin binder by applying high temperature and pressure. eg. As part of structural systems (Flooring and cladding finish) chipboard & strandboard

Engineered timber-other manufactured products

Solid timber flanges (timber/LVL) Web (plywood/OSB)

-I-beams: light weight, suitable for medium spans eg. floor joists/rafters -Box beam: Suitable for larger spans, torsionally stiff Eg, decorative polywood/ floor joists/ rafters -Timber flanged steel web joists:light weight, open webs give access for service, webs by light tubes, solid rounds, corrugated sheets Eg. floor joists/ rafter

I-beams Solid timber flanges (timber/LVL) Two webs (plywood/OSB)

Box beam

Steel structure (connect two flanges)

Timber flanged steel web joists Analysis: through these timber videos, we understand the timber properties, their types, construction use and potential problems. When we use timber in constructions, we will be able to prevent many problems, such as cracking, knots, shrinkage and cupping, though paints, waterproof covers and appropriate sawn. Different types of woods or sawn methods will be used according to the use of timber, like instruction and furniture.

Short and long colums -columns: are vertical structural members designed to transfer axial compressive load â—?

Short columns (short and thicker) -ratio off effective column length to the smalllest cross section dimension is less than 12: 1 eg. a 3000mm tall column with a 450mm*300mm cross-section will have a ratio of 10: 1. therfore, it will be considered a short column.

-load applied on columns cannot exceed the compressive strength of the materiel. Otherwise, it will crushed (shear) Compressive strngth (pa)=load (N)/area (mm2)

According to the formula, the cross-section area is larger, the compression strength the columns experienced will be smaller. So, can carry more load.==fat colums can take more than slim colums -when load applied, columns will become shorter

Shear failure

-

Long columns (long and slimmer) -the ratio off effective column length to the smalllest cross section dimension is greater than 12: 1 -failure:buckling -the effective length of the locums is changed because of the different fixing methods. The effective length is measured between the points of contrafilexure.

The distance between inflection points in a column subject to buckling

Both ends fixed K=0.5

One end pinned, on e end fixed.

K=0.7

One end pinned K=1.0

One end free one end fixed K=2.0

Picture: Ching (2.13)

According to Ching (2.13)., k is the effective length factor. In this diagram, the fixing both ends of a column reduces its effective length by hald and increase its load-carrying by a factor of 4

Quiz: Plywood is 3 layers of timber, which is always alternate Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3

Load bear

Columns-short/long columns Short columns

Tutorial: Activity: making a 1:10 model Steps: check the annotations and structural elements to try to understand the structure Decide materials, joints and the type of each component.

My part is half of the canopy. Firstly, we needs to find all the related pages and plans, which are S04.01 ( the section), A46-04 (wall details), A46-02 (wall details) and A21-03 (roof plan) A21-03 (roof plan)

A ridge, which indicate that the canopy roof shape is a triangle ridge

-

Pavilion triangular roof I believed Next, we recall the site visit we did in week 3 that the wood structure is clad by concrete or brick. Through this week's e-learning, I understand that it is brick veneer, which is a timber frame with a brick coating Therefore, we are going to use timber to make our frame.

The material we decided to use is basalt wood because its softness and hardwood properties. According to this week's e-learning, I realize that basalt is a hardwood with a softer state. It will be easy to cut and unlikely to break because of its hardness. Moreover, when we select material, we try to avoid the timber sheet with knots, which will weaken the strengthen of the wood.

Diagonal bracing

cross bracing

May act as a nogging to reduce column loadbearing span

A46-02 (wall details) These bracing, which bonded the frame, will be able to strengthen and stabilize the structure Next, we decide to measure the widths of the beam to ensure that how width we need to cut.

The height is by considered through discussion with the other group, it is 23 cm in height. 0.5 is left to allow the bottom to be plugged into formboards

180 UBT 22

155 UBT 16

150 PFC

150 UC 30

155 UC 23

S04.01 ( the section) S04.01 shows the types and length of beams. The composition of each beams is also clearly indicated.

180 UBT 22

The length (cm)+ column types+ serial number

UBT is T-shaped beam

PFC is C-shaped beam

UC is universal columns

It means that we will use 1.8 cm T-shaped beam, 1.55 cm T-shaped beam, 1.5cm C-shaped beam and 1.5cm universal beam Also, at the corner of this diagram, it also says that this is bolts joints, hence, we will use pin to represent that joint.

Diagonal beams are across at the top because this is a truss elevation.

-truss is a effective, light and material-saving beams, which we are taught in week 4

Model process

We are still try to pin everything together

During the process, we use prefabrication method to make a model that each component is produced first, then send them to the site to assembly. In our group, we send 3 people to so cuttings, one left to assembling. However, when we cutting two many components, it is really hard to differentiate each component. Hence, we labelled all the components, like what builders did to their prefabrication on the site.

Once, components are labeled everything become so easy that the builder in our group is more easy to assemble them A piin joint,shows that left and right are free to move

On the footing part, pin joint are used to fixed the footing on the modelc

When we finished the longitudinal section, we turn to the cross section to make 3-D model

Model process-3-D model A46-02 (wall details The cross-section of canopy is a triangle.

