Chinese Construction Project Bidding Technique & Cases Analyzing

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5&ZeQ+' Y'oHT>Y6 Smarandache xâ„„nG%6 Z5a Linfan MAO Chinese Construction Project Bidding Technique & Cases Analyzing

Smarandache Multi-Space Model of Bidding

Xiquan Publishing House Chinese Branch 2006

}Ez_77 H !m\g\ /EHUB 1GX%4 0Q 100080/100044 maolinfan@163.com

6([fR,(Z(pIU?Z7 -Smarandache

xâ„„nG%6

Linfan MAO Academy of Mathematics and Systems Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100080, P.R.China maolinfan@163.com Chinese Construction Project Bidding Technique & Cases Analyzing

Smarandache Multi-Space Model of Bidding

Xiquan Publishing House Chinese Branch 2006

This book can be ordered in a paper bound reprint from:

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Peer Reviewers: Y.P.Liu,Department of Applied Mathematics, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, P.R.China. F.Tian, Academy of Mathematics and Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P.R.China. M.Wang, Guoxin Tendering Co.,LTD, Beijing 100044, P.R.China. X.Huang, Guoxin Tendering Co.,LTD, Beijing 100044, P.R.China.

Copyright 2006 by Xiquan Publishing House and Linfan Mao Chinese Branch

Many books can be downloaded from the following Digital Library of Science: http://www.gallup.unm.edu/∼smarandache/eBooks-otherformats.htm

ISBN: 1-59973-007-3 Standard Address Number: 297-5092

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' &D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i Z 1 { b - } ls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 §1 b - FÆ: -ls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Z b - ls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 b - : -Li P T o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 x - } LE }F`} Li P T o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 §2 - } L y Ci\4C i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Z b } L y CHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 T - iL }`} FÆ s = CHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 x b } Lz - 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 §3 - } ( ^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Z - } A( ^ ls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 b - ) } A( ^ Li P T o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 §4 - }b& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 §5 }r v 0X5: - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Z }r v : - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 }X5: - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Z 2 { } r L S005 7= 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 §1 ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Z r L ; ℄^ | vL O !E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 ; r~S005 7= 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 §2 } . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Z } ℄^ | vL !E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 } r~S005 7= 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 §3 }P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 Z }P L 9^ T o0 ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 r~ }P ℄^ | vL !E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

yJ

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Z 3 { - } 0 S005 7= 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 §1 } F } X5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Z bP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 ; 2 } . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 §2 ; X5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Z ; L 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 ; .OX5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 §3 b K ; 7 0} U r L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 Z T L b\oH Lls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 b K ; 7L r L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 x b} U o L r L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 §4 } X5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Z } L r L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 } X5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 §5 SB|80 } ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Z SB|8 LEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 SB|8 L 0- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 §6 t}0 } . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Z t} . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 } . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 §7 }.O A 0X5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Z }.O A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 } T }.OX5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 §8 n[8 m 0n[X5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Z n[8 m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 n[X5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Z 4 { - }` 5 7 0 = 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 §1 }` ls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Z ` ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 }Qb L C E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 x }` L y ℄e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

` E L=) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 §2 y C ℄ - }+ o -L L 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

vi

[6b& {3t9y VC =" %v

Z } . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156 `} . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157 x } F& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

}`}r: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 ยง3 b }` L- 0b& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Z ` b& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 ` E gF` 3 u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 x }` L 5 f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 ยง4 P 2 ` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166 Z P 2 ` > #L A~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 P 2 ` L - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 x } s q L O !E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 ยง5 ; .O` 0 = 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Z ; .O` L A~ = 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 ; ` L - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 x ; Qb T s q L O !E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 ยง6 }.O` 0 = 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Z }.O` L A~ = 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 }.O` L - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 x }Qb T s q L O !E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 ยง7 N };$ L n Lu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Z g E h"0 q8 m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 } L r L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 x }Qb L 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

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F& 4 d ` } b H F Lh\ 4& =i ℄ m! }g E } L H L Y * T Lh =i } H? N C i = % }E[- }ET ,- }E2s-R}EV+!UB} [ 3 C i Lb }g E m!` T LkP 4& } 0`}L iL 9^ T o b g E- }`}H 30 d ` Z/ Q)z N ?Z C i PB } 2 `}L i =F \ 0 J ST o% (1) } L2 [i W; ( (2) }g ELT o C 8 8 H( (3) }g EL6-W^ i ( (4) 0H } 2 ; LW^ i 3 v( (5) } 2 ; W H L; (6) `} L QQ M L PB }`} Z/ 7QC i } 0 (``} ? 5 b g E- }`}H 30 d ` n ; F 5 LT o)z N ?Z C i Æ TZ/ 7QC i % VI +x1 UBVÆ*A +x /}?n +x1a/ B R

: R { VCÆ' 1

15

i^(VI ^x1 UBVÆ*AUB /}?nSiBV rE1a/ B Ri^ UBVN/ ?n1 a/~[~` ?n1 a/S7AiBV~[ iBVMN xa 30 d `Z / QC i % xaÆ rxa7AiBV~[iBV {~U)3a/% (1) h L&E&Ug1K"( (2) h LNUg1 ( + t % R ( K s3R)H { s 7 ( Tm H(R3Æ1 tV0( (3) ` Æ 4G>et iB 4I< Uf4?7 HD #f N( (4) A*Oe ` I}BRf 8 ! z{0 [( (5) ^N Nd^>>C1)H a/ xa UBVN/~NU 1a/1y 7AiBV~[iBV N/S7AiBV~[iBV N* %& XT' R VN/~Nd P~[ )HNU i 1yiBV1*0 }`} Z/ YQ } LT o? N C i. ~ Wi : Æ I "i : r LLA( ^ T o': b g E- }`}H 30 d ` Z / Qn?Z Æ9^ T o? N C i % UBV g UB8x1X<RUr=yUB / UB /u"+ )3 ^% (1) iBqD"( (2) iBVWh( (3) Ug ra ( (4) iB / ( (5) V z0B'UB1 Æ*Z$ z0B'( (6) %a ( (7) s nu( (8) BB Ri^( (9) iB S2 UBVÆ*AUB /}>C {QrERa/ H Px1i Bn 0L6Q PBiQ I= ``}Qb T U# x : LT o [ 3 30 d

16

[6b& {3t9y VC =" %v

`Z /e Q } TL S q Q ? N C i %

s \ UB />C1 8 %B Æ~UE :yQB UB /}>C1 8 %B oN/rE~BntuXC1 " lB o v s -f8~zf$Æ[ N/J A:~[ 7AiBV1)H ^ _ G:W tuzf$Æ[1 %B T P~B 81n UB8x1 %B IÆ*AXX^j m ~3* 1 p }`} Z / QC i %UBVN/:HVlF|}IUB /17Ai BV1ov *0~ { 7% Za1 4UBiB1)HC ZQ`y) L C T ?Z L , f FEÆ : ` 6 b } 6 T7 L a bq` ` } 3 `} `[Z} % 0 SB|8 3 ℄ 4 'jL -7 2 [F F `" W `} 3 `[Z} N~ " W ℄`} % QQ p $ y ZQC i ` b g E }`}H 30 d ` Z x / Q T W , f % UBVN/'L~[uE(jXTu iBVMN.hKt 4&` hK - } TL b)o Q 0 X T - iL D nA L b g E 51 }`}H 27 d ` TLZ ,QC i % s z2s8x UBiBzF w^ UBV G z2s8xUBVS8x N#}+UB + A#}+f 1 -E >C>pB 1Æ* z2s8xUBVw^(jUB z2s8xUBVS8x N#}+UB ~B-!M + A#}+f 1 -E >C>pB 1 Æ* #}+}BVR z2s8xUBV 'gw^(jUB ,i* V1z-RGX}& Ug8C z2s8xUBV~[#}+}BV{ uw^I/ {1UB# *} 'UB# t UB# t Nd q,! UB# t Æ* U BVg (UBV UB# *RiBV= 8C1 )8C ZwSqC _ X L 51$& K h51$& : K / }L 51$& ℄e b g E 51 }`}H 27 d `) Z x / ZQC i h = _ I % ? sN\I S ^SP C) %> 1 UBV{~V /APUB zZ

: R { VCÆ' 1

17

A9uAP UBV{~ +rE7AiBVZ8 %2 5'gn 1 %> {0R)IXQ UBV{~!iBVa)2 1 ^MN lRVR xu hu1 %> ^=yUB / A9YAP UBVÆ*:9uAPZ81 %2 1iBVZ$+Jhu %> 1 UB / iBV g UB /1rEZ8+ ! A 1*^ iB / }`} `} 3 v L C i % } `F `}( ? & 20 k } d; k z 3 v ``}( ?3 v' 15 ky_ & p b \ } T - iL 82 d ` p b \ } `}:-H ÆT?Z C i % MiZM p b & 45 k( MhJ p b & 30 k(? l^ \ } L & 20 k 30 d ` b g E- }`}H i 2 d ` b g E v8 \ }`}H t ; i } L z 3 v)z N ?Z C i %

& 5 )k 6 b } 6 Qb T h y CQ C i7 L a P "V r : Ls q N F T - iL }`} `} = 9 Q ℄ `} FÆ`} )z N C i Æ TZ / ,Q `} L n A ? N 2 i = z% iBV 7ÆUB X iBZa1^V~[)H(j w^UB1zg8x;X VX iB1 iB1 V 5^ 4iBV1 >C b g E- }`}H 30 d ` ` 9 n `} L A ? N?Z C i hN & # }`} t L An Æ Z x / , QC i % iBV 7ÆUB X iBZa1^V~[)H(j UBV1XTNhL &^V 1 $ * (' ) ~[ UB8x16' 3~[$ /Z$s ` 1XT^V )XT $ * (' ) J X UB8x1iB b g E 51 }`}H 27 d` 'j51Fh51$& i

18

[6b& {3t9y VC =" %v

- / } TLw g b } L `} ? N C i Æ TZ x / QC i %

sN\ iBV 7ÆUB X iBZa1^V~[)H(j ^C#DV gu V1/ / ~m^V u%4 L %4 ) 0 %4 JN/Agu UB}g iB u yFlSgu guLP1 L uu # lX iB {I Æ/sBÆ T - iL }`} Z / QC i `} = 1 } L P Br L `} `} } Cz L6Q PBiQ )z }3ÆJw76Q } PB L `} i 9 }C N y ℄e Zx / Q C i `} ``} 3 hÆ 7i H 7 4 )? = K T - iL }`} T 4&`}N & 8 0 UC i : ℄eLb Y ' y) Cq 30 d ` 2 d ` 27 d ` i T - iL 89 d ` Q gHC{ T t `}N & 8)z N C i q 30 d `Z x / Q Z / QC i

UBV{~AUB /}rEiBVZ8iB,fK iBVN UB

/rEZ8iB,fK1 iB /44fn /sBÆ

AZ8iB /Br &^-UB />C1iB >' r6 ...... iB VrriB /1 )iB,fK44`

00 UC iN `}N & 8 } W H ` } q N } /- ;$ 3 - ` q{x T ?Z 0 U`}N & 8 W hF` WN `} L `}N & 8ypJ -QE d T - iL }`} Z x / x / xQ `} ? N C i % sN\ iBVN/3 fiB-! N/ )HiBV1% Za CIUBV~[)HiBV1U^K iBVN/!UBV fiB CIE " ru%'" ~[HV1U^ K NriBV~:UBV~[ B 0ux0Nt1 PsI}B sN\N iBVN/~5 x51-!ZB sN/~HVo iB~[ ~)Hi V/ I}B 4&`} ` b g E- }`}H 30 d ` T )z N gHC i Æ TZ /e QC i J S p o `} Y`}Po%

: R { VCÆ' 1

19

iBVi&3 8CL ~d5iB-!( (2) iBVi&3 8C AUB8x}uE~ } 5! -!( (3) iBVi&+MN QZ! C}BV R^ X iB( (4) iBVi&)H fiB-!1N [ 3Z / QC i J S p o } 0`} Y`}% (1) UBVAsB6s.iB / H4iBC h)HiBV ~[ iBVrmiB / -!( (2) UBV:iBVEFB7( (3) UBV!iBVlC iB d5~L B! }B^ iBV~UB VVxMk( (4) UBV++ C}BV( (5) )H fiBN b g E- }`}H 30 d` Z / 7Q YD L 2~

? N 2 i = z% iBVN/~HVo iB 6 Gv~HVo iB qiBV3y)H ' ~ )H' fH T~%G1i }I ~ {f" ~[ )H' )^C#DVA =y 1iB /m QR4 4N !Y ) C iL q;} : ` 6 b ) T YF2~ LE6 g i i 5 I Z /= PLE > s uF 3F< F T - iL }`} t} }i T } = 15 Q ℄ t} 3 v W^ ik t}b& } F& L F } w h L Q } w h >#-? } L } To b&F T }Q T }Y *i FÆ y u T }. OX5F T } L ke0s3 QT o 1 t} Z x / QC iN `}( ?3 v^ I t} 3 v t} W^ } T ;LU iLW^ Z x / ,QC iN t} } i k L `} 'j Z x /e QC iN t}b&i T o [ 3 C i ``}( ?3 v' WEL `} t ==a -h < D * z (1)

