The Atlas Leopard or Barbary Leopard (Panthera pardus panthera Schreber, 1777) from North Africa

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‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

ISSN 0178-6288 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Norman_KhalafPrinz_Sakerfalke_Von_Jaffa/publications https://palestine.academia.edu/NormanKhalaf https://issuu.com/dr-norman-ali-khalaf/docs

============================= ‫ النشرة الفلسطينية لعلم األحياء‬: ‫الغزال‬ Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Gazelle : Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin

============================= Monthly Bulletin – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine

=============================

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

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The Atlas Leopard or Barbary Leopard (Panthera pardus panthera Schreber, 1777) from North Africa By: Sharif Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad Khalaf-Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa

‫نمر أطلس أو النمر البربري من شمال أفريقيا‬ ‫ نورمان (نعمان) علي بسام علي طاهر خلف اليافاوي العيزري‬.‫ د‬.‫ الشريف أ‬: ‫بقلم‬

The Barbary or Atlas Leopard (Panthera pardus panthera) in the Jarjara Mountain Range, Kabylie, Algeria, in the end of the 19th century ... The Barbary Leopard is on the IUCN Red List of Critically Endangered Animals, and has not been seen for decades in North Africa .. The subspecies is thought to be extinct like other big carnivores in North Africa like the Barbary Lion (Panthera leo leo), the Saharan Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus hecki) and the Atlas Bear (Ursus arctos crowtheri).

Thanks to the Algerian Society Activist and Panthera Protection Campaigner Tarek Tahari ‫ طارق طهاري‬for providing the above picture for this article. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10161573954944688&set=p.1016157395494 4688&type=3

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

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The Atlas Leopard or Barbary Leopard (Panthera pardus panthera Schreber, 1777) / ‫ نمر شمال أفريقيا‬، ‫ النمر البربري‬، ‫نمر أطلس‬ Introduction The Atlas Leopard, Barbary Leopard or North African Leopard (Panthera pardus panthera Schreber, 1777) from the Atlas Mountains of North Africa has initially been described by the German Naturalist Johann Christian Edler von Schreber as a leopard subspecies in 1777. Following genetic analysis in 1996, this population is grouped with the African Leopard (Panthera pardus pardus Linnaeus, 1758).

Leopards are rare in northern Africa. Only small populations persist in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco and Algeria in forest and mountain steppe in elevations of 300 to 2,500 meters (980 to 8,200 feet) where the climate is temperate to cold.

Barbary Macaques (Macaca sylvanus) also live in this area and habitat (Animal Database). Leopards became extinct from Tunisia, Libya and Egypt. It is considered either extinct or critically endangered in the Maghreb (Northwest Africa). The subspecies is thought to be extinct like other big carnivores in North Africa like the Barbary Lion (Panthera leo leo), the Saharan Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus hecki) and the Atlas Bear (Ursus arctos crowtheri).

Megafaunal Maghrebi Carnivores: Barbary Lion (Extinct), Atlas Bear (Extinct), Barbary Leopard (Possibly still in existence). By: Joseph J. Ortega, 2011. https://animals.fandom.com/wiki/Barbary_Leopard?file=6a2ddf3e73f0efaf8f42a512bca 3147c.jpg

Atlas Leopard in Algeria Status: Possibly Present.

Last Record: 2005 (Busby et al., 2009).

The leopard historically occurred along forested regions of the Mediterranean coastline and extended inland to the Tell and Saharan Atlas mountain ranges (Kowalski & Rzebik-Kowalska, 1991). Over a period of just ten years, between Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

3 1873 and 1884, more than 1,200 leopards were killed throughout Algeria (Kowalski & Rzebik-Kowalska, 1991). The leopard was hunted for skins and for the bounty provided by the French colonial administration. The leopard declined rapidly under the intense hunting pressure, nearly went extinct (Heim de Balzac, 1928), and has not recovered in the following decades (Jacobson, et al. 2016; Luipaard, 2020).

Leopard hunting party in the Jijel Provice, Algeria, near the Mediterranean Sea in 1930. http://forums.nitroexpress.com/showflat.php?Cat=0&Number=222515&page=9&fpart=all&vc=1

Leopard shoot around 1930 in the Annaba Province, Algeria, near the Mediterranean Sea. http://forums.nitroexpress.com/showflat.php?Cat=0&Number=222515&page=9&fpart=all&vc=1 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

4 The leopard may remain at very low numbers in the western Saharan Atlas Mountains and extend into Morocco (de Smet, 1989). In 2007, Fabrice Cuzin reported a probable leopard presence near Figuig, Morocco, on the border with Algeria (Henschel et al., 2008), and although unconfirmed reports continue, there have been no confirmed sightings. The area is a military zone with restricted access, which has prevented access for detailed ecological surveys, but has also probably reduced poaching as large prey items such as Barbary sheep or Aoudad (Ammotragus lervia), Dorcas Gazelle (Gazella dorcas) and Cuvier’s Gazelle (Gazella cuvieri) remain. There is insufficient data to claim this population is extirpated although the population has likely been critically small for decades (Jacobson, et al. 2016; Luipaard, 2020).

A “good catch”!!! A large male Atlas Leopard carried on a mule in Algeria. Publisher: J. Bringau, Algeria. https://wildfact.com/forum/topic-atlas-or-barbary-leopard

In 2005, Busby et al. (2009) identified a single leopard scat via genetic analysis from the Ahaggar massif of Algeria, the first confirmed report of leopard in Algeria in over 50 years. However, leopards were never known to be present here before (although it is possible they were at low densities and simply overlooked or confused with cheetah Acinonyx jubatus), and it is far from existing populations. More research to confirm the leopard in this region is needed. Prior to this, leopards were thought to be extinct in Algeria since the mid-20th century (Kowalski & Rzebik-Kowalska, 1991). The last confirmed evidence of leopards in Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

5 Algeria prior to Busby et al. (2009) was a report of a leopard killed in the extreme northeast province of El Tarf near El Kala in 1960 (De Smet 1982; Kowalski & Rzebik-Kowalska, 1991; Jacobson, et al. 2016; Luipaard, 2020).

A dead female Atlas Leopard from Morocco. Length 2 meters 25 cm. https://wildfact.com/forum/topic-on-the-edge-of-extinction-d-the-leopard-pantherapardus?page=12

Atlas Leopard in Morocco Status: Possibly Extinct.

Last Record: 1983 (Drucker, 1991).

Historically, the leopard occurred in Morocco's Mediterranean coastal regions and the Atlas Mountains, but by the 1950’s the only remaining population was located in the Mid- (between Fes and Beni Mellal) and High Atlas (region of Marrakech) Mountains, where a population of 50-100 individuals were thought to still reside (IUCN, 1972 cited in Shoemaker, 1993). The population declined over the 1980’s and 1990’s due to trophy hunting, retaliatory killings, and perceived threats to livestock (Shoemaker, 1993). Approximately 5-10 individuals were reported as “Morocco’s last remaining population” in 1984 in the Oued-elAbid/Bou Tferda region of the High Atlas Mountains (IUCN, 1972; Hafdaoui, 1984 cited in Shoemaker, 1993; Jacobson, et al. 2016; Luipaard, 2020).

The last confirmed killing of a Barbary leopard Panthera pardus barbarous was a female at Idis, near Bou Tferda (Beni Mellal Province) in 1983 (Drucker, 1991). By 1996, the leopard population in the Atlas Mountains was estimated at no more than five individuals (Cuzin, 2003). Despite the small population, there continue to be reports of leopard around Bou Tferda into the 2000’s (Purroy, 2010). In the Saharan Atlas Mountains, Fabrice Cuzin reported a probable record in 2007 on Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

6 the Morocco-Algeria border near Figuig (Henschel et al., 2008). However, the region near Figuig is a military area with limited access and no reliable living records have been seen since (Jacobson, et al. 2016; Luipaard, 2020).

Leopard (Panthère) Stamp from Morocco (Maroc), 1974. https://fr.shopping.rakuten.com/offer/buy/259058037/maroc-1974-protection-de-lanature-faune-marocaine-felin-sauvage-panthere-timbre-neuf.html

In mid-September 1933, this Leopard was killed in Yebel Tizirán (Jebel Tisirene), one of the Ketama Mountains, Morocco, at an altitude of 2,100 metres. It had a weight of 95 kilograms and a total length of 2.50 meters. https://wildfact.com/forum/topic-on-the-edge-of-extinction-d-the-leopard-pantherapardus?page=12 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

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Atlas Leopard in Western Sahara No information on current leopard population or distribution in Western Sahara was collected during this literature review. Eaton (1977) notes that no leopards were found in a survey of the Spanish Sahara by the U.S. Department of State.

Due to its disputed political status, it may be that little research was performed in the region – however, extremely rare leopard occurrence in surrounding countries (Mauritania, Algeria, Morocco) suggests it is unlikely that leopards persist in Western Sahara (Jacobson, et al. 2016).

Leopard Stamp from Republica Saharaui (Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Western Sahara, Spanish Sahara), 1997. https://www.pinterest.fr/pin/788692953489206216/ Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

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Atlas Leopard in Tunisia Status: Extinct.

