0 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 41 Number 227 November 2023 ميحرلا نمحرلا الله مسب ISSN 0178-6288 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Norman_Khalaf-Prinz_Sakerfalke_Von_Jaffa/publicationshttps://palestine.academia.edu/NormanKhalafhttps://issuu.com/dr-norman-ali-khalaf/docs ============================= ةرشنلا : لازغلاءايحلأا ملعل ةينيطسلفلا Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Gazelle : Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin ============================= Monthly Bulletin – Volume 41 – Number 227 – November 2023 Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine =============================
Gazelle : The Palestinian
The Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) at the Jerusalem Biblical Zoo, Al Malha, Al Quds (Jerusalem), Palestine, and a review of the status of Pantherapardus in Palestine
Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 41 Number 227 November 2023
لايسرافلا رمنةقيدح يفتاناويحلاةيباتكلافيرشلا سدقلا ، ةحلاملا يف، ، نيطسلفةعجارموعضولرمنلايفنيطسلف يوافايلا فلخ رهاط يلع ماسب يلع )نامعن( نامرون .د .أ فيرشلا : ملقبيرزيعلا
By: Sharif Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad Khalaf-Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa
A Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) at the Jerusalem Biblical Zoo in Al Malha, Al Quds (Jerusalem), Palestine .. Photo by SuperJew. 06 July https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Persian_Leopard_01.JPG2004.
On 16.07.2022, I visited accompanied with my daughter Nora Khalaf, the Jerusalem Biblical Zoo (The Tisch Family Biblical Zoo in Jerusalem) in Al Malha, Al Quds (Jerusalem), Palestine.
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Introduction
The Leopard (Panthera pardus Linnaeus, 1758) has been traditionally recognized as a common species due to its frequent appearance in popular wildlife TV programs. In practice, however, this wild cat can be regarded as common only in savannas and tropical rain forests of Sub Saharan Africa where it is widely filmed and even somewhere allowed for trophy hunting within the official quotas (Anonymous 2003). In the meantime, nine leopard subspecies are listed in the 2004 and 2017 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as either "endangered" or "critically endangered" and eight of them are living today in Asia (IUCN, 2004, 2017). Without taking active, targeted, and large scale conservation measures, they are in imminent danger of extinction from the Earth. The Persian or Iranian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor, Pocock 1927) is one of the subspecies in danger of disappearance (Khorozyan, Malkhasyan and Asmaryan, 2005; Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2023, November 2023).
A Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) sleeping behind green vegetation in its enclosure at the Jerusalem Biblical Zoo in Al Malha, Al Quds (Jerusalem), Palestine. Photo by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa. https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=10159936646729831&set=a.12774518483016.07.2022.
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During my lengthy visit I saw a Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) sleeping behind green vegetation in its enclosure (photo below).
leopard is said to be the largest of all the subspecies of leopards in the world. It can grow to up to 1.5 to 2.7 feet (45 to 82 cm) tall at the shoulder, and weigh as much as 155 lbs (70 kg) (Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023, October 2023, November 2023).
A Persian Leopard at the Jerusalem Biblical Zoo in Al Malha, Al Quds (Jerusalem), Palestine. https://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotoDirectLink g293983 d320897 i302839974 Jerusalem_Jerusalem_District.htmlTisch_Family_Zoological_Gardens_Biblical_Zoo
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Range and Population:
The Persian leopard is one of the leopard subspecies native to western Asia. It is endangered throughout its range in the Middle East (Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023, October 2023, November The2023).Persian
Before 1990, when Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia, and Turkmenistan were the Soviet republics, the scientific names of the leopard used in these countries were Panthera pardus tulliana and Panthera pardus ciscaucasica, whereas the name Panthera pardus saxicolor had been traditionally used by the western specialists for the cats in Iran, Iraqi Kurdistan, and, partially, Afghanistan. There are currently a few hundred left in the world (Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023, October 2023, November 2023).
The Persian leopard's current range extends over the Middle East and its total number does not exceed 1,300 individuals. Most of the cats are found in Iran (550 850 animals) and especially in its northwestern portion adjoining southern
The Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) / يسرافلا رمنلا
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Armenia and Azerbaijan (160 275; Kiabi et al. 2002). The number in Afghanistan is unknown, but should be at least several hundred (Habibi, 2004); however, today's rampant leopard fur trade on the Kabul market and over harvest during and after the long term civil unrest pose the greatest threat to survival of this predator in the country (Mishra and Fitzherbert, 2004).
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In northeastern Iraq contiguous to western Iran and southeastern Turkey (Türkiye), and elsewhere in the country, the leopard was considered rare as early as the late 1950s (Hatt, 1959). Khorozyan, Malkhasyan and Asmaryan (2005) believed that the leopard was not existing in this war torn country anymore. But Iraqi Leopards were first recorded in recent times with camera traps in the mountainous terrain in Iraqi Kurdistan in 2011 (Raza, Ahmad, Hassan, Ararat, Qadir & Ali, 2012; Khalaf, August 2023, October 2023, November 2023). Leopards were recorded with trail cameras in only few occasions since then. It is thought that only 20 - 25 animals are roaming the Iraqi Kurdistan Mountains (Khalaf, August 2023, October 2023, November 2023).
Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor). Israel Postal Stamp. www.stampcommunity.org/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=79817&whichpage=1�.02.2011.
Pakistan's North West Frontier Province also holds the Persian leopard population, but of unknown size (Zulfiqar, 2001). Armenia and Azerbaijan together are unlikely to harbor more than 30 cats, of which a maximum of 10 to
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The southern edge of Turkmenistan holds 78 to 90 leopards (Lukarevsky, 2001). The most recent and highly mysterious case of killing an old male leopard in southern Kazakhstan (Shakula, 2004) raises an important question about the cat's status in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan from where the animal could have come, but since the late 1970s virtually nothing is known about the leopard in either of these countries (Lukarevsky, 2001; Khorozyan, Malkhasyan and Asmaryan, 2005; Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023, October 2023, November 2023).
Known locality records of the leopard (Felis pardus) in Palestine, Jordan and the Syrian Golan Heights. Open squares are records prior to 1960, and solid ones are records after 1960 (after Qumsiyeh, 1996).
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20 may live in southern and southwestern Armenia (Khorozyan, 2003) and the others roam over Azerbaijan's Naxcivan Republic and in the Talis Mountains (Askerov, 2002). Some transient individuals can penetrate to Georgia; recently, a good looking young male was captured by photo traps in Vashlovani Reserve in the extreme southeast of the country (Butkhuzi, 2004). The presence of the leopard in European Russia's North Caucasus Mountains is questionable (Semenov, 2002), but a sort of evidence was recently reported for the triangle between the republics of Daghestan and Ingushetiya, southeastern Georgia, and northwestern Azerbaijan (Anonymous, 2004). It is unknown whether the leopard from northeastern Turkey (Türkiye), close to Georgia belongs to the Persian subspecies (Baskaya and Bilgili, 2004), but it should be separated from the Caucasus because there are no records from adjoining parts of southwestern Georgia and western Armenia (Khorozyan, Malkhasyan and Asmaryan, 2005; Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023, October 2023, November 2023).
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Subspecies:
Panthera pardus saxicolor thrives in Iran, south east Turkey (Türkiye), Iraqi Kurdistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and northwestern Afghanistan. Habitat varies from mountain steppe to grasslands, or anywhere having a reasonable amount of cover and a supply of prey (Wikipedia; Khalaf-von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023, October 2023, November 2023). The Anatolian Leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana) lives in Türkiye, and the Levant (Palestine, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon). It is now considered extinct in the Levant. Range severly reduced by local extinctions (Qumsiyeh, 1996).
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There is much debate on how many leopard subspecies exist in the Middle East. Before 1990, when Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia, and Turkmenistan were the Soviet republics, the scientific names of the leopard used in these
Leopard subspecies around the https://twitter.com/doctor_castello/status/1389296297685958657/photo/1World.
Range and Habitat:
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Leopards of Palestine
The Leopard (Felis pardus) is a large cat with a head and body of about 1 meter, and a tail slightly shorter than the head and body length. Adults attain a body weight of 30 40 kg. The head is broad and the ears are short and round. The species is easily diagnosed by the pattern of black and brown spots on a yellowish background. The spots are usually in the form of rosettes of three black spots surrounding a lighter area. These spots fuse on the terminal region of the tail to appear as stripes (Qumsiyeh, 1996).
countries were Panthera pardus tulliana Valenciennes, 1856, and Panthera pardus ciscaucasica Satunin, 1914, whereas the name Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927, had been traditionally used by the western specialists for the cats in Iran, Iraqi Kurdistan, and, partially, Afghanistan. Current international regulations consider both P. p. ciscaucasica (Caucasus leopard) and P. p. saxicolor (Persian leopard) as synonyms and use only one, P. p. saxicolor (IUCN, 2004) because these races are identical morphologically (Khorozyan, 1999), and should be so genetically (Miththapala et al. 1996), and because the leopards occasionally move between Iran and Armenia. The name P. p. tulliana (Anatolian leopard) applies to the leopard in southwestern Türkiye (Khorozyan, Malkhasyan and Asmaryan, 2005; Khalaf-von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023, October 2023, November 2023).
Historically, the Caucasus was inhabited by three big cats: Asiatic or Persian lion (Panthera leo persica), Caspian tiger (Panthera tigris virgata), and Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor). Moreover, until 15 A.D. the Armenian princes imported the Asiatic cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus), tamed them, and used in high rank hunts (Nowell and Jackson, 1996). The lion disappeared here in about 10 A.D. (Nowell and Jackson 1996), and the last tiger was shot in 1932 near Prishib village in Talis, Azerbaijan (Gadjiev, 2000). The principal reasons of their disappearance were extermination of predators and their prey and habitat destruction. Later, this tiger subspecies had vanished forever and the Asiatic lion is confined now to a single population in west India. The leopard has outlived them all, but can be wiped out if the authorities at all levels do not express more political will and support (Khorozyan, Malkhasyan and Asmaryan, 2005; Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023, October 2023, November 2023).
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As Anatolian leopards (P. p. tulliana) are now considered to be conspecific with Persian leopards (P. p. saxicolor), and the Anatolian leopard historically lived in Türkiye and Syria, it was the pardalis or pardos of the ancient Greeks, the panthera of the Roman statesman Marcus Tullius Cicero, and the leopard mentioned in the story of Queen Zenobia of Palmyra (Syria) in ‘The Monk's Tale’ by Geoffrey Chaucer (El Yousseph, 29.01.2018; Khalaf, August 2023, October 2023, November 2023).
How the Leopard is changing its spots: Panthera pardus saxicolor extreme pattern variation Top: "Amman" male leopard at Köln Zoo. Captive born with Iranian and Afghan ancestry. Photo: Alexander Sliwa. Bottom: "Rika" male leopard at Tehran Zoo. Wild born on the northern slopes Alborz Mountains. Photo: Arash https://www.facebook.com/profile/1772149103/search/?q=Amman%20leopardGhoddoosi.
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An Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) walking in the morning on a cliff in Ein Gedi, Jerusalem Wilderness (Judean Desert), Palestine in 1985. Source: Yossi Odd via the PikiWiki Israel free image collection rd_cropped.JPGhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_14861_judean_desert_leopaproject.
Over the centuries, areas with these conditions gradually shrank. Woods and thickets were cleared and settled by man and his domestic animals; potential leopard prey was hunted down; and the leopards had no choice but to prey on domestic stock (Khalaf-von Jaffa, May 2005, July 2006, July 2007, September 2008n, November 2023).
Many literary sources, chiefly the Bible, note the presence of leopards (Panthera pardus) all over Palestine (except for sandy regions). Ancient Near Eastern sources, including the Gilgamesh epic and Akkadian lists, indicate that leopards lived throughout the region (the Caucasus, Türkiye, Syria, Palestine, Iraq, Sinai and Arabia) (Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2005, July 2006, July 2007, September 2008n, November 2023).
