The Iraqi Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) of King Faisal I of Iraq

0 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 41 Number 226 October 2023 ميحرلا نمحرلا الله مسب ISSN 0178-6288 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Norman_Khalaf-Prinz_Sakerfalke_Von_Jaffa/publicationshttps://palestine.academia.edu/NormanKhalafhttps://issuu.com/dr-norman-ali-khalaf/docs ============================= ءايحلأا ملعل ةينيطسلفلا ةرشنلا : لازغلا Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Gazelle : Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin ============================= Monthly Bulletin – Volume 41 – Number 226 – October 2023 Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine =============================

1 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 41 Number 226 October 2023 The Iraqi Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) of King Faisal I of Iraq By: Sharif Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad Khalaf Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa جلا بحاصل يقارعلا رمنلاةللاكلمقارعلالولأا لصيف فلخ رهاط يلع ماسب يلع )نامعن( نامرون .د .أ فيرشلا : ملقبيوافايلايرزيعلا A historical photo of the King of Syria and the King of Iraq H.M. Faisal I Bin Al Hussein Bin Ali Al Hashemi at the Royal Palace in Baghdad with his Iraqi pet Leopard in https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10159861152394831&set=a.1277451848301925.

Before 1990, when Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia, and Turkmenistan were the Soviet republics, the scientific names of the leopard used in these countries were Panthera pardus tulliana and Panthera pardus ciscaucasica, whereas the name Panthera pardus saxicolor had been traditionally used by the western specialists for the cats in Iran, Iraqi Kurdistan, and, partially, Afghanistan. There are currently a few hundred left in the world (Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023, October 2023).

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The Persian or Iraqi leopard is one of the leopard subspecies native to western Asia. It is endangered throughout its range in the Middle East (Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023, October 2023).

Range and Population: The Persian leopard's current range extends over the Middle East and its total number does not exceed 1,300 individuals. Most of the cats are found in Iran (550 850 animals) and especially in its northwestern portion adjoining southern Armenia and Azerbaijan (160 275; Kiabi et al. 2002). The number in Afghanistan is unknown, but should be at least several hundred (Habibi, 2004); however, today's rampant leopard fur trade on the Kabul market and over harvest during and after the long term civil unrest pose the greatest threat to survival of this predator in the country (Mishra and Fitzherbert, 2004).

The Persian leopard is said to be the largest of all the subspecies of leopards in the world. It can grow to up to 1.5 to 2.7 feet (45 to 82 cm) tall at the shoulder, and weigh as much as 155 lbs (70 kg) (Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023, October 2023).

In northeastern Iraq contiguous to western Iran and southeastern Turkey and elsewhere in the country, the leopard was considered rare as early as the late 1950s (Hatt, 1959). Khorozyan, Malkhasyan and Asmaryan (2005) believed that the leopard was not existing in this war torn country anymore. But Iraqi Leopards were first recorded in recent times with camera traps in the mountainous terrain in Iraqi Kurdistan in 2011 (Raza, Ahmad, Hassan, Ararat, Qadir & Ali, 2012; Khalaf, August 2023, October 2023). Leopards were recorded with trail cameras in only few occasions since then. It is thought that only 20 25 animals are roaming the Iraqi Kurdistan Mountains (Khalaf, August 2023, October 2023). The southern edge of Turkmenistan holds 78 to 90 leopards (Lukarevsky, 2001).

The most recent and highly mysterious case of killing an old male leopard in southern Kazakhstan (Shakula, 2004) raises an important question about the cat's status in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan from where the animal could have come, but

The Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) / يسرافلا رمنلا

since the late 1970s virtually nothing is known about the leopard in either of these countries (Lukarevsky, 2001; Khorozyan, Malkhasyan and Asmaryan, 2005; Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023, October

Pakistan's2023).North

Persian Leopards in Iraq Persian Leopards (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) were first recorded in recent times with camera traps in the mountainous terrain in Iraqi Kurdistan in 2011 (Raza, Ahmad, Hassan, Ararat, Qadir & Ali, 2012; Khalaf, August 2023, October 2023).

West Frontier Province also holds the Persian leopard population, but of unknown size (Zulfiqar, 2001). Armenia and Azerbaijan together are unlikely to harbor more than 30 cats, of which a maximum of 10 to 20 may live in southern and southwestern Armenia (Khorozyan, 2003) and the others roam over Azerbaijan's Naxcivan Republic and in the Talis Mountains (Askerov, 2002). Some transient individuals can penetrate to Georgia; recently, a good looking young male was captured by photo traps in Vashlovani Reserve in the extreme southeast of the country (Butkhuzi, 2004). The presence of the leopard in European Russia's North Caucasus Mountains is questionable (Semenov, 2002), but a sort of evidence was recently reported for the triangle between the republics of Daghestan and Ingushetiya, southeastern Georgia, and northwestern Azerbaijan (Anonymous, 2004). It is unknown whether the leopard from northeastern Turkey close to Georgia belongs to the Persian subspecies (Baskaya and Bilgili, 2004), but it should be separated from the Caucasus because there are no records from adjoining parts of southwestern Georgia and western Armenia (Khorozyan, Malkhasyan and Asmaryan, 2005; Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023, October 2023).

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The wildlife conservationist Hana Raza and her team of Nature Iraq Organization rediscovered the once thought extinct Persian Leopard in the mountains of Kurdistan in 2011 (Khalaf, August 2023, October 2023). The Persian Leopard was recorded with trail cameras in only few occasions since then. It is thought that only 20 25 animals are roaming the Iraqi Kurdistan Mountains (Khalaf, August 2023, October 2023).

Range and Habitat: It thrives in Iran, Iraqi Kurdistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and northwestern Afghanistan. Habitat varies from mountain steppe to grasslands, or anywhere having a reasonable amount of cover and a supply of prey. Unconfirmed reports of big cats in the far southeast of Turkey might also pertain to these animals (Wikipedia; Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023, October 2023).

Abdulraheem (2019) wrote on his Facebook page: “The Persian Leopard is one of the rarest wild mammals in Iraq and is listed on the IUCN Red List and listed in the CITES Appendix for Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna. There are only 1,300 leopards left worldwide, despite the extent of its distribution. It is widely distributed in Asia, where it lives in Iran, Turkey, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and parts of Russia” (Khalaf, August 2023, October 2023).

Very recently, a male Persian leopard trapped on 30th December 2021 in Zreza Village, Iraqi Kurdistan, had its hind leg amputated following a trap inflicted wound, and was then transferred to Duhok Zoo for treatment (Raza, 30.12.2021; Leopard Conservation in Kurdistan, Iraq, 30.12.2021; Khalaf, August 2023, October Another2023).male Persian Leopard was video recorded roaming the Al Sulaymaniyah Mountains, Kurdistan in Northern Iraq on 24th April 2022. The researcher Soran Ahmed from the University of Sulaymaniyah used a Trail Camera to video record the occurrence of this rare subspecies in Northern Iraq (Iraqi Green Climate Org, 24.04.2022; Khalaf, August 2023, October 2023).

An Iraqi Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) on Mount Sir Amadiya (Amedi), which overlooks the town of Amadiya (Amedi), Iraqi Kurdistan, which is visible in front of the leopard. Source: Leopard Conservation in Kurdistan, Iraq. Facebook page. https://www.facebook.com/KurdistanLeopardconservation/photos/162150346127813428.02.2018.

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Abdulraheem (2019) writes: “The activities of the ‘Nature Iraq Organization’ was fruitful and have resulted in the rehabilitation of the border habitats for the Persian Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) by establishing the Peace Reserve on both sides the Iranian and the Iraqi Kurdistan region, where the wildlife trail cameras in the Darbandikhan and Qara Dagh regions, revealed the presence of Persian Leopards (Panthera pardus saxicolor), and some other animals such as Indian Wolves (Canis lupus pallipes), Syrian Brown Bears (Ursus arctos syriacus), Caucasian Lynx (Lynx lynx dinniki), Syrian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena syriaca), Caspian Wild Boar (Sus scrofa attila), Syrian Beech Marten (Martes foina syriaca), Transcaucasian Least Weasel (Mustela nivalis boccamela) and Persian Jackals (Canis aureus aureus)” (Abdulraheem, 2019; Al Sheikhly, Haba, Barbanera, Csorba & Harrison, July 2015; Khalaf, August 2023, October 2023).

The aim of the above publication is to point out to everyone the importance of preserving rare animal species in Iraq, which is everyone’s task (Bader Abdulraheem, 2019; Khalaf, August 2023, October 2023).

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Abdulraheem (2019) continues: “The Persian Leopard faces complex problems such as: Sniping and illegal hunting of the Persian Leopard and its prey such as the Persian Fallow Deer, Bezoar Ibex and Wild Boars; the deliberate poisoning by some residents; the explosion of war and border mines on some leopards; forest destruction which reduces its habitat area; and urban expansion. Open interconnection areas is important for leopards in their different habitats to improve their gene pool” (Khalaf, August 2023, October 2023).

Abdulraheem (2019) continues: “The leopard’s natural habitat in Iraq is within the remote natural forests far from human habitation, and it was spreading in the past in most of the mountains of Kurdistan, in the mountain range of Karah, Matina, Barwari, Rican, Barzan, Doskan, Aqra, Zebar, Hasaroust, Shaqlawah, Rawanduz, Qalaat Dzah, Berh Makrun, Qara Dagh; but a recent study by the ‘Nature Iraq Organization’ confirmed its distribution in the eastern border areas of the Kurdistan region with Iran from Qadaa Sidekan to Qara Dagh” (Khalaf, August 2023, October 2023).

