Visualizing Geology 3rd Edition Murck Test Bank Visit to download the full and correct content document: https://testbankdeal.com/download/visualizing-geology-3rd-edition-murck-test-bank/
Package Title: Testbank Course Title: Visualizing Geology, 3e Chapter Number: 07
Question Type: Multiple Choice
01) The never-ending formation and destruction of Earth materials is called the _______. a) water cycle b) life cycle c) tectonic cycle d) rock cycle e) none of the above Answer: D Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle. Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle
02) Partially decayed organic matter in soil is called _______. a) humus b) sand c) kaolin d) clay e) slurry Answer: A Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Describe the end products of weathering and the difference between soil horizons and soil profiles. Section Reference 1: Products of Weathering
03) The figure below shows an example of _______.
a) oxidation b) dissolution c) root wedging d) frost wedging e) sheet jointing Answer: E Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle. Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle
04) _______ is the type of weathering in the figure below.
a) Frost wedging b) Exfoliation
c) Dissolution d) Ion exchange e) Oxidation Answer: A Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle. Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle
05) In the figure below, what type of weathering is being shown?
a) oxidation b) dissolution c) root wedging d) frost wedging e) sheet jointing Answer: D Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle. Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle
06) _______ is the extremely slow downslope granular flow of regolith. a) solification b) slump c) slides d) creep e) flow
Answer: D Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting. Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting
07) A permanent body of ice, consisting largely of recrystallized snow and showing evidence of movement under the pull of gravity is known as _______. a) a glacier b) mass wasting c) creep d) debris avalanche e) none of the above Answer: A Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting. Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting
08) A member of this family of hydrous alumino-silicate minerals is generally referred to as a _______. a) sand b) soil c) sediment d) regolith e) clay Answer: E Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Describe the end products of weathering and the difference between soil horizons and soil profiles. Section Reference 1: Products of Weathering
9) The small spaces between mineral grains are called _______. a) pores b) flow c) slump d) regolith e) soil
Answer: A Difficulty: Easy
Learning objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle. Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle
10) A white clay found in China that has been used to make porcelain is known as _______. a) sand b) kaolin c) soil d) joints e) erosion Answer: B Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Describe the end products of weathering and the difference between soil horizons and soil profiles. Section Reference 1: Products of Weathering
11) The uppermost soil horizon that contains a high amount of organic matter is known as the _____ horizon. a) A b) E c) B d) O e) none of the above Answer: D Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Describe the end products of weathering and the difference between soil horizons and soil profiles. Section Reference 1: Products of Weathering
12) Sediment that is moved along the bottom of a stream is known as _______. a) suspended load b) dissolved load c) bed load d) clay e) sand Answer: C Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting. Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting
13) In the photo below, what does the arrow indicate?
a) bottom of A layer b) top of B layer c) top of A layer d) top of O layer e) bottom of O layer Answer: A Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Describe the end products of weathering and the difference between soil horizons and soil profiles. Section Reference 1: Products of Weathering
14) The figure below what gives the stream its muddy appearance _______.
a) bedload b) suspended load c) saltated load d) floodplain e) levee Answer: B Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting. Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting
15) The _______ layer is the deepest layer of soil that consists of parent rock material in various stages of weathering. a) O b) E c) A d) B e) C Answer: E Difficulty: Easy] Learning Objective 1: Describe the end products of weathering and the difference between soil horizons and soil profiles. Section Reference 1: Products of Weathering
16) A sediment that is made of relatively coarse mineral grains is known as _______. a) clay b) soil c) sand d) kaolin e) saltation Answer: C Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Describe the end products of weathering and the difference between soil horizons and soil profiles. Section Reference 1: Products of Weathering
17) A _______ is a fracture in the rock in which no appreciable movement has occurred. a) wedge b) soil c) slump
d) joint e) bedload Answer: D Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle. Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle
18) A _______ involves a rotational movement of rock or regolith. a) fall b) creep c) flow d) slump e) slide Answer: D Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting. Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting
19) A type of chemical weathering in which minerals react with dissolved oxygen in water is known as _______. a) frost wedging b) oxidation c) root wedging d) acid rain e) ion exchange Answer: B Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle. Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle
20) Flowing regolith that is not saturated with water is known as a _______ flow. a) granular b) slurry c) slump d) creep e) gradient Answer: A
Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting. Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting
Question Type: True/False
21) Dissolution is a good example of mechanical weathering. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle. Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle
22) The figure below illustrates a good example of repeated rockfalls.
Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting. Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting
23) The figure below illustrates a good example of a debris flow.