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Their existence in any region depended then and still depends today on the availability of the three basic conditions essential for leopards: suitable cover, to enable successful hunting; varied prey, to provide food; and minimal involvement with man and his economy (Khalaf-von Jaffa, May 2005, July 2006, July 2007, September 2008n, November 2023)
Leopards occurred on a surprisingly large number of occasions in Palestine, even in recent years when the human population has greatly increased. Harrison (1968) mention that it has repeatedly appeared in Galilee (Al Jaleel), particularly
At the turn of the 20th century, leopards lived in all the wooded and hilly regions of Palestine, including Mount Carmel (Jabal Al Karmel) and the Hebron Mountains (Judean Hills). However, by mid century their distribution had declined drastically, and their populations were confined to two areas. One was the forested, deeply fissured regions of Galilee (Al Jaleel). The second area comprised the Jerusalem Wilderness (Judean Desert) and Al Naqab (Negev) highlands; particularly the steep cleft landscapes that lie east of the watershed line (Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2005, July 2006, July 2007, September 2008n, November 2023).
Status in Palestine
Prof. Dr. Friedrich Simon Bodenheimer (1958) in his scientific paper “The present taxonomic status of the terrestrial mammals of Palestine” wrote: ”The Israel race of the leopard is the Arabian Leopard, Panthera pardus nimr Hemprich et Ehrenberg, 1833. The original description is based on specimens from Arabia and from Abyssinia. Ellermann and Morrison-Scott (1951, p. 316) have decided in agreement with others to fix the type for Arabia. The comparison of three skins from Galilee with those of the very light Sinai Leopard, Panthera pardus jarvisi Pocock, 1932, and the brown backed Anatolian Leopard, Panthera pardus tulliana Valenciennes, 1856, in the British Museum showed convincingly that our specimens belong to the Arabian race. It is doubtful, however, that the species is still a full fledged inhabitant of this country. It seems that single individuals are vagrant from the Lebanon to Israel only in seasons of scarcity of food. In northern Jordan it may still exist.”
The only ecosystem in Palestine that remains fully undisturbed is a stretch of mountains and cliffs over the Dead Sea. All of the fauna and flora components of this ecosystem are still there, except for the recent extinction of the Lammergeyer or the Bearded Vulture (Gypaetus barbatus). Not only that, the ecosystem is also complete in the original food chain, the energy flow from primary production up to the highest trophic level, with leopards, wolves, and, may be, additional carnivores on top of the food chain. The leopard population there is considered to belong to the subspecies known as the Sinai leopard Panthera pardus jarvisi. But our males weigh up to 40 kg, quite unlike the subspecies type, and our females are 25 26 kg, which agrees closely with the size and standards of the Arabian leopard Panthera pardus nimr. It is a question if there will be time to study the subspecific position of this population (Ilani 1989/90; Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2005, July 2006, July 2007, September 2008n).
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A leopard cub captured in Upper Galilee (Al Jaleel Al A’la) in 1940 (Anonymous, 1946) was taken to Safad, where the half grown cub was eating 15 20 pounds of meat a day. Subsequently named Tedi, he was moved to Tel Aviv Zoo, where he grew into a fine and powerful adult described by Hardy (1947) as more heavily built than Indian leopards. Attempts to mate Tedi at first failed, indeed his courtship with a promising young female Indian panther proved fatal, for Tedi
One specimen was obtained by P. E. Schmitz from El Ammur, 20 km from Al Quds (Jerusalem); it was for a female obtained in 1911, and it is in the Zoological Museum of Berlin. This specimen was described as Panthera pardus tulliana. Blake (1966, 1967) noted one killed near Ain Turabi, north west of the Dead Sea. In 1965 a leopard attacked a Beduin shepherd in Upper Galilee (Al Jaleel Al A’la); the animal was stabbed by the wounded shepherd, and they were both found lying side by side, alive but unable to move. The shepherd was fortunate indeed to survive this attack (Harrison, 1968; Khalaf, April 1983, May 2005, July 2006, July 2007, September 2008n). This was the last documented record of the subspecies Panthera pardus tulliana (now Panthera pardus saxicolor) in northern Palestine. The Anatolian/Persian subspecies became extinct in Palestine in 1965 (Khalaf-von Jaffa, November 2023).
near the Lebanese frontier. Hardy (1947) notes that in 1939 a female was shot near Safad, and the Beth Gordon settlement possesses a skin of one killed about 1938 near Khirbet Samak (Elon, Eilon), a locality where leopards appeared again in 1942 and 1943. According to Hardy, Aharoni obtained a specimen from Mount Carmel (Jabal Al Karmel) and it has occurred in Al Quds (Jerusalem) area, also on Mount Tabor (Jabal Tabur or Jabal El Tur) and in Wadi Araba south of the Dead Sea. Von Lehmann (1965) knew of one killed in Wadi Daraja, on the west coast of the Dead Sea. A specimen from Khirbet Shalale (Bethoren, Beit Oren), killed in 1910 was in the Schmitz collection (Anonymous, 1946). Tristram (1866) knew of its occurrence in the Dead Sea Region, Mount Carmel (Jabal Al Karmel), Jalaad (Gilead) [In NW Jordan] and Bashan [In SW Syria]. A specimen in the Tel Aviv University was obtained at Khurbet Hanuta (Hanita) in 1925, as well as another in 1952, one caught near Al Buqei’a (Pekin, Peki’in) in 1948, another near Kfar Aramu in 1952 and another near Ashona in 1956. It is remarkable how many of these records originate from quite a small area in the hills of Galilee (Al Jaleel); the area has evidently been visited by leopards for a long time, since it was recorded that during the earthquake at Safad in 1834 leopards entered the wrecked village from the hills. It has been supposed that they periodically enter northern Palestine from the mountains of south Lebanon and Mount Hermon (Jabal Haramon or Jabal Al Sheikh). If this is the case it is curious that there are no reports of the animal yet available from those regions (Harrison 1968; Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2005, July 2006, July 2007, September 2008n).
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Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 41 Number 227 November 2023 killed her with his strong paws (Harrison, 1968; Khalaf, April 1983, May 2005, July 2006, July 2007, September 2008n, November 2023).
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Prof. Dr. Mazin Qumsiyeh (1996) in his book “Mammals of the Holy Land” wrote: “Tristram (1866, 1884) reported leopards as more common than the cheetah, though still scarce. He stated they are: ”found all round the Dead Sea, in Gilead (NW Jordan) and Bashan (SW Syria), and occasionally in the wooded districts of the West. I saw a fine pair which had been killed on Mount Carmel (Jabal Al Karmel)…. Its ancient abundance in the Holy Land is testified not only by the numerous allusions in the Scripture, but also by the frequent occurrence of the word Nim’r in the names of places”.
From a Persian Leopard Information Sign at the Jerusalem Biblical Zoo, Al Malha, Al Quds (Jerusalem), Palestine. Photo by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa. 9831&type=3https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10159946722279831&set=p.101599467222716.07.2022.
Ernst Schmitz recorded five leopards shot “near Jerusalem” in the first decade of the 20th century (Hardy, 1947). A specimen examined by Qumsiyeh (1996) at the Schmitz collection in Jerusalem was collected near Emmaus Kubebe (Qubeiba) on 13 October 1910. A second specimen collected by Schmitz was a female from Khirbet Kasle (20 km W Jerusalem) on 16 November 1911, and is now at the Zoological Museum of Humboldt University (Kumerloeve, 1971). A third Schmitz specimen is at the Berlin Zoological Museum and was collected on 26 November 1911 from El Ammur, 20 km from Jerusalem (measurements provided in Harrison, 1968) (Qumsiyeh, 1996).
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Aharoni (1930) reported a leopard killed in 1911 in “Zichron Jakob” between Ramallah and Emmaus Kubebe (Qubeiba). Another was killed in 1938 on “the Palestinian Lebanon frontier” and a cub was secured in 1940 near Safad, west of Lake Galilee (Lake Tiberias) (Hardy, 1947). The latter specimen was kept at the Tel Aviv Zoo for several years. Additional specimens mentioned by Hardy (1947) include an individual from near Edon (=Elon? [Khirbet Samak]) killed in 1938, a female from the same locality trapped in 1942, a female killed near Safad in 1939, and an individual shot at Ain Ghidyan in 1945. Hardy (1947) stated that the leopard still inhabits the wadi south of Petra as well as occurs in Wadi Zarqa Ma’in in Jordan. Harrison (1968) reported that C. Seton Browne shot one in 1934 near “Black Rock,” West of Ma’an in Jordan. Two individuals were reported seen in 1950 1951 near Safad (Rivon, 1957). Observations were made by G. B. Corbet of a leopard on the west coast of the Dead Sea in 1964 (von Lehmann, 1965). Indeed, a leopard was killed by a Bedouin in Wadi Darajah, in the Jerusalem Wilderness (Judean Desert) in October 1965 (Blake, 1966). Harrison (1968) cited data he received from W. Ferguson of leopards seen and/or collected at Hanita (Khurbet Hanuta) in 1925 and 1952, Pekin (Al Buqei'a) in 1948, Kfar Aruma in 1952, and Ashona in 1956. Clarke (1977, 1979) listed the following localities in Jordan based on earlier records: Petra, Wadi Zarqa Ma’in, Ain el Taba, Ain Buweirdeh, and Ma’an. Amr and Disi (1988) reported that one was seen by shepherds in the Tafileh area where it attacked and killed two sheep. The collection at Tel Aviv University Museum includes several specimens with the following localities and dates of collection: Safad (1938, died 1955), Akbara (1957), near Wadi Sayad (1964), Wadi Karkara (1965), Jabal Mas’ada (Masada)
The distribution of the leopard decreased significantly due to habitat destruction and hunting. The leopard now is found only in certain areas near the Dead Sea and in the extreme north of the region (see the above map on page 6). Hart (1885) reported on verbal records from Serbal and Umm Shaumer in Sinai. Tracks were seen by Hart (1891) at Ain el Taba (Sinai) and Ayun Buweirdeh (Wadi Araba). The leopard became rare after the turn of the 20th century, but continued to be hunted and was almost exterminated in the first half of the 20th century in the Holy Land (Qumsiyeh, 1996).
A few individuals are still seen in the mountains of the Hebron Mountains (Judean Hills), especially in the areas near Ain Jedi (Gedi) and Nahal Ze’elim (Wadi Siyal) (Ilani, 1988) and recently, an unconfirmed sighting on the road between Qadas (Kibbutz Yiftah) and Wadi Al Hula ةلوحلا يداو ، ةلوحلا لهس (Hula Valley) (Anonymous, 1988) and another near Wadi Al Roman رلا يداونام)نامورلا(، ، نارجلأا يداونومار نرج (Makhtesh Ramon) in Al Naqab (Negev) (Anonymous, 1983). Leopards were also reported early in the 20th century from areas in northern Saudi Arabia (for example, Jebel Tubeiq) near the Jordanian border (Raswan, 1935; Harrison, 1968). Intensive conservation efforts may yet save the few remaining individuals of this magnificent animal (Qumsiyeh, 1996).
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Persian Leopard Information Sign at the Zoological Center Tel Aviv Ramat Gan Safari near Jaffa, Occupied Palestine. Photo by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf von Jaffa. 03.08.2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ep6 l ebttc
Subspecies in Palestine
North (1967), Nahal Ze’elim (Wadi Siyal, 1971 excrement), 10 km ESE Sede Boqer (Shajaret Al Baqar راقبلا ةرجش ) (1973 shot), Ain Boqeq )Qasr Umm Baghaq( (1986 strychnine poisoning), Nahal Harduf (Nahr Abu Muradef) (1988 died of “old age 12 years”) (Qumsiyeh, 1996).
According to Khalaf von Jaffa (April 1983, January 1987, 2001d, May 2005, July 2006, July 2007, September 2008n) there are three different leopard subspecies living in Palestine.
The last Leopards in Palestine were observed and video filmed in Ain Gedi نيع يدج in January 2007 (Granit, 2016), and Samaria ةرماسلا in 2009 (Aviad 173, 2009) The Leopard is now considered extinct in Palestine (Khalaf von Jaffa, September 2023, November 2023).