Abdulraheem (2019) continues: “The Persian Leopard limits the number increase of wild boars, which cause severe damage to crops and plantations, as well as the numbers of the mountainous Bezoar Ibex (Capra aegagrus aegagrus). For example, in the Barzan region, there are six Persian Leopards, eight Syrian Brown Bears and large numbers of the Bezoar Ibex, and this is due to the nature of the people of the region who preserve the environment Little information is known about the life of the Persian Leopard in Iraq, because it is a solitary animal, adapted to its environment and camouflaged by nature, so it is difficult to monitor it” (Khalaf, August 2023, October 2023).

6 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 41 Number 226 October 2023 A male Persian Leopard in Iraqi Kurdistan. Source: Leopard Conservation in Kurdistan, Iraq. Facebook Page. https://www.facebook.com/KurdistanL03.07.2016.eopardconservation/photos/996987307063089 رمنلايسرافلاقارعلا يف ( ميحرلا دبع ردب ذاتسلأا بتك2019يسرافلا رمنلاربتعي" : كوبسيفلا ىلع هتحفص ىلع )ردنأ دحأ قارعلا يف ةيربلا تاييدثلا،وهومءارمحلا ةمئاقلا ىلع جردIUCNمومب جردستياسلا قحل لإلةايحلاب راجتملاو ةيربلاضارقنلاا رطخب ةدده،ُهنم ىقبتي مل ذإريغ1300هلك ملاعلا يف رمن، ب لمشيو ايسآ ةراق يف عساولا هراشتنإ قاطن مغرناريإ نادلايكرت ،قارعلا ،ناتسناغفأ ،ناتسكاب ، ناتسنامكرت ،اينيمرأ ،ناجيبرذأ ،ايجروج ،،ايسور نم ءازجأو. قاطن لمشيرشبلا نكس نع ةديعبلا ةيئانلا ةيعيبطلا تاباغلا نمض قارعلا يف هدوجورشتني ناكو ، ناتسدروك لابج مظعم يفهراك لابج ةلسلس يف ،انيتم ،يراورب ،ناكير ،نازراب ،ناكسود ،، ةرقعرابيز ،تسوراصح ،ولاقش ،ةزودنوار ،ةعلق ،زد)زدلق( ةريب ،ةنوركمغاد هرق ،؛نكل ةساردةثيدحلقارعلا ةعيبط ةمظنمميلقلإ ةيقرشلا ةيدودحلا قطانملا يف هراشتنإ قاطن تدكأ ناتسدروكديس ءاضق نم ادادتمإ ناريإ عمهغاد هرق ىلإ ناك. يسرافلا دهفلل دودحلل ةرباعلا )نطاوملا( لئاوملا ليهأت يف قارعلا ةعيبط ةمظنم تاطاشن ترمثأ دقو،ك ميلقإو يناريلإا نيبناجلا ىلع ملاسلا ةيمحم ءاشنإبناتسدرو،ريوصتلا اريماك خاخف تفشك ثيح بائذلاك ىرخلأا تاناويحلا ضعبو ةقطنملا يف رومنلا ليجست نع غاد هرقو ناخدنبرد يتقطنم يف، ةببدلاقشولا ،عبضلا ،ريزنخلا ،يربلاسرع نبإ ،،ىوآ نبإو.. ت يتلا ةيربلا ريزانخلا رثاكت نم يسرافلا رمنلا دحيوحداف ارارضأ ببسةتاعورزملاو ليصاحملاب، يلبجلا زعاملاب كلذكو؛يف دجوي لاثملا ليبس ىلعفةيسراف رومن ةتس نازراب ةقطنم،ةينامثوةببُد ،ولا نم ةريبك ادادعألعويلبجلا،ملا ةقطنملا لهأ ةعيبط ىلإ دوعي اذهوةئيبلا ىلع نيظفاح.

‘Iraq: Saving the Persian Leopard’ is a report done by Jürgen Schneider from DW News, and published on YouTube (15.08.2019). The video shows the efforts done by Hana Raza, Biologist, Leopard Protection Campaigner and member of Nature Iraq Organizaton, and her team, to monitor the Persian Leopard by using camera traps in the Qara Dagh Mountain Range, Iraqi Kurdistan. The first photographic record of the Persian Leopard in Iraq using trail cameras dates back to 2011 (Raza, Ahmad, Hassan, Ararat, Qadir & Ali, 2012). The endangered animal was recorded with trail cameras in only few occasions since then. Three adult leopards are roaming in Qara Dagh Mountains (Raza, 2019). Persian leopard preferred habitat in Iraq is oak forest and rocky mountainous areas. 2300 hectares of protected Mountainous terrain in Qara Dagh will be designated as a New Nature Reserve to protect the Persian Leopard and its habitat. The Isolation of the mountains in the Kurdistan Region is the best protection for Iraq’s leopards. Only if the area is left untouched the leopards have the chance to continue living there (Raza, 2019; Khalaf, August 2023, October 2023).

Al-Sheikhly, Haba, Barbanera, Csorba & Harrison (July 2015) mention in their paper ‘Checklist of the Mammals of Iraq (Chordata: Mammalia)’ that the Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) is rare, restricted to the forested mountains of extreme northern Iraq. Recorded from: near Rawa (Musil, 1927); Aqra and Rowanduz (Pocock, 1930); Jabal Bradost (Felid, 1955); Harir Dagh (Hatt, 1959); Bamur (Harrison , 1968); Murdka of Darbandikhan, Mandili, and QaraDag (Al Sheikhly, 2012); QaraDag (Raza, Ahmad, Hassan, Ararat, Qadir & Ali, 2012; Khalaf, August 2023, October 2023). I would like here to mention few Iraqi records which were mentioned in Facebook comments: One leopard was killed in Mandali area, Diyala Governorate, near the Iranian border, before few years, and the killing is one of the main threats facing this endangered species (Mraieb, December 2019). Another comment mentions its presence in the border areas with Iran in the Diyala Governorate (Al Anezi, April 2022).

7 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 41 Number 226 October 2023 امأيصافتايح ليسرافلا رمنلا ةامفتلازببسب اديج ةفورعم ريغحشرداصملا، هنع ةيملعلاارظن مو يلازعنإ ناويح هنلأفيكتيفهتئيبموف اهتعيبطب اهومكلذلهتبقارم بعصت لكاشم يسرافلا رمنلا هجاويةدقعملثم: ريزانخلاو زعاملاو نلازغلا نم هدئارطلو هل ينوناق ريغلا ديصلاو صنقلاةيربلاملا ممستلا ،نم دمعت ناكسلا ضعب لبقحلاو بورحلا ماغلأ راجفنإ ،اهلتقو رومنلا ضعب ىلع دودتاباغلا ىلع ءادتعلإا ، اهتعقر صلقتو،يرضحلا عسوتلاو؛رومنلا نيب لصاوتلا ةرورضوةيثارولا اهتانيج رسحنت لا يك. نم فدهلااذهروشنملاوهن نأملا ةيمهأب لكلل نيبعاونلأا ىلع ةظفاحةيناويحلاقارعلا يف ةردانلا؛ .)2023 ربوتكأ ، 2023 سطسغأ ، فلخ ؛ 2019 ، ميحرلا دبع ردب( " عيمجلا ةمهم يهو

A further comment mentioning that leopard numbers are increasing in Bemo Mountain near the Iranian border, Khoshak Mountain north of Khanaqin, and Qara Dagh Mountains (Amin, April 2022). Another comment mentioning the very rare presence in Hamrin Mountains, and leopards can be seen in the area between Kani Sakht and the mountain area with Iran (Malikshahi, April 2022).

A further comment mentions that felaheen (peasants) saw a female leopard with her young in Babel (Babylon) Farms (Albayati, April 2022; Khalaf, August 2023, October 2023).

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A Leopard (Panthera pardus) Postal Stamp from the Republic of Iraq. 3 Fils. Year https://www.ebay.com/itm/304426372988?hash=item46e139cf7c:g:a0kAAOSw1bNiSgky1969.

Subspecies: There is much debate on how many leopard subspecies exist in the Middle East. Before 1990, when Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia, and Turkmenistan were the Soviet republics, the scientific names of the leopard used in these countries were Panthera pardus tulliana Valenciennes, 1856, and Panthera pardus ciscaucasica Satunin, 1914, whereas the name Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927, had been traditionally used by the western specialists for the cats in Iran, Iraqi Kurdistan, and, partially, Afghanistan. Current international regulations consider both P. p. ciscaucasica (Caucasus leopard) and P. p. saxicolor (Persian

As Anatolian leopards (P. p. tulliana) are now considered to be conspecific with Persian leopards (P. p. saxicolor), and the Anatolian leopard historically lived in Turkey and Syria, it was the pardalis or pardos of the ancient Greeks, the panthera of the Roman statesman Marcus Tullius Cicero, and the leopard mentioned in the story of Queen Zenobia of Palmyra (Syria) in ‘The Monk's Tale’ by Geoffrey Chaucer (El Yousseph, 29.01.2018; Khalaf, August 2023, October Historically,2023). the Caucasus was inhabited by three big cats: The Asiatic or Persian lion (Panthera leo persica), the Caspian tiger (Panthera tigris virgata), and the Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor). Moreover, until 15 A.D. the Armenian princes imported the Asiatic cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus), tamed them, and used in high rank hunts (Nowell and Jackson, 1996). The lion disappeared here in about 10 A.D. (Nowell and Jackson 1996), and the last tiger was shot in 1932 near Prishib village in Talis, Azerbaijan (Gadjiev, 2000). The principal reasons of their disappearance were extermination of predators and their prey and habitat destruction. Later, this tiger subspecies had vanished forever and the Asiatic lion is confined now to a single population in west India. The leopard has outlived them all, but can be wiped out if the authorities at all levels do not express more political will and support (Khorozyan, Malkhasyan and Asmaryan, 2005; Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023, October 2023).