20

[6b& {3t9y VC =" %v

b g E- }`}H 30 d ` i b g E v8 \ }`}H 2 d ` T `} L " b 0t}Qb T W zS L Sl?Z )z N C i q 30 d `Z , / QC i % iB / )3CMiu1 UBVN % (1) '9 1~[ 9 qC8<1( (2) UB /rEhy1 iB / )3CMiu1 B 0u x^ sBÆ % (1) ' QH ^C#DV~^C#DV K1# V4 ~ Q1( (2) >C1 `B ^NL~4. pa ^AY1( (3) iBV;8/x~Ux ^Ng1iB / ~AuxiB /}Sgu UB8x- / ~U -! ? yn{u > UB />CZ83^i Bi 1 x( (4) iBVov~(jD*! +x Nuw1( (5) UB /rEZ8iB,fK1( (6) *U℄iB *U℄ i'giB 1 2 } T - iL }`} Z x / QC i B UBVw^(21 B 0u G Z x / 7QC i XT' R VN/r^ + 7 B1Hz RDG } F&i } - b C i 12 d ` Z QC i B 0u w^(2 G BzF :UBVr+}B℄^V~[ gUBV1 Km?P C}BV T - iL }`} Z / Q } F&$ L }} i - ? N C i % B 0uÆ* XUB /PC1 BB Ri^ SiB /MN xR 6=(s B71 Æ*XxB7 B 0u{x B^ Æ*:UBVZ " j B- Hr+U 1}B℄^V UBV g B 0uZ 1"j B- Rr+1}B℄^VPC}BV UBVs{~ K B 0um?PC}BV E 7SXCUB8x1 B XE>C1 )>C } F&i } - b C i (12 d `) Z/ QC i

B 0uÆ* gUB /}>C1 BB Ri^ SiB /MN&

: R { VCÆ' 1

21

h8 xR6= UB /}` >C1B Ri^N// B1wg s q b g E- }`}H (30 d `) T Ze/ Q!Y =L I } 0 T } % kL n[ 6 b ZQ T }Q )z N ?Z r ` } 0 Qb T h s q s \s Ug}PC12s>p 2sB 2s ^ Ug! Æ* yA 1 Ps > /f (PUo >Cf 1 Æ*A}BUg4 E6 --8xx Q xag Æ-TxaW -1 A Ps >A b -8xx Q uNN }Y 3 } UL ) T - iL }`} Z / Q Z C i UBVs B71 B 7:W,h 97 a>C s B71 Æ*XxB7 } F&i } - b C i Z/e Q Z C i } } UL } U = N % ` } 3 ) '| b g E- }`}: - H Z x / QC i % B7 UBV N =y~ u}H *=y u zs =yu B7 Z , / ,QC i UBV s B71 B7A B Æ*/ Xx )N// B1 uwg 0 ' p 0 P" 9 - b - }`}: - H Z / ZQC i U BVs B71 Æ*wgE >C1 z0 >>I UB />C1 !i^ RrE=yB7 HAsB6,h u UB zs =yu B7 0 ' p 0 P" 9 - b - }`}: - H Z / xQC i % )3CMiu1 B 0u{~rEiBV/ "j1nHZ$34S 2% 1 s B71 iB-!5 B7U }N1( 2 NsB71 iB-!n,5 )HiB-! { 5 )-tx51 T B 0uRf YC iBV1-!5 )-tx51 N r+ }B ℄^V~}BV 4 } F&i } - b C i 12 d ` =T o4 } F&i } - b C i T _EC iN } F& L _F w h Q } L b&i - QT o I6 b 0 } ) L℄ P C }Qb L

22

[6b& {3t9y VC =" %v

0 F W zS L ) !EF0lH )z N ℄ZC i L &, } ) 7 q Æ / ZQ `} IIS &Æ_^Po L b&? N C i % A BHz} B 0uZ.iBV1-!n,5 )HiB-!~[As B7 n,5 B7 /)iB-!{ 5 ) Ex51 Æ*rE iB V/ "j1nHZ$34fnS2 iBVN U 1n~[N Z$34fn S21 B 0uYC iBV~5 x5-!ZB )iBÆ/sBÆ Z / ,QC iN S9 }Q % 1 ` XUB /rEZ$iB&,~[GZ$1iB&, 4 ( 2 iB /` iBV K#D4 R %Q( 3 iB /?n1UB8x{x'1oHUB />C1'1( 4 n,N~U %> %B 1rE( 5 iB /?n1 + i 'mB Ri^4N~UUB /1r E( 6 iB / UBVN ? 1a/( 7 N~UUB /}>C1)H {QrE Z / Qn KQ } F&x u} x L > ? N C i% B 0u g5>C9Y a 9Y ua 9Y Ya 9Y ea 9 Y a1>C{mNU iB~[FC sB^ >iBN&e /iB n,N\Za1 B 0u{~{mLQiB iBVn e ~[G iB4{m1 UBVÆ*w^ FUB Z / 7Q - Z / xQ _E L gHQb ' F } F& y _L )? N C i Æ TZ / Q } F&y_ L }P LT o)z N Ci % ss\ B 0u{x B^ Æ*:UBVZ "j B- Hp 9 4Nd$KQ B- Æ*_ ?~) ^% u 5C R*gD( Y B 0ux0o'( e sB I( 7 ~UrE1iBu D( sBC 1n(

: R { VCÆ' 1

23

A BB Bi^~[ B :u D( ( T x1! ~[ u6=u D( T x1iBV Z( ^ r+1}B℄^Vo'!4EUg6rÆ 1 {( |B 1n M 8 r Z / xQn }y z } F&_F }. |x 3L ' ? NCi % ss\N B- B 0uL℄x04 S BDR~ 1 B 0ux0{~"ji g&)Ng -R B 0ux0fnA B - m4 ?Nu&)Ng -R 1 g BDR B 0uÆ*S / "j1nH IA Z / ,QC i } F&l~ LT }w, = X i `Z F x } 0i S & Z /e QC iNT } L `} =O nJ S Q . Z% 1 ,*!1NW&UB /}>C1 8"U !B ( 2 ,W&UB /1 {QrE H?T x1iB! *5() iB ! 5 x51 x Z / QC iN `U iT } . ' } J 0`} ^`}o `} - 5 Q6Q T o? 8 m [ 3Z / 7QC iN } U iT } L- % E Ki ~[E ℄ 18x UBVÆ*PC o9u1}B℄^ V }BV o9u1}B℄^Vq2}B N{w(Z N LNUg ~ [UB />CÆ*Z8L8,fKWA>C1'1 Z81 UBV{~P C o9Y1}B℄^V }BV o9Y1}B℄^V 6 >C1gp- N 4EUg1 UBV{~P C o9e1}B℄^V }BV UBV{~ K B 0um?PC}BV E 7S}BV1PC= >C1 )>C i H T } F&_F L C )z N C i 4&U iT } b g E- }`}H 30 d ` TL C i 12 d ` 2 d ` i 89 d ` [ Æ TLZ , / 7QC i % w^:WMNUB18x UBVÆ*PC o9u1}B℄^V }BV o9u1}B℄^Vq2}B N{w(Z N LNUg ~[UB />

24

[6b& {3t9y VC =" %v

CÆ*Z8L8,fKWA>C1'1 Z81 UBV{~PC o9Y1 }B℄^V }BV o9Y1}B℄^V 6 >C1gp- N 4EUg1 UBV{~P C o9e1}B℄^V }BV UBV{~ K B 0um?PC}BV E 7S}BV1PC= >C1 )>C s q 0L Q I ℄ m!? } L g E I ; L 8` 2 Lhm L g E b g E- }`}H 30 d ` Ze/e QC i } J5 " =i= K fJ T - iL }`} y ke = 15 Q ℄ CiN } C o } } i p(``} } 2 } /- ;$k. j = N %LT o `} Y`}20 } Y`} `} h. 2 s`} } F&_ F" b `} $ m k. j } ; } ` } F&l~ LT }w, vUiT} hF } 1 } i T } L `} % k n[ T} t n[s3 Q $ yL )z L C i Ze/ ZQC iN " L3LC iL 4 " r v l i ^ f 6- " L ;4)zC iL |v Ze/ Qi Ze/ xQ T $C i % s \ XT' d5^>C 1y~[ 58F 5&h~x1^ V~[)H(jX iB1 UBVqCUB# *1 :yUBV uUB # *' UB {1 ~[~)Hi qUBiBzF1 G> (S'

m? G1 7V0R)Hm?GXV0w^ U H !H1Æu CC= 1 w^ 7Æ rl s 1Æu V" lKMN6 ^N 1 wX6 >C \GX s \N SUBiBzFw^ Nd$KlG1E 4 /V023 9 lK~[z`l *xg+1 w^ \K GX(N*xg+1 w ^ NdÆu $ y C i fKy_ N } ) * NT } L Ze/ QC i

: R { VCÆ' 1

25

w^:WMNUB18x d5^>C }B >1 Æ*wX5^>C1} Ba/ ) iBV} FPC}BV~[wX5^ FMNUB b g E- }`}H (30 d `) T y C iL ? N E Æi r qÆ TZ / Q } ` N } z N `}L i 2 z N ; } y Y? } L )z N E H C i Z / xQn } 2 } /- ;$ L C )z N ?Z 0A % s6\N UBV~[UB# * )3CMiu1 4Nd$KQ G>)1' gCC{Æe|,~)1[ (CCf 1 UB >% (1) AqC1aHZOUB% 1( (2) qDUBNw^Z iBqD"1( (3) UB /~ +x / i[,ver i[r n / [1( (4) w^:WUB18x UB /s Z i[,vZ8iB /Bri [r n Y [1( (5) Æ*%sUBWN%sUB1( (6) Nh3UBa/WMNUB1( (7) Æ*LNQ \W LN1( (8) N 8xx Q Q ^MNUB1( (9) AZ8iB /Br &^? iB /1( (10) iBV*0N~U^CrEN FUB1 4YC UB >1 Æ* FUB [ 3Z / YQ }Qb L C F ? N EÆ0C i % s6\p BHz )3C iu1 B > Æ*w^ FMN B~[ FMNUB 4Nd$KQ {Æe|,~)1[ % (u) UB /` PC1 BB Ri^1( (Y) BB Ri^J A:~[ iBV1 ^ n ~[1yiBVi &Za ? 7 BDG1( (e) Æ*r;&X B 0ux01VX! B1( (7) B 0u1(2 V0(xN~U^CrE1( ( ) B 0u )x0A BHz} ^N ? 7 BDG1

[6b& {3t9y VC =" %v

26

h T - iL }`} f n = 4 Q `} ` L d } L g E hF ; Lb 0 2vL "V1 C n 8g EL }`}F y- 3 v? L C i Ze/ ,QC i `} ℄ ` L L 4 hF` b- Ze/e QC i FLh/O Lh #% -Q[Z2 o & 4 L| 8 6 h / 1 P ; b- Q d > h ? } Ze/ QC i ` O n T - iL L & 4 u L 'CJ ; Lb 0 2 vL "V1 C n 8 L g E ? } 1 - 8C - }`} L gHQ ib& [C iL h L ÆC i Ze/ 7QC i y- 3 v 2000 ℄ 1 Q 1 k y) C h Q rj T o2?Z EÆQ N %YmFnmA$5 I Smarandache w\mF$5 T - iL }`} Z / ZQC iNT } =O n L Q ss\I }BV1iBÆ*~U)3a/iu% u ,*!1N8W&UB /}>C1 8"U !B ( Y ,W&UB /1 {QrE H?T x1iB! *5() i B! 5 x51 x * T L }`} y C i J LT }Q I Z [ ~ Q Æ z - 8

IZ[Smarandache℄ v 8 S` i sDn T = } B = }o (J = S q } Q = V 6> FVA(X = g E : - ;$i Y = Æ/ }PB n T =B

[

J

[

Q

[

X

[

Y

Z Smarandache â„„ v Z W # i sZ Smarandache n- â„„ vqJ u Smarandache n- & P C n U A , A , · · · , A 1H 1

X

=

n [

i=1

Ai

2

n

: R { VCÆ'

27

1

?b U A moC 1u >I ◦ / (A , ◦ ) u y8℄& \ n b* 1 ≤ i ≤ n S` n ) L6QI `Dn T ℄-Z[ J)Q LLYz ω(T ) % 1 ω(T ) I D5 F LB )Y z ( 2 ` iL D5 F T ω(T ) ZZ B +9 ( 3 lim ω(T ) = lim ω(T ) = 0. n ) 6Q ^ I4 ω(T ) `D5 F T B +9L Z m `} J= ? U i `} i & L Z [- K L S }o L6QI LU i Dn J, Q, X, Y TL uDn J , Q , X , Y hFLY z ω (J J ) ω (Q Q ) ω (X X ) i ω (Y Y ) h i

i

B→−∞

i

i

B→+∞

0

0

0

1

0

2

0

3

0

4

0

0

B + ω1 (J J0 ) + ω2 (Q Q0 ) + ω3 (X X0 ) + ω4 (Y Y0 )

L+ r U i `} i & L Z [- 0 LY z ω i ωi, 1 ≤ i ≤ 4 h I Z Y z 2 7 Z Y z

E9mn|5 &Z Z LSmarandacheâ„„ v X

=

n [

Ai ,

i=1

#P h` Dn A i sLY z ω : (A ) → [0, +∞], 1 ≤ i ≤ n JE℄ v P L LY z ω( ) 0 ω(A ), 1 ≤ i ≤ n L 4C i

i

i

ω(

X

) = R(ω(A1 ), ω(A2), · · · , ω(An )).