Ein Nimer, which means "Leopard Spring", is a spring located in the middle of Wadi Al Sial canyon, providing water during the year to local flora and fauna.
Palestine’s leopards appear to be making a dramatic increase and expanding into formerly unoccupied territories. Leopards have penetrated much of the southern half of Palestine, from the Ein Gedi region near the Dead Sea, all the way down
In early 1967 Beduins again killed a young male leopard at Ain Al Ghuweir (Einot Qaneh), the West Bank of Jordan River (Khalaf von Jaffa, April 1983, January 1987, 2001d, May 2005, July 2006, July 2007, September 2008n).
The Arabian leopards of Palestine's southern regions were totally unknown between the 1930s and 1964. In April of the latter year, however, an adult female leopard was killed by a Beduin in Wadi Al Sial (Tze'elim Stream and Canyon), Jerusalem Wilderness (Judean Desert); the Beduin reported that her two cubs had fled the scene.
A third subspecies, the Sinai or Jarvisi Leopard (Panthera pardus jarvisi) lives in the Jerusalem Wilderness (Judean Desert) in Palestine. This subspecies was described by Pocock in 1932. The type specimen is in the British Museum collection, and it was obtained from southwestern Sinai, and presented by Col. C. S. Jarvis (Khalaf von Jaffa, April 1983, February 1987, 2001d, May 2005, July 2006, July 2007, September 2008n) Panthera pardus jarvisi is now considered synonym to Felis pardus nimr (Qumsiyeh, 1996).
Palestine's northern leopards, the Anatolian leopard Panthera pardus tulliana (now the Persian leopard Panthera pardus saxicolor) are larger and darker in colour than the desert Arabian or Nimer leopard (Panthera pardus nimr), which is smaller, and lighter in both weight and colour. The Arabian leopard is the smallest race of leopard, and one of the most beautiful: dark spots are scattered on almost white fur. The leopards of the north had almost completely disappeared by the 1960s. The occasional reports of sightings are not always reliable. However, in recent years a few leopards (four) were reported in the north of Palestine (Khalaf von Jaffa, April 1983, January 1987, 2001d, May 2005, July 2006, July 2007, September The2008n).conditions are not suitable for the survival and development of the northern population. Although there is enough plant cover, and sufficient animals for prey (gazelle, hyrax, jackal, wild boar and porcupine), man and his activities may be a disturbing factor (Khalaf von Jaffa, April 1983, January 1987, 2001d, May 2005, July 2006, July 2007, September 2008n).
In the end of 1984, 25 adults were known to live in an area of 2,000 sq km, which was declared a nature reserve in 1973 (Khalaf von Jaffa, February 1987, 2001d, May 2005, July 2006, July 2007, September 2008n).
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to Umm Al Rashrash (Elat) Mountains. They are also seen on the Egyptian Sinai border in the Wadi Faran (Paran) region (Khalaf von Jaffa, February 1987, 2001d, May 2005, July 2006, July 2007, September 2008n).
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Adolescent leopards, as they mature, have little choice but to leave the territories occupied by adults. Now that all the preferred habitats ravines and cliff areas
Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor). Israel Postal Stamp. www.stampcommunity.org/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=79817&whichpage=1�.02.2011.
Many recent sightings have been made in regions not considered preferred habitats for leopards, and we can only surmise that these big cats seen in such diverse regions is a result of effective conservation of ibex and other prey animals (Ilani and Shalmon 1985; Khalaf, February 1987, 2001d, May 2005, July 2006, July 2007, September 2008n).
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cases, leopards have moved into areas where they are not particularly welcome. One leopard, took to slipping into the grounds of fashionable Dead Sea hotels at night and making quick meals of all the stray cats. After a few such incidents, a Nature Reserves Authority warden was called in and, with a few warning shots, frightened the leopard off. Leopards have also penetrated into Kibbutz Ein Gedi and the Ein Gedi Field Study Center. New electric fencing (non lethal, but carrying a scary shock) is being erected to discourage the great cats from becoming too familiar with human settlements (Ilani and Shalmon, 1985; Khalaf, February 1987, May 2005, July 2006, July 2007, September 2008n).
Taxidermist Igor Gavrilov works on a stuffed leopard to be displayed at the Steinhardt Museum of Natural History in Tel Aviv, May 28, 2017 (Oded Balilty/AP).
occupied by principal prey species such as ibex Capra ibex, hyrax Procavia capensis and porcupines Hystrix indica have been essentially occupied by leopards, the younger generations are being forced into less favoured regions (Ilani and Shalmon, 1985; Khalaf, February 1987, May 2005, July 2006, July 2007, September In2008n).some
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ahttps://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-opening-impressive-new-nature-museum-with-discreetevolutionexhibit/
Leopards are known for their ability to adapt to living almost anywhere, from lowland forest to mountains, and so the Sinai Leopard is not unique in its ability to survive in desert conditions. But a long-term study by the Zoologist Giora
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The area continuously occupied by the leopard in Palestine stretches over 3,000 km2 in steep and rugged country, and 85 87% of this is a nature reserve, where wildlife enjoys quite a high degree of protection. The area is an extreme desert; with annual rainfall up to 15 mm. Primary production is very low. We know 11 adult leopards individually in this area. The estimated total is up to 15, with not more than 20 animals. There is some very recent news of some leopards sighted, a female with a cub in the upper Galilee. We do not know if they belong to the Anatolian subspecies Panthera pardus tulliana, which used to be in Galilee, or if they are a surplus of offspring from the area that is continuously occupied. They probably did not know that they should stay in the desert, and migrated up into Galilee. For the whole country, the population is not more than 25 leopards (Ilani, 1989/90; Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2005, July 2006, July 2007, September
Ilani has, however, witnesses’ one aspect of breeding behaviour which has never been seen before - the rather grisly phenomenon of infanticide. A neighbouring male will encroach on a female's territory and kill her cubs sired by another male, as if aware that she will come into heat almost immediately, enabling him to mate with her and sire his own litter. In some cases, this has meant that a female has given birth annually (Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2005, July 2006, July 2007, September 2008n).
Compared with other leopard-inhabited deserts, for example the Kalahari, the Jerusalem Wilderness (Judean Desert) is exceptionally barren, providing few prey species. It is estimated that 96% of the Sinai leopards' diet consists of ibex and hyrax, which they are forced to hunt by day (at night, both species retreat to cliffs and ledges where they can hear the approach of a predator). Diurnal behaviour is uncommon in other leopards, which generally hunt small and medium sized mammals at night and lie up in the day (Khalaf, February 1987, May 2005, July 2006, July 2007, September 2008n).
Ilani has revealed some adaptations to a desert habitat that have never before been recorded. Using radio telemetry, Ilani has been able to map out the individuals' territories. His 750 sq km study area contained eight females and five males, and was occasionally visited by stray males. As with other subspecies of leopard, males and females have their own territories, pairing up only for breeding. The male takes no responsibility for cub-rearing (Khalaf-von Jaffa, May 2005, July 2006, July 2007, September 2008n).
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The2008n).study
area covers 1,200 km2, stretching along the Dead Sea, and the lowest point on earth. In the type of country in which the leopard lives, the only possibility to study them is by foot. The main communication system of the
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leopard is by defecation and urination in a shallow depression. The first leopard collared, some 26 years ago, was a young female (Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2005).
A stuffed Leopard at the Steinhardt Museum of Natural History in Tel Aviv. https://igoogledisrael.com/the natural history museum tel aviv add it to the bucket list/
Hyrax weighs 4 kg for males and 3.5 kg for females. Ibex is much less easy for the leopard to take, but when they get a large ibex, about 40 kg, they stay near it for 5 6 days. Ibex are much better organized than the hyrax in their anti predator behaviour. A leopard usually takes a female ibex with a neck bite. But the leopards are sometimes one third the size of a big ibex. In one case, a female leopard of 26 kg managed to take an ibex weighing 72 kg. The only way she could do it was by using a snout bite similar to the way lions take wildebeest. Because of the diurnal activity of hyrax and ibex, the leopard is also diurnal, rarely hunting at night except for occasional porcupine and house cats that they take in human settlements. Leopards make many unsuccessful attempts on ibex, because, in open country, they cannot resume their hunting activity. But they move to other areas and resume their hunting activity (Ilani, 1989/90; Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2005, July 2006, July 2007, September 2008n).
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In 1978, when the leopard study began, the sex ratio was one male to 2.5 females. Since then, four females, which is a big part of the population, were taken out by people. Two of them penetrated human settlements, where one was poisoned, and her daughter was killed accidentally by a car. The last cubs were two males, which matured and joined the adult population. At this time, the zoologists have come to a point at which there are four adult males and only two females, one of which is too old to breed. The second is 11 years old, which is also very close to the end of her fertile age. The biased sex ratio has caused quite a serious problem. In the last five years we have not had one individual joining the adult population in the study area, neither from the adjacent area, nor from breeding, because all the cubs born from the single female that is still fertile were killed by the adult male. The rate of infanticide in this area is tremendous. Now we are facing a very big problem. The only possible solution would be some migration from the adjacent, continuous population of the central Naqab (Negev) (Ilani, 1989/90; Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2005, July 2006, July 2007, September 2008n)
In addition to this problem of high infanticide, we have recorded three different cases of incest, a female mating and producing cubs with her own son. We did not notice any external indication of deterioration in the population because of that, but it might be imbedded in the population and may express itself in the
Zoologist Giora Ilani followed 6 9 adult individuals for 12 years. One female has been followed for 16 years, starting before the study actually began. A lot of material has been collected. The average female home range is 84 km2 and for males it is 137 km2. The main food items of the leopards are ibex and hyrax, which make up 90% of the diet. In third place comes the porcupine, which makes up 5%. It is hard to say which is hunted most because the area is very rugged country and it is impossible to record all cases of hunting or kills. You know that the leopard killed something, but you do not know what (Ilani, 1989/90; Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2005, July 2006, July 2007, September 2008n).
We have a fairly good population of caracal (Caracal caracal). Fourty five years ago the caracal was a myth in Palestine, but now it is very common. They are possibly not in any danger of extinction. They do not compete with the leopard, because they live in a completely different kind of country. Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena) is a completely different story. They have an intimate connection with the leopard ecologically, because they feed on the remains of ibex and hyrax killed by leopards. On the other hand, they also take young leopards if the opportunity arises. The mother leopard, in order to supply food, will travel very long distances, leaving the cubs, sometimes when they are only 12 days old, for up to four days. Anything can happen, and it is very possible that their hiding place will be found and they will be killed (Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2005, July 2006, July 2007, September 2008n)
A 16 years old female has produced four cubs in six years. She is coming into oestrous twice a month, but she is not producing any more cubs (Ilani 1989/90). This female was very famous for her friendliness. She could be approached to within less than five meters and be photographed. But in one case, after Giora Ilani took the photograph, she jumped and pushed him away. The next morning he found out that he had been just in front of her cubs, which were hidden in the reeds behind him (Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2005, July 2006, July 2007, September
The2008n)reare
future. There is no possibility of additions to the population from neighboring countries because there are possibly no leopards left in the Sinai, nor in the southern part of Egypt. This Sinai population is very important, not only in itself, but to test, in a very small number, the problem of viable populations. Zoologist Giora Ilani has known all of the individuals in this population personally for so many years; he knew who is the father, who is the mother, and all the other parameters of the population. The other problem is that, if the leopard population disappears, it means possibly the collapse of the whole ecosystem, because they help to control the increase of the ibex and hyrax population. If they disappear, it means that other trophic levels will be affected (Ilani, 1989/90; Khalaf-von Jaffa, May 2005, July 2006, July 2007, September 2008n).
four subspecies of leopards in the Arabian Peninsula: The Arabian or Nimr leopard Panthera pardus nimr described by Hemprich and Ehrenberg in 1833, the Sinai or Jarvisi leopard Panthera pardus jarvisi described by Pocock in 1932, the Anatolian leopard Panthera pardus tulliana described by Valenciennes in 1856, and the Persian leopard Panthera pardus saxicolor described by Pocock in
Dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas) are in the area, but they are not taken by leopard because they occupy completely open country and the leopard has no opportunity to approach them, either at night or in the daytime (Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2005, July 2006, July 2007, September 2008n).