Biology: The Persian leopard has a gestation period of 3 4 months. Females reach sexual maturity at about two and a half years of age. The offspring usually consists of 3 cubs (Wikipedia; Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023, October 2023).

9 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 41 Number 226 October 2023 leopard) as synonyms and use only one, P. p. saxicolor (IUCN, 2004) because these races are identical morphologically (Khorozyan, 1999), and should be so genetically (Miththapala et al. 1996), and because the leopards occasionally move between Iran and Armenia. The name P. p. tulliana (Anatolian leopard) applies to the leopard in southwestern Turkey (Khorozyan, Malkhasyan and Asmaryan, 2005; Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023, October 2023).

Food and Hunting: A leopard's diet varies depending on where it thrives. The Persian leopard's diet varies from small mammals and birds, to larger animals such as, deer, antelope, Bezoar ibex, and occasionally wild boar. The animal silently stalks its prey, and then strikes out of nowhere, ending with a bite to the throat (Wikipedia; Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023, October 2023).

A male Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) from Al Sulaymaniyah Mountains, Kurdistan, Northern Iraq. Trail Camera Video Photo by Soran Ahmed. https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10159761810214831&set=pcb.1015976180525483124.04.2022. and Internet Websites Abdulraheem, Bader (15.12.2019). Persian Leopard (In Arabic). Facebook. Alhttps://www.facebook.com/bader.kwair/posts/2707666839256053Anezi,AbdulKareem(April2022).Facebookcomment:Leopard presence in the border areas with Iran in the Dyala Governorate. Iraqi Green Climate Org. Facebook Albayati,https://www.facebook.com/IraqiWildlifeCenter/videos/2534906906644404page.Hamid(April2022).Facebookcomment:Felaheen(peasants)saw a female leopard with her young in Babel (Babylon) Farms. Iraqi Green Climate Org. Facebook Allousehttps://www.facebook.com/IraqiWildlifeCenter/videos/2534906906644404page.,B(1954)ABibliographyontheVertebrateFaunaofIraq and

References

10 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 41 Number 226 October 2023 Threats: This species is listed as endangered and commercial trade of this species is prohibited by international law. The Persian leopard has been threatened due to persecution, habitat loss, and poaching. It is also one of the animals in western Asia which is suffering from warfare in its mountain range (Wikipedia; Khalaf von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023, October 2023).

11 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 41 Number 226 October 2023 Neighboring Countries. I. Mammals. Bulletin of the Natural History Research Centre University of Baghdad 4: 1 34.

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(2012). The hunting of the endangered mammals in Iraq. Wildlife of the Middle East 6(2&3): 10. Al

Harrison (July 2015). Checklist of the Mammals of Iraq (Chordata: Mammalia). Bonn Zoological Bulletin 64(1): 33-58. https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Bonner Zoologische Beitraege_64_0033 0058.pdf Amin, Salam Shukr (2022). Facebook comment: Leopard numbers are increasing in Bemo Mountain, Khoshak Mountain north of Khanaqin, and Qara Dagh Mountains. Iraqi Green Climate Org. Facebook Askerov,northernhttps://english.aawsat.com/hAsharqAnonymous.leopards.Anonymous.NatureAmrbyAmiri,https://www.facebook.com/IraqiWildlifeCenter/videos/2534906906644404page.Fathollah(2011).InSearchforthePersianLeopard.OfficialTrailer.FilmFathollahAmiri.WildlifePictures.Vimeo.https://vimeo.com/110438253,Z(2009)NatureIraqSpecieschecklistMammalsofIraq.SulaiamaniIraq:Iraq.PublicationNo.NI0209002.(2003).CITESconferencedecisionsonAsianbigcatsandAfricanCatNews38:4243.(2004).TheleopardexistsintheNorthCaucasus!(Nov.9,2004).Al-Awsat(01January2022).RareLeopardCapturedinNorthernIraq.ome/article/3389336/rareleopardcapturediraqE.K.(2002).Newdataontheleopard( Panthera pardus L.) in Azerbaijan and the measures of its conservation. Bilgi 3: 69 72. Avgan, B., Raza, H., Barzani, M. & Breitenmoser, U. (2016) Do recent leopard Panthera pardus records from northern Iraq and south eastern Turkey reveal an unknown population nucleus in the region?, Zoology in the Middle East, 62:2, 95 104, 10.1080/09397140.2016.1173904DOI: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080 Baskaya,/09397140.2016.1173904S.andE.Bilgili. (2004). Does the leopard Panthera pardus still exist in the Eastern Karadeniz Mountains of Turkey? Oryx 38: 228 232. Butkhuzi, L. (2004). Breaking news leopard in Georgia. Caucasus Environment 2: 49 51. BBC (04.02.2014). Russia President Putin encounters Sochi leopard cubs. https://www.bbc.com/news/world europe 26038480 Cardillo,

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Corkill, N. L. (1929). On the Occurrences of the Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) in Iraq. The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 33: 700–702. Corkill, N. L. (1930). The Caracal in Iraq. The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 34: 232 233 Ellerman, J. R., Morrison Scott, T. C. S. (1951). Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian Mammals; 1758 to 1946. The British Museum (N. H.), London.

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“Plinga Batifa” the captured male Persian Leopard from Zreza Village, Kurdistan. Source: Leopard Conservation in Kurdistan, Iraq. Facebook page. 30.12.2021. 4809/4694513390643777/https://www.facebook.com/KurdistanLeopardconservation/photos/pcb.469453640397

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Iranica. Mammals ii. Species List: Mammals of Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mammals-02-speciesFelid,list H. (1955). Animals of Jabal Baradost, Iraq. American Documentation Institute 4427: 60 62. Gadjiev, D.V. (2000). Carnivores. In: Animal World of Azerbaijan (T. Kerimli, ed.), pp. 552-588. Baku, Elm. Gasparyan, K.M. and R.S. Agadjanyan (1974). The Panther in Armenia. Biological Journal of Armenia 27: 84 87. Haba, M K (2013) Documentation of some mammals in Iraqi Kurdistan region. Journal of University of Zakho 1(2): 145 151. Haba, M. K. (2013). Documentation of some mammals in Iraqi Kurdistan region. Journal of University of Zakho 1(2): 145–151. Habibi, K. (2004). Mammals of Afghanistan. Report, Kabul. Harrison, D. L. (1956). Mammals from Kurdistan, Iraq, with description of a new bat. Journal of Mammalogy 37: 257 263. Harrison, D. L. (1959). Footsteps in the Sand. Benn. London, Publication 254 pp. Harrison, David L. (1968). The Mammals of Arabia. Volume 2. Carnivora, Artiodactyla, Hyracoidea. Ernest Benn Ltd., London. xiv + 193-381 pp. Harrison, David L. (1981). Mammals of the Arabian Gulf. George Allen & Unwin, London, pps. 92. Harrison, David L. and Bates, P. J. (1991). The Mammals of Arabia. second edition. Harrison Zoological Museum, Sevenoaks, Kent. xvi+ 354. Hatt, R.T. (1959). The Mammals of Iraq. Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 106: 1-113. Henschel, P., Hunter, L., Breitenmoser, U., Purchase, N., Packer, C., Khorozyan, I., Bauer, H., Marker, L., Sogbohossou, E. & Breitenmoser Wursten, C. (2008). Panthera pardus International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources 2010. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Red list of threatened species. Version 2010.3. www.iucnredlist.org, accessed 6 September 2010 (13) (PDF). Panthera pardus (Carnivora: Felidae). Available IranianVerlag,Heptner,vora_Felidaehttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/269789438_Panthera_pardus_Carnifrom:V.G.andN.R.Naumov,(1974).DieSäugetierederSowjetunion.VEBBerlin.leopard

El Yousseph, Adam (29.01.2018). Ancient Anatolian Leopard. Facebook Encyclopaediacomment.

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Panthera pardus saxicolor. Iraqihttp://www.lpzoo.org/animals/factsheet.php?contentID=184GreenClimateOrg(24.04.2022).Video:PersianLeopard roaming in Al Sulaymaniyah Mountains, Kurdistan in Northern Iraq. Facebook https://www.facebook.com/IraqiWildlifeCenter/videos/2534906906644404page.

14 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 41 Number 226 October 2023 IUCN (2004). The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Gland. IUCN (2017). The 2017 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Kadhimhttps://www.iucnredlist.org/,A.H.H.;Nadachowski, A., Rzebik-Kowalska, B. (1977) Review of present knowledge of Iraqi mammals. Bulletin of the Natural History Research Centre University of Baghdad 6: 1 31

Russian President Vladimir Putin strokes a Persian (Caucasian) leopard during his visit to the Persian Leopard Breeding and Rehabilitation Centre at Sochi National Park, Russia, Alexei Nikolsky / RIA NOVOSTI via Reuters https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/sochi side putin pets leopard sochi photo op n21766 https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=10159936495724831&set=a.127745184830&

olympics/softer

on 04 February 2014. Photo:

Khalaf, Norman Ali B. (1988). Activity Patterns and Reproductive Behaviour of Snow Leopards, Panthera uncia (Schreber, 1775) at Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Jersey Island. International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Panthera uncia. Volume 5, pp. 61 - 71. Editor: Leif Blomqvist, Helsinki Zoo, Finland.