Last Record: NA. The few historical records available indicate that the leopard in Tunisia was restricted to the Tébessa Mountains, and previously forested regions in the northern part of the country. In 1961, they were thought to exist in the forests between Bizerta and Tabarka, and in the mountain scrub at Tamerza (Chapuis), but are suspected to have gone extinct before 1970 (Shoemaker, 1993; Jacobson, et al. 2016; Luipaard, 2020).

Depiction of a Leopard in a Roman mosaic in Museum at El Jem, Tunisia. https://www.wildfocusimages.com/media/eebf3599-3902-4e38-8e79-9fc7a5ebbec0-depiction-ofa-leopard-in-a-roman-mosaic-in-museum-at-el-jem-t

Atlas Leopard shot in Ghardimaou ‫ غار الدماء‬, Tunisia, near the Algerian border. https://wildfact.com/forum/topic-atlas-or-barbary-leopard Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

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North African Leopard in Libya Status: Possibly Extinct.

Last Record: 1966 (Hufnagl, 1972).

Ernst Hufnagl (1972) in his book ‘Libyan Mammals’ writes: “Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) usually hunt in pairs or threes following their prey by sight and overtaking it they bring it to the ground by attacking its hind legs. They then kill it by attacking the throat and after that tear open the belly. The details of how a cheetah eats its prey are of interest because they enable a tracker to decide whether an animal has been killed by a cheetah or for example a leopard (Panthera pardus). In the summer of 1966 a rather large horse was killed near Beni Ulid (Bani Walid) ‫ بني وليد‬, and it is thought that this may have been killed by a leopard rather than a cheetah, although the leopard has not been recorded in Libya. Leopards are still found, and are protected in Morocco, and in 1932 one was reported by Flower at the Siwa Oasis in Egypt. They are still found in Arabia.”

A Leopard and an olive tree. Libya Cyrenaica Qsar Byzantine mosaic. https://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-image-libya-cyrenaica-byzantinemosaic-leopard-image22584946

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪Dr. Mohammad Ezzidin (31.05.2021) informed me in a private Facebook‬‬ ‫‪message, that one of his uncle’s sheep was attacked by a leopard in Tarhuna‬‬ ‫‪ , Libya, in 1968. His uncle described how the leopard attacked and carried‬ترهونة‬ ‫‪the sheep easily with its teeth, and jumped over a fence.‬‬ ‫‪Dr. Ezzidin (31.05.2021) continues: “It is said that the leopard is present in the‬‬ ‫"‪ in Libya.‬الوشكة ‪ Vulcanic Field and Al Wishka‬الهروج األسود ‪Black Haruj‬‬ ‫‪The Leopard is called “Exceel” in the Amazigh (Berber) language.‬‬

‫‪The last Libyan Cheetah (or Leopard?) which was shot in 1973 from around 50 km away‬‬ ‫‪from Ajdabia, Libya.‬‬ ‫‪https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=1927363410805492&set=a.381511975390651‬‬

‫كتب الدكتور محمد عز الدين (‪ )01.12.2021‬في صفحته على الفيسبوك تحت عنوان ‪ " :‬النمر الشمال أفريقي ‪:‬‬ ‫كان يعيش هذا النمر في منطقة الشمال األفريقي من مصر حتى المغرب ‪ .‬يبلغ متوسط وزن هذه النمور حوالي ‪50‬‬ ‫كيلوغراما ‪ ،‬وتعتمد في غذائها بشكل رئيسي على وعول الودان و وبر الصخور و الثعالب وبشكل أقل على الغزالن‬ ‫و األرانب ‪ ،‬حيث تعتبر هذه النمور حيوانات جبلية و صيادة كمائن بإمتياز ‪ ،‬وتعتمد على كسر أعناق ضحاياها ‪.‬‬ ‫آخر المشاهدات الموثقة لهذا النمر كانت في منخفض القطارة في الصحراء الغربية بمصر سنة ‪ ، 1952‬و في طبرق‬ ‫في ليبيا سنة ‪ ، 1966‬وآخر مشاهدة عينية له في المغرب كانت سنة ‪.2009‬‬ ‫تم تسجيل ظهور هذا النمر مرة أخرى في مصر في المثلث الحدودي مع السودان في منطقة جبل علبة سنة ‪، 2014‬‬ ‫وهناك أخبار متواترة ومشاهدات وعثور على آثار هذا النمر في بعض المناطق الجبلية الحدودية الليبية ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023‬‬

‫‪11‬‬ ‫هناك جدل قائم بين العلماء على إعتبار النمر الشمال أفريقي ساللة مستقلة بذاتها أو يتم ضمه لنفس ساللة النمر‬ ‫األفريقي ‪ . Panthera pardus pardus‬فمن حيث المظهر الخارجي تعتبر النمور الشمال أفريقية أقصر وأكثر‬ ‫إكتنازا وأطول ذيوال وذات فراء أكثف وكفوف أقدام أعرض ‪ ،‬لكن جينيا وبعد تحليل الحامض النووي للميتوكندريا‬ ‫الخاصة لهذه النمور تم ضم الساللة البربرية تحت مسمى النمر األفريقي ‪ ،‬وإعتبار تلك الفروق بينها وبين النمور‬ ‫األفريقية مجرد تكييفات للساللة أكثر من كونها نويعا مستقال ‪ ..‬ويسمى النمر في اللغة األمازيغية اكسيل ‪".‬‬

‫‪Barbary Leopard (Panthera pardus panthera). Al Jazeera TV Documentary. Youtube Photo.‬‬ ‫‪Bni Guil YouTube channel. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5ukxFFWPB4‬‬

‫‪Barbary Leopard (Panthera pardus panthera). Al Jazeera TV Documentary. Youtube Photo‬‬ ‫‪& Dr. Mohammad Ezzidin Facebook.‬‬ ‫‪https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=1832767653598402&set=a.381511975390651‬‬ ‫‪Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023‬‬

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Part of King Tut’s cloth leopard skin – the head is made of wood gilded with gold, with colored glass decorations and quartz eyes. https://www.reddit.com/r/Cowofgold_Essays/comments/rb6v8f/the_leopard_in_anc ient_egypt/

The Leopard in Ancient Egypt Old Egyptian Name: Abi or Bashema.

“Leopard” in Hieroglyphics. https://www.reddit.com/r/Cowofgold_Essays/comments/rb6v8f/the_leopard_in_anc ient_egypt/

In ancient times, the wild leopard had a much wider distribution than it does now; it inhabited most of Egypt and was at home in both the desert and wetlands. The African Leopard was occasionally kept as a pet by royalty, and the goddess Mafdet was sometimes worshiped in the form of a leopard or cheetah (Luka the Pooka, 2021).

Live animals and skins were brought to Egypt as part of the tribute from Nubia.

Pharaoh Queen Hatshepsut is recorded as having leopards imported from the Punt Kingdom to become part of her royal zoo (Luka the Pooka, 2021).

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

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Leopard and leopard skins being brought to Egypt as tribute, as well as monkeys, a giraffe, and a gazelle. https://www.reddit.com/r/Cowofgold_Essays/comments/rb6v8f/the_leopard_in_anc ient_egypt/

The notoriously short temper of the leopard was proverbial among the Egyptians, who used it often to describe royal ire. The Egyptian mythological creature known as a Serpopard was a mix between a leopard, serpent and giraffe (Luka the Pooka, 2021).

The ancient Egyptians often used the same word for both "cheetah" and "leopard," although the two felines are clearly distinguishable from each other in tomb paintings, due to the leopard's pattern of spots and stockier build. Girdles made of golden leopard heads were buried with royal women. A 2,000-year-old sarcophagus decorated with a leopard head was recently found (Luka the Pooka, 2021).

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

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A Leopard being led on a leash in Ancient Egypt. https://www.reddit.com/r/Cowofgold_Essays/comments/rb6v8f/the_leopard_in_anc ient_egypt/

Closeup of the leopard’s face. It was made of wood gilded with gold, with black resin painted over it. This was thought to represent a black panther, or done to contrast with the gold of King Tut’s statue. The eyes were made of colored glass. www.reddit.com/r/Cowofgold_Essays/comments/rb6v8f/the_leopard_in_ancient_egypt/ Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

15 The skin of the leopard, complete with head, tail, and paws, was prized as priestly dress. Being rare, cloth imitations of leopard skins have been found, made of linen decorated with gold rosettes, with gilded wooden heads and golden claws (Luka the Pooka, 2021).

The pattern of the skin was thought to represent the stars, a symbol of eternity, and was also associated with the moon. In another interpretation, the leopard was an unknown ancient sky goddess, her pelt studded with stars (Luka the Pooka, 2021).

One of the treasures that was destroyed in the Egyptian Museum in 2011 – King Tut on the back of a leopard. https://www.reddit.com/r/Cowofgold_Essays/comments/rb6v8f/the_leopard_in_anc ient_egypt/

A story recorded in the first millennium B.C.E. tells how the evil god Set disguised himself as a leopard to desecrate the body of Osiris. He was seized

by Anubis and branded all over with a hot iron. This, according to Egyptian Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

16 myth, is how the leopard got its spots. Anubis then flayed Set and wore his bloody skin as a warning to those who would disturb the dead. It was Anubis who then decreed that priests should wear leopard skins to honor his triumph over Set (Luka the Pooka, 2021).