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1927 (Khalaf von Jaffa, February 1987, May 2005, July 2006, July 2007, September
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Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor). Israel Postal Stamp. Animals of the Zoo. 17 September https://www.catstamps.org/scans/Wild_cats/Leopard/IL/IL19920917%20LB%201%21992.0LEP.jpg
There are fewer than 100 leopards left in the Arabian Peninsula and in the rest of the region, including Palestine, less than 50 (Khalaf-von Jaffa, May 2005, July 2006, July 2007, September 2008n).
leopard subspecies in Palestine is the Arabian Nimr subspecies (Panthera pardus nimr), once common from the Palestinian Naqab (Negev) and the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula to the Arabian Peninsula. The Nimr subspecies was roaming in Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman and the United Arab Emirates. It is now considered extinct in Palestine and the UAE (Khalaf von Jaffa, November 2023).
The Sinai Leopard (Panthera pardus jarvisi) was described by Pocock in 1932. The type specimen is in the British Museum collection, and it was obtained from southwestern Sinai, and presented by Col. C. S. Jarvis. There has been no recorded sign in Sinai since 1995 (Comité Marocain pour l'UICN, 2017; Khalaf von Jaffa, September 2023).
The Leopard is now considered extinct in Palestine (Khalaf von Jaffa, September 2023, November 2023).
The last Leopards in Palestine were observed and video filmed in Ain Gedi نيع يدج in January 2007 (Granit, 2016), and Samaria ةرماسلا in 2009 (Aviad 173, 2009).
The Spice Souq shop seller showing a bullet hole in one of the two Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) skins originating from Iran, at the Spice Souq in Dubai, United Arab Emirates .. Photo by: Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf von Jaffa .. 21.06.2016 .. http://leopard panthera pardus 2.webs.com/
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The leopard is one of the most varied and interesting types of large felines. They have the widest range of geographic distribution and can be found in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. They have varied habitats, from mountain cliffs to rain forests and deserts of the Savanna. Their colors include a range of yellow and black pattern, and some are even completely black. Leopards are known for their amazing ability to catch large and heavy prey and transfer it to the treetops, far from other predators, where they can eat it without worry. Leopards are the
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The Sinai Leopard lived also in the Jerusalem Wilderness سدقلا ةيرب (Judean Desert) in Palestine (Khalaf von Jaffa, February 1987). Khalaf von Jaffa (April 1983, May 2005) stated that the Palestinian Leopard living in northern Palestine was the Anatolian subspecies Panthera pardus tulliana, and the one living in southern Palestine was the Arabian subspecies panthera pardus nimr.
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only animals who exhibit this behavior. They are mostly active at night (Biblical Zoo Website; Khalaf von Jaffa, November 2023).
Gestation for the leopard is 90 100 days, with the female giving birth to a litter of 1 – 4 cubs, who will remain with her for a year. In the wild, life expectancy is up to fifteen years, but they can live up to 20 years in captivity. The largest danger for leopards today is humans, who hunt them for fur, destroy their habitats, and poison them. Leopards considered as a threat to agriculture for humans. Over the last 20 years, there has been a change in the public’s approach to wearing animal fur, which has resulted in a reduction in the hunting of leopards. Nonetheless, their situation is still very sensitive (Biblical Zoo Website; Khalaf von Jaffa, November 2023).
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A Persian Leopard Information Sign at the Jerusalem Biblical Zoo, Al Malha, Al Quds (Jerusalem), Palestine. Photo by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa. 4831&type=3https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10159946723134831&set=p.101599467231316.07.2022.
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Biology:
The last Leopards in Palestine were observed and video filmed in Ain Gedi نيع يدج in January 2007 (Granit, 2016), and Samaria ةرماسلا in 2009 (Aviad 173, 2009). The Leopard is now considered extinct in Palestine (Khalaf von Jaffa, September 2023, November 2023).
A leopard's diet varies depending on where it thrives. The Persian leopard's diet varies from small mammals like hyrax, and birds, to larger animals such as, deer, gazelle, antelope, Bezoar ibex, Nubian ibex, and occasionally wild boar. The animal silently stalks its prey, and then strikes out of nowhere, ending with a bite to the throat (Wikipedia; Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023, October 2023, November 2023).
In Palestine lived two subspecies of leopards the first being the northern or Galilee leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana now Panthera pardus saxicolor), living in the forested areas of the Jerusalem hills, Samaria, the Galilee, the Carmel, and the Syrian Golan. This leopard, large and heavy, became extinct in the 1960’s, when the last ones were hunted. The second subspecies, the desert or Arabian leopard (Panthera pardus nimr), is the smallest subspecies, with the male weighing up to 40 kg, and the female weighing up to 20 kg. This subspecies still exists in the wild, in Al Naqab (Negev) in southern Palestine but apparently have become extinct from the Jerusalem Wilderness (Judean desert). In the 1970’s and 1980’s, desert leopard population flourished in the Jerusalem Wilderness (Judean desert) which was documented by zoologists and the Israel Nature and Parks Authority, but due to various reasons such as being run over by vehicles, inbreeding, and a dearth of females, these leopards have almost completely disappeared. Recent studies estimate the numbers of leopards in Al Naqab (Negev) at approximately 8 10 individuals (Biblical Zoo Website).
The leopard formerly inhabited all hill and mountain country in the region. It is usually active both day and night but where disturbed by humans, it is nocturnal and secretive (Haltenorth and Diller, 1980; Qumsiyeh, 1996). An individual will make a rough noise similar to a hoarse cough and may growl in alarm or threat. The leopard is a solitary animal and males fiercely defend their territories. In the Sinai, it is known to feed on hyraxes and ibex (Murray, 1930; Qumsiyeh, 1996)
Breeding the Persian leopards is being done as part of the EEP (European Endangered Species Programme) program of the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA). The male Persian leopard in the Biblical Zoo Jerusalem was brought to the zoo from the zoo in Rome, Italy, and it’s hoped that he will succeed in breeding with the females (Biblical Zoo Website; Khalaf von Jaffa, November 2023).
Food and Hunting:
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A Persian Leopard Information Sign at the Jerusalem Biblical Zoo, Al Malha, Al Quds (Jerusalem), Palestine. Photo by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf von Jaffa. 4831&type=3https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10159946723784831&set=p.101599467237816.07.2022.
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The breeding season is probably in the spring. The gestation period is about 100 days (3 4 months). A litter of one to six cubs usually 3 cubs (Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2008i) is born and hidden in crevices between rocks, under thickets, or in small caves. The young suckle for 3 months, become independent after about 2 years, and reach sexual maturity a few months later (Haltenorth and Diller, 1980; Qumsiyeh, 1996). Females reach sexual maturity at about two and a half years of age (Wikipedia; Khalaf-von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023, October 2023, November 2023).
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and this is doubtless the case in our region because those species also are present. In Afghanistan, wild goats and sheep are the primary food but occasionally even carnivores such as the wolf are taken (Hassinger, 1973; Qumsiyeh, 1996).
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In the Islamic Sunnah, Prophet Mohammad (Peace Be Upon Him) forbade the skins of predators and sitting on them; and he said in Hadith Al Sunnah (Prophet Mohammad sayings): “The angels do not accompany a company that has the skin of a leopard” (Al Saqqaf, 2021, 1443 AH). Leopard Sign at the
Human Interactions:
Leopards in the region were hunted for millennia for sport and out of fear for man and his domestic animals. Leopards can be seen in the art of Assyrians, Canaanites, Romans, and Umayyad cultures. The subspecies in Sinai, Panthera pardus jarvisi, was named after C. S. Jarvis, the British governor of Sinai in the 1930s. The leopard is referred to in the Scriptures: “Like a leopard I will lie in wait by the wayside …”(Hosea, 13:7); “ … a leopard is watching their cities” (Jeremiah, 5:6); “Can the Ethiopian change his skin or the leopard his spots? Then you also can do good who are accustomed to do evil” (Jeremiah, 13:23) (Qumsiyeh, 1996).
Information
Jerusalem Biblical Zoo, Al Malha, Al Quds (Jerusalem), Palestine. Photo by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf von Jaffa. 16.07.2022. www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10159946722744831&set=p.10159946722744831&type=3
لاقح" : ىلاعتو هناحبس اللهرع تممكيلةتيملامدلاومحلوخلاريزنموأ الهغلرياللههبونخنملاةقملاوقوةذوملاودرتةي نلاوةحيطموأ الكعبسلام لاإذ اتيكةيلآا ، ةدئاملا ةروس( . " م3. )عبسلاباهنوكسب وأ ءابلا مضبان هل ام لك اهسرتفيف باودلاو سانلا ىلع ودعيواكو دسلأرمنلابئذلاو، ةعبس ىثنلأاو . بلخم هل ام لكو ،وس عمجلاعبسأو عاب . عوبسو. عابسلا ةريثك يأ ةعبسملا ضرلأاوملا يبأ نعحيلأ نبلوسر نأ" : هنع الله يضر هيبأ نع ، ةماسالله ىلص اللهن ملسو هيلعنع ىها دولج"عابسلننس( د يبأ)دوادلاخ نعم نبنادعملا دفو" : لاقمادقنبمدعبركيم ىلعةيواعشنأ : هل لاقف ،دللاب ك،لهتملعر نألوسالله الله ىلصرلاو عابسلا دولج سوبل نع ىهن ملسو هيلع: لاق ؟ اهيلع بوك"معنننس(أد يب)دوا. ةريره يبأ نعهنع الله يضرحصت لا" : ملسو هيلع الله ىلص الله لوسر لاق : لاق ،لاملا بئةكةقفرف"رمن دلج اهي ننس(د يبأوا. )د From a Persian
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29 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 41 Number 227 November 2023
Aharoni, Israel (1930). Die Säugetiere Palästinas. Z. Säugetierkd. 5: 327-343. Al Anezi, Abdul Kareem (April 2022). Facebook comment: Leopard presence in the border areas with Iran in the Dyala Governorate. Iraqi Green Climate Org. Facebook page.
Albayati,https://www.facebook.com/IraqiWildlifeCenter/videos/2534906906644404Hamid(April2022).Facebookcomment:Felaheen(peasants)saw a female leopard with her young in Babel (Babylon) Farms. Iraqi Green Climate Org. Facebook SunnahAlBulletinAlCentreNeighboringAllouseACSAD/AS/P171/1997.LeagueAridbiodiversityGazaAliPalestine,Alhttps://www.facebopage.ok.com/IraqiWildlifeCenter/videos/2534906906644404Dabagh,MustafaMurad(1985).ThePlantandAnimalKingdomsinourLandanditsrelationtotheNamesofSites.Beirut(InArabic).-Shtayeh,M.S.;HamadA.K.(1997).BiodiversityinPalestine:WestBankandStrip,(pp.469529).In:ProceedingsoftheArabexpertsmeetingonintheArabworld(Ed.ACSAD:TheArabCenterfortheStudiesofZonesandDryLands(Damascus)andtheTechnicalSecretaryoftheoftheArabStates(Cairo).15October1995,Cairo,Egypt.Damascus.,B.(1954)ABibliographyontheVertebrateFaunaofIraqandCountries.I.Mammals.BulletinoftheNaturalHistoryResearchUniversityofBaghdad4:134.Robaae,K.(1976).OnacollectionofmammalsfromMousel,northIraq.ofBasrahNaturalHistoryMuseum3:6776.Saqqaf,AlawibinAbdulQader(GeneralSupervisor)(2021,1443AH).AlPearls.Thefourthtopic:Wearingtheskinsofbeastsandsittingonthem. %D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B3%ABhttps://dorar.net/feqhia/3221/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF
This species is listed as endangered and commercial trade of this species is prohibited by international law. The Persian leopard has been threatened due to persecution, habitat loss, and poaching. It is also one of the animals in western Asia which is suffering from warfare in its mountain range (Wikipedia; Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023, October 2023, November 2023).