Khalaf, Norman Ali B. (February 1987). The Sinai Leopard (Panthera pardus jarvisi) in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Federal Republic of Germany. Fifth Year. Number 12. February 1987. pp.1 9.

Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1985). Activity Patterns and Sexual Behaviour of Snow Leopards, Panthera uncia (Schreber, 1775), at Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Jersey Island. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. United Kingdom. Number 7. Third Year. September 1985. pp. 1 22.

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Khalaf, Norman (April 1983). Al-Numour Fi Falestin (Leopards in Palestine). AlKhalisah Bulletin. The National Palestinian Assemblage. Kuwait University, State of Kuwait. First Year. Number 3. April 1983. pp.18 19. (In Arabic).

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 41 Number 226 October 2023

Khalaf, Norman (1987). Al Numour Fi Falestin (The Leopards in Palestine). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. Fifth Year. Number 11, Jamadi Alaula 1407 AH, January 1987 AD. pp. 12 13. (in Arabic).

Khalaf, Norman Ali B. (1986). The Siberian Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) in Saarbrücken Zoo, Germany. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Federal Republic of Germany. Fourth Year. Number 10. December 1986. pp. 1 9.

Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1980). Tabie't Al Talawon fi Al Haywanat (The Colouration of Animals). Al Biology Bulletin. Number 1. January 1980, Safar 1401. Biological Society, Kuwait University, State of Kuwait. pp. 4 5. (In Arabic).

Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1989). Notes on the Caracal Lynx Caracal caracal. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 19, Seventh Year, December 1989. pp. 1 2 (In Khalaf,Arabic).Norman Ali Bassam (2001). Wild Cats in Palestine. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Homepage. / Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin Webseite. (ISSN 0178 6288). Khalaf,http://gazelle.8m.net/contact.htmlNormanAliBassam(2001). Leopards in Palestine. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Khalafhttp://gazelle.8m.net/whats_new.htmlHomepage.-vonJaffa,NormanAli(2004).Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 2004 / Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 2004. ISBN 3 00 014121 9. Erste Auflage, Juli 2004: 452 Seiten. Zweite erweiterte Auflage, August 2004:

Khalaf, Norman Ali B. (1987). The Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) in Saarbrücken Zoo, Germany. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Federal Republic of Germany. Fifth Year. Number 11. January 1987. pp. 1 10.

Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (Gründer) (seit Juni 2005). Raubkatzen. Der Treffpunkt für Raubkatzen freunde. Yahoo! Deutschland

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Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 41 Number 226 October 2023 460 Seiten. Norman Ali Khalaf, Bonn Bad Godesberg, Germany. http://dr norman ali khalaf books.webs.com/ & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/59405994/book gazelle the Khalafeuropepalestinian-biological-bulletin-a-scientific-journey-in-palestine-arabia-and-between19832004bynormanalikhalafvonjaffa2004vonJaffa,NormanAli(2004).ActivityPatternsandSexualBehaviour of Snow Leopards, Panthera uncia (Schreber, 1775), at Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Jersey Island. In: Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2004 / Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 2004. ISBN 3 00 014121 9. Erste Auflage, Juli 2004 Zweite erweiterte Auflage, August 2004 Self Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Bonn Bad Godesberg, Germany. pp. 8 29. Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2004). Babetta, the female leopard trapped in Ein Gedi. In: Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 2004 / Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 2004. ISBN 3 00 014121 9. Erste Auflage, Juli 2004. Zweite erweiterte Auflage, August 2004. Self Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Bonn Bad Godesberg, Germany. pp. 99. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2004). The Leopards of Palestine. In: Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 2004 / Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 2004. ISBN 3 00 014121 9. Erste Auflage, Juli 2004. Zweite erweiterte Auflage, August 2004. Self Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Bonn Bad Godesberg, Germany. pp. 100-101. Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2004). The Sinai Leopard (Panthera pardus jarvisi) in Palestine. In: Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 2004 / Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2004. ISBN 3 00 014121 9. Erste Auflage, Juli 2004. Zweite erweiterte Auflage, August 2004. Self-Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Bonn Bad Godesberg, Germany. pp. 103 111. Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali (May 2005). The Leopards of Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. United Arab Emirates. Number 41. Twenty Third Year. May 2005. pp. 1 9. http://leopard panthera pardus.webs.com/ Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). Der Arabische Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 42. Twenty Third Year. June 2005. pp. 1 8. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard panthera pardus.webs.com/arabischerleopard.htm

Wissenschaftliche

Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Arabian Carnivores in the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Sharjah Desert Park, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 48. December 2005. pp. 1-9. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic). Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Der Asiatische oder Persische Löwe (Panthera leo persica). Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 49, January 2006. pp. 1 5. Sharjah, United Arab Khalafwww.geocities.com/jaffacity/Asiatischer_Loewe.htmlEmirates.vonJaffa,NormanAli(2006).FelidaePalaestina: The Wild Cats of Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 52, April 2006. pp. 1 15. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://archive.is/I9par Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Der Asiatische oder Iranische Gepard (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 53, May 2006. pp. 1 7. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://archive.is/0NDhl Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Die Rohrkatze (Felis chaus). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 54, June 2006. pp. 1 8. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://archive.is/R9B7r Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Mammalia Palaestina: The Mammals of Palestine / Die Säugetiere Palästinas. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 55, Twenty-fourth Year, July 2006, Jumada AlThania 1427. pp. 1-46. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://archive.is/xmclD Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2006. ISBN 3 00 017294 7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006, 484 pp. Self Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://dr norman ali khalaf books.webs.com/mammaliaarabica.htm & eBook (Google KhalafJlIKW2/view?usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/file/d/1mjzf_I_b8wTX_BHd1RsuU4ykhDrive):vonJaffa,NormanAli(2006).Babetta,thefemaleleopardtrapped in Ein Gedi. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2006. ISBN 3 00 017294 7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Self Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 64. Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). The Leopards of Palestine. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2006. ISBN 3 00 017294 7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006 Self Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 65 66.

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 41 Number 226 October 2023 Groups. http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/Raubkatzen/

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18 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 41 Number 226 October 2023

Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). The Sinai Leopard (Panthera pardus jarvisi) in Palestine. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2006. ISBN 3-00-017294-7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006 Self Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 68 76.

Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The Asiatic or Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica) in Palestine. In: Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2006. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland und Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 147

KhalafUnitedPublisher:Europe1980Arabica.Khalaf/357https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Wild_Predat149.ors/conversations/topicsvonJaffa,NormanAli(2006).TheLeopardsofPalestine.In:MammaliaEineZoologischeReiseinPalästina,ArabienundEuropazwischen2006/MammaliaArabica.AZoologicalJourneyinPalestine,Arabiaandbetween19802006.ISBN3000172947.ErsteAuflage,Juli2006SelfNormanAliKhalaf,RilchingenHanweiler,Deutschland&Sharjah,ArabEmirates.pp.176184.vonJaffa,NormanAli(2006).ArabianLeopard( Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2006. ISBN 3 00 017294 7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006 Self Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 186 193. Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Felidae Palaestina: The Wild Cats of Palestine. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2006. ISBN 3 00 017294 7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Self Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 207 221. Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Mammalia Palaestina: The Mammals of Palestine / Die Säugetiere Palästinas. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2006. ISBN 3 00 017294 7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006 Self Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.

Panthera pardus nimr) in Sharjah. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2006. ISBN 3 00 017294 7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006 Self Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 184. Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Der Arabische Leopard, Panthera pardus nimr. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische

Desert Park, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 61, January 2007, Thu Al Hijja 1427 AH. pp. 1 14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in Arabic; References in English and oderKhalaf8%A7%D8%http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%DThe(Felidae).KhalafAA_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86D8%A7%D8%http://ar.wikEncyclopedia).FilistinKhalaf20Sharjah20Arabihttp://khalaf.homepage24.de/Behavioural%20Observations%20on%20the%German).an%20Leopard%20in%20the%20Arabia-s%20Wildlife%20Centre-%%20UAESakerfalkevonJaffa,NormanAliBassamAliTaher(2007).Haywanat(TheAnimalsofPalestine).Wikipedia,AlMawsu'aAlHurra(TheFreeGazelle:ThePalestinianBiologicalBulletin.2007.ipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%SakerfalkevonJaffa,NormanAliBassamAliTaher(2007).SanuriyatWikipedia,AlMawsu'aAlHurra(TheFreeEncyclopedia).Gazelle:PalestinianBiologicalBulletin.2007.(ArticleinArabic).AASakerfalkevonJaffa,NormanAliBassamAliTaher(2007).DerKarakalWüstenluchs( Caracal caracal, von Schreber 1776). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Nummer 67, Juli 2007, Jamada Al Akhera 1428 AH. Seiten 1 12. Sharjah, Vereinigte Arabische Emirate. (Article in German;