This structure is good for sheltering and rain protection.

The slope of the bottom also allow wind to gently flow down through the roof.

-f rectangle roof, will be hit heavily -suitable for Melbourne weather

Triangle wings are added to make 3-D model

Cross-beams are clearly indicated

Week 6--E-learning ●

Roof strategy and system (video)

-roof is a primary shelter element for the internal space of the building. Rainwater will be collected and carried away through gutters (eg. Box & eave gutter) into storm system.

Glazed roof over atrium

Parapet walls with a slopping roof behind

Picture: video roof system

Flat roof

Deep gable roof With tiles Roof deck roofing with lines

Galvanic steel purlins

Metal steel beam -support purlins

Uniemlb design building: metal deck roofing Roof system -Flat roof (under 3 degrees): not completely flat If the roof is completely flat, roof load will increase I also results in leakage because water cannot be drained away Need waterproof membrane ● ● ● ●

Reinforced concrete slab Flat truss/ space frames Beams & decking Joists & decking/roof sheeting

Support element: truss Steel beam composite with decking (Metal decking as formwork+concrete on top) Light weight joists. Eg timber joints with roof decking on top

-Pitched and sloped roof (>3 degrees) Slope is decided by roof laying materials eg. tiles (>15 degrees) >metal sheet roof (3<x<15 degrees)

Timber/steel rafters

Beams and purlins

If the slope is quite low, a waterproof membrane will be required

truss

Concrete roof -are general flat plates of reinforced concrete, the top surface is sloped towards drainage points and the entire roof surface finished with applied waterproof membrane.

-much expansive than timber and steel -satisfy traffic board (eg, car park) -high fire rating

Slope top of slab or roof insulation for drainage

Roof membrane Vapor retarder

Picture: Ching, â&#x20AC;&#x153;building construction illustratedâ&#x20AC;?, P6.04

Roof slab may be supported by reinforced concrete columns, reinforced frames,or bearing walls of reinforced concrete or masonry

Concrete slab-close cell insulation and waterproof membrane protected from surface

Steel framed roof -flat: a combination of primary and secondary roof beams for heavier roof finishes, such as deck/ concrete.

Roof beams and purlins for lighter sheet metal roofing Roof decking

Picture: Ching P6.06

-sloping: Roof beams and purlins and lighter sheet metal roofing Z-section/ c-section purlin

sheet metal roofing

bracing

purlins

Z-shape girt

girders

beams Rigid joints

Picture: Ching P6.06

-portal frame (connected by rigid point): A series of braced rigid frames (two columns and a beam) with purlins for the roof and girts for the walls. The walls and rood are usually finished with sheet metal.

Columns and beams need to be thick because bending moment are large Beam below and purlin on top Picture: video roof system

Picture: Ching P6.07

Beam (below the purlin)

Truss roof -are framed roofs constructed form a series of open web type steel or timber element\ -can expand long distance with relatively limited material -high strength to material ratio -need to be braced for flexibility

Flat truss

Picture: Ching, “building construction illustrated”, P6.09

gable truss

Picture: Ching, “building construction illustrated”, P6.09

Space frames: -are 3D plate type structures that are long spanning in two directions -linear steel section of various cross section types are weld, bolted or threased togteher to form matrix-like structure

Space frame support a glaze

Picture: video roof system Picture: video roof system

Light framed roof 1--Gable roofs -vertical and triangular section of wall at one or both ends of the roof -common rafter, ridge beam and ceiling joist. When the roof overhangs the gable end wall outriggers are used -Materials: timber, cold-formed steel sections (and also sometimes heavier steel (UB or PFC) for major beams) Ridge beam (support (rafter) Double headers

Double rafters for openings overtrigger Rafter (span from ridge to a wall plate) Top plate

Ceiling joist

Picture: Ching, “building construction illustrated”, P6.19

Light framed roof 2-hip roofs -same definition and materials with gable roof -Common rafter, hip rafter, valley rafters, jack rafters, ridge beams and ceiling joists

Valley jacks (valley rafter to a ridge)

Jack rafter: valley rafter/ hip jack

Common rafter

Valley rafter Picture: Ching, “building construction illustrated”, P6.17

Ridge board

Hip rafter

Hip jack (a wall plate to hip rater)

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Introduction to metal

-history: copper, bronze age and iron age (industrial age) -sourcing: pure metals extracted from minerals -metal: malleable, ductile and not brittle Because when subject to any stress the metal atoms slide past each other and the mobile electrons rearrange (distortion) -metal types: ● Ferrous: iron (cheaper) ● Non-ferrous: All other metals (non-iron)--more expensive, less likely to react with oxygen and superior working qualities ● Alloy-combination of two of more metals (ferrous alloy if it contains iron, non-ferrous alloy it does not) -Metal properties ● Hardness-varied ● Fragility-low (will not shatter or break) ● Ductility: high ● Flexibility/plasticity-medium(solid state)----high (when heated-plastic state) ● Porosity/permeability-impermeable ● Density-high ● Conductivity-high (heat and electricity) ● Durability/life span: varied ● Reusability/recyclability: high ● Sustainability & carbon foorprint:high embodied energy, recycled and renewable ● Cost: cost effective Metal consideration -Metal will react with other metals (ion transfer in water/moisture)