References and Internet Websites
Abdulraheem, Bader (15.12 2019). Persian Leopard (In Arabic). Facebook. Aharoni,https://www.facebook.com/bader.kwair/posts/2707666839256053Israel(1917).ZumVorkommenderSäugetiereinPalästina und Syrien. Z. Mitt. Dt. Paläst. Ver., 40: 235 242.
Threats:
Anonymous (1946). The story of Tedi, the Palestine Leopard. Bull. Jerusalem Nat. Club 21:1 Anonymous2. (1983). Leopards in the Negev Mountains. Israel Land and Nature. Anonymous8:171. (1988). Leopards in northern Israel. Israel Land and Nature. Anonymous.14:246. (2003). CITES conference decisions on Asian big cats and African leopards. Cat News 38: 42 43. Anonymous. (2004). The leopard exists in the North Caucasus! (Nov. 9, 2004). Appendix (2): Classification and Environmental Information on Mammals in Palestine. Palestinian National Information Centre, Palestinian National Authority, Arabwww.pnic.gov.ps/englPalestine.ish/Environment/Environment_Appendices.htmNews. Rare leopard’s poisoning puts Saudi shepherd in a tight spot. Reporter: Rima Al Mukhtar. Araf,http://www.arabnews.com/news/53043124.02.2012.Dr.Shukri(1992).PalestinianSitesbetween two Eras and Maps. Jerusalem. (In AsharArabic).qAlAwsat (01 January 2022). Rare Leopard Captured in Northern Iraq. https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/3389336/rare leopard captured northern iraq
%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9
Al Sheikhly, Omar F. (2012). The hunting of the endangered mammals in Iraq. Wildlife of the Middle East 6(2&3): 10 Al Sheikhly, Omar F.; Mukhtar K. Haba, Filippo Barbanera, Gabor Csorba & David L. Harrison (July 2015). Checklist of the Mammals of Iraq (Chordata: Mammalia). Bonn Zoological Bulletin 64(1): 33 58. https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Bonner Zoologische Beitraege_64_0033 0058.pdf Amin, Salam Shukr (2022). Facebook comment: Leopard numbers are increasing in Bemo Mountain, Khoshak Mountain north of Khanaqin, and Qara Dagh Mountains. Iraqi Green Climate Org. Facebook AmrbyAmiri,https://www.facebook.com/IraqiWildlifeCenter/videos/2534906906644404page.Fathollah(2011).InSearchforthePersianLeopard.OfficialTrailer.FilmFathollahAmiri.WildlifePictures.Vimeo.https://vimeo.com/110438253,Z.(2009).NatureIraqSpecieschecklist
– Mammals of Iraq. Sulaiamani Iraq: Nature Iraq. Publication No. NI 0209 002 Amr, Zuhair S. & Disi, A. (1988). Jordanian Mammals Acquired by the Jordan University Natural History Museum. University of Jordan, Amman. pps. 32. Anonymous (1945). Further notes on Palestine Mammals. Bull. Jerusalem Nat. Club Anon12:1.ymous (1946). The Schmitz Collection of Mammals. Bull. Jerusalem Nat. Club 23:1 2.
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Biblical Zoo. Persian Leopard. https://www.jerusalemzoo.org/animals en/persian leopard Blake, I. (1966). A Leopard in the wilderness of Judea, Jordan. I.U.C.N. Bull. (Switzerland) 18:7, Jan. Mar. 1966. Blake, I. (1967). Dead Sea sites of "the utter wilderness". Ill. London News. 250: No. 6657; 27. March 4th. 1967.
Askerov, E.K. (2002). New data on the leopard (Panthera pardus L.) in Azerbaijan and the measures of its conservation. Bilgi 3: 69 72.
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One of the two Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) skins originating from Iran, at the Spice Souq in Dubai, United Arab Emirates .. Photo by: Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf von Jaffa .. 21.06.2016 .. http://leopard panthera pardus 2.webs.com/
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Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1985). Activity Patterns and Sexual Behaviour of Snow Leopards, Panthera uncia (Schreber, 1775), at Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Jersey Island. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. United Kingdom. Number 7. Third Year. September 1985. pp. 1 22.
Khalaf, Norman (1983). Al Numour Fi Falestin (Leopards in Palestine). Al Khalisah Bulletin. The National Palestinian Assemblage. Kuwait University, State of Kuwait. First Year. Number 3. April 1983. pp. 18 19. (In Arabic).
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1980). Tabie't Al Talawon fi Al Haywanat (The Colouration of Animals). Al Biology Bulletin. Number 1. January 1980, Safar 1401. Biological Society, Kuwait University, State of Kuwait. pp. 4 5. (In Arabic).
IUCN (2004). The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Gland. IUCN (2017). The 2017 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Kadhimhttps://www.iucnredlist.org/,A.H.H.;Nadachowski, A., Rzebik Kowalska, B. (1977) Review of present knowledge of Iraqi mammals. Bulletin of the Natural History Research Centre University of Baghdad 6: 1–31. Kappeler, Markus (2004). Arabischer Leopard Panthera pardus nimr. Groth AG (erschienen in der WWF Conservation Stamp Collection, Groth AG, Unteraegeri). www.markuskappeler.ch/tex/texs2/arabischerleopard.html
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Acquaintance Card: Majallet Al Ghazzal (Gazelle Magazine): The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn, Germany. Shqae'q Al Nouma'n (Anemone coronaria). A Quarterly Magazine Issued by the Program EAI (Education for Awareness and for Involvement). Environmental Education / Children for Nature Protection. In Cooperation with Dept. of General and Higher Education. P.L.O., Palestine.
Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1989). Notes on the Caracal Lynx Caracal caracal. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 19, Seventh Year, December 1989. pp. 1 2 (In KhalafArabic)von
Khalaf, Norman Ali B. (February 1987). The Sinai Leopard (Panthera pardus jarvisi) in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Federal Republic of Germany. Fifth Year. Number 12. February 1987. pp.1 9. Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1987). A Trip to Kuwait Zoo, State of Kuwait. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. Fifth Year, Number 13, Ramadan 1407 AH, April 1987 AD. pp. 1-5. (in Arabic).
Khalaf, Norman Ali B. (1988). Activity Patterns and Reproductive Behaviour of Snow Leopards, Panthera uncia (Schreber, 1775) at Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Jersey Island. International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Panthera uncia. Volume 5, pp. 61 71. Editor: Leif Blomqvist, Helsinki Zoo, Finland.
Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1992). An Introduction to the Animal Life in Palestine. Gazelle. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 30, Tenth Year, October 1992. pp. 1 7. (in Arabic).
Khalaf, Norman Ali B. (1986). The Siberian Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) in Saarbrücken Zoo, Germany. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Federal Republic of Germany. Fourth Year. Number 10. December 1986. pp. 1 9. Khalaf, Norman Ali B. (1987). The Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) in Saarbrücken Zoo, Germany. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Federal Republic of Germany. Fifth Year. Number 11. January 1987. pp. 1-10. Khalaf, Norman (January 1987). Al Numour Fi Falestin (The Leopards in Palestine). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. Fifth Year. Number 11, Jamadi Alaula 1407 AH, January 1987 AD. pp. 12 13. (in Arabic).
Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1991). A Trip to Zoo Budapest, Hungary. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 21, Ninth Year, January 1991. pp. 1 4.
Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1994). An Introduction to the Animal Life in Palestine. Shqae'q Al Nouma'n (Anemone coronaria). A Quarterly Magazine Issued by the Program EAI (Education for Awareness and for Involvement). Environmental Education / Children for Nature Protection. In Cooperation with Dept. of General and Higher Education. P.L.O., Palestine. Number 4. Huzairan (June) 1994. pp. 16 21. (in Arabic).
Number 4. Huzairan (June) 1994. pp. 51 52. (in Arabic). Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001a). The Extinct and Endangered Animals in Palestine. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Home Page. Extinct and Endangered Animals and Khalaf,http://gazelle.8m.net/photo3.htmlReintroduction.NormanAliBassam(2001b).Threatened
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Mammals. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Home Page. Extinct and Endangered Animals and Reintroduction. http://gazelle.8m.net/photo3.html Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001c). Wild Cats in Palestine. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Homepage. / Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin Webseite. (ISSN 0178-6288). Khalaf,http://gazelle.8m.net/contact.htmlNormanAliBassam(2001d). Leopards in Palestine. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Khalafhttp://gazelle.8m.net/whats_new.htmlHomepage.vonJaffa,NormanAli(2004).Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 2004 / Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 2004. ISBN 3 00 014121 9. Erste Auflage, Juli 2004: 452 Seiten. Zweite erweiterte Auflage, August 2004: 460 Seiten. Norman Ali Khalaf, Bonn Bad Godesberg, Germany. http://dr norman ali khalaf books.webs.com/ & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/59405994/book gazelle the palestinian biological bulletin a scientific journey in palestine arabia and europe between 1983 2004 by norman ali khalaf von jaffa 2004 Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2004). Activity Patterns and Sexual Behaviour of Snow Leopards, Panthera uncia (Schreber, 1775), at Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Jersey Island. In: Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 2004 / Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 2004. ISBN 3 00 014121 9. Erste Auflage, Juli 2004 Zweite erweiterte Auflage, August 2004 Self Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Bonn Bad Godesberg, Germany. pp. 8 29. Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2004). Babetta, the female leopard trapped in Ein Gedi. In: Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2004 / Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 2004. ISBN 3 00 014121 9. Erste Auflage, Juli 2004. Zweite erweiterte Auflage, August 2004. Self Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Bonn Bad Godesberg, Germany. pp. 99. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2004). The Leopards of Palestine. In: Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 2004 / Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological
Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Qalqilia Zoo and the Natural History Museum in the City of Qalqilia, West Bank, Occupied Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 47, November 2005. pp. 1 10. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (Member of PALESTA) (2005). Palestinian Scientists and Technologists Abroad (PALESTA). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 47, Twenty third Year, November 2005, Shawal 1426. pp. 11-12. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (In Arabic).
Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Arabian Carnivores in the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Sharjah Desert Park, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 48. December 2005. pp. 1 9. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic).
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Der Asiatische oder Persische Löwe (Panthera leo persica). Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 49, January 2006. pp. 1 5. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Rafah Zoo in the Rafah Refugee Camp, Gaza Strip, Palestine : A Story of Destruction by the Israeli Occupation Army. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 46, October 2005. pp. 1 11. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2004). The Sinai Leopard (Panthera pardus jarvisi) in Palestine. In: Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 2004 / Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 2004. ISBN 3 00 014121 9. Erste Auflage, Juli 2004. Zweite erweiterte Auflage, August 2004. Self Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Germany. pp. 103-111.
Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 2004. ISBN 3 00 014121 9. Erste Auflage, Juli 2004 Zweite erweiterte Auflage, August 2004. Self Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Bonn Bad Godesberg, Germany. pp. 100 101.
Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (Gründer) (seit Juni 2005). Raubkatzen. Der Treffpunkt für Raubkatzen freunde. Yahoo! Deutschland Groups. http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/Raubkatzen/ Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Mammals in Dubai Zoo, Dubai City, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 45, September 2005. pp. 1 14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Leopards of Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. United Arab Emirates. Number 41. Twenty Third Year. May 2005. pp. 1 9. http://leopard panthera pardus.webs.com/ Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). Der Arabische Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 42. Twenty Third Year. June 2005. pp. 1-8. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopardpanthera pardus.webs.com/arabischerleopard.htm
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Khalafwww.geocities.com/jaffacity/Asiatischer_Loewe.htmlvonJaffa,NormanAli(2006).FelidaePalaestina: The Wild Cats of Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 52, April 2006. pp. 1 15. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://archive.is/I9par Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Der Asiatische oder Iranische Gepard (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 53, May 2006. pp. 1 7. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://archive.is/0NDhl Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Die Rohrkatze (Felis chaus). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 54, June 2006. pp. 1 8. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://archive.is/R9B7r Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Mammalia Palaestina: The Mammals of Palestine / Die Säugetiere Palästinas. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 55, Twenty fourth Year, July 2006, Jumada Al Thania 1427. pp. 1 46. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://archive.is/xmclD Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2006. ISBN 300 017294 7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006, 484 pp. Self Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://dr norman ali khalaf books.webs.com/mammaliaarabica.htm & eBook (Google KhalafJlIKW2/view?usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/file/d/1mjzf_I_b8wTX_BHd1RsuU4ykhDrive):vonJaffa,NormanAli(2006).Babetta,thefemaleleopardtrapped in Ein Gedi. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2006. ISBN 3 00 017294 7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Self Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 64. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). The Leopards of Palestine. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2006. ISBN 3 00 017294 7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Self Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 65 66. Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). The Sinai Leopard (Panthera pardus jarvisi) in Palestine. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2006. ISBN 3 00 017294 7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Self Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 68-76. Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The Asiatic or Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica) in Palestine. In: Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological
Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2006. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland und Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 147 KhalafSharjah,2006.ArabiazwischenMammaliaKhalaf/357https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Wild_Predators/conversations/topi149.cs-vonJaffa,NormanAli(July2006).TheLeopardsofPalestine.In:Arabica.EineZoologischeReiseinPalästina,ArabienundEuropa19802006/MammaliaArabica.AZoologicalJourneyinPalestine,andEuropebetween19802006.ISBN3000172947.ErsteAuflage,JuliSelfPublisher:NormanAliKhalaf,RilchingenHanweiler,Deutschland&UnitedArabEmirates.pp.176-184.vonJaffa,NormanAli(2006).ArabianLeopard(
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Panthera pardus nimr) in Sharjah. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2006. ISBN 3 00 017294 7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Self Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 184. Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Der Arabische Leopard, Panthera pardus nimr. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2006. ISBN 3 00 017294 7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Self Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 186 193. Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Felidae Palaestina: The Wild Cats of Palestine. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2006. ISBN 3 00 017294 7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Self Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 207 221. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Mammalia Palaestina: The Mammals of Palestine / Die Säugetiere Palästinas. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2006. ISBN 3 00 017294 7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Self Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. Khalaf240-285.vonJaffa, Norman Ali (2006). The Leopards of Palestine. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2006. ISBN 3 00 017294 7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Self Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 470 469. Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The Asiatic or Persian
Lion (Panthera leo persica, Meyer 1826) in Palestine and the Arabian and Islamic Region. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 58, October 2006, Ramadan 1427 H. pp. 1 13. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Khalafhttp://www.oocities.org/jaffacity/Asiatic_Lion.html.tmpSakerfalkevonJaffa,NormanAliBassamAliTaher (2006). Ein Besuch im Neunkircher Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland / A Visit to Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 59, November 2006. pp.1 25. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabisch / LeopardKhalaf%http://khalaf.homepage24.de/Ein%20Besuch%20im%20Neunkircher%20ZooArabic).20Neunkirchen-%20Saarland-%20DeutschlandSakerfalkevonJaffa,NormanAliBassamAliTaher(2006).TheChinese( Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) in Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany / Der Chinesische Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) im Neunkircher Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 60, December 2006. pp. 1 10. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Khalafpardus.webs.com/chineseleopard.htmhttp://leopard-panthera-SakerfalkevonJaffa,NormanAliBassamAliTaher (2007). Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr, Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1833) in the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Desert Park, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 61, January 2007, Thu Al Hijja 1427 AH. pp. 1 14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in Arabic; References in English and RecordKhalaf20Sharjah20Arabian%20Leopard%20in%20the%20Arabiahttp://khalaf.homepage24.de/Behavioural%20Observations%20on%2German).0the%s%20Wildlife%20Centre%%20UAESakerfalkevonJaffa,NormanAliBassamAliTaher(2007).ARecentoftheArabianSandCat( Felis margarita harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) from the Kuwaiti Desert, State of Kuwait. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 64, April 2007, Rabi'e Al Awal 1428 AH. pp. 1 20. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in Arabic; Abstract in English, Kurzfassung in Deutsch; References in English, German and Arabic). D8%A7%http://ar.wikipediaArabic).2007,Encyclopedia).(DesertKhalaf%20State%20of%20Kuwait%http://khalaf.homepage24.de/A%20Recent%20Record%20of%20the%20Arabian20Sand%20Cat%20from%20the%20Kuwaiti%20DesertSakerfalkevonJaffa,NormanAliBassamAliTaher(2007).QitSahrawiCatorSandCat).Wikipedia,AlMawsu'aAlHurra(TheFreeGazelle:ThePalestinianBiologicalBulletin.Number64,AprilRabi'eAlAwal1428AH.p.21.Sharjah,UnitedArabEmirates.(Articlein.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7_%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%
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Caracal caracal, von Schreber 1776). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Nummer 67, Juli 2007, Jamada Al Akhera 1428 AH. Seiten 1-12. Sharjah, Vereinigte Arabische Emirate. (Article in German; References in English, German and Khalafhttp://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Karakal.htmlArabic).SakerfalkevonJaffa,NormanAliBassam
Ali Taher (2007). Um Rishat (Caracal or Desert Lynx). Wikipedia, Al Mawsu'a Al Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. (Article in http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4%Arabic).
von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The First Sight Record of the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) from the Gaza Strip, Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 65, May 2007, Rabi'e Al Akher 1428 AH. pp. 1 19. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in English; Abstract in English and Arabic, Kurzfassung in Deutsch; References in English, German and ofKhalaf&https://de.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/katzen/conversations/topics/1785Arabic).http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Gaza_Sand_Cat.htmlSakerfalkevonJaffa,NormanAliBassamAliTaher(2007).ThePresencetheArabianSandCat( Felis margarita harrisoni) in the State of Qatar. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 65, May 2007, Rabi'e Al Akher 1428 AH. p. 20. Sharjah, United Arab oderKhalaf/664https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Wild_Predators/conversations/topicsEmirates.&http://archive.is/gKhv6SakerfalkevonJaffa,NormanAliBassamAliTaher(2007).DieSandkatzeWüstenkatze( Felis margarita, Loche 1858). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Nummer 66, Juni 2007, Jamada Al Ulla 1428 AH. Seiten 1 13. Sharjah, Vereinigte Arabische Emirate. (Article in German; References in English, German and Khalafhttp://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Sandkatze.htmlArabic).SakerfalkevonJaffa,NormanAliBassamAli
Taher (2007). Haywanat Filistin (The Animals of Palestine). Wikipedia, Al Mawsu'a Al Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. oderKhalaf8%A7%D8%http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%DThe(Felidae).KhalafAA_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86D8%A7%D8%http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%2007.SakerfalkevonJaffa,NormanAliBassamAliTaher(2007).SanuriyatWikipedia,AlMawsu'aAlHurra(TheFreeEncyclopedia).Gazelle:PalestinianBiologicalBulletin.2007.(ArticleinArabic).AASakerfalkevonJaffa,NormanAliBassamAliTaher(2007).DerKarakalWüstenluchs(
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KhalafD9%88%D9%8ASakerfalke
Die Sandkatze oder Wüstenkatze (Felis margarita, Loche 1858). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. 2007. (Article in German; References in English, German and Arabic). http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Sandkatze.html
Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) at Al Ain Zoo, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. (Article in Arabic; References in English and KhalafGerman).Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) at the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Desert Park, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. (Article in Arabic; References in English and German).
KhalafD8%A7%D8%AASakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Khalafhttp://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Palestine_Sand_Cat.html2007.-SakerfalkevonJaffa,NormanAliBassamAliTaher(2007).
Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2007. ISBN 978 3 00 019568 6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007, 300 pp. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (In Arabic, German and English). Doctoral Dissertation. Ashwood University, USA. Doctor of Science Degree in Zoology (Summa Cumm Laude) on 26.09.2007. http://dr norman ali khalaf books.webs.com/felidaearabica.htm & Doctoral Dissertation eBook PatternsKhalafashwooddissertationhttps://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/59397999/doctorate:-felidae-arabica-by-norman-ali-bassam-khalaf-doctor-of-science-universityusa2007SakerfalkevonJaffa,NormanAliBassamAliTaher(2007).ActivityandSexual/(Reproductive)BehaviourofSnowLeopards, Panthera uncia (Schreber, 1775), at Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Jersey Island. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2007. ISBN 978 3 00 019568 6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 11 45. Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Babetta, the female leopard trapped in Ein Gedi. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2007. ISBN
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978 3 00 019568 6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 68.
Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Leopards in Palestine (In Arabic). In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2007. ISBN 978 3 00 019568 6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 69 70. Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Sinai Leopard (Panthera pardus jarvisi) in Palestine. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2007. ISBN 978 3 00 019568 6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 72 80.
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Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (July 2007). The Leopards of Palestine. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2007. ISBN 978 3 00 019568 6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 82 90. Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) in Sharjah. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2007. ISBN 978 3 00 019568 6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 90. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Der Arabische Leopard, Panthera pardus nimr. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2007. ISBN 978 3 00 019568 6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 92-99.
Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Felidae Palaestina: The Wild Cats of Palestine. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 107 121.
Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Chinese Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) in Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany / Der Chinesische Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) im Neunkircher Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2007. ISBN 978 3 00 019568 6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, RilchingenHanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 165 174. Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Nimer Arabi (The Arabian Leopard). Arab Wikipedia. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 228 229 Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Sanuriyat (Family Felidae). Arab Wikipedia. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978 3 00 019568 6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 230.
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The Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) at the Arabia’s Wildlife Centre in Sharjah.
Photo by: Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf von Jaffa. https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10159766865644831&set=a.12774518483011.09.2013.
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Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008a). The Story of Sabrina, the Gaza Zoo Lioness. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 73, January 2008. pp. 1 20. Sharjah, United Arab %20Zoo%20Lionesshttp://khalaf.homepage24.Arabic).TheHadiqetNoraKhalaf86https://de.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Raubkatzen/conversations/topics/Emirates.SakerfalkevonJaffa,Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassamAliTaher(Text)andNormanAliBassamKhalaf(Drawings)(2008b).QissetAlLabu'aSabrinafiHaywanatGhaza(TheStoryofSabrina,theGazaZooLioness).Gazelle:PalestinianBiologicalBulletin.Sharjah,UnitedArabEmirates.(Storyinde/The%20Story%20of%20Sabrina,%20the%20Gaza
Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Haywanat Filistin (Fauna of Palestine). Arab Wikipedia. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2007. ISBN 978 3 00 019568 6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 235 232. Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr, Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1833) in the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Desert Park, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2007. ISBN 978 3 00 019568 6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 274 Khalaf261.-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Arabian Carnivores in the Arabia’s Wildlife Centre, Sharjah Desert Park, United Arab Emirates. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2007. ISBN 978 3 00 019568 6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 284 Khalaf276. Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Leopards in Palestine (In Arabic). In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2007. ISBN 978 3 00 019568 6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 290Khalaf289.
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SriKhalafBulletin.LeopardKhalaf8%AC%http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%86%DD8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1SakerfalkevonJaffa,Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassamAliTaher(2008f).StampsfromZanzibarandTanzania.Gazelle:ThePalestinianBiologicalNumber75,March2008.pp.14.Sharjah,UnitedArabEmirates.SakerfalkevonJaffa,Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassamAliTaher(2008g).TheLankaleopard( Panthera pardus kotiya, Deraniyagala 1956). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 76, April 2008. pp. 1 17. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard panthera pardus.webs.com/srilankaleopard.htm Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008h). Nimer Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka leopard). Wikipedia, Al Mawsu'a Al Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 76, April 2008. Page 18. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in TheKhalafD9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%B1%Arabic).SakerfalkevonJaffa,Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassamAliTaher(May2008i).PersianorIranianLeopard( Panthera pardus saxicolor, Pocock 1927). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178 6288). Number 77, May 2008. pp. 1-15. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-pantherapardus.webs.com/persianleopard.htm Khalafhttp://www.oocities.org/jaffacity/Persian_Leopard.html.tmp&SakerfalkevonJaffa,Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassamAliTaher (2008j). Royal White Tigers (Panthera tigris, Linnaeus 1758) at Zoo d'Amnéville (Amneville Zoo), Amneville, Lorraine, France. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 78, June 2008. Pp. 1 26. Sharjah, United Arab https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/WildCats_/conversations/topics/907Emirates.
Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (Text) and Nora Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf (Drawings) (2008c). Qisset Al Labu'a Sabrina fi Hadiqet Haywanat Ghaza / The Story of Sabrina, the Gaza Zoo Lioness. First Edition. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf von Jaffa, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Germany & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Publication in Summer 2008, in Arabic and English). ISBN 978-9948-03-603-6. English article http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Gaza_Lioness_Sabrina.htmlWebsite: & Arabic Story Website: ZanzibarKhalaf20Sabrina,%20the%20Gaza%20Zoo%20Lionesshttp://khalaf.homepage24.de/The%20Story%20of%SakerfalkevonJaffa,Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassamAliTaher(2008d).TheLeopard( Panthera pardus adersi, Pocock 1932). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 74, February 2008. pp. 1 13. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard panthera pardus.webs.com/zanzibarleopard.htm Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008e). Nimer Zanjibar (Zanzibar Leopard). Wikipedia, Al Mawsu'a Al Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 74, February 2008. Page 14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in Arabic).
Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008k). Nimer Farisi (Persian leopard). Wikipedia, Al Mawsu'a Al Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in ArabianKhalafRepublicKhalaf,Edition,Zoologischein2008Khalafarabicahttps://www.yumpu.com/en/document/vibooks.webs.com/carnivoraarabica.htm9948ArabRamadanArabienbetweenCarniKhalafnormanEcologistKhalafD8%B1%http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%A7%Arabic).D8%B3%D9%8ASakerfalkevonJaffa,Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassamAliTaher.Zoologist,andGeologist:TheScientificReferences(19802008l).http://dralikhalafreferences.webs.com/SakerfalkevonJaffa,Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassamAliTaher(2008m).voraArabica.AZoologicalJourneyinPalestine,ArabiaandEurope20052008./CarnivoraArabica.EineZoologischeReiseinPalästina,undEuropazwischen20052008.FirstEdition,September2008,1429AH.396pps.Publisher:Dr.NormanAliKhalaf,Sharjah,UnitedEmirates&RilchingenHanweiler,FederalRepublicofGermany.ISBN978034599.(InArabic,EnglishandGerman).http://drnormanalikhalaf&eBook:ew/59551346/bookcarnivorabydrnormanalibassamkhalafvonjaffa2008SakerfalkevonJaffa,Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassamAliTaher(Septembern).TheLeopardsofPalestine.In:CarnivoraArabica.AZoologicalJourneyPalestine,ArabiaandEuropebetween20052008./CarnivoraArabica.EineReiseinPalästina,ArabienundEuropazwischen20052008.FirstSeptember2008,Ramadan1429AH.SelfPublisher:Dr.NormanAliSharjah,UnitedArabEmirates&RilchingenHanweiler,FederalofGermany.ISBN9789948034599.pp.1422.SakerfalkevonJaffa,Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassamAliTaher(2008o).Leopard( Panthera pardus nimr) in Sharjah. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005 2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005 2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978 9948 03 459 9. pp. 22. Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008p). Der Arabische Leopard, Panthera pardus nimr. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005 2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978 9948 03 459 9. pp. 24 31. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008q). Felidae Palaestina: The Wild Cats of Palestine. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005 2008. /
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Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008u). Leopard Stamps from Zanzibar and Tanzania. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005 2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005 2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 193-196. Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008v). The Sri Lanka leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya, Deraniyagala 1956). In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005 2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978 9948 03 459 9.
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Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005 2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978 9948 03 459 9. pp. 39 53.
Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008s). The Zanzibar Leopard (Panthera pardus adersi, Pocock 1932). In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005 2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978 9948 03 459 9. pp. 177 189. Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008t). Nimer Zanjibar (Zanzibar Leopard). Wikipedia, Al Mawsu'a Al Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia) (In Arabic). In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005 2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005 2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978 9948 03 459 9. pp. 190.
Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008r). The Chinese Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) in Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany / Der Chinesische Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) im Neunkircher Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005 2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978 9948 03 459 9. pp. 97 106.
Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008y). Carnivora Palaestina: The Carnivores of Palestine / Die Raubtiere Palästinas. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005 2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005 2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978 9948 03 459 9. pp. 287 311.
Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008za). Sanuriyat (Family Felidae). Arab Wikipedia. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005 2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005 2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978 9948 03 459 9. pp. 322 321.
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Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (September 2008x). The Persian or Iranian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor, Pocock 1927).
Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008z). Nimer Arabi (The Arabian Leopard). Arab Wikipedia. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005 2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. SelfPublisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978 9948 03 459 9. pp. 320 319.
Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008zb). Haywanat Filistin (Fauna of Palestine). Arab-Wikipedia. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005 2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa
pp. 198 214.
Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008w). Nimer Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka leopard). Wikipedia, Al Mawsu'a Al Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia) (In Arabic). In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005 2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978 9948 03 459 9. pp. 215.
In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005 2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005 2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978 9948 03-459-9. pp. 217-231.
– Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 2006. ISBN 978 9948 03 865 8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009: 412 Seiten/Pages. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam
Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008ze). The Mammals in Dubai Zoo, Dubai City, United Arab Emirates (In Arabic). In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005 2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005 2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978 9948 03 459 9. pp. 389 376.
zwischen 2005 2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978 9948 03 459 9. pp. 327 324. Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008zc). Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr, Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1833) in the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Desert Park, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (In Arabic). In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005 2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005 2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978 9948 03 459 9. pp. 364 351.
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Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008zd). The Arabian Carnivores in the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Sharjah Desert Park, United Arab Emirates (In Arabic). In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005 2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978 9948 03 459 9. pp. 374 366.
Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008zf). Carnivora Palaestina: The Carnivores of Palestine / Die Raubtiere Palästinas. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 82, October 2008, Shawal 1429 AH. pp. 1 25. Sharjah, United Arab PalaestinaZoologicalKfaunaJulyandKhalafsages/31https://de.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Fauna_Arabica/conversations/mesEmirates.SakerfalkevonJaffa,Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassamAliTaher(2009).FloraFaunainPalestine.Gazelle:ThePalestinianBiologicalBulletin.Number91,2009,Rajab1430AH.pp.131.Sharjah,UnitedArabEmirates.http://florapalestine.webs.com/halafvonJaffa,Dr.NormanAliBassam(2009).FaunaPalaestinaPartOne.AJourneyinPalestine,ArabiaandEuropebetween19832006/Fauna
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Khalaf von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://dr norman ali khalaf books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart1.htm & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/xx/document/view/59498633/fauna palaestina 1 book by dr norman ali khalaf 2009 Khalaf von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). The Sinai Leopard (Panthera pardus jarvisi) in Palestine. In: Fauna Palaestina Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 2006 / Fauna Palaestina Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 2006. ISBN 978 9948 03 865 8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. pp. 15 23. Khalaf von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). The Leopards of Palestine. In: Fauna Palaestina Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 2006 / Fauna Palaestina Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 2006. ISBN 978 9948 03 865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. pp. 78 86. Khalaf von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) in Sharjah. In: Fauna Palaestina Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 2006 / Fauna Palaestina Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006. ISBN 978 9948 03 865 8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. pp. 86. Khalaf von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). Felidae Palaestina: The Wild Cats of Palestine. In: Fauna Palaestina Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 2006 / Fauna Palaestina Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006. ISBN 978 9948 03 865 8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009 Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. pp. 109 123. Khalaf von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). Mammalia Palaestina: The Mammals of Palestine / Die Säugetiere Palästinas. In: Fauna Palaestina Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2006 / Fauna Palaestina Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 2006. ISBN 978 9948 03 865 8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. pp. 125-170. Khalaf von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). An Introduction to the Animal Life in Palestine (In Arabic). In: Fauna Palaestina Part One. A Zoological
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Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 2006 / Fauna Palaestina Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 2006. ISBN 978 9948 03 865 8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. pp. 331-326 & 342-336.
Khalaf von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). Al Numour fi Filasteen (The Leopards of Palestine) (In Arabic) In: Fauna Palaestina Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 2006 / Fauna Palaestina Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006. ISBN 978-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009 Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. pp. 401 400.
Khalaf von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2010). Fauna Emiratus Part One. Zoological Studies in the United Arab Emirates between 2004 2009. / Fauna Emiratus – Teil Eins. Zoologische Studien in die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate zwischen 2004 2009. ISBN 978 9948 15 462 4. Erste Auflage/First Edition, November 2010: 350 Seiten / Pages. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf von Jaffa, Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://dr norman ali khalaf books.webs.com/faunaemiratuspart1.htm & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/xx/document/view/59546804/fauna emiratus part 1 zoological studies in the united arab emirates between 2004 2009 by dr norman ali bassam khalaf von jaffa 2010 Khalaf von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2012). Fauna Palaestina Part Two. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 2009 / Fauna Palaestina Teil Zwei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 2009. ISBN 978 9948 16 667 2. 1. Auflage / First Edition: July 2012, Shaaban 1433 H. 208 Seiten / Pages (Arabic Part 120 Pages and the English Part 88 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, Palestine. http://dr norman ali khalaf books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart2.htm& https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/59602956/faunaeBook: palaestina part 2 book by dr norman ali khalaf von jaffa 2012 Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Der Mosbacher Löwe (Panthera leo fossilis, Reichenau 1906) / The Early Middle Pleistocene European Cave Lion (Panthera leo fossilis, Reichenau 1906). Gazelle The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178 6288). Number 101. January 2013. Pp. 1 26. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://lion panthera leo.webs.com/mosbacher loewe Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Der Europäische Leopard (Panthera pardus sickenbergi, Schütt 1969) / The European Leopard (Panthera pardus sickenbergi, Schütt 1969). Gazelle The
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Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178 6288). Number 102. February 2013. pp. 1 17. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard panthera pardus.webs.com/europeanleopard.htm & ZoologicalKhalafnormanalibassamkhalaf/docs/europ__ische_leopard_panthera_parduhttp://issuu.com/drvonJaffa,Dr.NormanAliBassam(2013).FaunaPalaestinaPartThree.StudiesinPalestinebetween2005 – 2012 / Fauna Palaestina - Teil Drei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 2005 2012. ISBN 978 9950 383 35 7. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2013, Shaaban 1434 H. 364 pages (English Part 350 Pages and the Arabic Part 14 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://dr norman ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart3.htm & https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/62740914/faunaeBook: palaestina part 3 year 2013 by dr norman ali bassam khalaf von jaffa isbn 978 9950 383 35 Khalaf7 Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). The Pink Panther (Panthera pardus roseus Khalaf, 2013): A New Leopard Subspecies from South Africa. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178 6288). Number 108, December 2013, Safar 1435 AH. pp. 26 42. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard panthera Khalafpardus.webs.com/pinkpanther.htmSakerfalkevonJaffa,Prof.Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Subspecies Panthera pardus roseus Khalaf, 2013. BioLib. Biological Library. Khalafhttp://www.biolib.cz/en/adtaxon/id300734/SakerfalkevonJaffa,Prof.Dr.Sc.Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Pink Panther (Panthera pardus roseus Khalaf, 2013). EOL. Encyclopedia of Life. Khalafhttp://eol.org/collections/98287vonJaffa,Prof.Dr.Norman Ali Bassam (2014). Fauna Palaestina Part Four. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 2014 / Fauna Palaestina Teil Vier. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 2014. ISBN 978 9950 383-77-7. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2014, Ramadan 1435 H. pp. 456 (English part 378 pages and Arabic part 78 pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://fauna palaestina part 1.webs.com/faunapalaestina4.htm & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/fr/document/view/62741122/book fauna palaestina 4 year 2014 by prof dr norman ali bassam khalaf von jaffa isbn 978 Khalaf9950-383-77-7Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2014). Poisoning case of an Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) at Wadi Noaman, North East of Makkah Al Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Gazelle The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178 6288). Number 118. October 2014. pp. 1-18. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://animals-ofmakkah.webs.com/arabian leopard wadi noaman Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2015).