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Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 41 Number 226 October 2023 pp. 240 285. Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). The Leopards of Palestine. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2006. ISBN 3 00 017294 7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006 Self Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 470 469. Khalaf von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The Asiatic or Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica, Meyer 1826) in Palestine and the Arabian and Islamic Region. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 58, October 2006, Ramadan 1427 H. pp. 1 13. Sharjah, United Arab Khalafhttp://www.oocities.org/jaffacity/Asiatic_Lion.html.tmpEmirates.SakerfalkevonJaffa,NormanAliBassamAliTaher (2006). The Chinese Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) in Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany / Der Chinesische Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) im Neunkircher Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 60, December 2006. pp. 1 10. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard panthera Khalafpardus.webs.com/chineseleopard.htmSakerfalkevonJaffa,NormanAli

Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr, Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1833) in the Arabia's Wildlife Centre,

References in English, German and Khalafhttp://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Karakal.htmlArabic).SakerfalkevonJaffa,NormanAliBassam

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Ali Taher (2007). Um Rishat (Caracal or Desert Lynx). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. (Article in PatternsKhalafashwooddissertationhttps://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/59397999/doctoratebooks.webs.com/felidaearabica.htmZoologyDoctoralDeutschland2007,zwischen20Arabica.KhalafD8%A7%D8%AAhttp://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4%Arabic).-SakerfalkevonJaffa,NormanAliBassamAliTaher(2007).FelidaeAZoologicalJourneyinPalestine,ArabiaandEuropebetween198007/FelidaeArabica.EineZoologischeReiseinPalästina,ArabienundEuropa19802007.ISBN9783000195686.ErsteAuflage(FirstEdition),Juli300pp.SelfPublisher:Dr.NormanAliKhalaf,RilchingenHanweiler,&Sharjah,UnitedArabEmirates.(InArabic,GermanandEnglish).Dissertation.AshwoodUniversity,USA.DoctorofScienceDegreein(SummaCummLaude)on26.09.2007.http://drnormanalikhalaf&DoctoralDissertationeBook:felidaearabicabynormanalibassamkhalafdoctorofscienceuniversityusa2007-SakerfalkevonJaffa,NormanAliBassamAliTaher(2007).ActivityandSexual/(Reproductive)BehaviourofSnowLeopards, Panthera uncia (Schreber, 1775), at Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Jersey Island. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2007. ISBN 978 3 00 019568 6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 11 45. Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Babetta, the female leopard trapped in Ein Gedi. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6.

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Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Leopards in Palestine (In Arabic). In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 69 70. Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Sinai Leopard (Panthera pardus jarvisi) in Palestine. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological

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Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) in Sharjah. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2007. ISBN 978 3 00 019568 6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 90. Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Der Arabische Leopard, Panthera pardus nimr. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978 3 00 019568 6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 92 99.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Chinese Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) in Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany / Der Chinesische Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) im Neunkircher Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 165 174. Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Nimer Arabi (The Arabian Leopard). Arab Wikipedia. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological

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Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Felidae Palaestina: The Wild Cats of Palestine. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2007. ISBN 978 3 00 019568 6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 107 121.

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Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr, Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1833) in the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Desert Park, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2007.

Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Arabian Carnivores in the Arabia’s Wildlife Centre, Sharjah Desert Park, United Arab Emirates. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 284 Khalaf276.

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ISBN 978 3 00 019568 6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 228 229

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Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Sanuriyat (Family Felidae). Arab Wikipedia. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007.

ISBN 978 3 00 019568 6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 235 232.

ISBN 978 3 00 019568 6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 274Khalaf261.

Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Leopards in Palestine (In Arabic). In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 2007. ISBN 978 3 00 019568 6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 290 289.

ISBN 978 3 00 019568 6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 230.

23 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 41 Number 226 October 2023 Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008a). The Story of Sabrina, the Gaza Zoo Lioness. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 73, January 2008. pp. 1 20. Sharjah, United Arab ZanzibarKhalaf20Sabrina,%Arabichttp://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Gaza_Lioness_Sabrina.htmlEnglish).Sharjah,Edition.HadiqetNoraKhalaf%20Zoo%20Lionesshttp://khalaf.homepage24.de/The%20Story%20of%20Sabrina,%20the%20GazaArabic).TheHadiqetNoraKhalaf86https://de.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Raubkatzen/conversations/toEmirates.pics/SakerfalkevonJaffa,Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassamAliTaher(Text)andNormanAliBassamKhalaf(Drawings)(2008b).QissetAlLabu'aSabrinafiHaywanatGhaza(TheStoryofSabrina,theGazaZooLioness).Gazelle:PalestinianBiologicalBulletin.Sharjah,UnitedArabEmirates.(StoryinSakerfalkevonJaffa,Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassamAliTaher(Text)andNormanAliBassamKhalaf(Drawings)(2008c).QissetAlLabu'aSabrinafiHaywanatGhaza/TheStoryofSabrina,theGazaZooLioness.FirstDr.NormanAliKhalafvonJaffa,RilchingenHanweiler,Germany&UnitedArabEmirates.(PublicationinSummer2008,inArabicandISBN9789948036036.EnglisharticleWebsite:&StoryWebsite:http://khalaf.homepage24.de/The%20Story%20of%20the%20Gaza%20Zoo%20Lioness-SakerfalkevonJaffa,Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassamAliTaher(2008d).TheLeopard( Panthera pardus adersi, Pocock 1932). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 74, February 2008. pp. 1 13. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard panthera pardus.webs.com/zanzibarleopard.htm

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008h). Nimer Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka leopard). Wikipedia, Al Mawsu'a Al Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 76, April 2008. Page 18. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%Arabic).B1_%D8%B3%D8%B1%

Panthera pardus kotiya, Deraniyagala 1956). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 76, April 2008. pp. 1 17. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard panthera pardus.webs.com/srilankaleopard.htm

Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008e). Nimer Zanjibar (Zanzibar Leopard). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al- Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 74, February 2008. Page 14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in SriKhalafBulletin.LeopardKhalaf8%AC%http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%86%DArabic).D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1SakerfalkevonJaffa,Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassamAliTaher(2008f).StampsfromZanzibarandTanzania.Gazelle:ThePalestinianBiologicalNumber75,March2008.pp.14.Sharjah,UnitedArabEmirates.SakerfalkevonJaffa,Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassamAliTaher(2008g).TheLankaleopard(

24 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 41 Number 226 October 2023 KhalafD9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7SakerfalkevonJaffa,Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassam Ali Taher (May 2008i). The Persian or Iranian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor, Pocock 1927). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 77, May 2008. pp. 1 15. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard panthera pardus.webs.com/persianleopard.htm Khalafhttp://www.oocities.org/jaffacity/Persian_Leopard.html.tmp&SakerfalkevonJaffa,Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassamAliTaher (2008j). Royal White Tigers (Panthera tigris, Linnaeus 1758) at Zoo d'Amnéville (Amneville Zoo), Amneville, Lorraine, France. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 78, June 2008. Pp. 1 26. Sharjah, United Arab ArabianKhalafGermany.Sharjah,SeptemberReiseArabiaLeopardsKhalafarabicahttps://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/59551346/bookbooks.webs.com/carnivoraarabica.htm9948ArabRamadanArabienbetweenCarnivoraKhalafnormanEcologistKhalafD8%B1%http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%A7%Emirates.Encyclopedia).FarisiKhalafhttps://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/WildCats_/conversations/topics/907Emirates.SakerfalkevonJaffa,Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassamAliTaher(2008k).Nimer(Persianleopard).Wikipedia,AlMawsu'aAlHurra(TheFreeGazelle:ThePalestinianBiologicalBulletin.Sharjah,UnitedArab(inArabic).D8%B3%D9%8ASakerfalkevonJaffa,Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassamAliTaher.Zoologist,andGeologist:TheScientificReferences(19802008l).http://dr-ali-khalaf-references.webs.com/-SakerfalkevonJaffa,Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassamAliTaher(2008m).Arabica.AZoologicalJourneyinPalestine,ArabiaandEurope20052008./CarnivoraArabica.EineZoologischeReiseinPalästina,undEuropazwischen20052008.FirstEdition,September2008,1429AH.396pps.Publisher:Dr.NormanAliKhalaf,Sharjah,UnitedEmirates&Rilchingen-Hanweiler,FederalRepublicofGermany.ISBN978-034599.(InArabic,EnglishandGerman).http://drnormanalikhalaf&eBook:carnivorabydrnormanalibassamkhalafvonjaffa2008SakerfalkevonJaffa,Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassamAliTaher(2008n).TheofPalestine.In:CarnivoraArabica.AZoologicalJourneyinPalestine,andEuropebetween20052008./CarnivoraArabica.EineZoologischeinPalästina,ArabienundEuropazwischen20052008.FirstEdition,2008,Ramadan1429AH.SelfPublisher:Dr.NormanAliKhalaf,UnitedArabEmirates&RilchingenHanweiler,FederalRepublicofISBN9789948034599.pp.1422.-SakerfalkevonJaffa,Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassamAliTaher(2008o).Leopard( Panthera pardus nimr) in Sharjah. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005 2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005 2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self

Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008q). Felidae Palaestina: The Wild Cats of Palestine. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005 2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005 2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self

In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005 2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978 9948 03 459 9. pp. 97 106.

Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 177-189. Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008t). Nimer Zanjibar (Zanzibar Leopard). Wikipedia, Al Mawsu'a Al Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia) (In Arabic). In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005 2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005 2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978 9948 03 459 9. pp. 190 Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008u). Leopard Stamps from Zanzibar and Tanzania. In: Carnivora Arabica. A

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Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008p). Der Arabische Leopard, Panthera pardus nimr. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005 2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005 2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 24-31.

Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978 9948 03 459 9. pp. 22.

Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978 9948 03 459 9. pp. 39 53.

Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008r). The Chinese Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) in Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany / Der Chinesische Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) im Neunkircher Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008s). The Zanzibar Leopard (Panthera pardus adersi, Pocock 1932). In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005 2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005 2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008x). The Persian or Iranian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor, Pocock 1927). In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005 2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005 2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978 9948 03 459 9. pp. 217 231.

Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008v). The Sri Lanka leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya, Deraniyagala 1956). In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005 2008. /

Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & RilchingenHanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978 9948 03 459 9. pp. 193 196.

Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008z). Nimer Arabi (The Arabian Leopard). Arab-Wikipedia. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005 2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005 2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen

Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005 2008. /

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Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008w). Nimer Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka leopard). Wikipedia, Al Mawsu'a Al Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia) (In Arabic). In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005 2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005 2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 215.

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Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005 2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978 9948 03 459 9. pp. 198 214.

Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008y). Carnivora Palaestina: The Carnivores of Palestine / Die Raubtiere Palästinas. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005 2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978 9948 03 459 9. pp. 287 311.

Gazelle:

Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978 9948 03 459 9. pp. 327 324.

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Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008zc). Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr, Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1833) in the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Desert Park, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (In Arabic). In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005 2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978 9948 03 459 9. pp. 364 351.

Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008zd). The Arabian Carnivores in the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Sharjah Desert Park, United Arab Emirates (In Arabic). In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005 2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005 2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978 9948 03 459 9. pp. 374 366.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008zf). Palaestina: The Carnivores of Palestine / Die Raubtiere Palästinas. The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 82, October 2008, Shawal 1429 AH. pp. 1 25. Sharjah, United Arab KhfaunaJulyandKhalafsages/31https://de.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Fauna_Arabica/conversations/mesEmirates.-SakerfalkevonJaffa,Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassamAliTaher(2009).FloraFaunainPalestine.Gazelle:ThePalestinianBiologicalBulletin.Number91,2009,Rajab1430AH.pp.131.Sharjah,UnitedArabEmirates.http://florapalestine.webs.com/alafvonJaffa,Dr.NormanAliBassam(2009).FaunaPalaestinaPartOne.A

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Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008zb). Haywanat Filistin (Fauna of Palestine). Arab Wikipedia. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005 2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005 2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self

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Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008za). Sanuriyat (Family Felidae). Arab Wikipedia. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005 2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978 9948 03 459 9. pp. 322 321.

Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. pp. 15 23. Khalaf von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). The Leopards of Palestine. In: Fauna Palaestina Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 2006 / Fauna Palaestina Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 2006. ISBN 978 9948 03 865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & RilchingenHanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. pp. 78 86. Khalaf von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) in Sharjah. In: Fauna Palaestina Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 2006 / Fauna Palaestina Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006. ISBN 978 9948 03 865 8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009. Self

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Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 2006 / Fauna Palaestina Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 2006. ISBN 978 9948 03 865 8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009: 412 Seiten/Pages. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://dr norman ali khalaf books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart1.htm

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Bassam (2009). The Sinai Leopard (Panthera pardus jarvisi) in Palestine. In: Fauna Palaestina Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 2006 / Fauna Palaestina Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 2006. ISBN 978 9948 03 865 8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009. Self

Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. pp. 86. Khalaf von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). Felidae Palaestina: The Wild Cats of Palestine. In: Fauna Palaestina – Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2006 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 2006.

Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. pp. 109 123. Khalaf von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). Mammalia Palaestina: The Mammals of Palestine / Die Säugetiere Palästinas. In: Fauna Palaestina – Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 2006 / Fauna Palaestina Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 2006. ISBN 978 9948 03 865 8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf von

ISBN

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 41 Number 226 October 2023 Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. pp. 125 170. Khalaf von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). An Introduction to the Animal Life in Palestine (In Arabic). In: Fauna Palaestina – Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 2006 / Fauna Palaestina Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 2006. ISBN 978 9948 03 865 8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. pp. 331 326 & 342 336. Khalaf von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). Al Numour fi Filasteen (The Leopards of Palestine) (In Arabic) In: Fauna Palaestina Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 2006 / Fauna Palaestina Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006. ISBN 978 9948 03 865 8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. pp. 401 400. Khalaf von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2010). Fauna Emiratus Part One. Zoological Studies in the United Arab Emirates between 2004 2009. / Fauna Emiratus – Teil Eins. Zoologische Studien in die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate zwischen 2004 - 2009. 978-9948-15-462-4. Erste Auflage/First Edition, November 2010: 350 Seiten / Pages. Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf von Jaffa, Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. norman ali khalaf

Self

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books.webs.com/faunaemiratuspart1.htm & eBook: Zwei.ZoologicalKhalafnorman1https://www.yumpu.com/xx/document/view/59546804/fauna-emiratus-part-zoologicalstudiesintheunitedarabemiratesbetween20042009bydralibassamkhalafvonjaffa2010vonJaffa,Dr.NormanAliBassam(2012).FaunaPalaestinaPartTwo.StudiesinPalestinebetween19832009/FaunaPalaestinaTeilZoologischeStudieninPalästinazwischen1983 – 2009. ISBN 978 9948 16 667-2. 1. Auflage / First Edition: July 2012, Shaaban 1433 H. 208 Seiten / Pages (Arabic Part 120 Pages and the English Part 88 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, Palestine. http://dr norman ali khalaf books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart2.htm& https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/59602956/faunaeBook: palaestina part 2 book by dr norman ali khalaf von jaffa 2012 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Der Mosbacher Löwe (Panthera leo fossilis, Reichenau 1906) / The Early Middle Pleistocene European Cave Lion (Panthera leo fossilis, Reichenau 1906). Gazelle The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178 6288). Number 101. January 2013. Pp. 1 26. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://lion panthera

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Ali Bassam (2014). Fauna Palaestina Part Four. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2014 / Fauna Palaestina Teil

Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://dr norman ali khalaf books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart3.htm eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/62740914/fauna dr norman ali bassam khalaf von jaffa isbn 978 9950 Kh7alaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). The Pink Panther (Panthera pardus roseus Khalaf, 2013): A New Leopard Subspecies from South Africa. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 108, December 2013, Safar 1435 AH. pp. 26-42. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard panthera Khalafpardus.webs.com/pinkpanther.htmSakerfalkevonJaffa,Prof.Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Subspecies Panthera pardus roseus Khalaf, 2013. BioLib. Biological Library. Khalafhttp://www.biolib.cz/en/adtaxon/id300734/SakerfalkevonJaffa,Prof.Dr.Sc.Norman

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loewe Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Der Europäische Leopard (Panthera pardus sickenbergi, Schütt 1969) / The European Leopard (Panthera pardus sickenbergi, Schütt 1969). Gazelle - The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178 6288). Number 102. February 2013. pp. 17. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard panthera pardus.webs.com/europeanleopard.htm

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Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Pink Panther (Panthera pardus roseus Khalaf, 2013). EOL. Encyclopedia of Life. Khhttp://eol.org/collections/98287alafvonJaffa,Prof.Dr.Norman

&

Vier. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2014. ISBN 978-9950383 77 7. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2014, Ramadan 1435 H. pp. 456 (English part 378 pages and Arabic part 78 pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://fauna palaestina part 1.webs.com/faunapalaestina4.htm & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/fr/document/view/62741122/book fauna PoisoningKhalaf9950palaestina-4-year-2014-by-prof-dr-norman-ali-bassam-khalaf-von-jaffa-isbn-978-383777SakerfalkevonJaffa,Prof.Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassamAliTaher(2014).caseofanArabianLeopard( Panthera pardus nimr) at Wadi Noaman, North East of Makkah Al Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Gazelle The

Khalaf Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa (August 2017). Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) skins originating from Iran on sale at the Spice Souq in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178 6288). Number 152, August 2017, pp. 1 21. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard panthera pardus 2.webs.com/ Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali (23.09.2017). A taxidermied Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) at the Natural History Museum in Muscat, Sultanate of alaf.jpg_Natural_History_Museum_Muscat_Oman_Phhttps://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Arabian_Leopard_atOman.oto_by_Prof_Dr_Norman_Ali_Kh

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2015). Killing Incident of an Anatolian Leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana Valenciennes, 1856) in Turkey. Gazelle The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178 6288). Number 121. January 2015. pp. 1 20. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard panthera pardus.webs.com/anatolianleopard.htm

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2015). Fauna Palaestina – Part Five. Studies in Palestine 1983 2016 / Fauna Palaestina Teil Fünf Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 2016. ISBN 978 9950 383 92 0. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2015, Ramadan 1436 H. 448 pp. (English Part 304 Pages and the Arabic Part 144 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://fauna

palaestina books.webs.com/ & eBook (Google Drive): MohammadKhalafiew?usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/file/d/1C9Vo6oBn4AAYB7XnpeIGgEXgOBZFzar6/vSakerfalkevonJaffa,Prof.Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassamAliTaherAhmadMostafa(11.01.2016).YouTube.ArabianLeopard( Panthera pardus nimr) in Sharjah. Khalafhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2CRSM0fTuHY09.01.2016.-SakerfalkevonJaffa,Prof.Dr.Sc.Norman

Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa (10.08.2016). YouTube. Searching for the rare Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) in the UAE : Placing the Wildlife Trail infrared Camera at Wadi Shawqa in Ras Al Khaimah, UAE ... with Nora Norman Ali Khalaf ... 10.08.2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zGxzt0FIuLY

Zoological

between

Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa (09.08.2016). YouTube. Searching for the rare Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) in the UAE : Placing the Wildlife Trail infrared Camera at Wadi Shawqa in Ras Al Khaimah, UAE. Khalafhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VvcwONftjW4-SakerfalkevonJaffa,Prof.Dr.Sc.Norman

31 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 41 Number 226 October 2023 Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178 6288). Number 118. October 2014. pp. 1 18. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://animals of makkah.webs.com/arabian leopard wadi noaman

4.04.2022). Video: A

nimr) roaming

4.2022). A

32 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 41 Number 226 October 2023 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali (20.10.2020). ISBN Barcode 978-9948-15-172-2 for my 13th Book entitled: Leopards. 40 Years of Zoological Studies on Leopards between 1983 2022. By: Prof Dr Norman Ali Khalaf von Jaffa .. The book will be published in Autumn 2022 ..