Galvanic series Picture: video of the introduction to metal

-Prevention of ion transfer ● A insulator (metal separation), like a rubber gasket ● Coating (protection from rusting), like galvanized steel, which is steel coated by a thin layer of zinc to protect the steel from rusting

-Prevention of water damage Water damage: oxidation and corrosion Eg, iron and steel (rusting) Good damage: Aluminum oxidizes to form a protective layer Prevention: ● Avoid prolong exposure to moisture ● Seal against moisture ● Chemical treatment

Ferrous metals and alloys (containing iron)--video -iron (very reactive chemically-rusting, good compressive strength) ●

-Wrought iron-a decorative element -cast iron-a compression element -iron alloys: steel (iron and carbon) ● Very strong ● Transfers heat and electricity ● Can form into many different shapes ● Long lasting and resistant to wear Steel framing- strongest in industry ● Hot rolled steel-protected from rusting and corroding by coatings (paints/ dipped galvanizing) ● Cold formed steel :protected from hot dip process (galvanisation) ● Reinforcing bars: good tensile resistance. Deformations on thebars assist bonding with the concrete.

●

non-Ferrous metals and alloys

-Aluminium (light, easy to formed and cast, expensive and high embodied water) eg. window frames, door handles -copper-conduct electricity and heat (used as a electrical wire), find in pure form in nature, malleable and ductile. eg. roof: change orange roof to green -zinc: pure form, expensive cladding for walling and roof eg. cladding on steel to protect from rusting (galvanizing), roof materials, such as purlins (coated on zinc to prevent rust) -Lead: less used today, toxic -Titanium: expensive, used in cladding system for preventing corrosion -Bronze (copper+tin): used for bearing, clips, electrical connectors and spring, corrosion resistant -bass (copper+zinc): handles, quite easy to work with cast, to fix bottle ties

Trusses (Ching 6.08) -trusses are generally fabricated by welding or bolting structural angles and tees together to form the triangulated framework. ●

-because of the slenderness of these truss members, connections usually require the use of steel gusset plates. Heavier steel trusses many utilize wild-flange shapes and structural tubing Truss required lateral bracing on a direction perpendicular to their planes

Metal roof decking

Bolted or welded with gusset plate -to prevent secondary shear and bending stresses form developing, the centroidal axes of truss members and the load at a joint should pass through a common point.

purlin

Picture: Ching, “building construction illustrated”, P6.08

Mechanical services such as piping, conduit, and ductwork may pass through the web space

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Plate and grid (Ching p2.18) Folded plate structure are composed of thin, deep elements joined rigid along their boundaries and forming a sharp angles to brace each other.against lateral buckling ●

In longitudinal direction, each plane act as a beam

● ●

In the short direction, span reduced by each fold acting as rigid support

Analysis: many roof construction methods are introduced in this week, such as truss, gable and flat roof. It can help us understand the choices the engineer did on the site. Like why they use a timber gable roof rather than flat roof, it might related to rainwater drainage and weight load. Also each part of the structure are also very well understand, which can help us in drawing free body diagram. Aldo we can understand the load transfer from the roof to the bottom.

Different metals and their properties are introduced. We might use them in the further construction to prevent rusting and corrosion. Also, to understand the each metal properties are quite crucial that misunderstand the material properties might lead to construction failure due to low durability or strengthens. Moreover, alloys can be considered during the construction to make corrosion resistant. Furthermore, Although Aluminum is commonly used today, such as Aluminum window frame in school, I will try to avoid to use it in the future due to high costs and embodied energy. It might result in environmental damage.

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Quiz Ridge beam Rafter span

Eave/ overhangs/cantilever Rafter ceiling joist Rafter spacing (ceiling joist spacing)

Top plate -Rafter is a roof element for ceiling only -joist is a floor element

2. for the truss below, determine whether member 1, 2 and 3 are in tension or compression 2 KN

(1)

(3)

(2) Answer:

Is a pin joint

Is a roller joint

Testing 1.

(1)

(3)

Angle is pushed down, so (1) is compression

(3)

(1)

(2)

(2)

Testing 2.

(1)

(3)

(2)

(3)

(1)

(2)

Roller pin moved away, angle is pushed down, so (3) is compression

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Tutorial

-construction presentation The anther model

This is the model the other group made. They pay attention to all the things , such as the beam types, joints (how beams interacted) and each components

Slab/ flooring/ ceiling Structural wall-taking load -not partition

Retaining wall

footing

These pillars are US

Concrete blocks, reinforced concrete inside

, which is well-indicated in the model

The structure in these model is also well understand.