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Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa (09.08.2016). YouTube. Searching for the rare Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) in the UAE : Placing the Wildlife Trail infrared Camera at Wadi Shawqa in Ras Al Khaimah, UAE Khalafhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VvcwONftjW4SakerfalkevonJaffa,Prof.Dr.Sc.Norman
Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa (10.08.2016). YouTube. Searching for the rare Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) in the UAE : Placing the Wildlife Trail infrared Camera at Wadi Shawqa in Ras Al Khaimah, UAE ... with Nora Norman Ali Khalaf ... 10.08.2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zGxzt0FIuLY Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa (August 2017). Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) skins originating from Iran on sale at the Spice Souq in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178 6288). Number 152, August 2017, pp. 1 21. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard panthera pardus 2.webs.com/ Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali (23.09.2017). Scientific Visit to the Natural History Museum in Muscat, Sultanate of Oman ... 23.09.2017. Facebook: Norman Ali (Khalaf,https://www.facebook.com/dr.norman.ali.khalaf/posts/10155615325479831Khalaf.Prof.Dr.NormanAli(23.09.2017).AtaxidermiedArabianLeopard Panthera pardus nimr) at the Natural History Museum in Muscat, Sultanate of alaf.jpg_Natural_History_Museum_Muscat_Oman_Photo_by_Prof_Dr_Norman_Ali_Khhttps://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Arabian_Leopard_atOman.
Killing Incident of an Anatolian Leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana Valenciennes, 1856) in Turkey. Gazelle The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178 6288). Number 121. January 2015. pp. 1 20. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard panthera pardus.webs.com/anatolianleopard.htm Khalaf von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2015). Fauna Palaestina Part Five. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2016 / Fauna PalaestinaTeil Fünf. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 2016. ISBN 978 9950 383 92 0. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2015, Ramadan 1436 H. 448 pp. (English Part 304 Pages and the Arabic Part 144 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://fauna palaestina-books.webs.com/ & eBook (Google Drive): MohammadKhalafiew?usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/file/d/1C9Vo6oBn4AAYB7XnpeIGgEXgOBZFzar6/vSakerfalkevonJaffa,Prof.Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassamAliTaherAhmadMostafa(11.01.2016).YouTube.ArabianLeopard( Panthera pardus nimr) in Sharjah. Khalafhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2CRSM0fTuHY09.01.2016.SakerfalkevonJaffa,Prof.Dr.Sc.Norman
Khalaf,www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10158641342319831&set=a.127745184830Facebook.Prof.Dr.NormanAli(21.02.2021).TheArabianLeopard(
Khalaf,830https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10158950599899831&set=a.127745184Facebook.Prof.Dr.NormanAli(2
Panthera pardus nimr) roaming the Dhofar Mountains, Sultanate of Oman. Photo by Miguel Willis.
4.04.2022). Video: A Rare Record of a male Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) in Al-Sulaymaniyah Mountains in Iraqi Kurdistan. Facebook. Video by Soran Khalaf,https://www.facebook.com/dr.norman.ali.khalaf/posts/10159757755734831Ahmed.Prof.Dr.NormanAli(26.0
Gazelle : The Palestinian
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4.2022). A Rare Record of a male Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) in Al Sulaymaniyah Mountains in Iraqi Kurdistan. Facebook. Photos by Soran Khalaf,https://www.facebook.com/dr.norman.ali.khalaf/posts/10159761805254831Ahmed.Prof.Dr.NormanAli(29.0
4.2022). Warten Sie auf meinen nächsten Artikel über die Arabische Leoparden (Panthera pardus nimr) Facebook.
Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali (20.10.2020). ISBN Barcode 978 9948 15 172 2 for my 13th Book entitled: Leopards. 40 Years of Zoological Studies on Leopards between 1983-2022. By: Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf von Jaffa .. The book will be published in Autumn 2022 .. Inshallah ..
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ISBN Barcode 978-9948-15-172-2 for my 13th Book entitled: Leopards. 40 Years of Zoological Studies on Leopards between 1983-2022. -1983
ماوعلأا نيب رومنلا ىلع ةيناويحلا ةيملعلا تاساردلا نم اماع 40 . رومنلا 2022 .
.. The
By: Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Prinz Sakerfalke Jaffa
Khalaf
theKhalaf,830https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10159766865644831&set=a.127745184Prof.Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassam(08.05.2022).WaitformynextarticleonPersianLeopard( Panthera pardus saxicolor) in Iraq and Iran. theKhalaf,30https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=10159781239374831&id=5605198Facebook.Prof.Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassam(13.05.2022).WaitformynextarticleonPersianLeopard( Panthera pardus saxicolor) in Iraqi Kurdistan. LeopardKhalaf,830https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10159791283844831&set=a.127745184Facebook.Prof.Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassam(04.06.2022).AtaxidermiedBarbaryorAtlasLeopard( Panthera pardus panthera) at the Scientific Institute of Rabat, Morocco. Khalaf,www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=10159832145249831&set=a.127745184830Facebook.Prof.Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassam(23.06.2022).Ahistoricalphoto of the King of Syria and the King of Iraq H.M. Faisal I Bin Al Hussein Bin Ali Al Hashemi at the Royal Palace in Baghdad with his Iraqi pet Leopard in 1925. theKhalaf,830https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10159861152394831&set=a.127745184Facebook.Prof.Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassam(06.07.2022).WaitformynextarticleonBarbaryLeopard(
Panthera pardus panthera) in North Africa. Facebook. Khalaf,https://www.facebook.com/dr.norman.ali.khalaf/Prof.Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassam( 11.07.2022). The Javan Leopard (Panthera pardus melas) is a subspecies of leopard native to Java Island, Indonesia. Khalaf,www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10159890833139831&set=a.127745184830Facebook.Prof.Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassam( 12.07.2022). The Indian Leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) of Jaipur, Jhalana, Rajasthan. Khalaf,www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10159891886954831&set=a.127745184830Facebook.Prof.Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassam( 12.08.2022). Russian President Vladimir Putin strokes a Persian (Caucasian) leopard during his visit to the Persian Leopard Breeding and Rehabilitation Centre at Sochi National Park, Russia, on 04 February 2014. Khalaf,www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=10159936495724831&set=a.127745184830Facebook.Prof.Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassam( 12.08.2022). A Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) sleeping behind green vegetation in its enclosure at the Biblical Zoo Jerusalem in Al Quds (Jerusalem) Al Malha, Palestine. Khalaf,www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=10159936646729831&set=a.127745184830Facebook.Prof.Dr.NormanAli(03.09.2022).
von
Khalaf Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Sharif Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad (July 2023). Der ausgestopfte Arabische Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr Hemprich und Ehrenberg, 1833) im Naturhistorisches Museum in Muscat, Sultanat Oman / The taxidermied Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833) at the Natural History Museum in Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178 6288). Volume 41, Number 223, July 2023, pp. 1 51. Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, Palestine National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. http://leopard panthera pardus.webs.com/arabischerleopard.htm & Museum_in_Muscat_Sultanat_Omananthera_pardus_https://www.academia.edu/78236926/Der_ausgestopfte_Arabische_Leopard_Pkhalaf/docs/arabian_leopard_in_muscat_museumhttps://issuu.com/dr-norman-ali-&nimr_Hemprich_und_Ehrenberg_1833_im_Naturhistorisches_&
book will be published in Autumn 2022 Inshallah .. www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=10159969034884831&set=a.127745184830Facebook.
Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 41 Number 227 November 2023
Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf von Jaffa with an Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) at the Arabia's Wildlife Centre in Sharjah. www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10158655293804831&set=pcb.1015865529386483111.09.2013.
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Persian Leopard Information Sign at the Kölner Zoo, Köln, Germany. Video Photo by Ola Khalaf. 25.09.2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jjePsXdsBfk
Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin 6288 2023 2023).TaherKhalafurhistorisches_Museum_in_Muscat_Sultanat_Omansche_Leopard_Panthera_pardus_nimr_Hemprich_und_Ehrenberg_1833_im_Nathttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/360318590_Der_ausgestopfte_ArabiPrinzSakerfalkevonJaffa,SharifProf.Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassamAliMohammadAhmadAhmadMostafaAbdallahMohammad(AugustRareRecordsofthePersianLeopard( Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) from Kurdistan, Northern Iraq, and a review of its distribution in Western Asia. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178 6288). Volume 41, Number 224, August 2023, pp. 1 79. Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, Palestine National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. http://leopardpanthera pardus 2.webs.com/ & https://issuu.com/dr norman ali khalaf/docs/persian_leopard_in_kurdistan_iraq ern_Iraq_and_a_review_of_its_distribution_in_Western_Asiarsian_Leopard_Panthera_pardus_saxicolor_Pocock_1927_from_Kurdistan_Northhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/360932055_Rare_Records_of_the_Pe_review_of_its_distribution_in_Western_AsiaPanthera_pardus_saxicolor_Pocock_1927_from_Kurdistan_Northern_Iraq_https://www.academia.edu/80193307/Rare_Records_of_the_Persian_Leopard_&and_a&
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Khalaf Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Sharif Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad (September 2023). The Atlas Leopard or Barbary Leopard (Panthera pardus panthera Schreber, 1777) from North Africa. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178 6288). Volume 41, Number 225, September 2023, pp. 1 81. Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media,
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Persian Leopards mating at the Jerusalem Biblical Zoo. Photo by SuperJew. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Persian_Leopards_mating.jpg27.09.2016.
Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 41 Number 227 November 2023
Palestine National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. https://leopard panthera pardus 2.webs.com/barbary leopard & https://issuu.com/dr norman khalaf/docs/barbary_leopard_from_north_africaali Leopard_Panthera_pardus_panthwww.researchgate.net/publication/361933050_The_Atlas_Leopard_or_Barbary_d_Panthera_pardus_panthera_Schreber_1777_from_North_Africahttps://www.academia.edu/83015777/The_Atlas_Leopard_or_Barbary_Leopar&&era_Schreber_1777_from_North_Africa
Khalaf Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Sharif Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad (October 2023). The Iraqi Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) of King Faisal I of Iraq. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178 6288). Volume 41, Number 226, October 2023, pp. 1 42. Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, Palestine National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. http://leopard panthera pardus 2.webs.com/ & https://issuu.com/dr norman ali khalaf/docs/leopard_of_king_faisal_of_iraq hera_pardus_saxicolhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/362680425_The_Iraqi_Leopard_Pant&or_Pocock_1927_of_King_Faisal_I_of_Iraq&
I. (2003). Habitat preferences by the endangered Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) in Armenia. Zoology in the Middle East 30: Khorozyan,25-36.
61 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 41 Number 227 November 2023 2023).TaherKhalafxicolor_Pocohttps://www.academia.edu/84639015/The_Iraqi_Leopard_Panthera_pardus_sack_1927_of_King_Faisal_I_of_IraqPrinzSakerfalkevonJaffa,SharifProf.Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassamAliMohammadAhmadAhmadMostafaAbdallahMohammad(NovemberThePersianLeopard( Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) at the Jerusalem Biblical Zoo, Al Malha, Al Quds (Jerusalem), Palestine, and a review of the status of Panthera pardus in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178 6288). Volume 41, Number 227, November 2023, pp. 1 69 Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, Palestine National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. https://issuu.com/dr-norman-aliKhorozyan,khalaf/docs/persian_leopard_in_biblical_zoo_jerusalemI.(1999).TheleopardinArmenia:whichsubspecies is it? Cat News 30: 22 Khorozyan,24.
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( ميركلا دبع ميهاربإ2001باتكلا داحتإ تاروشنم نم . )ليلدو ةسارد( ةينيطسلفلا ملاعملا ءامسأو ضرلأا ديوهت . ) ، قشمد . برعلا2001.
69 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 41 Number 227 November 2023