Answer: False Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting. Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting
24) The process of large, curved slabs of rocks peeling off from the surface is known as dissolution. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle. Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle
25) Kaolin is a clay material used in the production of fine porcelains. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Describe the end products of weathering and the difference between soil horizons and soil profiles. Section Reference 1: Products of Weathering
26) A rockslide involves rotational movement of rock and regolith along a curved surface. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting. Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting
27) The large boulders in the figure below are an example of mechanical weathering.
Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle. Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle
28) The C-layer in a soil succession is known as the zone of accumulation. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Describe the end products of weathering and the difference between soil horizons and soil profiles. Section Reference 1: Products of Weathering
29) Anthropogenic sulfur and nitrogen contribute to chemical weathering. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle. Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle
30) The splitting of rocks due to the repeated freezing and thawing is known as root wedging. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle. Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle
31) When regolith is saturated with water, it is known as a slurry flow. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting. Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting
32) Mechanical weathering is the breakdown of rock by physical processes that involve chemical alteration. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle. Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle
33) The weathering of bedrock and transportation of the resulting loosened particles is known as erosion. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle. Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle
34) The jumping of sediment grains along the stream bed is known as bedload. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting. Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting
35) The Old Man in the Mountain in New Hampshire was a victim of dissolution. Answer: False Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle. Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle
36) The uppermost layer of regolith that can support rooted plants is known as soil. Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Describe the end products of weathering and the difference between soil horizons and soil profiles. Section Reference 1: Products of Weathering
37) Some plants can be responsible for mechanical weathering. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle. Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle
38) In a soil profile, the A and E layers are both layers that are leached. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Describe the end products of weathering and the difference between soil horizons and soil profiles. Section Reference 1: Products of Weathering
39) Stone Mountain, Georgia and Ayer's Rock in Australia are both examples of frost wedging. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting. Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting
40) Air is 1200 times less dense than water. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting. Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting
Question Type; Fill-In-The-Blank
41) _______ is the process of ice splitting rocks during freeze/thaw cycles. Answer: Frost wedging Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle. Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle
42) _______ often involve(s) the massive displacement of rock or sediment straight down a steep slope. Answer: Slides Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting. Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting
43) _______ is the type of weathering illustrated in the figure below?
Answer: Sheet jointing; exfoliation Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle. Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle
44) In the figure below, this form of chemical weathering is known as the ________.
Answer: dissolution of calcite Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle. Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle
45) Slurry flows can move down slope at speeds of _______ km/h. Answer: 160 Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting. Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting
46) In the figure below, these _______ were formed by the mechanical erosion of glaciers.
Answer: striations; abrasions Difficulty: Easy Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle Section Reference 2: Erosion and Mass Wasting Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle. Learning Objective 2: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting.
47) In the figure below, Ayer's Rock (Australia) was formed by _______.
Answer: isolated erosion Difficulty: Medium Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting.
48) The _______ -horizon in a soil profile is known as the zone of accumulation. Answer: B Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Describe the end products of weathering and the difference between soil horizons and soil profiles. Section Reference 1: Products of Weathering
49) Stone Mountain, Georgia and Ayer's Rock, Australia are erosional remnants called _______. Answer: monadnocks; inselbergs Difficulty: Easy Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting.
50) Atmospheric water that reacts with anthropogenic sulfur and nitrogen forms _______. Answer: acid rain Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle. Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle
51) A _______ is any mass-wasting process that involves a flowing motion (movement) of regolith containing water and/or air in its pores. Answer: flow Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle. Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle
52) A type of chemical weathering that involves the atoms giving up or accepting electrons is known as _______. Answer: ion exchange Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle. Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle
53) Soil profiles that contain a distinct E-horizon typically form in _______. Answer: evergreen forests Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Describe the end products of weathering and the difference between soil horizons and soil profiles. Section Reference 1: Products of Weathering 54) “Black water” found in swamps is formed from a high amount of organic matter found in the _______ load. Answer: dissolved Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting. Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting
55) In areas of high rainfall, where soil is thin over bedrock, and in areas where the ground is frozen to depth, slow slurry flows can occur through a process called _______. Answer: solifluction Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting. Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting 56) The “bouncing” of grains along a stream bed is known as _______. Answer: saltation Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting. Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting
57) In the figure below, a decrease in temperature and rainfall will lead to an increase in _______.
Answer: mechanical weathering Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle. Section Reference 1: Weathering– The First Step in the Rock Cycle
58) In the figure below, an increase in rainfall and temperature will lead to a(n) _______ in chemical weathering.
Answer: increase Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle. Section Reference 1: Weathering– The First Step in the Rock Cycle
59) The figure below is an example of the use of _______, which is composed of fine-grained hydrous alumino-silicate minerals.