Each Egyptian king was thought to be the high priest of all the gods, while the official high priest was merely his deputy. As a priest, every king was buried with a leopard skin. Prayers on the walls of the pyramids state “My leopard skin is on my arm; my scepter is in my hand” (Luka the Pooka, 2021).

A statue of the Pharaoh King Tutankhamun standing on a leopard was one of the objects destroyed during the 2011 rioting in Egypt (Luka the Pooka, 2021).

North African Leopard in Egypt Status: Extant.

Last Record: 2014 (Soultan et al., 2016).

Historically, the leopard likely occurred in the mountains of the Eastern Desert along the Red Sea coast (Osborn and Helmy, 1980), in the Nile Delta, and in the Qattara Depression. Hoath (2003) cites a record of a leopard shot in the Qattara Depression in 1913. Leopard in Egypt was thought to be virtually extinct by the 1990’s (Henschel et al., 2008; Hunter, Henschel and Ray, 2013). Yet, there were two leopard reports in 2010 from a shepherd and a Bedouin, in southeastern Egypt (Soultan et al., 2016). In 2014, a herder killed a leopard in Elba National Park in the Hala’ib triangle region, near the Red Sea and Sudan border (Soultan et al. 2016). The leopard may have been a transient individual from Sudan or it’s possible a low density and small population of leopard has persisted in the Gebel Elba region for decades (Osborn & Helmy, 1980; Shoemaker, 1993; Soultan et al., 2016; Jacobson, et al. 2016).

Two subspecies of leopard have been recorded in Egypt, the Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) in Sinai, and the African Leopard (Panthera pardus pardus) in the northern part of the Western Desert, and Elba Mountains in far south east of Egypt (Flower, 1932; Osborn and Helmy, 1980; Saleh and Basuony, 1998; Uphyrkina et al. 2001; Soultan, Attum, Hamada, Hatab, Ahmed, Eisa, Al Sharif, Nagy and Shohdi, 2016).

A leopard was reported by Flower (1932) at the Siwa Oasis in Egypt. An adult male leopard Panthera pardus was killed in Elba Protected Area in south-east Egypt. This record represents the first confirmed observation in Egypt during the past 65 years, and the first confirmed record in this region (Soultan, Attum, Hamada, Hatab, Ahmed, Eisa, Al Sharif, Nagy and Shohdi, 2016).

The Sinai Leopard (Panthera pardus jarvisi) was described by Pocock in 1932. The type specimen is in the British Museum collection, and it was obtained in Sinai, Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

17 and presented by Col. C. S. Jarvis. There has been no recorded sign in Sinai since 1995 (Comité Marocain pour l'UICN, 2017).

The Sinai Leopard lived also in the Jerusalem Wilderness ‫( برية القدس‬Judean Desert) in Palestine (Khalaf-von Jaffa, February 1987). Khalaf-von Jaffa (April 1983, May 2005) stated that the Palestinian Leopard living in northern Palestine was the Anatolian subspecies Panthera pardus tulliana, and the one living in southern Palestine was the Arabian subspecies panthera pardus nimr. The last Leopards in Palestine were observed and video filmed in Ain Gedi ‫ عين جدي‬in January 2007 (Granit, 2016), and Samaria ‫ السامرة‬in 2009 (Aviad 173, 2009). The Leopard is now considered extinct in Palestine.

A stuffed Sinai Leopard ‫( نمر سيناوي‬Panthera pardus jarvisi) from the Sinai Peninsula in the Giza Zoological Museum, Egypt. Photo by Reem Al-Kashif. September 2017. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_leopard#/media/File:Sinai_Leopard_in_Giza_ Zoological_Museum.jpg

A discussion on the North African Leopard Sir Alfred Edward Pease’s account of North African leopards in his book “The Book of the Lion” (1913) definitely needs to be taken with a grain of salt (Chui, WildFact, 2019). Although, the leopards he saw in North Africa may certainly have been bigger than those he saw elsewhere his overall description comes off as overly sensationalized and exaggerated. Also, it should be pointed out that his use of the word panther does not mean he was referring to melanisitic/black Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

18 leopards as some seem to be thinking. The word panther was interchangeable with leopard in the 19th century and early 20th century (like cougar, puma and mountain lion). Many early hunters also insisted (as Pease does in his book) that there are 2 distinct varieties of the leopard, one big and more lion like and the other smaller and more cat like (Chui, WildFact, 2019).

A large dead Barbary Leopard in the Atlas Mountains during the French colonialism in North Africa.

https://www.facebook.com/game.animals/photos/a.1411752695512686/1745674375453848

Often early hunters referred to what they considered the big variety as panthers and those which were small as leopards – this had nothing to do with whether they were melanistic or normal phase. With increasing scientific understanding it became better known the difference was simply due to particularly pronounced sexual dimorphism in the species along with geographic variation. Also note that most of North Africa was under French colonial rule and the leopard is called Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

19 Panthère in French. The fact Sir Alfred Pease (1913) described the leopards of North Africa as “dark panthers” most probably reflects their adaptation to mountain forests of North Africa – according to Pocock (1932) African leopards exhibit 4 general colour variations – pale colour in arid areas, a more yellowish/tawny colour in the savanna, a darker dull colour in lowland forests, and lastly a very dark dusky colour in high mountains. Barbary leopards probably varied in colour depending on location, those from the more arid steppe lands closer to the Sahara desert being more light coloured (Chui, WildFact, 2019). Sir Alfred Pease (1913) writes in his book: “I venture to declare that there is no comparison between the great dark panthers of North Africa and the common leopard, either in appearance, size, weight, or power to inflict injury.”

This leopard specimen is the last dead in Morocco, near the town of Zaio. It had a weight of about 70 kilograms. https://wildfact.com/forum/topic-on-the-edge-ofextinction-d-the-leopard-panthera-pardus?page=12

With that being said, we can look at some more reliable info on the size of these leopards which may be of some interest, although the data is very limited. The best piece of information we have are the measurements of a museum skull from Algeria which is held at the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences and was part of the dataset used by Van Neer for his 2013 paper, "A leopard in the Predynastic Elite Cemetery HK6 at Hierakonpolis, Egypt". This skull measures 245mm in greatest length and 148mm in zygomatic width. It’s not clear whether this specimen was fully mature but regardless these measurements would put it above the average of around 235mm for adult male leopard skulls from places Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

20 like Kenya or India. For general reference a leopard skull can be considered big at 250mm, huge at 270mm, and exceptional beyond 285mm. So nothing too extraordinary, but still above average for the species (Chui, WildFact, 2019).

The Mammals of Algeria, 1991 by Kowalski, states that a leopard killed in Merad, Algeria in 1918 measured 250cm in total length and weighed over 80kg.

These measurements were apparently reported by French zoologist and parasitologist L. G. Seurat (1919) who had dissected and studied this specimen for parasites – so this would be more than just a hunting record. If reliable, I suspect the length was probably measured over curves as opposed to between pegs (Chui, WildFact, 2019).

A dead Atlas Leopard in Morocco in the 1930s. https://wildfact.com/forum/topic-onthe-edge-of-extinction-d-the-leopard-panthera-pardus?page=12

Some info on North African leopards is also provided by R. I. Pocock in his 1932 paper, “The leopards of Africa” and also the Spanish zoologist Angel Cabrera, in his 1932 book, “Los Mamiferos de Marruecos”. Based on information provided by earlier French naturalists, Pocock gives the head and body length of an unsexed Moroccon leopard as 4 feet 4 inches (132cm) with a total length of 7 feet 2 inches (218.5cm); and another described as an old male as 4 feet 3 inches (130cm) with a total length of 6 feet 9 inches (206cm) (described as having a very short tail). Cabrera states an old male was measured at 221cm (7 feet 3 inches) but it’s not clear if he was referring to the same old male as Pocock because they both list the same source (i.e. Cuvier, 1809). Pocock (1932) also provides the skull measurements for a captive adult female Algerian leopard as 208mm in greatest length which would be very large for a female leopard. Cabrera (1932) reports an additional male leopard skull from Morocco with a basal length of 207mm which Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

21 would indicate a total length for that skull of around 240-250mm (Chui, WildFact, 2019).

Interestingly, both Pocock (1932) and Cabrera (1932) seem to have accepted the North African leopard as being very large, in fact among the very largest. The fact they did so despite not having much first hand data on these leopards is interesting – Pocock especially had studied considerable material on leopards from various other regions and most of his conclusions were based on more conclusive data. I suspect they may have been convinced by the observations of certain naturalists/hunters who had seen these leopards in the field (Chui, WildFact, 2019).