The difference between partition and structural wall is illustrated that partition walls are not carrying wall. Partition walls is more used in space separation and decoration, while structural wall is holding the entire structure Door on the retaining wall might weak the whole structure, lintel might be required in this model to carry more load above a door In free body diagram,

Load is transfer from one beam to another, then to the columns, to retaining walls, to footing

Retaining wall might be used to transfer load from building to footings. It also take the load from the adjacent soil, to prevent them from falling dowm

This is shallow footing, which is used for low-storey buildings. It also used in the consideration that soil capacity is relatively highâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;according to week 3

Concrete slab might be used due to its hardness, low cost and durability- from week 3

Reinforced concrete in this section is used to take more load within the identical size with the above part because the building is getting lower, more load will need to be carried-from week 4

Our model In my model the truss components and properties are also indicated. It is braced and effective in taking load. Less materials are required to take such a big load

belgain truss (Ching p.6.09)

Flat truss Cross bracing to carry more load

In this structure, Belgain and flat truss are used in the ridge area to take more load. Wires can also hide between the trusses to save more space. The cross bracing, which is more strength than truss are utilized in the main columns, which carry most of the loads.

Although this model pays attention to structure, it fails to indicate beam and bracing types, such as US and RHS. To show these features can make the model more like a real building.

Also, showing the features can perform how such types of beam will work in a mass structure.

Terms / useful points learnt from other full-size task

Tutorial-week 7 ●

Detailing for heating and moisture (video)

Drainage systems in dry and wet conditions Water heating roofs-need to be carried away from the building: eaves gutters into the down pipe to drainage

Rain screen system-attempt to press equalised forces to prevent water entering

Eave will help protect a building. It is also less risky because water unlike to flow back to the wall Thus, Eaves can

If the roof drained internally/ flat roof, box gutters are used.

Drained outside rather than go down, in case the down pipe is blocked.

protect the wall surface.

Window joints/ wall joints are high risk area for water penetrating.

Wall- double skinned wall.

Dry ground. Agriculture drainage. Water is drained away into drainage pipe.

Wet side. Tanking (interior dry)- the placement of water proof membrane, typically artificial rubber around the

Dry ground. Agriculture drainage. Water is drained away into drainage pipe.

construction.

Picture: video of detailing for heating and moisture

3 conditions (water can penetrate into a building) ● An opening ● Water present at the opening ● A force to move water through the opening

Water might flow into roof and insulation

Picture: video of detailing for heating and moisture

Water might flow into the gap

3 conditions (water can penetrate into a building) ● Removing openings ● Keep water away from openings ● Neutralising the forces that move water through openings

Condition 1 -Removing openings ● Sealant (eg. Silicon) ● Gaskets (eg. Performed shapes made from artificial rubbers) However, both needed to be updated because of weathering Picture: video of detailing for heating and moisture Picture: video of detailing for heating and moisture

Sealant -to fill in gaps between openings

Gaskets -rubber is placed between panels to eliminate gaps

Condition 2 -Keep water away openings ● Gutter-drain water to downpipe and stormwater system -Pipes overlaps-lower pipe (smaller) to sit up into the up module (larger), so water will flow down in overlapped way ) ●

●

Overlapping cladding and roof elements: weatherboard and tiles overlaps (side by side, top to bottom) Slopes: door and window sill & rood and wall flashing & building base

Condition 3 -neutralising the forces ● Gravity ● Surface tension and capillary action ● Momentum from wind ● Air pressure differential 1. Gravity strategy -typically use slopes and overlaps to carry water away from the building using the force of gravity Eg flashings Picture: video of detailing for heating and moisture

Picture: Ching, “building construction illustrated”, P7. 22

The flashing between walls

Head flashing

Sill flashing

Water flow

valley flashing

2. surface tension and capillary action strategies -use a drip or a break between surfaces to prevent water cling to the underside of surfaces (such as window sill or parapet capping) Parapet capping -prevent water to flow in to the gaps between walls and capping

-These gaps and breaks prevent water reaching and entering openings because the surface tension of the water is broken at the drip/ gap location. Instead, the capillary action movement of the water stops and the water is released in drop form

A drip/ break -stop water to get all the way in (against surface tension)

Extended roof -allow water to flow down th the gutter

Picture: Ching, “building construction illustratevd”, P7. 18

capping

Cavity flashing Thinck roof: corrugated roof (up and down)

Folded here -form A drip

Roof deck -support gutter

Box Gutter

Picture: video of detailing for heating and moisture

3. monument (wind) -push a rain drop into a building Begin to flow back because of gravity and slope

-to inhibit this movement, the gaps are often constructed in more complex labyrinth shapes

Picture: Ching, “building construction illustratevd”, P7. 18

-the complex shape slows the momentum of the moisture and helps to deflect water away from the gap entry labyrinth shapes

Picture: video of detailing for heating and moisture

4. Air pressure differential -air is 'pump' from high pressure to the low pressure -air barrier to form a PEC (pressure equalisation chamber) to balance pressure

Picture: video of detailing for heating and moisture

â&#x2014;?