â„„e R L) ; qJ 1 Z Y z R 3 ` 7 > 1 L Z [= 0 n X i=1

;J

pi = 1, pi ≥ 0, 1 ≤ i ≤ n

[6b& {3t9y VC =" %v

28

ω(

7q

X

)=

n X

pi ω(Ai ).

i=1

ω(T ) = 0.60ω(B) + 0.20ω(J) + 0.10ω(Q) + 0.05ω(X) + 0.05ω(Y )

^ I b }Qb T D L Z [ Z LY z 2 7 Z Y z R z - T ` +KL7 Z Y z 7 q f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = x31 + x21 x2 + x21 x3 + x22 x3 + x22 x1 + x23 x2 + x23 x1 + x1 x2 x3

i g(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 ) = x1 x2 x3 + x4 x25

tI x /z Y z â„„e â„„ = =TL Taylor wt ? F (y) = F (x) +

n X

∂F (x)(yi − xi ) + ¡ ¡ ¡ i=1 ∂xi

n 1 X ∂k F (x)(yi1 − xi1 ) ¡ ¡ ¡ (yik − xik ) + k! i1 ,¡¡¡,ik =1 ∂xi1 ¡ ¡ ¡ ∂xik

+ θ(x, y),

0 G ⊂ Rn I tD F : G → [−∞, +∞] B ) LZ k + 1 % = x, y ∈ G 4 θ(x, y) = 0, |y−x|→0 |y − x|k lim

/Z W Z LY z 7 Z LY zL Z D 6 b } 3 # T h Zw{ 7L7 Z Y z 7 q q

ω(T ) = 0.60ω 2 (B) + 0.4 ω 2 (J) + ω 2 (Q) + ω 2 (X) + ω 2 (Y ).

, JEL .O . Z LY z W$ Æ 6 b B0 } ^

: R { VCÆ' 1

29

W%mF b_ A I W%mF b_ A k I wN T - iLn[ Z/ Q =E h' ) n[ LA( ^ k : n[ T - iL " : - _ 4&`OL g l KYn[ A( ^ L} L A 1990 â„„ 2 Q 6 k FL3LH T Lz Y * 1990 â„„ 3 Q 20 k C i `KY+ oT l A( n[ ^ - } ( ^ i sqJ% â„„eLh 4 b - } L y Ci V i : 4& b } LiL C{i b C ( Cb b& Æ } TLT o ?Q Li zC (L =C L b - } ^ } A( ^W n b - } r LTL { W%mF b_ An~u 1 C ( %- } A( ^ I â„„e b i - } L y " Ci 4:-H " , LiL I Z[ C ( LA( ^ ; [ ^ ? 6 b Æ }PNL L s N L Æ L H G 2 ~ %- } A( ^= â„„e T - iL y " Cr L KQr~ F $_ l.F w h & ~ Æ O n y C (L PB h ; }+ o g a L y u > u W N =E L n Lu 3 yX %A( ^â„„e T - iLn[ }`} F s =C{r L ` T o W nN y CC iL } T oF }))b& _ W } L P $ WO n T - iL y C 4 { L } L => Z )- } F EL y CF i) g E- }g L { ( => gHg E- }g L d q } ( n[ w Q }} Q } A( ^ T h1 iL J k Q zS( nh 2 f L ? zS } `r~gH } 3 â„„eg E ^ i } L PB? N~ r = ?UgHg EL ig E ,` W b: - - }: -L C i I r L a } Lâ„„ PN & §3

30

[6b& {3t9y VC =" %v %YW%|mF b_ An F)K I mF* < FEBin F)K 1 } `}L i ; 1 b l W^ 8 H; 2 } ( i QK PB; 3 } = F`}C i; 4 `} L PBF 5 -?; 5 0H ; L3 v W^; 6 ; L` o; 7 ; i\ ( ?3 v W^ C ; 8 } } /- ;$ 2 [ W^ C b Q 2 } `}L i y 1 b l W^ 8 H; 2 } ( QK PB; 3 } = F`}C i; 4 `} L PBF 5 -?; 5 0H } L3 v W^; 6 } L` o; 7 `}( ?3 v `} L\ W^ C Q; 8 t} 3 v t} W^; 9 } } /- ;$ 2 [ W^ C b Q \T bn F)K 1 ; ! * 1 n; 2 L S n Q nH L PB; 3 ; L r L ? D} PB; 4 ; i\ ( ?3 v W^ C ; 5 ; L } b&iH ; 6 U i `} L H ; 7 ; .O L Y * 0Ug 2 g El 1 g E H l ;

: R { VCÆ' 1

31

2 } ( ; 3 bS q PB Q 3 ; i F f ? 1 ; i ?; 2 ; if ; 3 V l ; 4 V 7 QQ M &i Q / &; 5 /O # > &i 2 &0 Q; 6 "3 ~ ; 7 ) g E VAF QK&0 Q; 8 Yl g E _F\4 &0 Q; 9 g E i P FVAF\4 &0 Q; 10 Y `s Li P - ; X ; 11 Y= K L > ; 12 nH{x i N mF bn F)K 1 `}L i; 2 `} ! * 1 `} !*' f Æ `} ! * i PQ F }Qb T Zw ℄ P ; 5 s T hu5G q b 2 [ W^ C 8 8 H K -? } ( QKQ M PB `} QQ MPB b\o -? `} u

`}(?Ft} 3 v W^ `} 5 N z }} i - QT o h{ EL 3D 5 s T 2 `} ! * A n b 0 8 H } ( QK PB n `} L Q nH `} SB1v `} ; Q B } } K L {* T o } L k d; C `} `} L 3DPB `} L _ `} L ? PB `}Po ` } 5 N J /- 5 `} L r~ L ) }k PBi`} =z % m PB

[6b& {3t9y VC =" %v

32

Q

`} L\ \ LW^ ( ?3 v C m E `} iv8 O nPB L `} L - `} L k riV" ; QL Q E t} t} L3 v W^ 'j FhFt}b& Q F } } F& L _ } w h L > #-? `} LO n W 5 `} \ $ 5 L `} L d; `} L b }} i - An iN %QE g G n[ _ - C i z _ - L } } n`} L L > T }Y *iL X 5 5 n[{x iL % k t N 5 N QE g 3 n[Q 1 3Q h$ S L Y n[Q i w n[Q ) n [ 3Q 2Æ nZ 5 "~z n[ 3Q 2 S q Q A Lh V i : b } C ( iCb; B V i : i W- b /O # > 0- L : - C i; C fCF\4S q Q; D b L S q PB C iQ 4 n[ ? A n[{x i ?; B b QK N i ?; C hK t NNY2 5 N ?; D ; b NY ?; E K (b5 NNY2 5 N ?; 5 `} &0 & y V V 7 QQ M &i Q &i /O # > &i i/ A &0 2 i/ _ L q i g E K - F\4 L 3 [ 3 V &i &0 QQ 6 `} ? A `}Y ? K `}YF f i/ &0 2Æ _ L q i ? ` } 5 N ; b NY t NNY ?Q B 3 ? K `}Po 0 ' = = g bg E "- g E Æ.g E i [ g E= gPo i P Q Po i P XPo `} Tn QQ C S q ? - 0 \2 - - 5K L 9^ T o g E : - ;$ D

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33

s X> Y= K> 0Q

}} i - _EC i z% }} i } - } F& } ; ร T K `} Po S q } g E : - ;$iร . T o L = } } i - Q 7

s W%|mF b_ A T - iL - } A( ^ }eVl'REZN 0 u }eVl'REUdQ }eVl'RE2sQ }eVl'REb.Q } eVl'RE8fQ }eVl'REH ftQ }eVl'RE-"Q }E l M # E =J> > # , 2006 6 9 2 0 ' p 0 P" 9 - b - } ( ^ }eVl'RE2s Q 2002 11 9 21 [Z N 3 l bL T } ( ^ }eVl'RE8fQ 2003 3 9 31 [ 4 y b - } ( ^ }eVl'RE8fQ 1996 12 9 5 4 b- n[i } ( ^ }eVl'RE-"Q E >( %4R}eVl'RE lNd7 2000 2 9 23 [Z N 6 S l b - } ( ^ }eVl'REb.Q 7 C 2 1 g E } ( ^ NCB 8 ร . q )A L- ) } ( ^F W- A L- } ( ^ q% TH P b - hK } A( ^ 2000 โ 4 Q Q 1

ยง4

%YW%mFY>

b g E- } = } X } 0 i } i }x % Z $ J s }b& โ e 6 b$ L } -? [ > w e hn E ร / eT 2H p : \ LT oS W }

[6b& {3t9y VC =" %v

34

f 1.5 } 0 `h d b T y_ L )F y C s q LE g _ ^ i Z x{ - } 0 S0F5 7= 6 §5

mF[|W0}

I mF[|0} I [|n Jq 1 T - iLn[ Z 7{ Z Z; / QC i % " : - iÆ. 4 "i : ` Æ L3 L ( T ℄ y " CLCi 4 n[ UT - iL 4 u & 4 u L

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35

d kr v - ($_ * ! L ℄ U E ke 2 T - iL }`} Z Z{ Z QC i % }`}+ o FÆ =E = " b ℄ 6-L r v 4 " r v ℄ }`}+ o6- r v ℄ 5 }`}+ oTL }`}+ oL " r v F 4 L gH 3 L = L3LC i

4 ` mF FGz7t[|nzf % 4&L3L 4 6- }`}+ o " r vL3 k = L q LH [2000]34 d 2000 ℄ 5 Q 3 k T V i : }`} L r v3 k? N E H= i : r vL b ) T ofK`^{ Z 2 * T )Q_E4 N [| ^ - }?sg E ,` Wi : L m T 2 P B " b Æ i : L r v mF?40} b - }X5 +H h = _hJ % % 1 H -P B si } F`} 27 X5( 2 } FÆ ( k X5( 3 }F T }.OX 5( 4 - hKn[X5 b g E- }`}H 30 d ` Ze/ ,QC i w^:WMN UB18x UBVÆ* Z }Bfh"i[, [ : 4Nd$KQ Z8UBiBC 1"j- 6 Gv"j- vn+ )3 ^% 1 UBf ( 2 UBi RZOUB% 1aH( 3 UB /}iBWh %a BB Ri^ Ug ra 4 ^; 4 B 0u1(xR B- ( 5 }BDG =TL 1 2 I g^ I } 3 I } 4 I } F&y_ L }P 5 n IT }Y *i [ 3 i Q T C i ` z T }Y *i y 15 k T k " r v C s P K :6 b } T s q & Æ:H L- } ( ,$ L " r vL ' [ ~ X5 -? T& , [ 6

36

[6b& {3t9y VC =" %v

b }3 % 2 s qÆ V i : ig E ,` Wi : - }r v FX 5 Q 3 v -?L C i hu a W y_g EL- } =h 0 ' p i P" 9 - b - } L X5: - h T - i L L:-H iTH P b }`}: - H QL gH' ? a 7 0 h + h'| 0 ' p 0 P" 9 - b }`}: - H T - iL 89 d ` Æ:H ( TL0 ' p 0 P" 9 - b - }X5C i qJ% s\N %LQ E Ki ~[E Ki O 0~[ ,8 w ^:WMN UB1 z8x Æ*M` M2Æ hMNUBiBzF d 47 4{~A M2Æ h }' 4 \ Hw^ $K Z/ YQC i ℄ m!? - } L bg E } ` z L [ 3 Æ } P b,` W UMh W- -"V "i : X5 Z / Q T ?Z C i } L d;2 k = ``}( ?3 v' 15 kP } L X5 W X5 i : - H Z / ,Q } T }.OCzhJX5PB% w^:WMN UB1 z8x UBVÆ* PC}BVi[, 15 [ : zGA81/Æ~m8iVld 2sNd 7Q Z8 UBiBC 1 "j- "j- Æ*+ )3 ^% 1 UBiB1 5C + UBf UBi xa s DHzRPC}BV1i 4 2 341 / 2 + UB% ~[iBqD" iB-oD +x

/ UB / B 0u1 B- s B71 Æ* B7 }BV1i B / u zUB# 1 lÆ* z UB# uUg 6 9Y8}|T X5'^1>C' 13 1 / 2 N Z8 1 iQCi 3 PC L X5 Q6 b ^ I }P i T }Y *iI g T o i : - H Z / Q - hKn[ L X5C i qJ%E&"jUg^ 7 [ }BVÆ*4Ug9/Æ~m zGA812sNd 7Q 3 ℄eT - iL L s C i W - }r v iX5: -LT o +H \[ : `X5 L gH)) - `Z iL :| ShTH PL ' 7 0 THP b }`}:- H Q b- }L rv FX5: -' F

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37

Ly &qJ% 1 ? } } -? i } T oX5( 2 ; X5( 3 ; .OX5( 4 } } ( 2 } k X5( 5 }P F T }Y *i X5( 6 n[X5 hwz 6 b WL X5' . b g E- }`}H 30 d ` i 0 ' p 0 P" 9 - b }`}: - H 89 d ` T L X5C i PE [ 3 X5 3 vâ„„e } L ?b ? L J' L a I u& }r:;$â„„e }?b? r v : - Tu& } â„„e [ L }% X5 [ L Q h 'E yX5i_ & * & > 1 >

t 2 l nG D S=X5 UB /=B .w^UB19uP ยง1

\T b

I C~ \T b;F uv nQ 1 } (

2 n Q 3 U i `} 27L- 4 3 v PB \T bC/R<W4 I GwmF Ui }( I- } ' E L 0 U L Z โ P * ` } i ; T m! 0 U W (``} ^ } L( C 8 ; ร W ( โ x ) z bio - P} F`s ? l iII P 2 'j ; I } i ; T r~ } ( L Z n } i ; T 4& b l F } ( L 4 4 } (

m!N~ F = b Fร \42 ) - hJ? O 5 7= 6 2.1 t *** '%D z UB% R +x /}1 z R

UBf _)% A. z % zov%**** '%D z 2s>p%12252m 5 N%48.2m `*%8) 2 ` 8m 14 ` D*M % # Kร 3%d i ! K 2s8<%****************** gs ['%****** 6 9 30 [ ' 368 [!_ {0rE%U 2

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2

UBf % *** '%D znuf 8x ) Ws m&UBf T7AiBVh. *** '%D z ) Ws 4MN UBx Z$ )HH g 7AiBVA-o6uN- znu ^h.5 z~ ) Ws 1h℄ ^ 1AwgnuPCNUBf ^ uCr $iSUBf MNP>1k&W NrT7AiBVJa 5uN-1 nu g APCUBf 1 ℄ uC rB E 8xGA8Su?X uQ z17 _<m z >Y z > z f D# "UO24 d72 .G Ph4 z1X 7 '^ ~iBhZ+^ }BVjS 8Nt7 >C ^ MW 7 z Mz gp \ z UBf V _)i IrB 1U B’. UBf % 1 *** '%D z}18 ! D* 2Æ T >1 - f <m >4 z )}>Ys3 "UO2 z <m-U&h UBV=NZ+ NA5 UBf 2 *** '%D z[2f 1m)-72 > .G z ~moNJ d? h Ph zNA5 UBf B.