An Atlas Leopard hunted around the town of Azrou in Morocco. https://wildfact.com/forum/topic-atlas-or-barbary-leopard

Cabrera (1932) for example, quotes the explorer Sir Harry Johnston who had stated in his book ‘The Story of My Life’ (1923): "The leopard still lingers here, in western Algeria, and Morocco. Those I have seen - dead or stuffed - in MoroccoAlgeria, struck me as being exceptionally large, compared to the two or three varieties seen in India, Malaysia, and tropical Africa. Their Rosettes are larger, more jaguar-like, and some of the males attain the dimensions of a large jaguar". Unlike Alfred Pease’s (1913) account, Harry Johnston’s (1923) writing is not sensationalized and he appears to be a more reliable source with a good scientific understanding of natural history and also animal anatomy. He also had firsthand experience with wildlife in different parts of Africa, Asia, as well as Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

22 South America. Unfortunately, however, he provides no details on measurements of any big cats. (By the way, before someone gets carried away that these leopards were equal to the biggest jaguars, or conversely someone complains how dare any leopard be compared to big jaguars, understand that Johnston probably didn’t have experience with the Pantanal jaguars specifically, and he was probably thinking of more typical Amazon jaguars from the coastal areas of South America he would have visited) (Chui, WildFact, 2019).

Leopard subspecies around the World. https://twitter.com/doctor_castello/status/1389296297685958657/photo/1

University of Kent Study: Would a big cat species be able to survive in North Africa?

A significant argument against reintroduction of lions (Panthera leo) into North Africa is that with the combination of deforestation, desertification and impacts on landscapes, plus the continued ingress of human communities, livestock and infrastructure into formerly wild areas, there is little space for a large carnivore Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

23 in the region (University of Kent, 2016).

However the experience with lions in India is that the animals can be quite resourceful in surviving in a region which is relatively heavily populated.

In Gujarat, India the human population is 310/km2 (800/sq mi). In Algeria this is 16/km2, but it should be noted that most of the land area is desert. In Tunisia there is proportionally less desert and the human density is 70/km2. In Morocco it is 74/km2 (World Bank).

However larger cats still appear to hang on (just) – indeed the Atlas Leopard (Panthera pardus panthera) may still survive in the Atlas Mountains, although last seen in the late 1990s. A much smaller feline, the North African Serval (Leptailurus serval constantina) has been recently spotted in the Atlas for the first time. Most of the other species keep to remote Saharan areas (University of Kent, 2016).

In the southern fringes of the region where the Saharan and the Sahel link to subsaharan Africa, several cat species are present, even if in low numbers. Scat analysis by scientists working in southern Algeria identified continued presence of leopard. Several Saharan Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus hecki) were shot during the early 1990s in southern Morocco, and Cuzin (2003) suggested although a few individuals could survive (less than 20), they are most likely extinct. Recent camera trapping in southern Algeria (covering an area of 2,800 square kilometres) - the first systematic survey across the central Sahara - identified four individual cheetahs (University of Kent, 2016).

The Last Panther captured by trap in the Province Chefchaouen (Jbel Tizarene), Morocco, on 15 March 1955. https://wildfact.com/forum/topic-on-the-edge-ofextinction-d-the-leopard-panthera-pardus?page=12 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

24

Atlas Leopard cub )‫ الهرماس أو الفرز (صغير النمر‬as pet with a French colonial family. https://wildfact.com/forum/topic-atlas-or-barbary-leopard

Large Carnivores of North Africa Perhaps just a few hundred years ago (and even as late as the 1860s by some reports) North Africa was still home to three large predators, the Barbary Lion Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

25 (Panthera leo leo), the Barbary Leopard (Panthera pardus panthera) and the Atlas Bear (Ursus arctos crowtheri) (University of Kent, 2016).

A Postcard showing an Atlas Leopard hunted in Algeria during the French colonial period in North Africa. https://wildfact.com/forum/topic-atlas-or-barbary-leopard

The Maghreb of North Africa (i.e. the area north of the Sahara, up to the Mediterranean coastline westwards from Libya, through Tunisia, Algeria along to the Atlantic coastline of Morocco) boasts a diverse range of species packed into ecosystems ranging from Mediterranean coastal scrub, juniper steppe, oak and cedar forest, conifer forest. In addition there are high altitude montane landscapes, semi-arid regions and desert. The major carnivores of the Maghreb preyed on a variety of species including the Barbary Wild Boar (Sus scrofa algira), Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) also known as Aoudad, Atlas Deer or Barbary Stag (Cervus elaphus barbarus), North African Gazelles (Gazella dorcas, Gazella cuvieri, Gazella leptoceros, Nanger dama), Addax (Addax nasomaculatus), Scimitarhorned Oryx or Sahara Oryx (Oryx dammah), Bubal Hartebeest or Northern Hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus), domestic livestock (goats, sheep, cows, horses and camels) as well as smaller animals from Barbary Apes or Barbary Macaque (Macaca sylvanus), to rodents, reptiles, birds and insects. The closest comparison to the historic landscape would perhaps be present day western India and (perhaps) Pakistan, still home leopard, bear and lion (University of Kent, 2016).

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A dead Atlas Leopard in Morocco. https://wildfact.com/forum/topic-on-the-edge-ofextinction-d-the-leopard-panthera-pardus?page=12

The most significant change which has impacted upon the decline of large carnivores is the transformation of the Maghreb landscape in recent decades through land use change, desertification and increased human habitation. Many of the wild prey species were hunted out during the 19th century; only wild boar remains in any significant numbers, although other ungulates still persist. By the early 20th century it appears that remaining Barbary lions became more reliant Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

27 on hunting livestock, so more persecution from humans followed until its eventual, final extirpation (University of Kent, 2016).

A caged Barbary Leopard in Tunisia. https://wildfact.com/forum/topic-on-the-edgeof-extinction-d-the-leopard-panthera-pardus?page=12

Dwindling Ecology of the Sahara: Large Animals in decline The Bubal hartebeest is extinct, the dama gazelle (Nanger dama) and addax survive in only 1% of their former range, and various other hoofed animals from the region are extremely threatened: the Nubian Ibex (Capra nubiana) clings on in parts of Algeria whilst the Barbary sheep fares a little better (University of Kent, 2016).

Of the major predators, the Barbary Lion (Panthera leo leo) has certainly been extinct in the wild for 50-60 years (assuming some of its ancestors still survive in a handful of zoos). The African Wild Dog (Lycaon pictus) no longer inhabits the Sahara desert (and was only present in southern fringes). The Saharan cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus hecki) only inhabits 10 per cent of its former range, surviving largely unnoticed in southern Algeria. Similarly a small Atlas Leopard (Panthera pardus panthera) population is known to survive in the southern Algerian Sahara, but is lost from 97 percent its historic range (University of Kent, 2016).

However there are opportunities for recovery: the Scimitar-horned Oryx is Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

28 extinct in the wild, but controlled releases in fenced reserves in Tunisia and Chad are looking to re-establish the wild population. Similarly the Addax has been reintroduced in fenced reserves in Morocco and Tunisia. The Atlas Leopard was thought extinct in the late 1990s, but a small population appears to survive in the Atlas Mountains. Do these examples of experimental reintroductions and relic populations offer hope for wider recovery of North African and Saharan ecosystems? (University of Kent, 2016).

Atlas Leopard skin. https://wildfact.com/forum/topic-atlas-or-barbary-leopard

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40 https://www.facebook.com/watch/?ref=search&v=741872336982901&external_ log_id=fb5c9a0e-2788-4ac1-b507fffbbfb4b4b3&q=%D9%81%D9%87%D8%AF%20%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9 %82%20%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A8%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5% D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86 Hoath, R. (2003). A field guide to the mammals of Egypt. The American University in Cairo Press, Egypt.

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44 Republic of Germany. Fifth Year. Number 11, Jamadi Alaula 1407 AH, January 1987 AD. pp. 12-13. (in Arabic).

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Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1994). An Introduction to the Animal Life in Palestine. Shqae'q Al-Nouma'n (Anemone coronaria). A Quarterly Magazine Issued by the Program EAI (Education for Awareness and for Involvement).

Environmental Education / Children for Nature Protection. In Cooperation with Dept. of General and Higher Education. P.L.O., Palestine. Number 4. Huzairan (June) 1994. pp. 16-21. (in Arabic).

Acquaintance Card: Majallet Al-Ghazzal (Gazelle Magazine): The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn, Germany. Shqae'q Al-Nouma'n (Anemone coronaria). A Quarterly Magazine Issued by the Program EAI (Education for Awareness and for Involvement). Environmental Education / Children for Nature Protection. In Cooperation with Dept. of General and Higher Education. P.L.O., Palestine.

Number 4. Huzairan (June) 1994. pp. 51-52. (in Arabic).

Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). The Extinct and Endangered Animals in Palestine. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Home Page. Extinct and Endangered Animals and Reintroduction. http://gazelle.8m.net/photo3.html Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). Threatened Mammals. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Home Page. Extinct and Endangered Animals and Reintroduction. http://gazelle.8m.net/photo3.html Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

45 Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). Wild Cats in Palestine. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Homepage. / Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin Webseite. (ISSN 0178-6288). http://gazelle.8m.net/contact.html Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). Leopards in Palestine. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Homepage. http://gazelle.8m.net/whats_new.html Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2004). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2004 / Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2004. ISBN 3-00-0141219. Erste Auflage, Juli 2004: 452 Seiten. Zweite erweiterte Auflage, August 2004: 460 Seiten. Norman Ali Khalaf, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Germany. http://drnorman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/ & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/59405994/book-gazelle-thepalestinian-biological-bulletin-a-scientific-journey-in-palestine-arabia-andeurope-between-1983-2004-by-norman-ali-khalaf-von-jaffa-2004 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2004). Activity Patterns and Sexual Behaviour of Snow Leopards, Panthera uncia (Schreber, 1775), at Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Jersey Island. In: Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2004 / Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2004. ISBN 3-00-014121-9. Erste Auflage, Juli 2004. Zweite erweiterte Auflage, August 2004. Self-Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Germany. pp. 8-29.

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2004). Babetta, the female leopard trapped in Ein Gedi. In: Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2004 / Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2004. ISBN 3-00-014121-9. Erste Auflage, Juli 2004. Zweite erweiterte Auflage, August 2004. Self-Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Germany. pp. 99.

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2004). The Leopards of Palestine. In: Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2004 / Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2004. ISBN 3-00-014121-9. Erste Auflage, Juli 2004. Zweite erweiterte Auflage, August 2004. Self-Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Germany. pp. 100-101.

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2004). The Sinai Leopard (Panthera pardus jarvisi) in Palestine. In: Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2004 / Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in Palestine, Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

46 Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2004. ISBN 3-00-014121-9. Erste Auflage, Juli 2004. Zweite erweiterte Auflage, August 2004. Self-Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Germany. pp. 103-111.

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (May 2005). The Leopards of Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. United Arab Emirates. Number 41. Twenty Third Year. May 2005. pp. 1-9. http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). Der Arabische Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 42. Twenty Third Year. June 2005. pp. 1-8. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopardpanthera-pardus.webs.com/arabischerleopard.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (Gründer) (seit Juni 2005).

Raubkatzen. Der Treffpunkt für Raubkatzen-freunde. Yahoo! Deutschland Groups. http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/Raubkatzen/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Mammals in Dubai Zoo, Dubai City, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 45, September 2005. pp. 1-14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Rafah Zoo in the Rafah Refugee Camp, Gaza Strip, Palestine : A Story of Destruction by the Israeli Occupation Army.

Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 46, October 2005. pp. 1-11.

Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Qalqilia Zoo and the Natural History Museum in the City of Qalqilia, West Bank, Occupied Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 47, November 2005. pp. 1-10. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (Member of PALESTA) (2005). Palestinian Scientists and Technologists Abroad (PALESTA). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 47, Twenty-third Year, November 2005, Shawal 1426. pp. 11-12. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (In Arabic).

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Arabian Carnivores in the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Sharjah Desert Park, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 48. December 2005. pp. 1-9. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic).

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Der Asiatische oder Persische Löwe (Panthera leo persica). Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 49, January 2006. pp. 1-5. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Asiatischer_Loewe.html Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Felidae Palaestina: The Wild Cats of Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 52, April 2006. pp.

1-15. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://archive.is/I9par Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Der Asiatische oder Iranische Gepard (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 53, May 2006. pp. 1-7. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://archive.is/0NDhl Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Die Rohrkatze (Felis chaus). Gazelle: The Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

47 Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 54, June 2006. pp. 1-8. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://archive.is/R9B7r Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Mammalia Palaestina: The Mammals of Palestine / Die Säugetiere Palästinas. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 55, Twenty-fourth Year, July 2006, Jumada AlThania 1427. pp. 1-46. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://archive.is/xmclD Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2006. ISBN 300-017294-7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006, 484 pp. Self-Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/mammaliaarabica.htm & eBook (Google Drive): https://drive.google.com/file/d/1mjzf_I_b8wTX_BHd1RsuU4ykhJlIKW2/view?usp=sharing Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Babetta, the female leopard trapped in Ein Gedi. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2006. ISBN 3-00-017294-7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Self-Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 64.

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). The Leopards of Palestine. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2006. ISBN 3-00-017294-7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. SelfPublisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 65-66.

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). The Sinai Leopard (Panthera pardus jarvisi) in Palestine. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2006. ISBN 3-00-017294-7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Self-Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 68-76.

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The Asiatic or Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica) in Palestine. In: Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2006. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland und Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 147-149. https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Wild_Predators/conversations/topics /357 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). The Leopards of Palestine. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

48 Europe between 1980-2006. ISBN 3-00-017294-7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. SelfPublisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 176-184.

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) in Sharjah. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2006. ISBN 3-00-017294-7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Self-Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 184.

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Der Arabische Leopard, Panthera pardus nimr. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2006. ISBN 3-00-017294-7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Self-Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 186-193.

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Felidae Palaestina: The Wild Cats of Palestine. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2006. ISBN 3-00-017294-7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Self-Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 207-221.

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Mammalia Palaestina: The Mammals of Palestine / Die Säugetiere Palästinas. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 19802006. ISBN 3-00-017294-7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Self-Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 240-285.

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). The Leopards of Palestine. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2006. ISBN 3-00-017294-7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. SelfPublisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 470-469.

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The Asiatic or Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica, Meyer 1826) in Palestine and the Arabian and Islamic Region. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 58, October 2006, Ramadan 1427 H. pp. 1-13. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://www.oocities.org/jaffacity/Asiatic_Lion.html.tmp Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Ein Besuch im Neunkircher Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland / A Visit to Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 59, November 2006. pp.1-25. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

49 Arabisch / Arabic). http://khalaf.homepage24.de/Ein%20Besuch%20im%20Neunkircher%20Zoo%20Neunkirchen-%20Saarland-%20Deutschland Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The Chinese Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) in Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany / Der Chinesische Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) im Neunkircher Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland.

Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 60, December 2006. pp. 1-10.

Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-pantherapardus.webs.com/chineseleopard.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr, Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1833) in the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Desert Park, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 61, January 2007, Thu Al-Hijja 1427 AH. pp. 1-14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in Arabic; References in English and German). http://khalaf.homepage24.de/Behavioural%20Observations%20on%20the% 20Arabian%20Leopard%20in%20the%20Arabia-s%20Wildlife%20Centre-% 20Sharjah-%20UAE Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). A Recent Record of the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) from the Kuwaiti Desert, State of Kuwait. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 64, April 2007, Rabi'e Al-Awal 1428 AH. pp. 1-20.

Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in Arabic; Abstract in English, Kurzfassung in Deutsch; References in English, German and Arabic). http://khalaf.homepage24.de/A%20Recent%20Record%20of%20the%20Arabian %20Sand%20Cat%20from%20the%20Kuwaiti%20Desert%20State%20of%20Kuwait Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Qit Sahrawi (Desert Cat or Sand Cat). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 64, April 2007, Rabi'e Al-Awal 1428 AH. p. 21. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7_%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1% D8%A7% D9%88%D9%8A Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The First Sight Record of the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) from the Gaza Strip, Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 65, May 2007, Rabi'e Al-Akher 1428 AH. pp. 1-19. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in English; Abstract in English and Arabic, Kurzfassung in Deutsch; References in English, German and Arabic). https://de.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/katzen/conversations/topics/1785 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

50 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Presence of the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni) in the State of Qatar. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 65, May 2007, Rabi'e Al-Akher 1428 AH. p. 20. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Wild_Predators/conversations/topics /664 & http://archive.is/gKhv6 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Die Sandkatze oder Wüstenkatze (Felis margarita, Loche 1858). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Nummer 66, Juni 2007, Jamada Al-Ulla 1428 AH. Seiten 113. Sharjah, Vereinigte Arabische Emirate. (Article in German; References in English, German and Arabic). http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Sandkatze.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Haywanat Filistin (The Animals of Palestine). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86% D8%A7%D8% AA_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Sanuriyat (Felidae). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. (Article in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D 8%A7%D8%AA Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Der Karakal oder Wüstenluchs (Caracal caracal, von Schreber 1776). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Nummer 67, Juli 2007, Jamada Al-Akhera 1428 AH. Seiten 1-12. Sharjah, Vereinigte Arabische Emirate. (Article in German; References in English, German and Arabic). http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Karakal.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Um Rishat (Caracal or Desert Lynx). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. (Article in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4% D8%A7%D8%AA Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Palestine_Sand_Cat.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Die Sandkatze oder Wüstenkatze (Felis margarita, Loche 1858). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. 2007. (Article in German; References in English, German and Arabic). http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Sandkatze.html Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

51 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) at Al Ain Zoo, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. (Article in Arabic; References in English and German).

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) at the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Desert Park, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. (Article in Arabic; References in English and German).

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 19802007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007, 300 pp. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (In Arabic, German and English).

Doctoral Dissertation. Ashwood University, USA. Doctor of Science Degree in Zoology (Summa Cumm Laude) on 26.09.2007. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/felidaearabica.htm & Doctoral Dissertation eBook : https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/59397999/doctoratedissertation-felidae-arabica-by-norman-ali-bassam-khalaf-doctor-of-scienceashwood-university-usa-2007 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Activity Patterns and Sexual / (Reproductive) Behaviour of Snow Leopards, Panthera uncia (Schreber, 1775), at Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Jersey Island. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 11-45.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Babetta, the female leopard trapped in Ein Gedi. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 68.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Leopards in Palestine (In Arabic). In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6.

Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 69-70.

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

52 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Sinai Leopard (Panthera pardus jarvisi) in Palestine. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica.

Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007.

ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 72-80.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Leopards of Palestine. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6.

Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 82-90.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) in Sharjah. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica.

Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007.

ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 90.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Der Arabische Leopard, Panthera pardus nimr. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 92-99.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Felidae Palaestina: The Wild Cats of Palestine. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 107-121.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Chinese Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) in Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany / Der Chinesische Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) im Neunkircher Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland.

In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, RilchingenHanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 165-174.

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

53 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Nimer Arabi (The Arabian Leopard). Arab-Wikipedia. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica.

Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007.

ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 228-229.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Sanuriyat (Family Felidae). Arab-Wikipedia. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 230.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Haywanat Filistin (Fauna of Palestine). Arab-Wikipedia. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica.

Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007.

ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 235-232.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr, Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1833) in the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Desert Park, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6.

Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 274261.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Arabian Carnivores in the Arabia’s Wildlife Centre, Sharjah Desert Park, United Arab Emirates. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6.

Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 284276.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Leopards in Palestine (In Arabic). In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6.

Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

54 Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 290289.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008a). The Story of Sabrina, the Gaza Zoo Lioness. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 73, January 2008. pp. 1-20. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. https://de.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Raubkatzen/conversations/topics/ 86 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (Text) and Nora Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf (Drawings) (2008b). Qisset Al-Labu'a Sabrina fi Hadiqet Haywanat Ghaza (The Story of Sabrina, the Gaza Zoo Lioness). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Story in Arabic). http://khalaf.homepage24.de/The%20Story%20of%20Sabrina,%20the%20Gaza %20Zoo%20Lioness Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (Text) and Nora Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf (Drawings) (2008c). Qisset Al-Labu'a Sabrina fi Hadiqet Haywanat Ghaza / The Story of Sabrina, the Gaza Zoo Lioness. First Edition. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf-von Jaffa, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Germany & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Publication in Summer 2008, in Arabic and English). ISBN 978-9948-03-603-6. English article Website: http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Gaza_Lioness_Sabrina.html & Arabic Story Website: http://khalaf.homepage24.de/The%20Story%20of% 20Sabrina,%20the%20Gaza%20Zoo%20Lioness Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008d). The Zanzibar Leopard (Panthera pardus adersi, Pocock 1932). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 74, February 2008. pp. 1-13. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/zanzibarleopard.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008e). Nimer Zanjibar (Zanzibar Leopard). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al- Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 74, February 2008. Page 14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%86%D 8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008f).

Leopard Stamps from Zanzibar and Tanzania. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 75, March 2008. pp. 1-4. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008g). The Sri Lanka leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya, Deraniyagala 1956). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 76, April 2008. pp. 1-17. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/srilankaleopard.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008h). Nimer Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka leopard). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 76, April Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

55 2008. Page 18. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%B1% D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (May 2008i).

The Persian or Iranian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor, Pocock 1927). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 77, May 2008. pp.

1-15. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-pantherapardus.webs.com/persianleopard.htm & http://www.oocities.org/jaffacity/Persian_Leopard.html.tmp Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008j). Royal White Tigers (Panthera tigris, Linnaeus 1758) at Zoo d'Amnéville (Amneville Zoo), Amneville, Lorraine, France. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.

Number 78, June 2008. Pp. 1-26. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/WildCats_/conversations/topics/907 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008k). Nimer Farisi (Persian leopard). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%A7% D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher. Zoologist, Ecologist and Geologist: The Scientific References (1980-2008l). http://drnorman-ali-khalaf-references.webs.com/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008m).

Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. 396 pps. Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 9789948-03-459-9. (In Arabic, English and German). http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/carnivoraarabica.htm & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/59551346/book-carnivoraarabica-by-dr-norman-ali-bassam-khalaf-von-jaffa-2008 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008n). The Leopards of Palestine. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 14-22.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008o).

Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) in Sharjah. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

56 Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. SelfPublisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & RilchingenHanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 22.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008p). Der Arabische Leopard, Panthera pardus nimr. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 24-31.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008q).

Felidae Palaestina: The Wild Cats of Palestine. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. SelfPublisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & RilchingenHanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 39-53.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008r). The Chinese Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) in Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany / Der Chinesische Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) im Neunkircher Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland.

In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-994803-459-9. pp. 97-106.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008s). The Zanzibar Leopard (Panthera pardus adersi, Pocock 1932). In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. SelfPublisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & RilchingenHanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 177-189.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008t). Nimer Zanjibar (Zanzibar Leopard). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al- Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia) (In Arabic). In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 190.

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57 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008u).

Leopard Stamps from Zanzibar and Tanzania. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. SelfPublisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & RilchingenHanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 193-196.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008v). The Sri Lanka leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya, Deraniyagala 1956). In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 20052008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 198-214.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008w).

Nimer Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka leopard). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia) (In Arabic). In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 215.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008x). The Persian or Iranian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor, Pocock 1927). In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 20052008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 217-231.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008y).

Carnivora Palaestina: The Carnivores of Palestine / Die Raubtiere Palästinas. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-994803-459-9. pp. 287-311.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008z). Nimer Arabi (The Arabian Leopard). Arab-Wikipedia. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

58 zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. SelfPublisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & RilchingenHanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 320-319.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008za).

Sanuriyat (Family Felidae). Arab-Wikipedia. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 322-321.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008zb).

Haywanat Filistin (Fauna of Palestine). Arab-Wikipedia. In: Carnivora Arabica.

A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. SelfPublisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & RilchingenHanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 327-324.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008zc).

Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr, Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1833) in the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Desert Park, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (In Arabic). In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 364-351.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008zd). The Arabian Carnivores in the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Sharjah Desert Park, United Arab Emirates (In Arabic). In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 374-366.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008ze). The Mammals in Dubai Zoo, Dubai City, United Arab Emirates (In Arabic). In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-994803-459-9. pp. 389-376.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008zf).

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59 Carnivora Palaestina: The Carnivores of Palestine / Die Raubtiere Palästinas.

Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 82, October 2008, Shawal 1429 AH. pp. 1-25. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. https://de.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Fauna_Arabica/conversations/mes sages/31 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2009). Flora and Fauna in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 91, July 2009, Rajab 1430 AH. pp. 1-31. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://florafauna-palestine.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). Fauna Palaestina – Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2006 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006. ISBN 978-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009: 412 Seiten/Pages. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart1.htm & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/xx/document/view/59498633/fauna-palaestina-1book-by-dr-norman-ali-khalaf-2009 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). The Sinai Leopard (Panthera pardus jarvisi) in Palestine. In: Fauna Palaestina – Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2006 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006. ISBN 978-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. pp. 15-23.

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). The Leopards of Palestine. In: Fauna Palaestina – Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2006 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006. ISBN 978-9948-03865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & RilchingenHanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. pp. 78-86.

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) in Sharjah. In: Fauna Palaestina – Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2006 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Eins.

Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006.

ISBN 978-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. pp. 86.

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). Felidae Palaestina: The Wild Cats of Palestine. In: Fauna Palaestina – Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2006 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Eins.

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60 Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006.

ISBN 978-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. pp. 109-123.

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). Mammalia Palaestina: The Mammals of Palestine / Die Säugetiere Palästinas. In: Fauna Palaestina – Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2006 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006. ISBN 978-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. pp. 125-170.

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). An Introduction to the Animal Life in Palestine (In Arabic). In: Fauna Palaestina – Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2006 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006. ISBN 978-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. pp. 331-326 & 342-336.

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). Al-Numour fi Filasteen (The Leopards of Palestine) (In Arabic). In: Fauna Palaestina – Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2006 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006. ISBN 978-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. pp. 401-400.

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2010). Fauna Emiratus Part One. Zoological Studies in the United Arab Emirates between 2004 - 2009. / Fauna Emiratus – Teil Eins. Zoologische Studien in die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate zwischen 2004 - 2009. ISBN 978-9948-15-462-4. Erste Auflage/First Edition, November 2010: 350 Seiten / Pages. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunaemiratuspart1.htm & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/xx/document/view/59546804/fauna-emiratus-part1-zoological-studies-in-the-united-arab-emirates-between-2004-2009-by-drnorman-ali-bassam-khalaf-von-jaffa-2010 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2012). Fauna Palaestina – Part Two. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2009 / Fauna Palaestina - Teil Zwei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2009. ISBN 978-9948-16667-2. 1. Auflage / First Edition: July 2012, Shaaban 1433 H. 208 Seiten / Pages Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

61 (Arabic Part 120 Pages and the English Part 88 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, Palestine. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart2.htm& eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/59602956/fauna-palaestinapart-2-book-by-dr-norman-ali-khalaf-von-jaffa-2012 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013).

Der Mosbacher Löwe (Panthera leo fossilis, Reichenau 1906) / The Early Middle Pleistocene European Cave Lion (Panthera leo fossilis, Reichenau 1906). Gazelle The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 101. January 2013.

Pp. 1-26. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://lion-pantheraleo.webs.com/mosbacher-loewe Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013).

