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The Syrian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena syriaca Matschie, 1900) (Carnivora: Hyaenidae) in Palestine
الضبع ُ المخطط ُ السوري يف فلسطي By : Sharif Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad Khalaf-Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa
A Syrian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena syriaca) in Palestine. Photo by Eyal Bartov. 01.02.2012. https://www.flickr.com/photos/57999689@N02/6874310945
سوري ( )Hyaena hyaena syriacaوالذي يُعتبر من الحيوانات الثديية القارتة في بالد ينتشر الضبع ال ُمخطط ال ُ الشام والعراق وتركيا ..وفي فلسطين ينتشر في الضفة الغربية وقرب يافا واللد والكرمل ،وصحراء النقب وصحراء سميت بإسمه "خربة وادي الضبع" في القدس ،كما يُمكن رؤيته بقرب ال ُمستوطنات البشرية ؛ ومن األماكن التي ُ ُمحافظة جنين ،وقرية "خلة الضبع" إلى الشرق من بلدة يطا (خلف ،مارس .. )2016ويصل طول الضبع الكلي مع الذيل إلى 130سنتيمترا ً ،ووزنه ما بين 40 – 35كيلوجراما ً ؛ ويتميز بلونه الرمادي إلى البني الشاحب وبوجود 5 عرف (لبدة) على الرقبة واألكتاف ،وذيل أزغب كث .تتغذى – 6خطوط عمودية على جانبي الجسم ،وبوجود ُ الضباع على الجيف والثدييات الصغيرة والزواحف والطيور والحشرات والفواكه ..ويُمكن أن تتزاوج الضباع طوال العام ،وتكون فترة الحمل ما بين 92 – 88يوما ً ،وتلد من 5 – 1فراغل (جمع فرغل) ،وت ُفطم الفراغل بعُمر 4 أشهر ،وتُرافق أمهاتها في البحث عن الغذاء بعُمر 6أشهر ،وتصل إلى مرحلة البلوغ ب ُعمر 3 – 2سنوات ،وتعيش عمر ما بين 12 – 10عاما ً ،وفي األسر ما بين 25 – 20عاما ً .وقد نُسجت حوله الكثير من القصص في البرية إلى ُ الشعبية الفلسطينية وأنه "يضبع" الناس ويجعلهم يتبعونه إلى وكره ليتغذى عليهم ،وكلها بالطبع ال تمت إلى الحقيقة Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 183 – March 2020
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وهو يتعرض لألسف للقتل وال ُمالحقة في العديد من مناطق الضفة الغربية.. )2016 مارس، العلمية بصلة (خلف . والنوع ُمصنف عالميا ً ك ُمهدد باإلنقراض.)2014 يناير، مما يُهدد بإنقراضه (خلف، من قبل بعض السكان المحليين
A Syrian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena syriaca) mother with cubs in Palestine. Photo by Lior Kislev. www.tatzpit.com/site/en/pages/inPage.asp?catID=9&subID=542&subsubID=716
Main Characteristics Striped Hyenas have a body length of 1.1 m (3.6 ft), a tail length of 20 cms (8 inches) and they weigh between 35 and 40 kgs (77 - 88 lbs). They are grey or pale brown in colour with 5 - 6 dark coloured, vertical stripes on their flanks. They have a mane on their neck and shoulders and a bushy tail (The Animal Files). Their head is rounded and they have a black, pointed muzzle. Their ears are pointed and they are set high on their head. On each foot they have four toes with blunt, nonretractable claws. Their front legs are longer than their hind which gives their back a sloping appearance and they have powerful jaws with strong teeth (The Animal Files). Striped Hyenas have excellent senses of vision, hearing and smell. They are usually silent but will vocalize if excited or threatened. When they feel threatened they are able to erect their mane and the hairs on their back to make themselves appear much larger than they are (The Animal Files). Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 183 – March 2020
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Habitat Striped Hyenas are found in the open savannahs, grasslands, arid mountainous regions and scrub woodlands of west, north and east Africa and west to south Asia (The Animal Files). They are mainly solitary but sometimes they form small family groups. They are active at night and they spend their days sleeping in a burrow or cave (The Animal Files).
Diet Striped Hyenas mainly feed on carrion (carcass) but they also catch live prey such as insects, rodents, birds, lizards and rabbits. They will also supplement their diet by eating a variety of fruits (The Animal Files).