Facebook. Photos

Khalaf,www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10158641342319831&set=a.127745184830Facebook.Prof.Dr.NormanAli(21.02.2021).TheArabianLeopard(pardus the Dhofar Mountains, Sultanate of Oman. Photo by Miguel Willis. Khalaf,www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10158950599899831&set=a.127745184830Facebook.Prof.Dr.NormanAli(2 Rare Record of a male Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) in Al-Sulaymaniyah Mountains in Iraqi Kurdistan. by Soran Khalaf,https://www.facebook.com/dr.norman.ali.khalaf/posts/10159757755734831Ahmed.Prof.Dr.NormanAli(26.0 Rare Record of a male Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) in Al Sulaymaniyah Mountains in Iraqi Kurdistan. by Soran Khalaf,https://www.facebook.com/dr.norman.ali.khalaf/posts/10159761Ahmed.805254831Prof.Dr.NormanAli(29.0 Sie auf meinen nächsten Artikel über die Arabische Leoparden (Panthera pardus nimr) www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10159766865644831&set=a.127745184830Facebook.

4.2022). Warten

Facebook. Video

Panthera

LeopardKhalaf,www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10159791283844831&set=a.127745184830Facebook.Prof.Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassam(04.06.2022).AtaxidermiedBarbaryorAtlasLeopard(

Khalaf,www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=10159832145249831&set=a.127745184830Facebook.Prof.Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassam(23.06.2022).Ahistoricalphoto of the King of Syria and the King of Iraq H.M. Faisal I Bin Al Hussein Bin Ali Al Hashemi at the Royal Palace in Baghdad with his Iraqi pet Leopard in 1925. theKhalaf,830https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10159861152394831&set=a.127745184Facebook.Prof.Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassam(06.07.2022).WaitformynextarticleonBarbaryLeopard( Panthera pardus panthera) in North Africa. Facebook. Khalaf,https://www.facebook.com/dr.norman.ali.khalaf/Prof.Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassam( 11.07.2022). The Javan Leopard (Panthera pardus melas) is a subspecies of leopard native to Java Island, Indonesia. Khalaf,www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10159890833139831&set=a.127745184830Facebook.Prof.Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassam( 12.07.2022). The Indian Leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) of Jaipur, Jhalana, Rajasthan. Facebook. Khalaf,www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10159891886954831&set=a.127745184830Prof.Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassam( 12.08.2022). Russian President Vladimir Putin strokes a Persian (Caucasian) leopard during his visit to the Persian Leopard Breeding and Rehabilitation Centre at Sochi National Park, Russia, on 04 February 2014. Khalaf,www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=10159936495724831&set=a.127745184830Facebook.Prof.Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassam( 12.08.2022). A Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) hiding between the trees in its enclosure at the Biblical Zoo Jerusalem in Al Quds (Jerusalem) Al Malha, Palestine. Facebook.

Panthera pardus panthera) at the Scientific Institute of Rabat, Morocco.

Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam (08.05.2022). Wait for my next article on the Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) in Iraq and Iran.

33 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 41 Number 226 October 2023

theKhalaf,30https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=10159781239374831&id=5605198Facebook.Prof.Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassam(13.05.2022).WaitformynextarticleonPersianLeopard( Panthera pardus saxicolor) in Iraqi Kurdistan.

DerTaherKhalaf0https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=10159936646729831&set=a.12774518483PrinzSakerfalkevonJaffa,SharifProf.Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassamAliMohammadAhmadAhmadMostafaAbdallahMohammad(July2023).ausgestopfteArabischeLeopard( Panthera pardus nimr Hemprich und Ehrenberg, 1833) im Naturhistorisches Museum in Muscat, Sultanat Oman / The taxidermied Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833) at the Natural History Museum in Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. Gazelle: The

Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) from Kurdistan,

and a review of its distribution in Western

Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178 6288). Volume 41, Number 224, August 2023, pp. 1 79. Published by

Department for Environmental Research and Media,

http://leopard panthera-pardus-2.webs.com/ & 2023).TaherKhalafern_Iraq_and_a_review_of_its_distribution_in_Western_Asiarsian_Leopard_Panthera_pardus_saxicolor_Pocock_1927_from_Kurdistan_Northhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/360932055_Rare_Records_of_the_Pe_review_of_its_distribution_in_Western_AsiaPanthera_pardus_saxicolor_Pocock_1927_from_Kurdistan_Northern_Iraq_https://www.academia.edu/80193307/Rare_Records_of_the_Persian_Leopard_khalaf/docs/persian_leopard_in_kurdistan_iraqhttps://issuu.com/dr-norman-ali-&and_a&PrinzSakerfalkevonJaffa,SharifProf.Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassamAliMohammadAhmadAhmadMostafaAbdallahMohammad(SeptemberTheAtlasLeopardorBarbaryLeopard( Panthera pardus panthera Schreber, 1777) from North Africa. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178 6288). Volume 41, Number 225, September 2023, pp. 1-81. Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, Palestine National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. https://leopard panthera pardus 2.webs.com/barbary leopard & https://issuu.com/dr norman khalaf/docs/barbary_leopard_from_north_africaali aBarbarhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/361933050_The_Atlas_Leopard_or_d_Panthera_pardus_panthera_Schreber_1777_fromhttps://www.academia.edu/83015777/The_Atlas_Leopard_or_Barbary_Leopar&_North_Africa&y_Leopard_Panthera_pardus_panthera_Schreber_1777_from_North_Afric

34 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 41 Number 226 October 2023 Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178 6288). Volume 41, Number 223, July 2023, pp. 1 51. Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, Palestine National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. http://leopard-pantherapardus.webs.com/arabischerleopard.htm & https://issuu.com/dr norman ali khalaf/docs/arabian_leopard_in_muscat_museum

2023).TaherKhalafurhistorisches_Museum_in_Muscat_Sultanat_Omansche_Leopard_Panthera_pardus_nimr_Hemprich_und_Ehrenberg_1833_im_Nathttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/360318590_Der_Museum_in_Muscat_Sultanat_Omananthera_pardus_nimr_Hemprich_und_Ehrenberhttps://www.academia.edu/78236926/Der_ausgestopfte_Arabische_Leopard_P&g_1833_im_Naturhistorisches_&ausgestopfte_ArabiPrinzSakerfalkevonJaffa,SharifProf.Dr.Sc.NormanAliBassamAliMohammadAhmadAhmadMostafaAbdallahMohammad(AugustRareRecordsofthePersianLeopard( Northern Iraq, Asia. Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Palestine National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine.

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 41 Number 226 October 2023

35

A Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) hiding between the trees in its enclosure at the Biblical Zoo Jerusalem in Al Quds (Jerusalem) Al Malha, Palestine . Photo by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf von Jaffa … https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=10159936646729831&set=a.12774518483016.07.2022. Khorozyan, I. (1999). The leopard in Armenia: which subspecies is it? Cat News 30: 22 Khorozyan,24. I. (2003). Habitat preferences by the endangered Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) in Armenia. Zoology in the Middle East 30: 25 Khorozyan,36. 1. (2004). Strengthening local capacities for biodiversity conservation in Armenia. Final report submitted to The Whitley Awards, UK. Khorozyan, I. and A. Malkhasyan. (2002). Ecology of the leopard (Panthera pardus) in Khosrov Reserve, Armenia: implications for conservation. Scientific Reports of Societa Zoologica "La Torbiera" 6: 1-41.

Khalaf Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Sharif Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad (October 2023). The Iraqi Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) of King Faisal I of Iraq. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Volume 41, Number 226, October 2023, pp. 1 42 Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, Palestine National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. http://leopard panthera pardus 2.webs.com/ & https://issuu.com/dr norman ali khalaf/docs/leopard_of_king_faisal_of_iraq

Linnell, J.D.C., J.E. Swenson and R. Andersen. (2001). Predators and people: conservation of large carnivores is possible at high human densities if management policy is favourable. Animal Conservation 4: 345 349. Lukarevsky V. (2001). The leopard, striped hyena and wolf in Turkmenistan. Moscow, Signar. Lynch, Hannah (in Duhok) (21.02.2022). Rare Persian Leopard held in Kurdistan Zoo faces uncertain future. The https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/feb/21/rareGuardian.

persian leopard held in kurdistan zoo faces uncertain future Macdonald, D. 2001. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. Barnes & Noble Andromeda Oxford Ltd., Abingdon, UK. Mahdi, N.; George, P. V. (1969). Systematic list of Iraqi vertebrates – mammals. Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum 26: 34 63. Malikshahi, Saifulden Faris (April 2022). Facebook comment: Leopard presence in Hamrin Mountains and it can be seen in the area between Kani Sakht and the mountain area with Iran. Iraqi Green Climate Org. Facebook page.