Der Europäische Leopard (Panthera pardus sickenbergi, Schütt 1969) / The European Leopard (Panthera pardus sickenbergi, Schütt 1969). Gazelle - The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 102. February 2013. pp.

1-17. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-pantherapardus.webs.com/europeanleopard.htm & http://issuu.com/drnormanalibassamkhalaf/docs/europ__ische_leopard_panthera_pardu Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2013). Fauna Palaestina – Part Three.

Zoological Studies in Palestine between 2005 – 2012 / Fauna Palaestina - Teil Drei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 2005 – 2012. ISBN 978-9950-38335-7. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2013, Shaaban 1434 H. 364 pages (English Part 350 Pages and the Arabic Part 14 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://dr-normanali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart3.htm & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/62740914/fauna-palaestinapart-3-year-2013-by-dr-norman-ali-bassam-khalaf-von-jaffa-isbn-978-9950-38335-7 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013).

The Pink Panther (Panthera pardus roseus Khalaf, 2013): A New Leopard Subspecies from South Africa. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 108, December 2013, Safar 1435 AH. pp. 26-42. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-pantherapardus.webs.com/pinkpanther.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013).

Subspecies Panthera pardus roseus Khalaf, 2013. BioLib. Biological Library. http://www.biolib.cz/en/adtaxon/id300734/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013).

Pink Panther (Panthera pardus roseus Khalaf, 2013). EOL. Encyclopedia of Life. http://eol.org/collections/98287 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2014). Fauna Palaestina – Part Four. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2014 / Fauna Palaestina Teil Vier. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2014. ISBN 978-9950Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

62 383-77-7. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2014, Ramadan 1435 H. pp. 456 (English part 378 pages and Arabic part 78 pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://fauna-palaestina-part-1.webs.com/faunapalaestina4.htm & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/fr/document/view/62741122/book-faunapalaestina-4-year-2014-by-prof-dr-norman-ali-bassam-khalaf-von-jaffa-isbn-9789950-383-77-7 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2014).

Poisoning case of an Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) at Wadi Noaman, North East of Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Gazelle - The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 118. October 2014. pp.

1-18. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://animals-ofmakkah.webs.com/arabian-leopard-wadi-noaman Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2015).

Killing Incident of an Anatolian Leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana Valenciennes, 1856) in Turkey. Gazelle - The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288).

Number 121. January 2015. pp. 1-20. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/anatolianleopard.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2015). Fauna Palaestina – Part Five. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2016 / Fauna Palaestina Teil Fünf. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2016. ISBN 978-9950383-92-0. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2015, Ramadan 1436 H. 448 pp.

(English Part 304 Pages and the Arabic Part 144 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://faunapalaestina-books.webs.com/ & eBook (Google Drive): https://drive.google.com/file/d/1C9Vo6oBn4AAYB7XnpeIGgEXgOBZFzar6/v iew?usp=sharing Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa (11.01.2016). YouTube. Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) in Sharjah. 09.01.2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2CRSM0fTuHY Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa (09.08.2016). YouTube. Searching for the rare Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) in the UAE : Placing the Wildlife Trail infrared Camera at Wadi Shawqa in Ras Al Khaimah, UAE. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VvcwONftjW4 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa (10.08.2016). YouTube. Searching for the rare Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) in the UAE : Placing the Wildlife Trail infrared Camera at Wadi Shawqa in Ras Al Khaimah, UAE ... with Nora Norman Ali Khalaf ... 10.08.2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zGxzt0FIuLY Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa (August 2017). Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

63 saxicolor Pocock, 1927) skins originating from Iran on sale at the Spice Souq in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 152, August 2017, pp. 1-21. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-panthera-pardus-2.webs.com/ Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali (23.09.2017). Scientific Visit to the Natural History Museum in Muscat, Sultanate of Oman ... 23.09.2017. Facebook: Norman Ali Khalaf. https://www.facebook.com/dr.norman.ali.khalaf/posts/10155615325479831 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali (23.09.2017). A taxidermied Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) at the Natural History Museum in Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Arabian_Leopard_at _Natural_History_Museum_Muscat_Oman_Photo_by_Prof_Dr_Norman_Ali_Kh alaf.jpg

Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali (20.10.2020). ISBN Barcode 978-9948-15-172-2 for my 13th Book entitled: Leopards. 40 Years of Zoological Studies on Leopards between 1983-2022. By: Prof Dr Norman Ali Khalaf-von Jaffa .. The book will be published in Autumn 2022 .. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10158641342319831&set=a.127745184 830 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

64 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali (21.02.2021). The Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) roaming the Dhofar Mountains, Sultanate of Oman. Photo by Miguel Willis. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10158950599899831&set=a.127745184 830 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali (24.04.2022). Video: A Rare Record of a male Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) in Al-Sulaymaniyah Mountains in Iraqi Kurdistan. Facebook. Video by Soran Ahmed. https://www.facebook.com/dr.norman.ali.khalaf/posts/10159757755734831 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali (26.04.2022). A Rare Record of a male Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) in Al-Sulaymaniyah Mountains in Iraqi Kurdistan. Facebook. Photos by Soran Ahmed. https://www.facebook.com/dr.norman.ali.khalaf/posts/10159761805254831 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali (29.04.2022). Warten Sie auf meinen nächsten Artikel über die Arabische Leoparden (Panthera pardus nimr). Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10159766865644831&set=a.127745184 830 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam (08.05.2022). Wait for my next article on the Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) in Iraq and Iran. Facebook. https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=10159781239374831&id=5605198 30 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam (13.05.2022). Wait for my next article on the Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) in Iraqi Kurdistan. Facebook. www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10159791283844831&set=a.127745184830 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam (04.06.2022). A taxidermied Barbary Leopard or Atlas Leopard (Panthera pardus panthera) at the Scientific Institute of Rabat, Morocco. Facebook. www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=10159832145249831&set=a.127745184830 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam (23.06.2022). A historical photo of the King of Syria and the King of Iraq H.M. Faisal I Bin Al Hussein Bin Ali Al Hashemi at the Royal Palace in Baghdad with his pet Leopard in 1925. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10159861152394831&set=a.127745184 830 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam (06.07.2022). Wait for my next article on the Barbary Leopard (Panthera pardus panthera) in North Africa. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/dr.norman.ali.khalaf/ Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam (11.07.2022). The Javan Leopard (Panthera pardus melas) is a subspecies of leopard native to Java Island, Indonesia.

Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10159890833139831&set=a.127745184 830 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam (12.07.2022). The Indian Leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) of Jaipur, Jhalana, Rajasthan. Facebook.

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65 https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10159891886954831&set=a.127745184 830

Khalaf-Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Sharif Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad (July 2023).

Der ausgestopfte Arabische Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr Hemprich und Ehrenberg, 1833) im Naturhistorisches Museum in Muscat, Sultanat Oman / The taxidermied Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833) at the Natural History Museum in Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Volume 41, Number 223, July 2023, pp. 1-51. Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, Palestine National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. http://leopard-pantherapardus.webs.com/arabischerleopard.htm & https://issuu.com/dr-norman-alikhalaf/docs/arabian_leopard_in_muscat_museum & https://www.academia.edu/78236926/Der_ausgestopfte_Arabische_Leopard_P anthera_pardus_nimr_Hemprich_und_Ehrenberg_1833_im_Naturhistorisches_ Museum_in_Muscat_Sultanat_Oman & https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360318590_Der_ausgestopfte_Arabi sche_Leopard_Panthera_pardus_nimr_Hemprich_und_Ehrenberg_1833_im_Nat urhistorisches_Museum_in_Muscat_Sultanat_Oman Khalaf-Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Sharif Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad (August 2023). Rare Records of the Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) from Kurdistan, Northern Iraq, and a review of its distribution in Western Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

66 Asia. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Volume 41, Number 224, August 2023, pp. 1-79. Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, Palestine National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. http://leopardpanthera-pardus-2.webs.com/ & https://issuu.com/dr-norman-alikhalaf/docs/persian_leopard_in_kurdistan_iraq & https://www.academia.edu/80193307/Rare_Records_of_the_Persian_Leopard_ Panthera_pardus_saxicolor_Pocock_1927_from_Kurdistan_Northern_Iraq_and_a _review_of_its_distribution_in_Western_Asia & https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360932055_Rare_Records_of_the_Pe rsian_Leopard_Panthera_pardus_saxicolor_Pocock_1927_from_Kurdistan_North ern_Iraq_and_a_review_of_its_distribution_in_Western_Asia Khalaf-Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Sharif Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad (September 2023). The Atlas Leopard or Barbary Leopard (Panthera pardus panthera Schreber, 1777) from North Africa. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 01786288). Volume 41, Number 225, September 2023, pp. 1-81. Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, Palestine National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. https://leopard-panthera-pardus-2.webs.com/barbary-leopard

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Schizoform said regarding this photograph of a leopardess (very sad. this is the last surviving Barbary leopard. and you know what? she's old and fat, and lives in a chainlink cage. it's like being sent to a retirement home, except people pay five bucks to take photos through the fence. https://www.flickr.com/photos/schizoform/41647289

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Van Neer, Wim; Bea De Cupere and Renée Friedman (2013). A leopard in the Predynastic Elite Cemetery HK6 at Hierakonpolis, Egypt. Ancient Near Eastern Studies. Supplement 44. https://www.academia.edu/12120919/A_leopard_in_the_predynastic_elite_ce metery_HK6_at_Hierakonpolis_Egypt Video: Kurdish guy kills thought-to-be-extinct Anatolian Leopard. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PlwFZ5s2c8 Video: Anatolian Leopard. http://webtv.hurriyet.com.tr/2/56493/0/1/cobanlarin-oldurdugu-hayvananadulu-leopari-mi.aspx Vimeo (2011). In Search for the Persian Leopard. Official Trailer. Film by Fathollah Amiri. Wildlife Pictures. https://vimeo.com/110438253 Von Lehmann, E. (1965). Über die Säugetiere in Waldgebiet N. W. Syriens. Sitz.

Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin. (N. F.) 5:1; 22-38.

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

77 Von Lehmann, E. (1966). Taxonomische Bemerkungen zur Säugerausbeute der Kumerloeveschen Orientreisen 1953 - 1965. Bonner Zoologische Beiträge. (N. F.).

12.(2): 251-307.

Wacher, T., De Met, K., Belbachir, F., Belbachir-Bazi, A., Fellous, A., Belghoul, M. & Marker, L. (2005) Sahelo-Saharan Interest Group Wildlife Surveys, Central Ahaggar Mountains. Http://www.cheetah.org/ama/orig/SSIG_200503_Ahaggar_Report. pdf Wagner, Frederic H. (1980). Wildlife of the Deserts. Book Club Associates, London. pps. 231.

Wigram, W.A.; Wigram, E. T. A. (1914). The Cradle of Mankind. A & C. Black Publication, London 373 pp.

The Leopard of Mountain Sidi Ali Bounab (between the wilayas of Tizi Ouzou and Boumerdes). Shot in 1925 By Mr. ABIDI Hamou Ben Said born on 05.07.1895 in Igharviyen, Tadmaït (Ex: Camp du Maréchal) Grande Kabylie, Algeria. Kept at the town hall until 19.09.2005, and was transferred to the museum of Algiers. www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10161508355289688&set=p.10161508355289688&type=3

Wikipedia. Anatolian leopard. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_leopard Wikipedia. Arabian Leopard. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_leopard Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

78 Wikipedia. Johann Christian von Schreber. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christian_von_Schreber Wikipedia. Leopard. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_leopard Wikipedia. Persian Leopard. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_leopard Wikipedia. Persischer Leopard. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persischer_Leopard Wikipedia. Haywanat Filastin. ‫حيوانات فلسطين‬. by: Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa. (In Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86% D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86 Wikipedia. Nimer Farisi. ‫ نمر فارسي‬. https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%A7% D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A Wikipedia. Panthera pardus tulliana. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_pardus_tulliana Wikipedia. Panthera pardus saxicolor. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_pardus_saxicolor Wikramanayake, E.D., E. Dinerstein, J.G. Robinson, U. Karanth, A. Rabinowitz, D. Olson, T. Mathew, P. Hedao, M. Conner, G. Hemley and D. Bolze (1998). An ecology-based method for defining priorities for large mammal conservation: the tiger as a case study. Conservation Biology 12: 865-878.

WildFact. Atlas or Barbary Leopard. https://wildfact.com/forum/topic-atlas-orbarbary-leopard WildFact. On the edge of Extinction: The Leopard (Panthera pardus). https://wildfact.com/forum/topic-on-the-edge-of-extinction-d-the-leopardpanthera-pardus?page=12 Wildlife Conservation Society (27.02.2009). Critically Endangered Cheetahs In Algeria Snapped With Camera Trap. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 27 February 2009. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090227082603.htm Wilson, D. E., Reeder, D. M. (editors) (2005) Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press 2: 142 pp.

Woodroffe, R. (2000). Predators and people: using human densities to interpret declines of large carnivores. Animal Conservation 3:165-173.

World Bank. Countries and Economies. https://data.worldbank.org/country Wozencraft, W.C. (1993). In Order Carnivora: Mammal Species of the World. In: A Taxonomic and Geographic References, Wilson, D.E. and D.M. Reeder (Eds.).

2nd Edn., Smith Institute, Washington, DC. Yom-Tov, Y. (1988). The zoogeography of the birds and mammals of Israel. In: Yom-Tov Y, Techernov E (eds.). The zoogeography of Israel: The distribution and abundance at a zoogeographical crossroad. ed., Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht.

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

79 YouTube. Endangered Persian Leopard skin on sale 1000 US $ Dubai Spice Souq.

21.06.2016. By: Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa. https://youtu.be/O3xWfcI032s YouTube (25.09.2012). Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) at the Kölner Zoo, Köln, Germany. 25.09.2012. Video by Ola Khalaf. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jjePsXdsBfk YouTube (03.08.2014), Persian Leopard at Zoological Center Ramat Gan Safari near Jaffa. 03.08.2014. Video by: Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ep6-l-ebttc YouTube (11.01.2016). Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) in Sharjah.

09.01.2016. Video by: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher KhalafSakerfalke von Jaffa. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2CRSM0fTuHY YouTube (21.06.2016). Persian Leopard skin & Iranian Beech Marten Dubai Spice Souq. 21.06.2016. By: Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa. https://youtu.be/JRF_JCbXvoE YouTube (15.08.2019). Iraq: Saving the Persian Leopard. Global Ideas. DW News.

Report: Jürgen Schneider. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Ymnhxgw8Rw Zulfiqar, A. (2001). Leopard in Pakistan's North West Frontier Province. Cat News 35: 9-10.

YouTube. The Leopard from Sde Boker, Negev Desert. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YPLV6Upm_1k YouTube. The Last Arabian Leopard in Israel. The Wildlife Channel. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l_r2YBCRBdc YouTube. Barbary Leopards: Phantom of the Atlas. Writer: Thivanka R. Perera. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Acm3bcefak YouTube. Barbary Leopard Before Extinction: Last Barbary Leopard. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n9RQ8FuC8CE

Barbary Leopard. YouTube Photo. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Acm3bcefak Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

80 ‫ قناة بني‬. ‫ قناة الجزيرة الوثائقية‬. "‫ النمر البربري في "الحياة البرية في صحاري شمال أفريقيا – الجزء الرابع‬. ‫يوتيوب‬ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5ukxFFWPB4 . ‫كيل‬ . ‫ قناة عالمنا‬. ‫ قناة الجزيرة الوثائقية‬. ‫ النمر البربري وهو يحاول إصطياد القردة البربرية‬. ‫يوتيوب‬ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k_pD5rBjBkE . Morocco Geo . ‫ أغيالس‬. ‫ نمر األطلس‬. ‫يوتيوب‬ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2q0jXQR58hs . 188 ‫ أمودو‬. ‫ آثار الفهد األطلسي‬. ‫يوتيوب‬ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ymTrxMxwOJI . ‫ فيسبوك‬. ‫ النمر الشمال أفريقي‬. )01.12.2021( ‫الدكتور محمد عزالدين‬ www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=1832767653598402&set=a.381511975390651 ، ‫ شرق العاصمة الجزائرية‬، ‫ النمر األطلسي في منطقة جبال جرجرة‬. )11.07.2022( ‫الناشط الجمعوي طارق طهاري‬ . ‫في نهاية القرن التاسع عشر‬ https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10161573954944688&set=p.1016157395494 4688&type=3

A taxidermied Barbary or Atlas Leopard (Panthera pardus panthera) at the Scientific Institute of Rabat, Morocco. https://wildfact.com/forum/topic-atlas-or-barbaryleopard & https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=10159832145249831&set=a.127745184830 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023

‫‪81‬‬ ‫الدكتور حسين فرج زين الدين (‪ . )1970‬أطلس ثدييات العالم ‪ .‬دار الشعب ‪ :‬القاهرة ‪ ،‬مصر ‪.‬‬ ‫أبو يحي زكريا بن محمد بن محمود القزويني ‪ .‬عجائب المخلوقات وغرائب الموجودات ‪ .‬دار اآلفاق الجديدة ‪ ،‬بيروت ‪،‬‬ ‫لبنان ‪ ،‬الطبعة الثالثة ‪. 1978 ،‬‬ ‫أبي عثمان عمرو بن بحر الجاحظ ‪ .‬كتاب الحيوان ‪ .‬سبعة أجزاء ‪ .‬مكتبة مصطفى البابي الحلبي وأوالده بمصر ‪.‬‬ ‫الطبعة األولى بين األعوام ‪. 1945-1938‬‬ ‫كمال الدين محمد بن موسى بن عيسى الدميري ‪ .‬حياة الحيوان الكبرى ‪ .‬جزءان (‪ 1104‬صفحة) ‪ .‬دار الكتب‬ ‫العلمية ‪ .‬بيروت ‪ ،‬لبنان ‪ .‬الطبعة الثالثة ‪. 2007.‬‬

‫والحم ُد هللِ رب العالمين‬

‫‪Scientists For Palestine. https://www.facebook.com/Scientists4Palestine‬‬

‫‪Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 225 – September 2023‬‬