Breeding Striped Hyenas breed at any time during the year and after a gestation period of 88 - 92 days, 1 - 5 cubs are born in a den. Between 5 and 9 days old the cubs will open their eyes and at 30 days old they will begin to eat solid food (The Animal Files). The young are weaned at 4 months old and begin to accompany their mother on foraging trips at 6 months old. They reach sexual maturity at 2 - 3 years of age. Life expectancy in wild is 10-12 years, and 20-25 years in captivity (The Animal Files).
Hyaena in Palestine. Photo by Lior Kislev. http://www.tatzpit.com/site/en/pages/inPage.asp?catID=9&subID=542&subsubID=716
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Predators Predators of Striped Hyenas include humans. They are not favoured prey of larger carnivores such as lions and tigers and they tend to keep themselves at a safe distance (The Animal Files).
Subspecies There are 5 subspecies of Striped Hyena: Indian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena hyaena Linnaeus, 1758) – India, Iraq, Iran, Turkey. Barbary Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena Barbara de Blainville, 1844) - North West Africa. Sudanese Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena dubbah Meyer, 1793) - North East Africa. Arabian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena sultana Pocock, 1934) - Arabian Peninsula. Syrian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena syriaca Matschie, 1900) – Levant, Iraq, Turkey.
An Arabian Striped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena sultana Pocock, 1934) at the Arabia's Wildlife Center in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Photo by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf-von Jaffa. 28.03.2016. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10157205063594831&set=a.127745184830&type=3 &theater
Distribution in Palestine The Syrian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena syriaca) lives in the Levant countries, Iraq and Turkey. In Palestine, it is a rare resident in all parts of the country, living in the Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 183 – March 2020
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open country and mountain plains (Tatzpit). It can be seen in the West Bank, near Jaffa, Lod, Carmel, Negev Desert, Judean Desert, southern mountainous areas, Jordan Valley and Jerusalem, and is also seen near human settlements, and in the Wadis of Golan. But its numbers are continuously decreasing (Palestine Wildlife Society).
Striped Hyaena Range. https://www.theanimalfiles.com/mammals/carnivores/hyena_striped.html
Hostility against Striped Hyaena As an animal to which magical properties are attributed, the hyena has moved the imagination of people not only in Africa, where it plays a prominent role in myth and ritual, but also in western and southern Asia. The striped hyena, a nocturnal scavenger, is sometimes caught alive in Asia and employed in animal fights; and all parts of a newly dead hyena are used in love magic and to ward off evil (Frembgen, 1998). In parts of the Middle East, some Arab cultures (e.g. Palestine) believe that striped hyenas are grave robbers. Others contend that a striped hyena can put a spell on people before dragging them back to a cave and eating them alive (American Associates BenGurion University of the Negev). In one case, a Palestinian Bedouin swore he was enchanted by a hyena and that his friend saved him by slapping him on the head at the last moment (American Associates Ben-Gurion University of the Negev). Hyenas are usually associated with the plains of sub-Saharan Africa, not the mountains of Lebanon and Palestine. The striped hyena is the national animal of Lebanon. Yet the hyena is still hunted and misunderstood, weathering hostility while cleaning the country they represent (Brennan, 2018). Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 183 – March 2020
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The striped hyena, unlike its spotted cousin, is small, around the size of a German Shepherd Dog, with a passive and solitary nature. They can be found near villages but are more interested in the garbage the population produces then the people who live there. Yet hyenas are still killed by poachers and viewed as a dangerous predator by many (Brennan, 2018). All of these bad public relations can have real-world consequences. There are several videos online of people abusing striped hyenas, with wire muzzles, repeated kicking, boulders — not the type of stuff you want to see (American Associates Ben-Gurion University of the Negev).