Gw > b Uia`} L Q IWI ,lz L g E PB L - V'j` } L 'CQ Q 4 { W L V R (? T [ 3 Tm&i_ `} Y`} ; } & 4W Q iL 4 S 'j`} L VQ r + } L ) K [ 3 VM :|4 + ^ Æ V_^^ ZJ 5 E Z 'jR G mi_Po:| + T & E R T , LEL 0 ' p i P" 9 - b - }`}: - H T - iL 89 d ` TZ Q 0 UC i } J (``} Cz0 } b 6 b PB OLQ {L QQ MPBiÆ.PB / `U i Q 3 Z L T - iL - V Q : - C i (Æ 0 } ( \℄Z D =I hK - g E Iw VhKg E UU i z Q Q 2.2 t -Æ l 12 | m qi zZ+ t +x /}PC1 { 3

40

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a/_)%

0 ' p b2 P" b - hK MFh Q [ 3 g j 1 b w VhKxMFh QL- V

+ GZ+18x u t}+8x 1 ^ #}+ -t1 { NU ) }EE S-t {YC} P A#}+ -tNJ t t}+1 { sa 1 A\p1k 2Æ z~ d% z #}+ YÆ-t ) 8 {Nh q i z t}+eÆ { WFx}B^ Z+1 j m& $S -t {rEÆ %

j 1- b w VhKxMFh QL- V

0 s q Q Q 0 n Q L :| Z ` } T X&C ) =~ Q Q $ n Q q 3 ` ; T _E S z

n Q F } o ' Æ Q PB ; n i_ V` L > # AT - iL w\ F& Q A L b g E- } `}H 30 d ` Z / Q 5 L C i qJ% s \ 5 i P 5(``} 2 `} IIO nJ S Q % 1 g y: % k n[ L L 4 ( 2 g t n[ LW> K w V S q i W> 8 XiÆ.1 Q -~ : -W> KG 9i\ L V F( 3 &[k ` WV `} [Hp ">[": q . > ~ 5( 4 ` Dx ℄T y H T }i= ℄ NF ℄+ b QK !E( 5 y " CC iL Æ. Q s C i n Q Li P T o? N0 U 6 b? ; L r L3 ℄e b L ^ .n } ( n Q ? EÆ # aZ 5 7 0 Z ^ 2.3 t_7_z%* zUB} wgm&^> S +xU a/>C :ra/ R a/ )}:ra/ iBuDV:WLQW&1a/ W a/I{~ u NW&8 h℄a/_)% 1 :ra/%

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41

2

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V 7 F / & 2 V QQ M 3 gEK-

7

H"3 ~ do 8 1 i > S > 9

8

QK N & HC

9

n[ t N

10

=K

4 5 6

2 a/

n Q u 0 ' p b - hK MFh Q - w VZMg E K - 4 J ^` Æ. b 5 eg E K - t &0 i O nPB L "3P 100 }> - ih Ldo 8 & 3000 }> - i r&` b yn[ 0^ b` . i L 20% YQ L ISO QK HCg & F _ W I ℄h D, ℄t N | 90% h , )~ N L [ T? W ? x ` i ^ o ) n b g E= K O n T - iL p F 4C i 2.1

&d g E2 [ 1 VSB: -W> 2 V/O: 3 - X L C 4 5 6 7 8

n Q D I℄Æ 0 Wz & 3 O L : - HC ℄ n ^ b - PB ya L 0 d T d ) ` j f ` D;FÆ/ T r - X g E K -L3 [ b ) Fh 3 [ g E K -L VA 0 Q 3 Fh ) g EL- bn | 100% g E K -L : -W> D, ℄F Æ QZ 0 W g E S qd k b ) Fh 3 [ h 5 Q 3 Fh ) g E L S q : -, 4 bn | 100% gEK- F$_n - & O. - F /OF Q z F ; F ; F x&i 2.2

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42

s q ` )L n Q T VA PB ) g EL VA K bC 8 p .$ ; W / {}Q \ ) 2PQ^ b L bVA qO?Z PB u .$ 2 $ p 1 -)L- VA n $N 89 d `T 4& } J (``} Cz0 } b 6 bPB OL Q {L QQ MPBi Æ.PB L C i

N Gw FH#jn A T - iL w\ F& Q b g E- }`}H 30 d ` Z / Q T C i el 7 i J h "Y 2 Æ. n --? X L `} LzK ZC i5 "W N 89 d ` 0 ' p 0 P" 9 - b }`}: - H Z/ Q T ` ; n L `} Q 3 h } T ,l & 7 h ; n L `} L ' ℄eA T - iL w\ F& Q 30 d `Z / Q L C i ` } L27 = hJ I[ W % 1 ; n L , `} ( 2 ` ; n L `} T $ n --? U iL `} Z 1 [-? U i `} 27I Lb } T D L Z [- a I , YQ ; L `} p'j`} m x(R ^I `} W Q P X L f CK 4 + ) T j +N }_^i } ) K i_ } i`} I > L mP $; Z 2 [- IE ' T LL T b : - i } { W (" bL Z [ - : PBU i `} 27L-? n - ; L r~Cz N { PB Z 2 [- L6QI U i Z [ n -L ; n L `} Li & ? U i 'u q2 Z & 7 2 `} `} 6 b)) I[ - % n x U ii &i )= U ii & \b D y J { hJ # YQ I 5 7 ?Z 0 2.4 "U u^ x"1$ tQ℄ L zUB ) +x /}>CA) W& :ra/ ^ V u^PC oA6 9 o1iBuDV iBV uqB B _)D%

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43

2

% fD1Z 1 UPJ9,GB 5 < 2 U n 7 5 < 3 U0h = 5 < 4 URA9,V= 5 < 5 6 7 8 10 11 12

13 1 14

| XP IS)9000 PJf%I 5 < Hm 0 < 100 |=b,hg I 5 < Hm 0 < 3000 |=b,hg I 5 < Hm 0 < Cw\ / Vy 3 Eg 5 <,2 2 < 1 1 < Hm 0 < U.N9,GB 2 < NK.N9,GB, %h\ m I 2 <, H m 0 < UmZsM 5 < Cw\sM{%D 90% g 5 < H m 0 < UZ( a, JF C+\ , PY Z( a 10 < I 2.5 < fDJ,2Z 2 < a(Eg 2 < m, a ( EgI 0 < fDJ,KU C 5 \ /, Y (ÆfD 8 < I 2 < z 8 < ' I 0 < fDJ,K9, C+\ PY / V I V= 8 < 2 < z 8 < 'H m 0 < fDRp jb a(Eg 2Z 3 E 10 < ( g Æf D R p 9 , JF I 10 < 2 5 < H m 0 < fDJ, #^m, +*E % 15 < NI 10 < QY 5 < G_r (20) W , Z N I 20 < QY 2 <

\d PJ f %%h [O ~ [O ~ / V%h

.N%h\ m % mZE %/ %/ P Rp2Z%h Equ fF %h / V%hE fDJ,%/ q FVhE2 Z%/ bErW E% h \d G[

2.3

n x Uii & 6 b I 1 _i & L AnUi Li& ZL U i z i &~ = } (A, B, C, · · ·) YyU i ~ A, B, C, · · · Li & - S q i &.O A ≻ B ≻ C ≻ · · · ^U i \[~ Li & - bq ~ A Li & - A ≻ A ≻ A ≻ · · · `~ A i &\[ 3 ^U i ~ B Li & - , b q B ≻ B ≻ B ≻ · · · â„„ ) l [ 3 PBÆ ~ FÆ i & - L s E ; T t 1

2

3

1

2

3

[6b& {3t9y VC =" %v

44

2.5 "U ^PC Z Nx"1$ t b}G'%DUB % }Dn^H 7 oiBuDVX iB -o1i BuDV 12 V +x /}>C xu x R "U PC iBVo'/P ) >Ch℄1 Z :R Zi^ L1 AS-t ( % 3 V0 8xT 1t R.hxb1 mMN"U PCiB Vo' A-o1 12 V} L 10 V+V1 +x / ;81 +xuD" UBV(21 +x x 0u S;81 10 x +xuD"MN1 x D Ro U ) x 0uAPC 7 oiBVo' ` VI Zi^ WVI 1J?^eV1i^ s{~ )}u -t F/Æ2Æ%4 Y ) ( (l u -tg1 54 Y 1 uuw -4\/ Vz ? uS^ 8 VWN )H z?{ V1 *^uw -V 31 i PCz?1| V *^PC 7 oiBVo' b J?e ' 1m Hz ` XT I UBV S-o-tMNxbaPC1iBVo' ,1e 4J?1 uDV- H }G1mÆ' i; /b UB /4$er g UBV Æ N"8 h } $ n x 0 ; 3 & _E S z x = } $ _i & = }? i & YQU i Li2 &U i `} 2 7 ;J ` E # y } i ; F&p W zn -L- k W [U i `} L 0 N ;ÆA~ T I s 5 7 ; + < Li PA ~ s ℄\9FC 4& ; iL X 3 vF ; Qb 3 v y C T ) 0 UPB } `n -3 v X T l i : D ℄ W "i : L iN ZwgH: - C i 6 b 0 ; Qb 3 m!1g E ,` WL 4: C i7 7 q pT & ; LT o -? gHC i (TH P 1 } w h L PB ; L w hi } / L ? N X L b g E- }`}H 30 d ` } i ; z z ` X J & 5 )k : ℄`} l 3\ ; i n } Æ i l i # L q I ; iL\ 3 vC i n - r

: R VC 0>z =" %v 2

45

= | v g E ^ F _ Xb } ; ` ( ?3 v F P `} 2 Lh L X 3 v โ + g E 5 Lh X 3 v h ' & n -L X 3 v ` E # ยง2

mF b

I mF b; uv n I FH=wO R uv n 1 b K ( K } T o i2 )= ( 2 `}Po L- I b K ; 7 Po Ii Po I b oPo I = g b 7 oPo( 3 F QK qLT o0 ( ( 4 b QK F PB( 5 d Q X -? F\o - ; !E( 6 } 3 v L / i > bO R uv n 1 b - ) n[C S ^F },l -? T - iL 0 _ E ' A N x - n[ A( ^ h โ e K> [ = , 1 b- n[ A( ^ (GF-1999-0201) C( b- K i hK . v - ke s3iL 4L Z [-E 4C LA( ^ 2 b- w V = Kn[ A( ^ (GF-2003-0213) C(- hK i w V b = K . v - ke s3iL 4L Z [-E 4C LA( ^ I b - n[ L B) hK K h 5 n[ke = K ^ร h 5Lw V = K b hK h 5 n[ke 3 b- % 3 = Kn[ A( ^ (GF-2003-0214) Z[%3=K n[A( ^ C ( bhK hK 2 w V bh = K 0 % 3 = K . v C % 3 T o ) l ) QK i % 3Pv Q - ke s3iL 4L Z [-E 4C LA( ^ - } 3 n[ A( ^ L ,l - %

46

[6b& {3t9y VC =" %v

1 g E 5 " K b I hK b Iw VhK b } TL n[ ^p$ b - n[ A( ^ (GF-1999-0201) 2 - hK 7 K Lw VhK b } TL n[ ^$ b - w V = Kn[ A( ^ (GF-2003-0213) 3 - hK 7 w VhK 7 b - % 3 } } TL n[ ^$ b - % 3 = Kn[ A( ^ (GF-2003-0214) 2 - hKn[ L 9^ T o T - iL 0 T - iL _ b - n[ A ( ^ GF -1999-0201 i b - w V = Kn[ A( ^ (GF-20030213) KWhJ9^ T o 1 n[ ^ L _% a. {x i b. Y n[Q c. w n[Q 2 n[ L 9^ T o% 3 i sFn[ - Z L 4 is3 lL b )- 0 \0

QK G W /O - n[o 0 (b Q X bx r G W 0. N ) q 0 x Æ. b = K z > NQ 5 N Q 3 n[Q | vLi P!E 1 i b? }L PB( 2 } i b QK } ( 3 SB: - F/O - ( 4 QK G W } FG W Qb - ( 5 Q X L G W F5 . ( 6 b \x L - ( 7 b K \ K F b b ( 8 r G W ( 9 b. ( 10 N ) q 0 x Q N 3FF < R uv n 1 n ) | vLi P!E