Answer: clay Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Describe the end products of weathering and the difference between soil horizons and soil profiles. Section Reference 1: Products of Weathering
Question Type: Essay
60) What is the difference between weathering and erosion? Answer: The term “weathering” includes the entire group of processes that break down rock, mechanically and physically, by water, air, and biological organisms. “Erosion” is specifically the wearing away of rock and the transport of sediment by means of air or water. Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle. Learning Objective 2: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting. Section Reference 1: Weathering– The First Step in the Rock Cycle Section Reference 2: Erosion and Mass Wasting
61) Explain the primary difference between mechanical weathering and chemical weathering? Answer: Mechanical weathering is breakdown of rock into solid fragments by physical processes that do not change the rock’s chemical composition. Chemical weathering involves the decomposition of rocks and minerals by chemical and biochemical reactions. Chemical weathering replaces the original minerals with new minerals that are stable at Earth’s surface. Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle. Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle
62) Explain the similarities and differences between root wedging and frost wedging. Answer: Both processes are types of mechanical weathering that result in the splitting of rocks. In root wedging, the rocks are split apart by root growth, and in frost wedging, the rocks are split by the repeated freezing and thawing of water. Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle. Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle
63) Explain the similarity and difference between a slurry flow and a granular flow. Answer: Both are considered types of mass movements. A slurry flow occurs when the regolith is saturated with water. A granular flow occurs when the regolith is not saturated with water. Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting. Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting
64) Describe the difference between laminar and turbulent flow in a liquid.
Answer: Laminar flow occurs when the fluid particles all travel parallel to each other. Turbulent flow is complex and erratic, characterized by swirls and eddies. Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting. Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting
65) What role does climate play in erosion? Answer: Climates that are more hot and humid are more conducive to chemical weathering, particularly due to the greater presence of water. Climates that are colder and drier are more conducive to mechanical weathering. Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle. Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle
66) Discuss the similarities and the differences between bedload, suspended load, and dissolved load. Answer: Dissolved load, suspended load, and bedload are the three ways in which a stream transports material. Bedload is the large sediment that travels along the floor of the stream by way of saltation and/or traction. Suspended load is the sediment that is carried in the water column, and dissolved load is the soluble materials released by chemical weathering, carried in solution. Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting. Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting
67) By looking at the figure below, why do forests have a larger O-layer than grasslands and deserts?
Answer: The O-horizon is the layer of organic-rich matter that forms the uppermost horizon in some soil profiles, particularly those formed under a forest canopy. Forests produce a thicker O-horizon because they are constantly supplied with leaf litter, which lays on the forest floor and decays, providing a renewed source of organic material.
Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Describe the end products of weathering and the difference between soil horizons and soil profiles. Section Reference 1: Products of Weathering
68) With your knowledge of weathering and the location of New Hampshire, what was the primary cause of the demise of the Old Man in the Mountain? Answer: Since New Hampshire has a somewhat cold climate, there is a fair amount of water that can freeze and thaw daily. The primary cause of the demise of the Old Man in the Mountain was frost wedging. Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle. Section Reference 1: Weathering- The First Step in the Rock Cycle
69) Explain how monadnocks form? Answer: Monadnocks are erosional remnants (inselbergs). They form because they are either more resistant than the surrounding rock, or they are unjointed. They frequently have a dome shape because of the process of exfoliation. Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting. Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting 70) Discuss the difference between slump and creep. Answer: Slump involves the rotational movement of rock or regolith down a steep slope. Creep is the extremely slow granular flow of regolith down slope. Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Identify the sources of erosion and mass wasting. Section Reference 1: Erosion and Mass Wasting
71) Describe the negative effects that farming in hilly terrain might have on the land. Answer: The farmer should avoid plowing straight up-and-down the hills. Straight up-and-down plowing will ultimately result in the formation of deep gullies, resulting form water running down the hills and eroding the exposed soil. Difficulty: Medium Section Reference 1: Products of Weathering Learning Objective 1: Describe the end products of weathering and the difference between soil horizons and soil profiles.
72) Describe the rock cycle. Answer: The rock cycle consists of all the processes whereby materials beneath and at Earth's surface are weathered, transported, and deposited by mechanical and chemical processes. These processes are controlled by forces in the hydrosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere, along with larger scale tectonic factors. Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle. Section Reference 1: Weathering– The First Step in the Rock Cycle
73) Briefly describe the factors that control weathering. Answer: There are several factors that control the rate and type of weathering that occurs on the planet. They include tectonic factors, the rock structure present, the topography in a given geographic location, the presence or absence of biological organisms, the composition of the rock, the presence or absence of vegetation, and the overall climate. Any combination of these factors will produce different degrees and forms of weathering. Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective 1: Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering and their place in the rock cycle. Section Reference 1: Weathering– The First Step in the Rock Cycle