Abused Hyena in Palestine. 4579125,00.html
https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-
The animals are quite lovely and undeserving of their negative reputation, according to Jonathan Tichon, a Ph.D. student at the Conservation and Ecological Genetics Lab, BenGurion University, who is studying the Palestinian Striped Hyaena (American Associates Ben-Gurion University of the Negev). In addition, because striped hyenas are thought to be “touched by the devil,” their body parts are sometimes sought for healing and for boosting potency. “Dried penis of striped hyena is being used as a lucky charm,” says Tichon. “It’s supposed to give you man-powers or something ― I don’t know” (American Associates Ben-Gurion University of the Negev). What’s more, striped hyena skins and especially brains are also worth money on the black market (American Associates Ben-Gurion University of the Negev). Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 183 – March 2020
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Men from the Village of Dura, near Al Khalil (Hebron) had killed a Striped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena syriaca) on 26.05.2013. (Khalaf, January 2014). http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/440656
According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the species is “near threatened.” From India and the Middle East to southeast Africa, there may be fewer than 10,000 of the animals left, and that number is said to be decreasing (American Associates Ben-Gurion University of the Negev) Tichon says run-ins with vehicles may now be the leading cause of death for the striped hyena in Occupied Palestine (American Associates Ben-Gurion University of the Negev). The Palestinian Wildlife Society, which branded the killing of Striped Hyenas’ a heinous and shameful crime, warned that the inevitable extinction of the hyena in Palestine is just a matter of time (Nazzal, 2015).
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“Two hyenas are reported murdered in Palestine annually which is a serious threat to the existence of this animal,” said Ebrahim Odeh, the society’s deputy director. “The hyena is not dangerous. The animal does not attack humans and its existence in the natural environment is fundamental as the animal feeds on animal cadavers and creates a necessary natural balance” (Nazzal, 2015). Odeh said that the killing of hyenas’ was not only disgraceful but revealed the kind of ignorance prevailing in society. “If a hyena is reported to have been spotted, it is searched for and murdered. This is the reality for these animals in Palestine. Should the status quo continue we will lose this species in Palestine very, very shortly” (Nazzal, 2015). Ebrahim Odeh highlighted the need to conduct field research to determine the numbers of remaining hyenas in Palestine. He said that no such studies exist but that observations of wildlife experts clearly confirm that hyena numbers are declining sharply. “There is no Palestinian law that protects animals, and that gives the public a free hand to handle such precious species mercilessly and remorselessly,” Odeh said (Nazzal, 2015). “The murder of a hyena cannot be attributed in any way to self-defense and is merciless behaviour,” he said, adding that the Palestinian mentality had gained a great deal of violence from the Israeli occupation (Nazzal, 2015). “It is the sole responsibility of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) to protect the nature of Palestine and not to give such ignorant people a chance to harm Palestine’s precious treasures,” Ebrahim Odeh said (Nazzal, 2015).
Stop the Killing of Hyenas. Al Quds Newspaper. 11.02.2013. (Khalaf, January 2014). www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=207110729434704&set=t.1449797798&type=3&theater Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 183 – March 2020
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References and Internet Websites Abi-Said, Mounir (January 2007). Distribution of Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena syriaca Matius 1882) (Carnivora: Hyaenidae) in urban and rural areas of Lebanon. Zoology in the Middle East. 42, 2007: 3-14. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mounir_AbiSaid/publication/257132274_Distribution_of_Striped_Hyaena_Hyaena_hyaena_syriaca _Matius_1882_Carnivora_Hyaenidae_in_urban_and_rural_areas_of_Lebanon/links/56 2e709908ae22b17035f1da.pdf American Associates Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (26.01.2018). Desert & Water Research: Striped Hyenas Are Disappearing. https://aabgu.org/striped-hyenasdisappearing/ BioLib. Subspecies Syrian Striped Hyaena Hyaena hyaena syriaca Matschie, 1900. https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id652395/ Brennan, Sam (30.11.2018). Lebanese groups work to protect striped hyenas. AlMonitor. https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/11/lebanese-stripedhyena-under-threat.html Erlichman, Erez (2014). Three Palestinians arrested for abusing hyena. Y Net News. 10.09.2014. https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4579125,00.html Frembgen, Jürgen W. (1998). The Magicality of the Hyena: Beliefs and Practices in West and South Asia. Asian Folklore Studies. Vol. 57, No. 2 (1998), pp. 331-344. Published by: Nanzan University. DOI: 10.2307/1178757 . https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178757?