: R VC 0>z =" %v 2

47

1 Po L iK U i }9 oF`}Po J=- k, `} ; Æ hU i zPo J= EZ 2 S q } L U i S q } } = } q i P - - 5 b QK b? } \ F N & "- /O p 2 NN 0- iU* - "-QL = }i } 0 - Q 2 n - S o T } | vLi P!E 1 mi S q } II n L Q 2 mi `} Po IIS &Æ_^o L ℄e 2X b&i - mF bC/R<W4 I FH=wO C/R<W4 1 } (

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48

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|kF + |kF$ S F qpM + u b. x T S v9 x c. > z d. >Y z UBV4 m& z1BCKV }BV GSm&L& z1 UR A / HÆ}&|{ z1TM / \? /GU1t + A5 UBf ~#+ Ut1M - Qut 2C+6tO Ab z Hz}N /MNAb 1.4. #+ f tuF<% (1) >1 z >v# > 5d >s41?2k J?2k ( (2) - z v J x 2 f - J - -2Æ x 2 f( (3) vU(8ms3Y -M ℄ NJ ℄ ( (4) Y s S T zN+ A5 UBf #+ /8j/v=` 9 j/vD*` B /vD*{ >1 z/v2h 2 - 7G?v k 1.5. iBVu(iB ÆPY)iB"|Lj E5UB /1 ^RrE )-!|+ 5UB /G+J1LQ zf iB-! 3 13Æ x UBVY iBVA-!}s| uxM- 4 9 1.2 =NZ+8x1BCK VR 1.3 5 UBN+ ^1BCKV-5Wh /Y )} /YGZ$1 9 1.2 =NZ+8x1BCKVN XTt `iB#! 1.6. iBVu(}B :W}&#+GX N/ + HS zLQ2Æ z1{0 ' G HSu++ =NZ+ 5 UBN+ 1 zZ$U 1 g /j h8Y x Z$; #4 U / } BV:W N{xUB z1 ℄Qu & = } K b Æ } ( L N~5 7 qJ%

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gJb j#% P WK 0 v P MhE [h 3| OA#% B =}m %/ P WPJ j gJb_ P WD4& 24 q2X) a(:℄ 28.2 gJb#% K P W/ [1| OA N2 gJb 0 a ( OA K2 uVy , A V \ #% N mOA K = } g 4 "K: A4 K , A 28.3 gJb#% K P W_ : & gJb 0 a (K OA> yF1 T F m K I: yF1 T F : gJbg 4 28.4 a ( RgJb#% : N m [h| OA K P W 2 OAgJb j ^ ;{1\ #% gJbg4 "K: A4K , A 28.5 gJb O : . P2 J a ( f x V: q| K mZn ~, gh(Æ>wh 28.6 gJb#% K P W Jb I<h" =J1

b 2:/T a u Jb#% K P W/ a 5 a= yr 2Kjdb E ,G /T gJb#%K W PKOA FVE9,Bh 8 %YE$ Z+V s f a oN }+VZ s + )S n}u?s 1Ab ~ ) v 1rEWS nMN F T :WA/-3Æ t s V1g H`/$ z~ Z+V g ^i{ g 4 s 1t }` z D>Ab }+VZ 1 s U h2 1H Z+V }/ 1 Z+V4 Qu U h2 GZz1t ^ } Qu1 50% / 6 g }+V

b 1: X P S[ P KSn$ 29 a [w 29.1 , S Jb a [> w B& 14 Kg h( Æ > jgJb yw X) w OP [| 1u K B72 Jb OB 9 , h - 3 \ 4u [6 B w K[ eB h / gJb0 a ( yK w X ) E 3OA > IR OKw $ (1) j a 3 <K | z 8Y I hn ' (2) q|mZ S M hK a J ' (3) j w 3 a K, 2 uh %' (4) - 3 aw O Ke i ( }w BGmZn Kq|Eh^KgJb%* Jbg4 A4K [ A 29.2 , S gJb I a [> w }gJb w [ "K: h BG Jb K4 !% * gJbg 4 A4 K , A 28.1

[6b& {3t9y VC =" %v

74

gJb_ , S By K m , w E D [e B 1 , / [ K j E P W K J a ( Zp JZp j 1 2 gJbg 4 "K: pH JbK 3%* A4K , A a(Zp# gJbm, w + "K: h/ IKV t JbgJb ℄ M h <4 1 < d 30 -w mZs S JbOAw aPJ| E " -5P w ~,z /k 31 T h w n 31.1 gJb_ aw T h x 14 K S Byw an K O ~ J a ( Tfx e m Zn w mZn 0IR, > $ (1) mZ S e K %w a K n 0mZe K n w mZn ' (2) mZ S ( Æ%w a K n g& ( Æn w mZn ' (3) mZ S K 1 ( Æ%w a K n gJbBy K<K w n J a ( T fx6 31.2 gJb_ ~, T h w x 14 K S j a ( Byw an O ~2 R h fw EmZn Kw 31.3 a ( _ VD w an O ~- j 14 K S ,gTf a ( ( <, T f2 w an O~ %-j 14 KxR w an O~eZTf 31.4 a ( ZpgJbBy K w n 0℄X P Y 37 P3% w K M h , 31.5 a ( Tfqi K aw n ( imZn / a Z 'a 31.6 }gJb } BGK aw gJb(KOA imZn

b 2:/T a u [w K By ,KWE [w " t %gJb_ a SBym, VtK <0 Yha6<ÆgJb 29.3

p t%DeWkw 32 r G W 32.1 hK C rf L C i % (1) q n1=y>C% a }` s ^ }+VAZ+VZ$1 nu p nQ Z8Z+V b }s :I1n0s }+VA n xfn H+gT Z+Vg 1 4f q ^ }+V q nQ8Z+V c }S-s =U - n~ / q n Æ }+V(j F xyq nH}&3Æt . 2 zq ^ 2 9 }+VW{x 2 Wq n 3Æ1=yt }`5

: R VC 0>z =" %v 2

75

iB-! 32.2 T v b L( ir 3 v:

b 1: X P S[ P KSn$ 32 q F V 32.1 afWq F V P gJb0Kg aq F V 3B h j JbB x q PEq FVO~ ~,Mh gJbB q eK <_v P SMhB Kj h y 32.2 Jb VD q F V O ~ x 28 K S / 3 6 F V _F V x 14 K S Æ,f 1By jp gJb0OA j g4 }h^ jK: 32.3 Jb VD gJb K q F V O ~ x 28 K S / F V 1F V x 14 K S B y jp R q FVO~eZf 32.4 aq F V XP gJb q F V O ~K j 5 aq j a0 Jb OA jxXPq FVK 5aq j gJb jxB? JbFVKj 32.5 Jb VD gJbq F V O ~ x 28 K S / F V Y 29 K g 4 aM9E Y1pujd 32.6 S u a K' hq 2 u ~, _ v P S M h F V a%0℄X P 32.1 E 32.4 G , 32.7 }? } JbOA <6 a1 a } fq K ~,℄ $ j} fq zw /T~,jdh an 'a, 32.8 a Jq F V 1q F V XP K Jb I: Jb+ : 2 "KPJ DE - D Jbg 4 jd 33 q - 33.1 aq F V O ~ J Jbf x 28 K S gJbj JbB q - O ~ Ex K - P ~, 0 zw h M hK mZn E v P M hK mZn e S n > aq - 33.2 Jb VD gJbB K q - O ~ E- P x 28 K S > f 5 Æ,Tf1 By j p JbTfq - O ~ xX ) JG jgJb 'a aq - n gJbVDq - n x 14 KS q a a Jb 33.3 Jb VD q - O ~ E- P x 28 K S ( <, 'a aq - n Y 29 K 0gJbZ j 0 3{'a o) an K3 : g 4 Mjd 33.4 Jb VD q - O ~ E- P x 28 K S 'a aq - n gJb g ~ Jb'a- n Jb_VDq - O~E- Px 56 KSh 'aK g Jb g/ Jbzw h a n S g gJb ?b, K h a\ h gJ b℄h a n1 h Kn KaH 33.5 aq F V O ~ J Jbf x 28 K S gJb V j JbB q - O ~ Ex K- P h^ aq - V C> 1 aq - n VE2'a J bOA a aK gJb < a ' Jb OA a aK gJbg4M9jd 33.6 JbgJb aq - n " w 2 0℄X P Y 37 P3% w K M h ,

[6b& {3t9y VC =" %v

76

PJM 34.1 gJb 0 x ! B1Kg3% a PJ M K 3B h a Jb : K a_ PJ M S g 4PJ M jd 34.2 PJ M ( K5, gJb _ aq F V- & / Jb$ jPJ M h (

℄mZe 34.3 PJ M hKh O S nJ $ (1) PJ M f DS nE ' ' (2) PJ M ' (3) PJ M jd' (4) PJ M 7 K'a,

b 2:0 a ? 4 K 9 , B h Y?_ aq x H P S q P J q eB D\ ?4<E? ℄P/Tq eKK(KjdbE[ : ,, 34

\ Æa x/<qP 35 N 35.l ^n[ T 4& K N L gHkeqJ% 1 ^n[Y Q Z 24 QN i K N h 5L Nke%Z+V 8 }&f a 8CGXx 8CÆ i[1 [,b_g }+V Ug! 1 8K 2 ^n[Y Q Z 26 4 N i K N h 5L Nke%Z+V 8 }&f a 8CGXx Xf a 26.4 8CZ+V 8ÆA8C1 0PY^9 15 _,b_g }+V Ug! 1 8K 3 ^n[Y Q Z 33 3 N i K N h 5L Nke%Z+V 8 ?f a 33.3 R 33.4 LNx Z+V -q D>- D> 2 28 _ * Ng zD> 29 _,b_g }+V Ug! 1 8K 4 - N iL K Æ. Nke:Ug4E l 35.2 ^n[ T 4&hK N L gHkeqJ% 1 ^n[Y Q Z 14 2 NihK N h 5L Nke% 8 8 }+Vbh u_:Z+Vg Ug! 1 8K mv* kV 2 ^n[Y Q Z 15 l N i hK N h 5L Nke% 8 8 }+VÆ tTMN0 ) -iBVAiB /}} 1{0B iB / }} U ~mB WTM^Z N-U B N 8 e ^ 2(} 1 10000

1 10000

2 10000

1 1000

: R VC 0>z =" %v

77

2

zWTM^L -U B 1 }+V:Z+Vg Ug! - 1 8Kmv* kV 3 - N iL hK Æ. Nke:Ug4E l

b 1: X P S[ P KSn$ 35 M 35.1 Jb M < " I R = 2 $ (1) ℄X P Y 24 PB DK Jb 0 2'a a: a ' (2) ℄X P Y 26.4 B DK Jb 0mZM h'a a BG, ( > ' (3) ℄X P Y 33.3 B DK Jb( <, 'a aq - n ' (4) Jb s mZr21 0mZM hs r2 K -= Jbg 4 Mjd p H} MÆgJbh^ K JX% * AA4 K ~, _ v P SMh JbpHgJb% *K [ , 1 Jb <'a M7KyÆ 1[ , 35.2 gJb M < " I R = 2 $ (1) ℄X P Y 14.2 B DK }gJb } V 0 zw h M hK q j 1 a ( Z p AK q ' (2) ℄X P Y 15.1 B DK }gJb } a PJ% D zw h M hKPJ | ' (3) gJb s mZr21 0mZM hs r2 K -= gJbg4 Mjd pH} MÆ Jbh^K% * ~, _v P SM hgJb p H Jb% *K [ , 1 gJb <'a M7 KyÆ 1[ , 35.3 Y , Mx ℄ Y , OA M , d( s mZ 2 M , g 4 r Mjdxh d (s mZ 36 ( p 36.1 < Y , j ℄ Y , By( p2 O < ( p, 3 ( pD "2K t % d 36.2 Jb V 0mZM hs P K fr21 "# 4gE Jbg 4 jd K -= h^ A4h 1 gJb V E 2ID mZn EgJb K -JX% * gJ b 0IRa%gh(Æ>j Jb(p $ (1) ( pD " x 28 K S j a ( y( p pjX ) ' (2) y( p pjX ) x 28 K S j a ( ByAE h 1 HJX% *K ( p O ~ E 3 P ' (3) a ( _ VD gJb K ( p O ~ h 3 P x % 28 K S Æ, '^ 1OAgJ b>Y q(p, h%d' (4) a ( _ VD gJb K ( p O ~ h 3 P x 28 K S , '^ 1 gJb(> Y OA R hf(peJf ' (5) <h ( pD j(> 2 gJb < $ j a ( y( p pj _( pD XM x 28 KS j a( (pK 3 Ph X ( pO ~ ( p'^ a%/ 3 4 Bh[ Z 36.3 gJb V 0mZM hs P K fr21 "# 4 Æ Jbh^JX% * 5 1000

10 1000

78

[6b& {3t9y VC =" %v

Jb 0 36.2 ThK2WjgJbBy(p

b 2:Bhy M,KjdgE g 4K xN _q K | 2 p -V ': K M Y KjyG Krâ„„P 37 x 37.l - N i ^n[` t Qb T #L x -=E { 0l { _ L % 1 *** N~ GAE( 2 f 0 _ L 1J S-? 0l%Z8 **** R 0u R

b 1: X P S[ P KSn$ 37 w 37.1 JbgJb_ s mZ 2 " w gh/1 OA 3 h 9 e / <D b Ih/ e/1 h/ e/ ^K ~, g_v P SMhIYZ,> /k w$ Y Y Z /k ,> $~,% ^ _ zw jM hK_ E% ? _ ' Y Z /k ,> $j 9GK K b , K 37.2 " wx { 6 yRI R = K ~,s d( s mZ Mj , A ( M ` ex a$ (1) 6, M BG mZTe( s ~, zwV >, ' (2) e /OAV >, 3 ~, ! a ' (3) _ :#OAV >, ' (4) KOAV >, \I 7z 38 b = K 38.l ^ b K [qhK = K L b% â„„D* zx }+Vo{u+ u+ z18x )hâ„„ ^ }+V AiB / Z = K - 7 % }+VAiB / Z

b 1: X P S[ P KSn$ 38 a < J 38.1 gJb0 v P K M h< J+gJ K < a / < J 6 $ j< JmZ 6 J JbZp gJb I gJ a K dk << J 38.2 gJb I gJ K N a y JÆ-b S I gJ K N a + /gxg < J K1 r < y JÆ-b