Detailing for heating and moisture (video) ----Details for heat

Control heat (heat gain/loss) - heat conduction through building envelope -radiant heat heat sources (building envelope and elements) -thermal mass

Control heat 1 -thermal insulation -thermal breaks (rubber and plastic): Made from low conductive materials to reduce the heat transfer from outside to inside when using highly conductive materials like metals -double/triple glazing: air space/ air pocket to insulate heat

Control heat 2- -radiation -reflective surface (low e-glass/ reflective foil)/light colour surface (white roof panel) -shading system: waves, veranda, shelters & vegetation (outside) (not curtain or internal blind (inside), which is more related to heat loss)

Control heat 3-thermal mass -carry warm when getting warm (day, winter) -release heat when getting cool (night, winter) eg. masonry, concrete and water bodies Control heat 4-air leakage (similar to water strategies) -wrapping the building in polyethylene or reflective foil sarking to provide air barrier -weather stripping around doors and window and other openings

http://www.jaymarchomes.com/Home-Care-Guide

http://building-our-firsthouse.blogspot.com.au/2007/07/jargo n002-sarking-and-anti-ponding.html http://www.ecodaddyo.com/weather-stripping

http://forum.homeone.com.au/viewtopic.php?f=20&t=19801

●

Rubber (video)

-natural rubber (from trees, plastic state) -synthetic rubber (artificial rubber) Properties ● Hardness: harder rubber (resist abrasion) & softer rubber (better seals) ● Fragility: low (not shatter or break) ● Ductility: high (in heated state), varied in cold state ● Flexibility/plasticity: high ● Waterproof ● 1.5 * density of water ● Conductivity-poor. Used as insulation ● Durable ● Recycled ● Low embodied water ● Cost effective Uses -natural rubber: seals, gasket & control joints, flooring lining, insulation, hosing and piping -synthetic rubber: EPOM (eg. Gasket and control joints), NEOPRENE (seals) and SLUCONE (control joints)

Special consideration -weather related damage (lose properties when exposed to weather, especially sunlight) -Protection: avoid sun exposure

Plastics (video) -source from petrol, combined with chemical reactors into monomer -able to mould into different shape ●

-types & use ● Thermoplastics: Polyethylene (polythene), poly-methyl methacrylate (perspex, acrylic), Polyvinyl Choride (PVC, vinyl) & polycarbonate

Polyethylene

polycarbonate

perspex

PVC

Thermosetting plastics: laminex (used for finishes surface), polystyrene(used in insulation panel) -can be shaped (moulded) once ●

laminex

polystyrene

Elastomers (Synthetic rubbers): EPDM, NEOPRENE, Silicon

●

EPDM

Silicon

NEOPRENE

Water proof slab roof deck

Water proof seals/ help separate metals/ gaskets

Properties -Low hardness -not fragile -highly flexible (plastic when heated) -waterproof -Light weight (help transport) -poor conduct heat and electricity---good insulation -low embodied water-recycled plastics Plastics are petrochemical derives so not a renewable resource ●

Special consideration -weather related damage (properties degraded when exposed ti weather (especially sunlight)) ●

-Protection: avoid sun exposure

Paints (video) -used for protection against rusting and corrosion ●

-Clear paints: lacquers or varnishes

Paints (video)--Uses and types -oil based -water based â&#x2014;?

Properties -colour consistency: the colour should resist fading. Especially when outside in ultraviolet light (sunlight), red dyes tend to be less stable in sunlight -durability: must resist to rain and utra-violet in sunlight

Week 8--E-learning â&#x2014;?

Door and window (video) +Ching chapter 8

Both window and door have head, jamb Rough opening - wall opening into which a door frame is fitted

Door leaf

Head -the uppermost member of a doorframe Jamb -either two side members of a door frame Stop -the projecting part of a door frame against which door closes -prevent wind blown in at the edges

Handle, latch & load

Architrave -when the door is inserted, there will be a gap. The gap is filled by architrave Door swing

Sill and threshold -a sill of a door way

Timber door: -internal and external door (basalt door), -sliding door with track above and sliding channel below Aluminum door & frame (commercial and office buildings) - timber/steel framed door

Steel frame

timber frame

Steel door & frame - (timber doors+steel frame) -security doors Window -clean issue

Window

Lintel to carry load

head

Stud framing

Window frame jamp Timber jamb

Timber head sill Timber sill

Window head Double glazed -air space for insulation jamb

Here has no set back. Reveal -observe how glaze placed

Window sill

Windows in brick veneer system

Another Rail pocket -here is the separation between up and down sections of window

Commercial Aluminum window

Steel -transfer heat

steel window

Thermal break -reduce heat loss

roof

columns

Curtain window (window=wall) -carry it own load -transfer load back into concrete structure -windows load are carried around the opening, rather than through windows -also, roof load can be carried by columns rather than a window

Glass-not take load

Analysis: this video is correspond to the class exercise of oval construction drawing that it is teaching us to understand structure drawing. I realize that the structural drawing is quite complex.