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contentsdf Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1980). Tabie’t Al-Talawon fi Al-Haywanat (The Colouration of Animals). Al-Biology Bulletin. Number 1. January 1980, Safar 1401. Biological Society, Kuwait University, State of Kuwait. pp. 4-5. (in Arabic). Khalaf, Norman (1983). Haywan Al-Ghurair/Al-Gharir fi Falestin wa Shibeh Al-Jazeera Al-Arabia (The Badger in Palestine and the Arabian Peninsula). Al-Khalisah Bulletin. The National Palestinian Assemblage. Kuwait University, State of Kuwait. First Year. Number 2. February 1983. pp. 12 -13. (in Arabic). Khalaf, Norman (1983). Al-Numour Fi Falestin (Leopards in Palestine). Al-Khalisah Bulletin. The National Palestinian Assemblage. Kuwait University, State of Kuwait. First Year. Number 3. April 1983. pp. 18 -19. (in Arabic). Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1983). The Honey Badger (Mellivora capensis) in the Arabian Peninsula. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. First Year. Number 2. August 1983. pp. 1-30. Hanweiler, Saarland, Federal Republic of Germany. (in Arabic). Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1983). The Brown Bear in Palestine and the rest of the Arabian Peninsula. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. First Year. Number 3. November 1983. pp. 1-6. Al Salimiah, State of Kuwait. (in Arabic). Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1984). The Fennec: The Desert Fox (Fennecus zerda). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Second Year. Number 4. April 1984. pp. 112. Al Salimiah, State of Kuwait. (in Arabic). Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1984-1985). The Weasel Project: Scientific Research on captive weasels (Mustela nivalis, Linnaeus 1766) in the Department of Zoology, Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 183 – March 2020
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University of Durham, Durham, England, during the Academic Year 1984-1985. Supervisor: Dr. Nigel Dunstone. Unpublished scientific research and data & scientific diary. Research Notebook. pp. 1-52. Khalaf-von Palaestina, Norman Ali Bassam (1988). The Honey Badger in Kuwait Zoo, State of Kuwait. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 18, Sixth Year, Rabie’ Alakher 1409 AH, November 1988 AD. pp. 1-2. (in Arabic). Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (1990). The Wolf (Canis lupus) in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178-6288. Eighth Year, Number 20, December 1990, Jumada Al Thani 1411 AH. pp. 1-11. Rilchingen-Hanweiler and Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. https://issuu.com/drnormanalibassamkhalaf/docs/the_wolf_canis_lupus_in_palestine._ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1991). The Otter (Lutra lutra) in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 22, Ninth Year, February 1991. pp. 1-4. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1992). An Introduction to the Animal Life in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 30, Tenth Year, October 1992. pp. 1-7. (In Arabic). Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1994). An Introduction to the Animal Life in Palestine. Shqae’q Al-Nouma’n (Anemone coronaria). A Quarterly Magazine Issued by the Program EAI (Education for Awareness and for Involvement). Environmental Education / Children for Nature Protection. In Cooperation with Dept. of General and Higher Education. P.L.O., Palestine. Number 4. Huzairan (June) 1994. pp. 16-21. (In Arabic). Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). The Extinct and Endangered Animals in Palestine. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Home Page. Extinct and Endangered Animals and Reintroduction. http://gazelle.8m.net/photo3.html Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2004). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2004 / Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2004. ISBN 3-00-014121-9. Erste Auflage, Juli 2004: 452 Seiten. Zweite erweiterte Auflage, August 2004: 460 Seiten. Norman Ali Khalaf, BonnBad Godesberg, Germany. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/& eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/59405994/book-gazelle-thepalestinian-biological-bulletin-a-scientific-journey-in-palestine-arabia-and-europebetween-1983-2004-by-norman-ali-khalaf-von-jaffa-2004 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Mammals in Dubai Zoo, Dubai City, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 45, September 2005. pp. 1-14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Rafah Zoo in the Rafah Refugee Camp, Gaza Strip, Palestine : A Story of Destruction by the Israeli Occupation Army. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 46, Twenty-third Year, October 2005, Ramadan 1426. pp. 1-11. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (In Arabic). Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 183 – March 2020