36 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 41 Number 226 October 2023

Khorozyan, Igor; Alexander Malkhasyan and Shushanik Asmaryan (April June 2005). The Persian leopard prowls its way to survival. Endangered Species Update. Volume 22, Issue 2, Publisher: University of Michigan, School of Natural Resources. pp. statusKiabi,005.pdf?seqhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/91243/ESUAprJun251-60.uence=1B.H.;Dareshouri,B.F.;Ghaemi,R.A.;Jahanshahi,M.(2002).PopulationofthePersianLeopard( Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) in Iran. Zoology in the Middle East 26: 41-47. Kingdon, J. (1990). Arabian mammals: a natural history. Academic Press, KockLondon.,D (1990) Historical record of a tiger, Panthera tigris (Linnaeus, 1758), in Iraq. Zoology in the Middle East 4: 11 15. Lahony, S. R. A.; Mohammad, M. K.; Ali, H. H.; Al Moussawi, A. A.; Abd Al Rasul, M. S. (2013). Fauna and flora of Hawraman Mountain (part one) Hawraman lowest zone, Kurdistan Province North East of Iraq. Bulletin of Iraq Natural History Museum (4):7 34. Lehmann, E. von (1966). Taxonomische Bemerkungen zur Säugerausbeute der Kumerloeveschen Orient Reisen. Bonner Zoologische Beiträge, 12: 251 317, LeopardBerlin.

Conservation in Kurdistan, Iraq (22.04.2021). Earth Day 2021 - Save the rare and Endangered Persian leopards (Panthera pardus tulliana) of Kurdistan!. Facebook Page Video. https://fb.watch/c 77vIPz0X/ Leopard Conservation in Kurdistan, Iraq (30.12.2021). A male Persian leopard trapped in Zreza Village, Iraqi Kurdistan, had its hind leg amputated following a trap inflicted wound, and was then transferred to Duhok Zoo for treatment. Facebook Page. https://www.facebook.com/KurdistanLeopardconservation

Mohammad Kadhim (December 2019). Facebook comment: One leopard was killed in Mandali area, Diyala Goveronorate. https://www.facebook.com/future4leopards.org/videos/240489180709619MountainCinematographer:Mypublication.MusilRudaw.Musa,39256053https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=27076664859227Facebook.55&set=pcb.27076668Yousif(30.12.2021).LeopardcapturedinZakho,injuringtwovillagers.https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/301220211,A.(1927).TheMiddleEuphrates.AmericanGeographicSocietyNewYork,426pp.JourneywithPersianLeopards(26.05.2020).PersianLeopard.VideobyAbolfazlRahbarizadeh.PersianLeopardintheCentralAlborzRange,Mazandaran,centralnorthernIran(inFarisi).Facebook.

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Mallon,https://www.facebook.com/IraqiWildlifeCenter/videos/2534906906644404D.;Budd,K.(Eds.)(2011).RegionalRedListStatusofCarnivoresin the Arabian Peninsula. Cambridge (U.K.): & Gland (Switzerland): IUCN, and Environment and Protected Areas Authority Sharjah. Manasyan, M.G., A.T. Grigoryan and A.H. Potosyan. (2002). Siunik Province: nature, population, economy. Yerevan, Nahapet. Masseti, Marco (2009). Carnivores of Syria. In: Neubert, E., Amr, Z., Taiti, S. and Gumus, B. (Eds): Animal diversity in the Middle East. Proceedings of the 1st Middle Eastern Biodiversity Congress, Aqaba, Jordan 20-23 October 2008, ZooKeys, 31: 229 252. McLellan, B.; Garshelis, D. (2006). Bear sighting in Iraq. International Bear News 15(2): Mendelssohn,12.

Heinrich; Yom Tov, Y. (1999). Fauna Palaestina: Mammalia of Israel. The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem, Keterpress Enterprises, 439 pp. Mezhlumyan, S.K. (1985). Hunting in petroglyphs of the Geghama Mountains and Siunik. Biological Journal of Armenia 38: 685 696. Mishra, C. and A. Fitzherbert. (2004). War and wildlife: a post conflict assessment of Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor. Oryx 38:102 105. Misonne, X. (1957). Mammifères de la Turquie sud orientale et du nord de la Syrie. Mammalia, Paris. 21: 53. Miththapala, S., J. Seidensticker and SJ. O'Brien (1996). Phylogeographic subspecies recognition in leopards (Panthera pardus): molecular genetic variation. Conservation Biology 10: 1115 1132. Mohammad, M. K.; Saman, R. L. & Hayder, M. A. (2013) First record of the Sand Cat, Felis margarita Loche, 1858 (Mammalia: Carnivora, Felidae), from Iraq. Zoology in the Middle East 59(4): 358–359. Mondol, S., R. Navya, V. Athreya, K. Sunagar, V. Selvaraj and U. Ramakrishnan (2009). A panel of microsatellites to individually identify leopards and its application to leopard monitoring in human dominated landscapes. BMC Genet. 10: Mraieb,79.

38 : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin ISSN 0178 6288 Volume 41 Number 226 October 2023 Nader, I. A. (1990). Checklist of the mammals of Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 11: 329 Nanagulyan,381. S.G. (1987). Macromycetes of Dilijan and Khosrov Reserves of Armenian SSR. PhD dissertation. Yerevan, Institute of Botany. NBC News (04.02.2014). Softer Side? Putin Pets Leopard in Sochi Photo Op. https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/sochi

, Sir Alfred Edward (1913). The Book of the Lion. Theodore Roosevelt (Preface). St. Martin's Press, Perkova,1987. Veronika. Hana Raza: Fighting for a better future for Persian Leopards in Iraq. https://veronikaperkova.com/2021/04/06/hana raza fighting for a better future of persian leopards in iraq/ Pikunov, D.G. and V.G. Korkishko. (1992). The Amur leopard. Moscow, Nauka. Pitman, C. R. S. (1922). Notes on Mesopotamian Mammals. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 28: 474 80. (Reprinted in: Survey of the Fauna of Iraq Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society pp. 317 23). Pocock, R. I. (1927). Descriptions of two subspecies of leopards. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 20:213 214. Pocock, R. I. (1930). The Panthers and Ounces of Asia. Ibid 64–82: 307–360. Pocock, R. I. (1932). The leopards of Africa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 543 591. Pocock, R. I. (1941). Fauna of British India. Vols. I and II. Mammalia. London: Taylor and Francis. Pp. xxxiv + 462. Pp. xii + 503. Pocock, R. I. (1946). External and Cranial Characters of some Rare Asiatic Mammals recently exhibited by the Society. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1946: 115 (3/4): 310 318. Qumsiyeh, Mazin B. (1996). Mammals of the Holy Land. Texas Tech University Press. pps. 389. Raza, Hana A.; S.A. Ahmad, N.A. Hassan, K. Ararat, M. Qadir & L. Ali (2012)

olympics/softer side putin pets leopard sochi photo op n21766 NBC News (05.02.2014). Putin poses with Leopard. Video. actionNowell,https://www.nbcnews.com/video/putin-poses-with-leopard-137635907705K.andP.Jackson.(1996).Wildcats:statussurveyandconservationplan.IUCN/SSCCatSpecialistGroup,Gland,Switzerland Özkurt, Ş., M. Sözen, N. YİĞİT, E. Çolak (1998). Notes on distributional records and some characteristics of five carnivore species (Mammalia, Carnivora) in Turkey. Turkish J. Zool. 22: 285 288. Ognev, S. I. (1931). The Mammals of Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Vol. 2, Carnivora, Fissipidae. Glavnauka. Moscow. 775 pp. Ognev, S. I. (1935). The Mammals of Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Vol. 3, Carnivora, Fissipidae, and Pinnipidae. Glavnauka. Moscow. 752 pp. Panthera pardus ssp. saxicolor. Peasehttp://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/15961/allsecondBaronetofHuttonLowcrossandPinchinthorpe

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München,Türkei.AnatolischenRiffel,http://www.panda.org/news_facts/newsroom/index.cfm?uNewsID=103140Reintroducinghttps://www.facebook.com/KurdistanLeopardconPage.servationendangeredleopardstotheNorthernCaucasus.M.;Schwarz,J.;Prasse,R.undRistow,M.(1986).ZumVorkommendesLeopardenundeinigerweitererSäugerinderSüdwestlichenZoologischeGesellschaftfürArtenundPopulationsschutze.V.,Mitgliederinformation,Dezember1986. Khutor Persian leopard Russia’s Caucasus. Sanborn, C. C. from Iraq. Henry Field Anthropology of Iraq. Field Museum Natural Schmarda, L. K. geographische Verbreitung der Thiere. Vienna. 755 pp. Schreber, J. C. D. (1775). Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen. Wolfgang Walther, Erlangen, Germany. Schreber, J. C. D. (1777). Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen 1776 1778. Wolfgang Walther, Erlangen, Germany (13) (PDF) Panthera pardus (Carnivora: Felidae). Available Schütt,vora_Felidaehttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/269789438_Panthera_pardus_Carnifrom:[accessedJun202022].Gerda(1969).

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http://english.pravda.ru/science/earth/22 05 2007/91916 rosa_khutor 0

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