Each part of the drawing has its own meanings and use. We need to understand all the structures through photo, observation and research to try to understand the buildings

glass (video) –from silica Formers (silica)-basic ingredient used to produce glass Fluxes (soda ash/ potash)-help formers to melt Stabilizers (limestone/Alumina)-combine with former and fluxes more stable (prevent dissolving and crumbling) ●

Walling system-curtain walls Properties -waterproof -conductivity-high (electricity useful, but not heat), eg bulbs -hardness-high -Fragility-high -Ductility-low -Flexibility/plasticity-high -durable -good recycled ability -cost-relatively expensive Types -flat glass (clear/tinted float, laminated, tempered, wired, so on) -shaped glass (curved, clocks, channels, tube, fibres) -float glass / annealed glass Float glass ● Clear float glass Cheap and simple However, breaks will be sharp and dangerous Laminated glass -a tough plastic interlayer (PVB) is bonded together between two glass panes (as a sandwich) ●

-this improves the security and safety of the glass because when the glass crack, this sharp fragments tend to adhere to the plastic rather than falling apart.

Tempered glass (toughened glass) -produced by heating annealed glass, then cooled quickly to create a state of high compression in the outer surfaces of the glass. ●

-so the bending strength can increase, and it will break into small, pellet shaped pieces rather than sharp shards -uses: facades, partitions, balustrades - double/ triple glasses VS low-e glass (absorb radiant energy) Analysis: the glass introduction help us understand the use of glass in construction. What do we need to consider before choose a glass. Glass can be used in window and walls. Security is a big concern for glasses. However, I think that glass selection is quite dependance. It is great to use toughened glass at anywhere. Nevertheless, if you are in a limited budget, it is better to use toughed glass in more crucial area. Normal glass in other place. Low-e glass is also not allow a good idea that it might reduce heat gain in winter daytime.

Ching 2,14

●

-Deflection: is the perpendicular distance a spanning member deviates from a true course under transverse load, increasing load and span, and decreasing with an increase in the moment of inertia of the section or the modulus of elasticity of material.

-Moment of inertia is the sum of the products of each element of an area and the square of its distance from a coplanar axis of rotation.

-

Quiz

Which of the top plates will be the bearing plane (support) for roof structural member that will be installed above the timber frame wall 5 is only a head trimmer because it does not carry any load. However, 4 is a lintel because of its wide and position. It is thicker than other beam and braces because of the more load carry. Also, it is placed on top of the two jamps. It will carry the load above and transfer load to jambs 3 strategies to stop water entering a building

Removing openings ● ●

● ●

●

●

Gravity Cavity wall (a space to drain water) Flashing Caulking (sealing)-uses silicon and rubber & sealant. gasket (between panels)

Neutralizing force ●

PEC (pressure equalization chamber)-balance pressure

Keep water away from opening ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Overhangs Drips Overlapping Sill Fastening Weep holes eaves

Capillary action (water flow through the surface, while ignoring the gravity)

Tutorial Activity: analyze and drawing the construction element in your part of Oval Pavilion+site visit Goals: understand each components of your drawing through observation and research

Remember: the scale is 1: 10. it means that everything multiply by 10 Working steps 1.check A46-03 (through the reference symbols on my drawing), I realize that my part is a gutter, which is on the roof corner of the plant Oval parvilion-A46-03 Room 2. then I check the pavilion plan, which is on Page (A26-02), it shows that plant room is on the edge of the building. I will remember the Location and find the place on the site later This is the place I will going to looking for

Oval parvilion-A26-2.

Plant room

Plant room

3. identify all the annotations from the oval Pavilion construction drawings and subject outline.

Analysis: I use the strategy I learnt in week 4 tutorial to find the location of my drawing.

I use reference symbols and symbolic representation of materials to get all the information I wanted

Through subject outline, I find that (mineral wool/ batts insulation)

is sawn timber and

is loose insulation

Is brick work

Through oval Pavilion construction drawings, AL-06 is flashing, RFS-01 is metal deck, INS03 is thermal insulation, INS-08 is acoustic insulation, RWS-01 is box gutter, AL-01 is roof access hatch Moreover, the cavity, insulation and brick have indicated that this is a masonry cavity wall. I will find a brick wall on the site

Site visit final preparation: Location: plant room roof at the corner Important point: gutter should be on a brick wall and weep hole Here is the photo I took from the site. This is a similar gutter. My part cannot be seen from the site. So I just take gutter, which is close to my part, to help me understand the drawings On top, it is corrugated roof

gutter A brick wall Weep hole corrugated roof

Gutter opening

Weep hole

Weep hole, look at from the bottom

Drawing Then I began to draw and try to understand each components

In week 7, my drawing has been introduced in e-learning video, so I review it and get more information Extending roof to against All the information I used from the video will be green capillary action

Water flow down

This is a roof with a large thickness, which means that this is a corrugated roof, -lead water to flow through the fold

Here is folded, form a labyrinth shaped drip -the shape is too complex that the water is not able to go up

Water flow in and out

Water flow down

Capping: it leads the water to flow to the box gutter -it is also a parapet

This is cavity flashing.