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Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (2005). The Qalqilia Zoo and the Natural History Museum in the City of Qalqilia, West Bank, Occupied Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 47, Twenty-third Year, November 2005, Shawal 1426. pp. 1-10. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (In Arabic). Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (Member of PALESTA) (2005). Palestinian Scientists and Technologists Abroad (PALESTA). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 47, Twenty-third Year, November 2005, Shawal 1426. pp. 11-12. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic). Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Arabian Carnivores in the Arabia’s Wildlife Centre, Sharjah Desert Park, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 48, Twenty-third Year, December 2005, Thu Alqi’da 1426. pp. 1-9. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic). Khalaf, Norman Ali (2005, 2006, 2007). Chapter 3: Geography, Flora and Fauna. Pages 32-39. in: Palestine: A Guide. By Mariam Shahin, Photography by George Azar. CoAuthor: Norman Ali Khalaf. Northampton, Massachusetts: Interlink Publishing Group, 2005, 2006, 2007. xi + 471 pages. Appendices to page 500. http://ipsnewsite.mysite4now.com/journals.aspx?id=7323&jid=1&href=fulltext Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Felidae Palaestina: The Wild Cats of Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 52, April 2006. pp. 1-15. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Felidae_Palaestina.html Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Mammalia Palaestina: The Mammals of Palestine. / Die Säugetiere Palästinas. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 55, Twenty-fourth Year, July 2006, Jumada Al-Thania 1427. pp. 1-46. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2006. ISBN 3-00-017294-7. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2006, 484 pp. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/mammaliaarabica.htm & eBook (PDF): https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4YzoDUtvuaZeTFCV0ZzWGhTYTg/view?usp=sh aring Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The Common Weasel (Mustela nivalis, Linnaeus 1766) in Palestine and the East Mediterranean Region. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 57, Twenty-fourth Year, September 2006. pp. 17. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Weasel_Palestine.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (Gründer) (seit Juni 2007). Yahoo! Deutschland Group: Fauna Palaestina. http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/Fauna_Palaestina/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Haywanat Filistin (Fauna of Palestine). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 69, Twenty-fifth Year, September 2007 CE, Sha’ban 1428 AH. pp. 1-4. (in Arabic). Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 183 – March 2020
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http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7 %D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli (July) 2007, 300 pp. SelfPublisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic, German and English). Doctoral Dissertation. Ashwood University, USA. Doctor of Science Degree in Zoology (Summa Cumm Laude) on 26.09.2007. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/felidaearabica.htm & Doctoral Dissertation (eBook) : https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/59397999/doctorate-dissertationfelidae-arabica-by-norman-ali-bassam-khalaf-doctor-of-science-ashwood-universityusa-2007 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). Canis aureus palaestina Khalaf, 2008: A New Golden Jackal Subspecies from the Gaza Strip, Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 80, August 2008,Rajab / Sha’ban 1429 AH. pp. 1-13. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Abstract in English). http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Palestine_Golden_Jackal.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. First Edition: September 2008. 396 Pages. SelfPublisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & RilchingenHanweiler,Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/carnivoraarabica.htm & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/59551346/book-carnivora-arabica-bydr-norman-ali-bassam-khalaf-von-jaffa-2008 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2009). Flora and Fauna in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 91, July 2009, Rajab 1430 AH. pp. 1-31. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://flora-fauna-palestine.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). Fauna Palaestina – Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2006 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006. ISBN 978-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009: 412 Seiten/Pages. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart1.htm & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/xx/document/view/59498633/fauna-palaestina-1-bookby-dr-norman-ali-khalaf-2009 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2010). Fauna Emiratus - Part One. Zoological Studies in the United Arab Emirates between 2004 - 2009. / Fauna Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 183 – March 2020