: R VC 0>z =" %v 2

79

a < J V /{gJbdkjd/r2 gJb _ < JA Vkt [ 9 , bE M % ℄mZ Ks < J 6 K dk M 1 g | BG a%T1Æ Jbh^ -% * gJbg4A,jd 38.4 < J an gJb/ < J 6 - Jb JgJbZp I gdkÆ > j < J6 'a Z a f

b 2:Mh a<JK' E<J6 l S|b__| S By Hm I&/ , gt < J K 9 ,K r gJ 6 K' 39 z > 39.l - 4& z >L N i % f a nP1N{w(x 7 Æ ~m !z +\ 4 = / ~+\ 48 = 1}-! 6.5 Æ~m18_ 5 zGA 8 SQ G7 Q !f CZ 1e o3 5UgoNHz}1N{ w(

b 1: X P S[ P KSn$ 39 y = 39.1 y = J }y n~ S8 0G 1 - 6 JbgJbjdh^ K R u -Y gEv P MhKE . / t P XYT 39.2 y =D " x gJb 9 JX ) a ( _ = + V E K P I8 #G ! , E = | % * Jb z m gJb#G !, a ( f < aV , K gJb a V, y=D -wx 48 q2SgJbj a(XOaT= h%*= E:[:, h ^K: y=D j( " gJb 7 Kj a(O~Y aT= y=-wx 14 KS gJbj a(B :,h ^: K >O~E 3 P 39.3 } y =D BGK: EA4 K ~, 0I R, < g 4 $ (1) a℄ K %T } a%T BGY wbbE h!=% * gEV E, A V % , K P h 2 . |K W K %T Jbg 4 ' (2) JbgJbbE +_ 6 j g 4 [ : ' (3) gJb: W% EV % * gJbg 4 ' (4) V u gJb a ( OA a _ , A VK lO K 9 , bEEM bE K: Jbg 4 ' (5) a+ : , ^: Jbg 4 ' (6) A4 K [ A 39.4 }mZY , lA s mZx " y =K V& {lA s ,K [ jd 40 NQ 40 6 ^ b - N i `N T oqJ% 1 K `N T o%LQ z 9eVVvkI Uf K qhK H -L NQ E g% . 38.3

80

[6b& {3t9y VC =" %v

2 hK `N T o% v1Uf .h 1 v0 1VvkI Uf C -/t0 1 xkI

b 1: X P S[ P KSn$ 40 MP 40.1 as & Jb

ah , A VSK bEE Y wbbE "3 !=G , MP 'aMP: 40.2 V E, A VS % a K P h 2 . | W JbG , MP 'a MP : 40.3 Jb g 3MP D f pgJbG , : Jbg 4 40.4 gJb D P(U K2 G , pu TMP , A VS bE "3 ! =h, : WG,MP 'aMP: 40.5 MP D . "2 JbgJb jdE = #GlO K!, 1> 1 | % * 40.6 fG_M S nh[3jd JbgJb_ v P S M h

b 2:/T~,MPKSn ' gE Jb HH pgJbG ,MPE[ K p S n 41 5 N 41.3 ^ b - N i5 N E gqJ% 1 K khK C t N 5 N 5 N -? %Ug! 10% 1g &,H Z$&,Ug/ 5Ug / 2 hK k K C t N 5 N 5 N -? %Ug! 10% 1L8&, HZ$&,Ug/ Ug / 3 - N iL Æ. 5 N E g%

b 1: X P S[ P KSn$ 41 4 M 41.1 JbgJb M N (s mZ [B gI 4 M$ (1) JbjgJbB s M 4 M 0mZM h'a an E s mZM hK -r2 (2) gJbj JbB s M 4 M 0mZM hs P K fr2 41.2 Y , Mx ℄ Y , OAB 4 M KY wbg 4 [ jd 41.3 B 4 M KS n ,> h[3jd JbgJb{_ v P S M h u Z 4 M , /4M, $j4MmZ ( ℄mZe

b 2:/T4MKyÆ 5a |2 |bY? IpD K_ | S M h l G,4MSn S g_ 1 SM} mZ$j2 w 4D |-w mZ$j2 ~ , w 46 n[ Az

: R VC 0>z =" %v 2

46.1

- N i n[ [ ^ Az %

81

Z+V 3 x }+V 5 x }Z+V: 7Q R$KQ 3

b 1: X P S[ P KSn$ 42 v3 R p E? j 42.1 JbOA : v3 R p 1? j jG , [ K O X ( g 4 O T F : P: 'gJbBy : v3 R p 1? j G I a ( f gJb jG , O X ( g 4 3 : 42.2 : v3 R p 5 ) -b v3 K K jd \ g 4 [ jd 43 0h V I ,0 43.1 _ , S R* * o _ :P 0E 0 1 - {* VP >T P n 8K 0 } 2 gJb 9 JM `RA % 4 q 2S g h( Æ > X ) a ( a ( % VDh( X ) x 24 q2SO~<V 09, JbgJb0 09, KOA#Gr M !, Jbg 4 "K: AA4 K p Rx Æ O G: 0 a jd \ g4[ jd 43.2 , S R b , KV I ,0 2 gJb % 8 q 2S g h( Æ > X ) a ( Z2By I,4 a(VD I,4x 24 q2S,gf 1By ,4 Jbg4 "K: AA4 K + RKVI ,0 En6 2 Jb O? 3 zZ I 44 mZ/{ 44.1 JbgJbz Y G g/{mZ 44.2 " ℄X P Y 26.4 = V >, OP 56 K Jbh 'a a > | gJb K/{mZ 44.3 " ℄X P Y 38.2 A >K = gJb gJ K N a y JÆ-b1 + /gxg<JK1r< yJÆ-b Jb K/{mZ 44.4 I R =Æ - Y K JbgJb g/{mZ$ (1) } y =G: mZ( s ' (2) }Y , M J } Jb }h^ aV 1 G: mZ( s 44.5 Y , \d 44.2.44.3.44.4 M h OA/{mZ K g h( Æ > j , y/{mZ K X) _ yX)& 7 K~) , X)D% ,2mZ/{ /{mZ w K 0℄ X P Y 37 P3% wKMh , 44.6 mZ/{x gJb r &`ex ahe% P W K M ha ( 0 JbOA : WhbEUy, AV Jb gJbUyB lOP 'a g + "K: 0mZM h'a ex an eJ j 4 K P W j 4 , jm4 1/{ j 4mZ V m K 4 h}m4 /{ j 4mZ "K: Jbg 4 } E2m4h^K%* jd,g4 { -u P #KY, <p H}mZ/{Æ ,h^ K%* 44.7 mZ/{x b ~, _mZ S M hK - h: , P K t = 45 mZ " t/ X> 45.1 ~, _zw hS M h mZ " t ,>

[6b& {3t9y VC =" %v

82

{â„„X P Y 34 Pu JbgJbs mZN r2 q - n 'axf gJbj Jb aq ax â„„mZJ~X> 45.3 mZ K K 3 r2 X> x JbgJb < #0e 5 m s X ) z m M $P r2 46 mZ y 46.1 â„„mZ â„„ H f Z P t = JbgJb < M Y 46.2 â„„mZ Z â„„ y ~, d O_ v P S M h 45.2

rQ % 47.1 5 z}+V1,T' Z+V~Z+VqC1 t7 %4#Zy8 f"i[,s > }+V N}&A i6Zz1{jRTMN01G 34 t 47.2 }+V}&=yHZ8 Z+VT$ z~xC1 T,o ^ R T,oV01 b g H m& ^ b 47.3 _G m8xT ~8xT N- 8H z } 8K 20 |,(_G m X z~~ X z~N- 8H z } 8K 10 |,(_G m j~ jN- 8H z } 8K 5 |,(m& 8N+ Z+VR$ z~Y m&V0N U58x1C 47.4 }+VSu+' RL& z Y s Qu z17 UR A / + Su+' #â„„ MN1 g [i AR7 G u +' Z$&,1R T 1 /j Z$7 - > .G m<!s3 ; #RY 8 k4)H7 s 1g~R U

b 1: X P S[ P KSn$ 47 qP ~, d 3 x ! BB h -m a 5 a Jz Y G x â„„X P SnfG q1 j _v P SMh

b 2: |2V'ByK Z qP o 4 _ rp < m K < }rmZ P m, m KP 1â„„ V}r | 47

N 3FF < 1 `} oHC b } Lz - 8 ISmarandacheâ„„ v 8 hZ W A

: R VC 0>z =" %v

83

2

X

=

n [

Ai ,

i=1

0 P A Z } n } T og z Ai Z i }g qKYPo S q } Q q Z Z{ T , s } L oHC 6 b I U i Y z ω(

X

) = R(ω(A1 ), ω(A2 ), · · · , ω(An ))

h I Z 2 7 Z Y z Æ T og ω(Ai) [J h I Z 2 7 Z Y z S` m og Ai, 1l; eqi ≤ n s o = } ai1, ai2, · · · , ais n ω(Ai) I ω(ai1), ω(ai2), · · · , ω(ais) L Y z R

ω(Ai ) = H(ω(ai1), ω(ai2 ), · · · , ω(ais )).

6 b } 6 T D L Z oHC$ LI ω(Ai) =

s X

ω(aij ).

j=1

qO|vE o = } ω(a l 7 Z Y z q

i1 ), ω(ai2 ), · · · , ω(ais )

ω(Ai ) = ω(ai1 )2 + ω(ai2 )2 +

,xL℄P ZJ # h, s−1 X

ω(aij ) − ω(ais ),

s Y

ω(aij )

j=3

ω(Ai ) = ω(ai1 )2 +

j=2

i ω(Ai) = ω(ai1 )ω(ai2 )2 +

s X

ω(aij )

j=3

Q [JW qO o = }IB ) L K` } T Ci z og EL A} ω(x) ai ≤ x ≤ bi n ω(Ai) L \ ? ω(Ai) =

Zbi ai

ω(x)dx.

[6b& {3t9y VC =" %v

84

6 b }$ L 9^ p Z Y z hJOr*# a L [7 p Z

Yz 2 n o 1 Po L `}PoL Z $ LU i }9 o ^Æ`}Po0 }9 o? b z`}Po J=L gH - hJYQ5 7 ZZ 0 a. U i }9 o L O [- % 2.16 >iB-!1 o* m? o o^) uC u6 J? u * *5-!^ o~) uC u6 ÆPC B ! S \u >i^1 R s %iBV ( % 3R %:{3 8 N3 fiB NJQdB7! w B7! MN-! A\p1 sa/) i BV1-!pLO8 NuO V * h 1i^ {~> *?O z! 1 iBV-!1>% o* \ ^ >iB-!1- mr4i BV1 Q-!}`- B !1 >} SÆ1 >% uE % S=

a1 + a2 + · · · + an n

S=

S=

  

(1)

a1 + a2 + · · · + an × 98% n a1 +a2 +···+an −M −N , n−2 a1 +a2 +···+an , n

(2)

n ≥ 5, n≤4

(3)

\ S= B ! a , i = 1, 2, · · · , n D >iB-! n >iB!1 * M N uE *! *=1 >iB-! 2.17 UB7^PC B ! \ i^ UBV mriBVi& fd!~ fL -! y zi WVI1u i^ 4UBV~UBV u1# *=y1 zB7! 1 LQ~uQu}`- B !1 >} W y B !AuC1f h ~) >% % (1) B7#! U% i

: R VC 0>z =" %v

85

2

S = T × A% +

a1 + a2 + · · · + an × (1 − A%) n

\ T B7! A% B7! A B !}GOK a , i = 1, 2, · · · , n D >iB-! n >iB-!1 *. (2) B7 Q U i

S = T1 × A% +

a′1 + a′2 + · · · + a′n a”1 + a”2 + · · · + a”n × (1 − A%) + n n

\ T B7! }uQu8 zt A% B7! }uQu8 zm?tO K a = a + a” , i = 1, 2, · · · , n; a , a” uED D >iB-!}1uQu8 zt 8xR)H8x :I /8xt n >iB-!1 *. 2.18 V >iB-!}1*5-! B ! \ B !1 >x1R\Q . 5!iB 1

i

′ i

′ i

i

i

S=N

\ N >iB-!}1*5-! b. ℄e [ }, LiJ= Dv2 ? % }, [ $ LJ=- ? T [ hJYQ5 7 ?Z 0 2.19 (Z2i^) t z UB PC1-!/uF&_)% ." d ."0v v v v v v ." d ."0v v v v v v D 2.5 3Æ1-!/uG2_)n% ai ≺ −5% 40