It uses slope to against surface tension/ capillary action. Due to gravity, the water will finally fall down to back to the sweep hole to outside of the wall

Water flow in and out

The thermal insulation might be used to stop heat transfer from water to the roof because during a rain, the temperature of the water in gutter is too low. Thermal insulation can keep room warm and acoustic insulation might be used to block the noise from the rain. The sound might be very load, when rain drops hit the roof. Hence, many acoustic insulation are used on the roof

Backing rod

More self-research Backing rod-soft rod With expansion sealant, it can be compressed or expanded

http://www.stickyproducts.co.uk/foam-backingrod-support-for-mastics-1784-p.asp

http://faculty.arch.usyd.edu.au/pcbw/walls/control-joints/index.html

capping

Corrugated roof flashing

Acoustic insulation

Backing rod and sealant

drip

Thermal insulation

roof deck

Weep hole

Ventilated air space -to disparate any water vapor

flashing Loose insulation

Heat & noise -thermal insulation -acoustic insulation Moisture -keep water away from openings: sealant and vapor barrier -neutralize the force (capillary action and wind)-capping & flashing

Wall ties

Week 9--E-learning Composite materials (video) -Monolithic materials: are single material or materials combined (components are indistinguishable) â&#x2014;?

-Composite materials: two or more materials combined in a way that the individual materials remain easily distinguishable metal and glass are separated

A composite is formed from a -combination of materials which differ in composition or form -remain bonded together Safety glass -retain their a identities and properties -act together to provide improved specific pr synergistic characteristic not obtainable by any of the original components acting alone

Composite materials have 4 types (fibrous, laminar, particulate and hybrid)

Examples .Fibre reinforced cement (FRC)-cellulose fibres, cement, sand and water -water proof, not burn, resistant to rotting and wraping eg. sheet, board, pipes, cladding Fibreglass(a mixture of glass fibre and epoxy resin) -waterproofing, weather proof, light weight eg. cladding, swimming pool and bath Aluminum sheet composite (aluminum and plastic in sandwich structure) -reduce amounts of aluminum are required, lighter weight, less expansive, weather resistant eg. cladding Timber composite (combination of solid timber, galvanized presses) -easy to install and accommodate services -joints, beams and truss

Fibre reinforced polymers (polymers (plastics) with timber, glass or carbon fibre -a strength-to-weight ratio greater than steel, corrosion resistant eg. decking, external cladding and beam Analysis: composite materials have many construction use. It can gain strength and certain properties of materials, such water permeability and fire rating. Timber composite is commonly used in construction places in Melbourne. It can gain timber strength, while reducing it costs as much as possible. Thus, timber composite can be affordable by normal builders

Construction detailing (video) -construction is about who materials put together â&#x2014;?

1. movement joints-allow movement to prevent cracking

Compressed

As installed

elongated

2. health and safety Eg, fire, stairs are safe, stairs (height and weight) 3.aging gracefully (decaying and corrosion overtime) Eg, water damage, salt and ocean areas, scratched -copper (changes to green overtime), timber (decay over time) 4. repairable services and resistance to damage -easy to replaced, repair and protection (cladding and paints) eg. weak point (corner) 5. cleanable surface-ease of cleaning -tiles in bathroom, dirty corner, hospital (important to clean) 6. maintenance access -tiles replacement, access to floor space for cleaning 7. conductibility -details (easy to assemble and possible adjust) Analysis; in this part, construction details are important. They can decide the success and failure of a building. If the building has perfect structure, but ignoring the construction details. The house might not be suitable to live. For instance, a over-high stair case might lead to inconvenience to disabilities. Fail to maintenance will also cause building life-span to reduce. Many potential problems and dangers might be caused as well. Therefore, construction details are one of the important part to construction.

Movement joints (Ching 7.48-7.50) All building materials expand and contract in response to normal changes in temperature.

Some also swell and shrink with changes in moisture content, while other deflect under loading. â&#x2014;?

-joints must be constructed to allow this movement to occur in order to prevent distortion, cracking or breaks in the building materials -movement joints (expansion joint, control joint and isolation joint) When needs movement joints?

-surface with severe solar exposure require expansion or control joints -parapet walls need expansion or control joints near corners to prevent displacement -long, linear building elements, such as fascia or curtain wall, need expansion joint

Finish work (Ching 7.48-7.50) -coating are required in exterior wall surface to prevent water penetration -rigid finish materials capable of spanning short distances many be applied to a support grid of linear members. More flexible finish materials required a solid and rigid backing -aesthetic quality: color, texture, pattern, and the way it meets and joins with other materials â&#x2014;?

Finish work patterns

Quiz A client has asked for a maintenance-free and easy to clean house. Which if the following would you consider including? a. clear finished external timber cladding b. aluminum windows c. coved skirting d. carpet tiles in the bathroom e. laminated glass Answer: c Explanation: Aluminum windows might easy to get dust, it will have maintenance problem Coved skirting---easy to clean, corner will not accumulate dust.