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Emiratus – Teil Eins. Zoologische Studien in die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate zwischen 2004 - 2009. ISBN 978-9948-15-462-4. Erste Auflage/First Edition, November 2010: 350 Seiten / Pages. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunaemiratuspart1.htm & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/xx/document/view/59546804/fauna-emiratus-part-1zoological-studies-in-the-united-arab-emirates-between-2004-2009-by-dr-norman-alibassam-khalaf-von-jaffa-2010 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (15.06.2012). Striped Hyaena at Arabia's Wildlife Center, Sharjah, UAE. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nwae7HCAjE8 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (14.07.2012). Spotted Hyena and Striped Hyena at Giza Zoo, Cairo, Egypt. 14.07.2012. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NYnE4gJVysc Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (15.07.2012). Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta) at the Lion Village on Alexandria – Cairo Desert Road. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8MBHMQoK10 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2012). Fauna Palaestina – Part Two. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2009 / Fauna Palaestina - Teil Zwei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2009. ISBN 978-9948-16-667-2. 1. Auflage / First Edition : July 2012, Shaaban 1433 H. 208 Seiten / Pages (Arabic Part 120 Pages and the English Part 88 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, Palestine. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart2.htm & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/59602956/fauna-palaestina-part-2book-by-dr-norman-ali-khalaf-von-jaffa-2012 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (26.10.2012). Striped Hyena at Al Ain Zoo, UAE. 26.10.2012 – YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1TV0JoVhemU Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2013). Fauna Palaestina – Part Three. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 2005 – 2012 / Fauna Palaestina - Teil Drei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 2005 – 2012. ISBN 978-9950-383-35-7. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2013, Shaaban 1434 H. 364 pages (English Part 350 Pages and the Arabic Part 14 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, State of Palestine. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart3.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). The Two Wolf Subspecies (Canis lupus arabs Pocock, 1934) and (Canis lupus pallipes Sykes, 1831) in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 107, November 2013, Muharram 1435 AH. pp. 1-29. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://flora-fauna-palestine.webs.com/palestinewolf1.htm & https://flora-fauna-palestine.webs.com/palestinewolf2.htm Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (15.10.2013). Spotted Hyena at Emirates Park Zoo in Abu Dhabi – YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ZrJ62MN3tw Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 183 – March 2020
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Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (January 2014). Killing Incidents of Wild Animals in the State of Palestine in 2013. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 109, January 2014, Rabiea Al Awal 1435 AH. pp. 1-17. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://animals-ofpalestine.webs.com/killing-incidents-of-animals Khalaf-von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2014). Fauna Palaestina – Part Four. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2014/ Fauna Palaestina – Teil Vier. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2014. ISBN978-9950-383-77-7. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2014, Ramadan 1435 H. pp. 456 (English part 378 pages and Arabic part 78 pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://fauna-palaestina-part1.webs.com/faunapalaestina4.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2015). Plants and Animals unique to Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 125, May 2015. pp. 1-18. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://flora-fauna-palestine-2.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2015). Fauna Palaestina – Part Five. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2016/ Fauna Palaestina – Teil Fünf. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2016. ISBN 978-9950-383-92-0. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2015, Ramadan 1436 H. 448 pp. (English Part 304 Pages and the Arabic Part 144 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://fauna-palaestina-books.webs.com/ Khalaf, Norman Ali (28.03.2016). Hyaena in Palestine. الضبع يف فلسطي. Facebook Photo Album. 28.03.2016. https://www.facebook.com/dr.norman.ali.khalaf/media_set?set=a.10154160315244831 &type=3 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2016). Haywanat Falastin (Fauna of Palestine) حيوانات فلسطين. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 144, December 2016, pp. 1-18. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (In Arabic). http://animals-of-palestine-2.webs.com/fauna-ofpalestine-arabic Khalaf, Sharif Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad (Abu Nora) (2018). The Family of Sharif Hajji Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Khalaf (Abu Othman). A Pictorial History Book of a Palestinian Family from Jaffa in the Twentieth Century. ISBN 978-9950-974-40-1. First Edition, October 2018, Safar 1440 Hijri. 120 pp. In Arabic. Publisher: Prof. Dr. Norman Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and media, National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. https://family-taherkhalaf.webs.com/ & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/xx/document/view/62242473/book-family-taher-khalaf2018 Khalaf, Norman Ali (09.06.2019). The Syrian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena syriaca) in Palestine. سوري في فلسطين ُ الضبع ال ُمخطط ال. Facebook. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 183 – March 2020