1% ≺ ai ≤ 2% 54

−5% ≤ ai ≺ −4% 50

2% ≺ ai ≤ 3% 48

−4% ≤ ai ≺ −3% 54

3% ≺ ai ≤ 4% 42

−3% ≤ ai ≺ −2% 57

4% ≺ ai ≤ 5% 36

−2% ≤ ai ≺ 1% 60

ai ≻ 5% 30

[6b& {3t9y VC =" %v

86

n 2.1 1-!* F& [-2% 1%] /Wu1F&Pj 3% b zB7! 5000 | IA 5000 × 3% = 150 | iBV/ 60 u1 & 150 | !UB Vl0 mC f {U MWAb/uF& J ) 7 $ 5 Z - \ `}Po J= o 'N Po o v 2.20 m2i^ PC/u >% xy/uG2 E* < MWmC {Ab/u >% >iBV-!1 O δ δ=

ai − S × 100% S

\ a D iBV-!,i = 1, 2, · · · , n δ S uED -!1 OR B ! wgiBV-!1 O δ PCiBV-!/u θ ∈ [0, 60] 1 >_)% i

θ=

  

60 − 3|δ|, δ ≤ 0, 60 − 6|δ|, δ ≻ 0

-!1* < B ! ! zi y1 3 U -)n

: R VC 0>z =" %v 2

87

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104

m&8Cix }+V d)HUg 1 o*x 8 ร *} &u" 8GX 37.2.12 5Uga }4QuUg~LQUgE ^ / ^ Z+V= NZ+~gK )H (1}+V X C x u"oqA"Ux }D.m q"Ux /u* 16eo 1)H}+V 37.3 hK Nke L g i b&% 37.3.1 $ V $ # A' Z "j --Z+V Z+VxQ^ h"jU }+V( 37.3.2 }+V -"jU /_ {:Z+VZ "j - {I Z+V 4 h 8GXfh" }+V( 37.3.3 "jU R 8GXfh" 9 }+V z>( 37.3.4 "jU R 8GXfh" 19 }+V1i )3Xu % (1) }+V~)58x1qpj~8xT 4 (~[ (2) Z+V~3P 9 37.2.11

ยง3

3F>

I 3F> nKA)KW ^ I 3F> nKA)K A T - iL\ Q } F&i } - b C i T }P Li P T o)z N0 UC i ร TZ / QqJ% ss\ } F&y_ }y = k } Cz i) }P Q 4 " r v }P = q 6 ^\hJ T o% 1 9^> i z e ( 2 } F&_F 27 ( 3 t}^ o ( 4 O nPB L `}Z ! ( 5 9 }> 0 ( 6 }} } - 2 }~ Z ! ( 7 K L o 2 = b Z ! (

: R VC 0>z =" %v 2

105

8 K L `} i &( 9 l~ LT } 27 0% k n['P -LE d( 10 d; 0 E gfP ℄e sCi F b - } L ^ b )- } L }P F K h J T o% 1 F q L Y } /- ;$` } F& G z }P y ^ }.O~ q L Y 2 }P FÆ f b - ) }P T K hJF = % b l %, } L b9^ z e 9^> b } QK PB Q }Qb% } ? z L3 v H 2 [(`}P 2 > ; > ( } L z 3 v t} `}> }Qb% } 3 v W^ } F& _ }} i - d lx L _Qb `} y J=Q }.O%l~ L i & LT }w, 27 F Æ`} o ?Z x% } % k n[' s q L !EF x } F&_F% f 1 % } F& Lw glx } S &Æ_^oQ}F\4 &0 Q f 2 %} U o Z ! f 3 % }9 o\ f 4 %`} y J= ' 3 } F& w htH^ o w h% E Fh fi 4 `} " WO ^ i/ _ L q i it}^ o 5 }Qb^ o 5-1 = ' 5-2 O n 5 5-3 } w h }Qb^ o S q } }^ o 3} }^ o 5-4 d; 0 E gF\4 &0 Q

[6b& {3t9y VC =" %v

106

%Y|3F> nKA ^ ^I% | Hn9 { } 2[ } % I 7 q# }L b } L- }gE K QL T { t L } }Lb& ` & P D U }`} : -H QLrvJ } F&fKy_N }P l~zNT} w , 27Fi&qJ% ZZ2% y J=% = `}Po% > -i % k2L QK} % Z 2% y J=% = `}Po% > -i % k2L QK} % Zx2% y J=% = `}Po% > -i % k2L QK} % ` sT} w , ( T eAT - iL \ Q b g E- }`}H 30 d ` TL C i ℄ m!? }LgE } =Uii2ZZLT} w , T} i2ZZLT} w , 5 T} ~ z>Cz z Wt n [ 2 } C i =C tNN&8 ` C i X T WC L } hUii2Z LT} w , T} ℄ )l I 7 F hi) ? Æi}q $ # hu0T} H-T}Y ) } F&L }P f y }/-; $ 2[ ℄ Q k ^ % 3F> ℄ L b } - } } F& ℄e } T\0L } } i - '0Nt}L`} ? N b i g 5 SÆ }> P qJ 1 %YKAAz 1 gE2[% W^% ( )

: R VC 0>z =" %v 2

107

C 8% b Q% 2 }r d % 3 8 H% 4 }( % 5 \ % 6 QKPB% 7 Æ.% 2 mF8Y } ? zL3v H2[(`}P2> ; > ( } L z3v t} `}> 3 3F8Y }3v W^ } F& _ }b& }} i - dlxL _ Q b `} y J=F }rv> Q 4 3Fk7 ℄e`} Li&. Oi } TL 4C i } F&l~i2 &' 2L`} ^ }LT} w , ℄ l~LT} w , F Æ`} oq J% sI#% y J=% = `}Po% > -i % k2L QK} % n o%`} V6> VAFgEK- n Q : -W> gEK FsXFh5^ b- : -W> - 0 \ `}PoQL n o s # sN#|t 5 mINdP T}w, `} T `L!EF } %k n[' sqL!EF?Z L xQ h }. O JE } F&_FL% g } F& % %

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108

℄ Q k f Z% }wglx 4 &mi`} }Llx 2 4 &mi ( `}S&Æ_^oQ}Llx 3 4 &mi ( ) `}Po S&Æ_^oLlx 4 Æ.mi`} L`} 9}Lwglx 1

f %}Uo Z! b2[ }r d

}Uo

}Uo Z!

=} p)= QK} 1 b o% +~ -i r~ -i( 2 Æ. } T C iLPoTo% iP Q K o Q

Xs

}UrL7 % { iPrL F% 7V{ ℄ Q k 2.7

f 3 % }9 o\

}9 o\

: R VC 0>z =" %v

109

2

b2[

}9 o }9 o% \ Qb \

}r d

Q b%

Xs } F& % % ℄ Q k 2.8

f 4 %`} &d

y J='

b2[%

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y J='

}} d % `} 2[ wh 1 wh 2 wh 3 wh 4 wh 5 y J= i2

} F& % % ℄ Q k 2.9

^N%3F ^E^DO:lJ } F&whtH^o ℄ Wi : tH 2 } F&wh%E 1

i

[6b& {3t9y VC =" %v

110

} F&wh%E

b2[% & d 2 )7

}} d % 33/3[ Cb wh%

2.10

3

} F&whhfi

\,i ) ******** b- }gE }r d %***** L }wh #hf% ^ 0'j^ `}L`} .v `e l 4 U4 C ` } Q bT= 7 T - iL }`} F\ 4 s= C ^ - l L An ℄e } FÆTL }} i - hg dkL )5} {QK { Wy_^ } ) = $℄ )fy N℄ )#% T iL 4u }. O h5 ke hf % ℄ Q k ^s uF8YW J 1 `} "WO^

: R VC 0>z =" %v

111

2

b2[

`} 2[ C `} Az `} / % â„„ Q k

`} "WO^ }r d C % b % % b â„„% ^% =([^% = } / % â„„ Q k 2.11

2

t}^o

t}^o b2[% }} d % & d `} p)= `}Po Æ.gE QK

ik % M} % rv % ^o % â„„ Q k ^ 3F8YW J 1 ='

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N&8 / %

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112

=' b2[% & d `} 2[

}} d % wh 1 wh 2 wh 3 wh 4 wh 5

} F& % : ℄ Q k 2.13

O n 5 `} 2[ `} A `} L `} ? 6Q Q L `}N&8 `} u

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}wh } Q b^o

1 } Q b^o

–

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: R VC 0>z =" %v

113

2

b2[% `} 2[ r d % &d }=} {= J= Xs 0- 1 - -50Sq"2 QK : -HC0"3 /O : -HC0"6

?}\ 0N&" HsX\

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2 } Q b^o - ' b2[% =gE ==} `} A - 0 \ - 0 \ `}Po Pox: J= gE : -; $ =g }=} Æ. =g }=} n\ } F& % : ℄ Q k

`} G

2.16

C/3F> R uv n I _TL> ` }QbT `} & CC i2 } T C iL6Q Q i_`})u r~ }P 3 h 8 L3D i _6L Q `} x n LA~? _E?s mP3 Æ`} TL = QF\ 4 &0f ` }P y ) }P L r 2^ P=7 N~O n 5 ?Z

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114

0- 3F ^Enj*sP ~ dA~ q`} Y`} )m $ 4: - C ihFÆ.Zw A~ CH`} L`})u } F& y_Zw7glx _E?smi` } `})uLA~ - F 4 &0 Q lx h } F&L )z K } F&_F% ) }P L℄Pf N F? Hn _M` ℄e`} LgH`}> T} w , ? 8 o 2`'Xi 8 q s 3F> n[B PB3D{E W s;9 U P h } F&L3 $s hJaZ }P LgH57 2.24 tQ '%D #}+UB1 B- 3F> w^( 2 1 H z UB B 0u w g UB / }?n1 BB R i^ SX!1 s B1iB /M N1 6RY℄xa . 4 BC - _) 1 %YKAAz 1 8xov%H z 2 s8<%A | B C G 1 P 2 Æj %18600m D *M % )D *( 5 N%68.60m `*%8)Y`/8m A` zQ{%l 2 Æ 2 UB=P%abcdef 3 K Æ3%EK 4 UBf %2 Æx9 2x 1.5m 18 ! z D * z 2 Æ T z j z D8j z z >1 z - - z fz A z UB / } Ug a }>C }BV{x18x )}>YV +! NA5 UBf 5 g '%2003 6 9 10 [s 2004 10 9 10 [q g '%515 2

: R VC 0>z =" %v 2

115

[!_ 6 {0rE%U 7 )H%5 UB1x1 PC5 z #}+' 2 mF8Y UB% 2003 3 9 20 [,A}EV+!UB} }E 2 s-R A | B 2s z}Z+ 8 }GZO. A>C1 & , +^' 32 -tMN1-o. \?' ov : -oo'Q A>C1 & m&-o-t}1 28 -t+V1 +x / A>C 1; 8 +xuD" B r & 6 25 -t; 8 1 +xuD" T H( j +x 0u M N x PC1~) 7 -tX 58xiB% iBVo' a - g %Q ( -to+V1UB / HAiB B r & 2003 4 9 28 [m 10 %00 <6;81iB / s B 2003 4 9 28 [m 10 %00 <bA A | B 2s z}Z+ 8 }G97 s B e N ? m U 1iB / ^ w g iB

/ ; 8 1+^0Z M NnB nB I - iBV4-D nB I Qx 3 3F8Y B / 2003 4 9 28 [) 2 %00 ,A A | B 2 s z}Z+ 8 }G 401 B e N. B 0u ( (x ( B 0uo' - B 0 u I 4-D Qx) )} A | 2 s z B } I 5 V U BV#D 2 V duwr^# Æ z~ 58x B 0u X B 0u +#"1UB / )} B'^ Hw g B'^}>C 1zZ V 1~UQxa %B x *^l B x1zZ 1 ~UQxa iBV g AiBB r & 6Z 8 iB,f K iBV e R f B 0u C fiB Cw g- / 1 4 CiBV e f fiB1 m w g 34^> )iB >Bx ) 4 iBV o fH1~UQxa 2 %B x %BV B i x UB $ KV0 4 (js yjJ? =

116

[6b& {3t9y VC =" %v

P^8 B 0u x B 0uw g UB / }4 (js 1 BB Ri^ M N1'w1L& x u {x^ 8 $ KV0,7 3 l B x w g BB Ri^ B 0uSl B M N1'w x u l B B D )^ $ KV0%O B =PSÆ1iBVov B 0u 4 iBV1l B %B/uuE``w#D}/ iBV/u Hw g i BV1* /u >i^ / 1iBV a-d 1* /u_)% iBV a %*^/u%92 u( iBV b %*^/u%90 u( iBV c %*^/u%89 u( iBV d %*^/u%88 u UBV1B7 ! - / 2 B ! >DR uw#D - / 3 R / 4 4 3Fk7 wgiBV1 Z D GRUB / }1 4>C B 0ur + o 6 3 o1iBV 5 UB1}B℄^V w r + 1}B℄^V S)iB ! _ )% sI#% FH a *^/u%92 u iB- ! %28650000 , Vl7 '%482 [!_ {0 B %U "U ! %iBV a E u !L -t u Æ #}+ { h { x5 z 2 s1s3 V0R % 3 O e {x 88x 12 8 o }/ d .N1 ! 5 z18x T u Æ 8x T 36 B 5 z hzN &X 8x T 6 '{x z 2 s8x 4 )} 2 8x!5 z 8 h = : 17 ( }/H/ n 8vP 8x T QV0 3 D * %:{U h 5 z 7 1 ( ) i + M{ N h { Z/Q {0,f℄& 1 L {07 <R ^SQ {0xB { N L7 ℄& 1 L z L n 8 ,T iB- ! U !x6 hNC ?O s #% FH b *^/u%90 u iB- ! %29014560 , Vl7 '%478 [!_ {0B %U