Tutorial Task: Site visit Goal: understanding the construction process and key terms.

In this site, many contemporary works are used to maintain the structure and waiting concrete to try. Also, many trusses, joints, beams, columns and paints used to support the structure and prevent corrosion. Pipes for safety and drainage use are placed on the ceiling to improve the security rate and maintenance

Concrete work: IN SITU and prefabrication In SITU are largely used in my site that many formworks and concrete pouring tools are left on the site.

Holes, might is caused by formwork, might be left on the concrete The black formwork -i found on the site

Ties -tied up the formwork

bars -pass through the formwork and concrete -fixed concrete

The final Concrete produced we saw on the site (concrete with holes) Concrete pouring tool

Concrete fixed on the ceiling Props -fixed/support beams and bracing -fixed concrete

braciing -fixed concrete

Concrete formwork

Beams -support bracing -fixed concrete

Prefabrication

Prefab concrete panels On the building surface

Maintain the structure (contemporary work) Concrete roof

Steel doorway roof

Props used to support the roof

Steel beams and columns

Load trasfer

roof

Prop Steel beams and columns, which support the door way

cross bracing

Roofs are supported by props and cross bracing

Against aging gracefully (decaying and corrosion overtime) -sealant (block water) -paints -protect from corrosion eg. Sprayed MDF foxy paints

sealant

services and fire resistance -sprinkling pipe and stormwater pipes on the ceiling

Week 10-e-learning Collapse and failure -material selection/ long performance ●

Timber fascia-wide & thin timber-exposed to the sun , painted in white and black -cannot paint Inside Result: warping and cracking

Flat steel sheeting on plywood -ling thin performance Outside concrete -Z-loop finals-falt-shoe calding_plywood backing -Stuck onto the steel stud farming to create smooth finish -ourside: glue in joint External cladding: glue=not long performance Gaps-not seal good=unsuitable?

-exposed to weather-too hot on surface -d-bond between glue and plywood sheathing

● ● ● ● ● ●

Hero and culprits Health Waste.recycling energy use Pollution Life cyce

Good: Non-voc painters Reduce dust Bamboo-no need finish and glue Timber (Australia made) Bad :timber and tiles Aluminum-high embodied energy PVC-hard to recycle

A tale of commission -iron structural frame-columns Copper-bright shinny color-copper dioxide ●

Galvanic corrosion copper+iron=not work well if contrast

Quiz Galvanized steel=zinc Copper roof sheet-zinc gutter—unlikely to corrosion If copper roof-zinc gutter reaction will be very brutal Reason: anodic end-right to put on the building The longer distance between anodic and cathodic—more likely to have reason Villain VS Hero ● Bamboo VS timber (tile) ● Oiled paints VS water-based piants

tutorial Understand the structure

Treated wood sleeper to hold materials -form a fall for the capping

Capping with a stone layer and insulation

Folded roof Expansion joint (brick will expand overtime) Are separated -a pert from gutter -the other part from capping

Purlin-z shapesteel Hole: lighter line weight

Not sleeper-part of the stud wall-insulation placed in

Wall in 3-D

Flashing laid on

Insulation shown on the section

Weep hole

Top plate and nogging shown on the section

Timber frame behind the brick wall -masonry veneer wall

Final work in 3-D

capping

Metal orrugated roof

Timber frame

Backing rod and sealant drip Gutter inner wall

Box gutter

roof deck

Weep hole

Purlin-z shape

Thermal insulation

Box gutter lower layer

Acoustic insulation

flashing

Workshop Using the provided materials to create a structure, which take most of the load.

Compare and study The material I use is 2 and 2 plywood sheet.

The properties I learnt from week 5 e-learning: -plywood sheet:Grain laid in alternate directions strength in two directions From my observation: pine' gain aligned to longitudinal direction

plywood sheet Horizontal grain

Better strength vertical grain

pine Horizontal grain

According to e-learning, pine will be stronger if load parallel to grain Getting weak if load are perpendicular to it

Easy to break when load are perpendicular to it

Sheet

Break/fold, if larger load applied

wider face, easy to break, very brittle

strong when load are parallel

bending, if larger load applied

thin face, high strength and ductility

Therefore, in order to get an stronger structure, we will use thin face of the plywood sheet to take load. Pine is better to be placed horizontal if large load applied

Our design: Uses vertical pine to support a horizontal pine been. While thin face of the two plywood use to cover the pine same

A pine is cut into pieces to vertically support the horizontal pine

Others' design 1: Also use thin face upwards sheets with vertical and horizontal pine

Two thin face upwards sheets

Others' design 2: truss vertical pines are bolts the horizontal pin beam. However, the wider face of sheets also used as a truss brace because of lack of pines pin

Plywood-weak-due t lack of material

testing Our design We think that vertical pine will take all the load to support the horizontal pine. However,.i forget that this is a bridge. The pine in he middle will flat, which will not help in structure

compression

tension break