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https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10157205063594831&set=a.127745184830 &type=3&theater Khalaf-Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdullah Mohammad (August 2019). Presence of the Arabian Wolf (Canis lupus arabs Pocock, 1934) in Khan Yunis Governorate, Gaza Strip, State of Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Volume 37, Number 176, August 2019, pp. 1-10. Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. https://animals-of-palestine3.webs.com/ Khalaf-Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad (March 2020). The Syrian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena syriaca Matschie, 1900) (Carnivora: Hyaenidae) in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Volume 38, Number 183, March 2020, pp. 1-17. Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. https://carnivores-ofpalestine.webs.com/hyaena-in-palestine
Killing Incidents of Wild Animals in India. http://www.walkthroughindia.com/wildlife/killing-incidents-of-wild-animals-inindia/ Kingdon, J. (1990). Arabian Mammals: A Natural History. Academic Press, London. Mendelssohn, H., Yom-Tov, Y. (1999). Fauna Palaestina: Mammalia of Israel. The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem, Keterpress Enterprises, 439 pp. Nazzal, Nasouh (31.07.2015). Hyena stoned to death in West Bank. Gulf News. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 183 – March 2020
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https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/hyena-stoned-to-death-in-west-bank-1.1559358 Palestine Wildlife Society. Mammals Checklist. http://www.wildlifepal.org/en/life/type/2 Palestinian Grassroots Anti-apartheid Wall Campaign (04.05.2019). Israel sets hyenas on Palestinians. https://www.stopthewall.org/2019/05/04/israel-sets-hyenaspalestinians Qumsiyeh, Mazin B. (1992).Review of “Mammals of Arabia” by D.L. Harrison and P.J. Bates. J. Mammal., 73: 228-229. Qumsiyeh, Mazin B. (1996). Mammals of the Holy Land. Texas Tech University Press. Lubbock, Texas, USA. Pps. 389. Qumsiyeh, Mazin B. ; Amr, Zuhair S. and Shafei, D.M. (January 1993). Status and Conservation of Carnivores in Jordan. Mammalia. Volume 57, Number 1, 55-62. https://www.academia.edu/26073687/Status_and_conservation_of_carnivores_in_Jor dan Soffer, Ari (26.07.2015). Watch: Palestinians Lynch Endangered Striped Hyena. Arutz Sheva. www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/198643 Talhouk, Abdul Mon’im; Buettiker, Wilhelm; Gasperetti, John; Gasperetti, Patricia R. and Massey, Dick (1981).The Wildlife of Arabia. Stacey International, London. pps. 96. Tatzpit. Carnivores Striped Hyena. http://www.tatzpit.com/site/en/pages/inPage.asp?catID=9&subID=542&subsubID= 716 The Animal Files. Mammals: Carnivores: Striped Hyena. https://www.theanimalfiles.com/mammals/carnivores/hyena_striped.html The Times of Israel (2016). In Israel, hyenas and wolves team up to survive. https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-israel-hyenas-and-wolves-team-up-to-survive/ This Palestinian Taxidermist’s stuffed Animal Zoo is Heartbreaking. http://www.vice.com/read/the-taxidermy-mausoleum-on-the-west-bank Thornback, J. (1976). Mammal Red Data Book. IUCN, Morges, Switzerland. Tiere in der Bibel. http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiere_in_der_Bibel Tristram, H. B. (1866). Report on the Mammals of Palestine. Proc. Zool. Soc. London. 1866: 84-93. Tristram, H. B. (1867). The Natural History of the Bible. Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge Publ. London. 515 pp. Tristram, H. B. (1884). The Fauna and Flora of Palestine. The Survey of Western Palestine. Palestine Exploration Fund, London. 455 pp. University of Illinois Extension. Wildlife – Just One Piece of the Picture. http://urbanext.illinois.edu/ecosystems/teacherguide2.cfm Visit Palestine. Flora & Fauna. http://visitpalestine.ps/flora-fauna/ Wikipedia. Animal trapping. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_trapping Wikipedia. Habitat destruction. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_destruction Wikipedia. Striped Hyena. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped_hyena Wikipedia. ضبع مخطط. https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/ضبع_مخطط World Animal Foundation. Help Save Wildlife. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 183 – March 2020
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http://www.worldanimalfoundation.net/wildlife.html Yom-Tov, Y. (1988).The Zoogeography of the Birds and Mammals of Israel. (pp. 389410). In: The Zoogeography of Israel: The distribution and abundance at a Zoogeographical crossroad. (ed. Yom-Tov, Y. and Tchernov, E.), Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, viii + 600 pp. Yom-Tov, Prof. Yoram (2003). Poaching of Israeli Wildlife by Guest Workers. Biological Conservation, 110: 11-20. . الحياة البرية تطالب بوقف قتل الضباع 09.02.2013http://www.wafa.ps/arabic/index.php?action=detail&id=147895 شبان من قرية جوريش من القضاء على ضبع شكل خطرا ً على المنطقةhttps://www.paldf.net/forum/showthread.php?t=1081305 في ضبع قتل تستنكر البرية دوراhttp://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/440656
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Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 183 – March 2020
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