: R VC 0>z =" %v 2

117

"U ! % Q sN#% FH c *^/u%89 u iB- ! %28104568 , Vl7 '%496 [!_ {0 B %U "U ! % Q 5 BLHz A | B $ b 2 s zUBiB7 '% RUBV N ' a uE V M N1 $ K ~m B D G/- B 0ux014 Y { B 0u 4 %*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** **** ** 9 ** [

t 3 l X&nG yS=X5 UB(j .UBx11 h โ D.Hz ยง1

mFSBOmF* ?4

I %Y>d bP L W s%=Z bgEy_N :g - f \F g HJ NLC # &i y gE E b i : F\ 4: - H- bt 'L [Y) \H- # &iL Q b[ bP bP y_ y b l^ C \?sE b6HL Q b } D b' ).x b L ?t= I %Y>dn b W>d)K 1 bP LQ 1 :gv F` \ 2โ ` \ fKJ& f 1 i >` # &i( 2 - f \ - f g )fKy_( 3 \HN C # &i( 4 \ 4 Vi : fKX5 %Y>d

)0' p K k ! + Q jC b K %G l /F 0'9 ){ X/} : GZlK }O} Q gE 1.1.3. bP iPTo gE2[ W^ ` C 8 8 H =โ ` gE C 8 . $ )

K-? \ tr k gEw > Q N %Y>dnY> b r d gEr d N~โ Z ?Lโ b gEP O^ โ \H - & B[ GL 0 QZ P "i : v = b&E CC iLm!? }L C 8 } 3 1 }`}b&

: R VC)k =" %v 3

119

0 b } b }I bP TLZ ℄P * "i : kgE A N b- # & K 0 bP Ly _ h n ?sE b % M \T* ImF* I :}%YmFSB?4 1 H- b } LQ 1 ` \ i : L:g\ ( 2 C # &i 3 - & )fK[q?s }b& N~ b } ℄e TLTo _EN~ b C 8 W^ ` }-? t2L y !f 4 v Æ }2 q }hF q L }/-; $ LM Æ }3 \ P C iLÆ } 5 Q) f i : X5[q y } C/ \T* ImF* ; 2 } Lr~To ? 4 (^ ÆT sq }(

i QQ LUi0*s N : M \T* ImF* H- 4 Y) N O^ X5Q f\ L&0 `=i H [3`gE,`W b mT "b`} P2 3v

&, )k s R MnQ 1 k> b Lb& ℄e 4 C b }b&H-X5Ed 2 r~ a ; ? X5 3 0P23 g `}P2 VL V7 Q&iF7 4 QA I g Æ V( i Q&iTL- hK Q i wV bhK Q 1 } TPBL QQ 0 a P2 ) 4 0(``} P23 = N~`}P2 & ; 5 sq `}P2 Vr~ ; ir L3v PBP2 & ; (?EÆ\ " ; i F 2 Lh 3v ℄+gE3v

[6b& {3t9y VC =" %v

120

Fw §2

\Tn xOk7?4

I \Tn x I ih \TSBi 1 ` ; T=iLW^ /iw "W O^ ; i N~Z}\ ; i 2`, [3N~`Z} j L ; 2 ` ; i\ (?3v y C L n"W 3 ; % Z WH`}N&8 d \T3T ^E ; % Ili II 'j^ b`}LZ ℄P Q b F&nIy_ Z Q bL 4 e `} i }r : ; $ E'p ℄S T L ZwW-\ez3NZwb } P= L C i ÆI wh L bqTHP ^0U C iN whm! {M3[ [3 } / m ! wV3[Q= C i ; F& 3 w C i ; whLO, h 3wh i Sq KYwh Tn FzK J & 5 h 7 F 9 d N \T8YO3T> ℄e ; T C iL } i - ? =T sqhJI *% 1 Q L F Q b^o L℄e ; i (``} ; iTLTo Æ.v Q ) ℄e Q bT F&℄eEL X a L y_ L =T Æ sqmi n L- F QWD - ; d$ DH; -?? h$ `Z} [% L?? 2 Ui`} 27

: R VC)k =" %v 3

121

O ; n L p'j`}3 h5"Ui`} 27 q O = n 'j`} n sq% 1 $ )= Ui Li&3 โ e =} i - ? )= $ why:)= Iโ Zโ e} )=p h :ZiP )=. O ? _ g ? Ui Li& 2 $ n x Ui Li&3 w ร i&~ F C L iL> (L_ hu? \ b ? Ui Li&. O q OW VA YlgEK-VA? 6W|8LTo n 0 F&? 6W|8 F&Ui n xLi&. O li`} 27 h I y_ y r~ ; P ร TK gEl } L `}P2 Q bhF . O `} 27QTo F&_F% \Tk7?4 ; y_ y F3ร F&y_L P F&wh%E ; i\ O^ Q b^o Q? - N~ 4 w ; . O X5 jn } { y P b,`W "i : X5 L TZw&P b }`} : -H QD `} Qร ` h 5E`} V0 b > FgEK-LM 3[ wVhFII `h5 gEK-Q9 Q `X53 h[35 ยง3

%Y jWFqZ nC~

I 4%YVZ ~ k I %YeZn X 1 b5"_^; (1) ;: #> (2) Qp b KF; : b Q KF b K (3) X:&F; 6n: X:&$ 6n-?\HZi; 2 SB : -; 1 SB:-;% ) F H ; :r; S9m b ~6n; %o N ; zGUG; bi _0Fr ;-; i ร .; V3 3; - 5E; X3 : -; 2 ' xK ">NQhF7 &s3Q;

122

[6b& {3t9y VC =" %v

2 X3 -;%#> - (Æ j K X9 Dz SBTL i b : Z BT- X3GlQ 3 V : -; K %; 4: - FL 3 8K; H ; :r; 1 i >

\; g g6n; %oN ; "3K; V3 3; %oNQ; V LL0> jW; T i &N ; i Æ.; q3 Hd KY5N > * }ÆQ. 4 Æ.; V4t 8 /W/(; Q. 5 bioL\ ? T =A+B+C +D

0 T= bio, A= b5"_^;,B= SB : -; ,C= V : -; ,D= Æ.; . % jZ VZ "

Q7o \oHC K1i } \o : -HC IT L \ KYHLJ L>1 1 i L9^To (1) = =g b5"; i a i TL { K= b, 7q: p b- GW C (T C iN/ = b, = %W909 . $ '). gW) } }O bA i b i dY b b. i E, K=g b i T C iNy_i=g b, PL &F ) To sq% 0 = b i =g b p1 T - iL b QKzG0 i} ÆTL = (2) Æ.5";i (3) H;i %C i [) L b, Æ : -;L\H;=b 2 i LrL 1 i LrLAn% &L p#> K b Q K0 b K i ; Q; X; i rL3 L & p 2 i L3u %|vE [3 1o=z` #xÆ Z=i tE # ZCSio : - L3f i TLo h ` br 3L1o

: R VC)k =" %v

123

3

N n [ -LLu 3 i ` bio : -TL }`}% bPo} Lâ„„e b- % b% b - bx \o} Lâ„„e br . % b. } Lâ„„e 4 f*PB0i :|L- A yO7 i Po br 37 =3L1o=z r foCz ( B 1i W K } Po [3|vPBo Q:o r . 3 f n [o 3 i iPToa7 1 =g b 7 m )`jlLi F W KqJ% i r d 6-18 gE l C35 9o > 347.98 ; 21.14 Q; 320.76 ; ; 5.28 3

3.1

ÆT 7 bKLi W KqJ% rd 2[ 82003 n k 82013 Æ. ; 40010 C35 ;=D)`j 81004 1 %2 X| 84004 Æ. Q; 84023 Æ.;g;

7 7o > zK k 27.450 0.686 > 2.310 m3

313.000

0.986

3

251.020

0.031

m

> >

3.2

2 X3 -;

4.360 5.280

[6b& {3t9y VC =" %v

124

i r d 1-1 1-2 1-3

p)= 50000m hv 50000m hT 20000m hT 2 2 2

9z T % v % 5"; 2.7 2.3 5"; 2.9 2.5 5"; 3.1 2.6 3.3

3 SBK; i r d p) 1-15 71 p 1-15 71 p 1-16 qv 1-16 qv 1-17 p 1-17 p

/{ 16m h 16m hJ 25m h 25m hJ 25m h 25m hJ

\;9z ;| % 5"; 4.7 5"; 4.2 5"; 4.9 5"; 4.5 5"; 5.4 5"; 4.8

3.4

4 V : -; i i r d p) 2-1 71 p 2-2 qv 2-3 qv 2-4 p 2-5 p 2-6 p

/{ h 25m hJ 25m hJ 45m hJ 45m h 25m

\;9z ;| % 5"; 5.7 5"; 5.6 5"; 6.1 5"; 5.7 5"; 6.8 5"; 7.3

3.5

5 Æ.; i r d gE \;9z ;| % 3-1 4t 5"; + V : -; 7.0 3-2 8 5"; + V : -; + 4t 3.4 3.6

Q7o Ui bio \ ?qJ% 4.

: R VC)k =" %v

125

3

T = A + A × ξ + A × λ + A × (1 + ξ + λ) × ζ + 3.4% × (A + A × ξ + A × λ + A × (1 + ξ + λ) × ζ)

0 T= bio,A= = =g b; ,ξ= SB:-;;| λ= V:;;| ζ= V4t 3.1 t'%D 7kG 2 Æj 4880m 8m 6 ` 5 28m m ? t 1000 |, I% A = 1000, ξ = 2.9%, λ = 5.4%, ζ = 7%, 1 z# ! uP >_)% 2

(1) 1000 × (1 + 2.9% + 5.4%) = 1083; (2) 1083 × 7% = 75.81; (3) (1)+(2)=1158.81;

/ K = 1158.81× 3.4%=39.40 (5) z# ! =1158.81+39.40=1198.21 ,Vl7 N >jZ VZ " 1. n 7o L W s n7o%`} L bK\ C nJ 1PB1o . n V : - 7 bK PL Q ; ;F [ : -; V4tQ ; 2. n 7o LUi Q b Z = x % ZZ %PBf5 Ui Q F; ;( Z % V_^ g Ui : -; F V4t( Zx %Ui7 bK n 7o 3.2 PC3q℄q z 15 ' 4.05m y q }1. 9 y qg # "U' ! >Hz% w g CV0 m% V t%24.34 ,/ × 15 =365.10 , S2t%282.03 ,/ m × 4.05m =1142.22 , Ct%5.76 ,/ m × 4.05m =86.40 , U %1593.72 , 7 t%m ? t × 34%=541.86 , (4)

3

3

3

3

3

[6b& {3t9y VC =" %v

126

"a%m ? t ร 8%=127.50 , # %2263.08 , "U' ! %2263.08 , รท4.05m =558.79 ,/ m

n 7o Ui bio 3

n 7o \oHLJ bioL\ ?qJ% bio = bK ร n 7oL i + C ; + 8 =T bKp` } TC ( n 7on `} โ eร 6> i PBo Ui( C ; K"V i W-i : C im! LL [; โ e bK+rUi Iiz 3.3t 2 ร z1F ! *x_)% &d gE2[ 8 > 1 = =g bK;7\o n \ 167440.00 2 "-gE;7\o n \ 149800.00 3 ร .gE;7\o n \ 108250.00 4 C; 90000.00 5 8 20000.00 n\ 535490.00 3

3

3.7

s VZ "nBh b LgE Q7o \oHC 7oT W Q ; ;

n 7o \oHC Q ; ; : -;F V4t } W bK;7 : K W bK;7 P _EL- f f h\ Zw bK โ Z โ Z Po} โ Z โ Z `} ร li PB. n } 0 }, 4 ; 5"1PBo Po b. n [o + br} n [o + br} 3.8

: R VC)k =" %v 3

127

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aSn%Y|K V0- p i$ p1 b K - hKFwVhKgEL- }( P"9 - b K ℄PGl i o>Zl DV}Æ i ℄P p G bz `zQ H27 gEL- } N %Y jnC~Jq 1 b bK;7\o C ( iL h b- GW C ( 2 } 3 - fCFSq Q 4 - -52- 0 \ 5 L h2W- 4 o L C iQ s %Y nVw: 1 = =g bgE \ H %℄e b) 1 b bK;7\o C ( fo A fo E TC L bK\ C n? \ 3.4 8)+\9 18x=P 010203001 ) 0' m z0 > >I % s n 9}G2jy~\Ny~[w~℄ > s%t z8)+\9 d M )j 40m 20m 9\ 0.3m [w 6 m I z18)+\9 z0 % 3

[2 × (40 − 0.3) + 2 × (20 − 0.3)] × 6 = 712.3m3

3.5 j qo ) 0' m z0 >>I % s n Qj jy~ N~j > s%t z1 & X 0.5m 12 qo1 N 10m ' 25 \p1 I z qo1 z0 % 2

3.14 × 1 × 10 × 25 = 785m2

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140

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Abstract. There is a bidding law and regulation system in China. For getting or issue a contract, a contractor or an employer should understand all these laws and regulations first and then know how they work. This book contains the main materials of this kind for a construction contract, and contains four chapters. Chapter 1 is a survey of bidding for a construction contact. The laws and regulations for bidding in China are interpreted in this chapter. A Smarandache multi-space model for bidding is constructed which is applied in Chapter 2. Chapters 2 and 3 are the main body of this book. In Chapter 2 we show how to compile a qualification document, a bidding document or a report of bid evaluation committee. Chapter 3 is an introduction to a complete programming of bidding in China. The last chapter is about the increasingly complaints for bids. The cause and handling method are explained and cases are analyzed. Some exercises are presented in the final part of this book. For convenience, the Chinese bidding law and 7 useful regulations for construction contacts are included in the appendix.

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