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Occurrence of the Malabar Grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus Bloch & Schneider, 1801) in Palestinian Waters تواجد سمك الهامور اللوكس الشهاوي الملباري في المياه البحرية الفلسطينية By: Sharif Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad Khalaf-Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa
Malabar Grouper Epinephelus malabaricus. http://combine.ncscm.res.in/combine/details?cid=13626
Groupers of the subfamily Epinephelinae are represented by nine species in the Mediterranean, of which six – Epinephelus aeneus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817), Epinephelus caninus (Valenciennes, 1843), Epinephelus costae (Steindachner, 1878), Epinephelus haifensis (Ben-Tuvia, 1953), Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834), and Mycteroperca rubra (Bloch, 1793) – are native to the sea (Heemstra and Randall 1993); two species, Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1822) and Epinephelus malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801), are Lessepsian immigrants (Golani et al. 2002); a third species, Cephalopholis taeniops (Valenciennes, 1828), has entered the Mediterranean from the Atlantic through the Strait of Gibraltar (Guidetti et al. 2010). There is also a record of a tenth species, Epinephelus merra (Bloch, 1793), from off the coast of Île des Embiez, France (Lelong 2005). Apart from the last named species, whose native range is the Indo-Pacific excluding the Red Sea and which has only been recorded once, probably from an aquarium release, the other non-indigenous species have extended their range into the Mediterranean autochthonously (Schembri and Tonna, 2011). The most recent species to do so is the African hind, Cephalopholis taeniops, first reported off the coast of Libya in 2002 (Ben Abdallah et al. 2007), and then in 2009 at Lampedusa (Guidetti et al. 2010) and Malta (Froese and Pauly 2011; Vassallo 2009), although Marine Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 182 – February 2020
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Biologist Prof. Dr. Patrick J. Schembri knows of an earlier (2008) unpublished record from Malta (Schembri and Tonna, 2011). The species seems to have become established in the Sicily Channel (Guidetti et al. 2010; Schembri and Tonna, 2011). Epinephelus coioides was first recorded from the Mediterranean (misidentified as Arabian Grouper Epinephelus tauvina Forsskål, 1775; see Heemstra and Golani 1993 & Heemstra and Randall 1993) in 1969 (Ben-Tuvia and Lourie 1969) and since then has been occasionally caught off the Palestinian coast, where it is considered to be established but rather rare (Golani et al. 2002; 2006). There is also a single record of this species from the Adriatic Sea off the Trieste coast (1998; Parenti and Bressi 2001), however, it does not seem to have become established there (Schembri and Tonna, 2011). The first record of Epinephelus malabaricus from the Mediterranean is usually attributed to Ben-Tuvia and Lourie (1969) (e.g. Golani et al. 2002; Mavruk and Avsar 2008) who reported Epinephelus tauvina which was later corrected to Epinephelus malabaricus by Randall and Ben-Tuvia (1983). However, Heemstra and Randall (1993 p. 185) showed that this specimen was actually Epinephelus coioides. The earliest Mediterranean record of Epinephelus malabaricus is of a specimen collected at Khirbet Kabarsa (Nahariya), northern Occupied Palestine in June 1966 (Heemstra and Randall 1993 p. 185). The Malabar Grouper is also caught off the Gaza Sea (see pictures on page 5&10 from 2013). To date, in the Mediterranean, this species has only been recorded twice; one from the Palestinian coast where it is regarded as established but very rare (Golani et al. 2002; 2006; Schembri and Tonna, 2011), and the second record from the Grand Harbour at Valletta, Island of Malta in the central Mediterranean (Schembri and Tonna, 2011).
Malabar Grouper Epinephelus malabaricus Post Stamp from the State of Palestine issued in 2016. https://www.marktplatz-philatelie.com/kategorie/549/palastina Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 182 – February 2020
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Malabar Grouper Epinephelus malabaricus. https://churaumi.okinawa/en/fishbook/00000116/
Description of the Malabar Grouper Epinephelus malabaricus: Body elongate; body depth 3.0-3.7 in SL; body width 1.4-1.9 in body depth. Head length 2.3-2.6 in SL; interorbital width 4.5-6.5 in head length. Posteroventral preopercular margin with enlarged serrae. Dorsal fin membranes incised between spines. Caudal fin moderately rounded. Pectoral fin middle rays longest, its length longer than longest pelvic fin ray length, 1.7-2.2 in head length. Lateral body scales distinctly ctenoid, with auxiliary scales; anterior lateral line tubes in large adults with 2-4 branches. Colour: body usually brownish, with numerous small, well-separated blackish spots and irregular whitish blotches. Size: maximum total length uncertain, but attaining at least 115 cm. Distribution: distributed in the Indo-West Pacific, from east coast of Africa and the Red Sea east to Fiji. Lessepsian immigrant in the Mediterranean Sea. Remarks: found in a variety of habitats, including coral and rocky reefs, estuaries, and mangrove swamps. One of the most common groupers in the Indo-West Pacific (Motomura).
References and Internet Websites Ben Abdallah, A.; Ben Soussi J, Méjri H, Canapé C, Golani D (2007) First record of Cephalopholis taeniops (Valenciennes) in the Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Fish Biology 71: 610– 614, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01504.x Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 182 – February 2020
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Ben-Tuvia, A.; Lourie A. (1969) A Red Sea grouper Epinephelus tauvina caught on the Mediterranean coast of Israel. Israel Journal of Zoology 18: 245–247. Churaumi Fish Encyclopedia. Malabar Grouper. https://churaumi.okinawa/en/fishbook/00000116/ Coastal and Marine Biodiversity Integration Network. Epinephelus malabaricus. http://combine.ncscm.res.in/combine/details?cid=13626 Fisheries of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Epinephelus malabaricus. https://www.fa.gov.tw/en/LOHASHFish/content.aspx?id=146&chk=10647e89-2d984f95-a357-7c6aa671060f&param=pn%3D33 Froese, R.; Pauly, D. (eds) (2011) FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. http://www.fishbase.org, version (06/2011). Galil, B.S. (2008). Alien species in the Mediterranean Sea – which, when, where, why? Hydrobiologia 606: 105–116, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-008-9342-z Golani, D.; Orsi-Relini L., Massuti E., Quignard J.P. (2002). CIESM atlas of exotic species in the Mediterranean. Volume 1 Fishes. Monaco, CIESM Publications, 254pp. Golani, D.; Öztürk B, Başusta N (2006). Fishes of the Eastern Mediterranean. [Turkish Marine Research Foundation Publication No. 24] Turkish Marine Research Foundation, Istanbul, Turkey, 259 pp. Guidetti, P.; Giardina F., Azzurro E. (2010). A new record of Cephalopholis taeniops in the Mediterranean Sea, with considerations on the Sicily channel as a biogeographical crossroad of exotic fish. Marine Biodiversity Records 3: e13, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1755267210000023 Heemstra, P.C.; Golani, D. (1993). Clarification of the Indo-Pacific groupers (Pisces: Serranidae) in the Mediterranean Sea. Israel Journal of Zoology 39: 381–390. Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, (1993). FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1980). Tabie’t Al-Talawon fi Al-Haywanat (The Colouration of Animals). Al-Biology Bulletin. Number 1.January 1980, Safar 1401. Biological Society, Kuwait University, State of Kuwait. pp. 4-5. (In Arabic). Khalaf, Norman (Translator) (1982). Al-Miah Al-Mulawatha Tohaded Al-Asmak Bi’ilinqiraad (Water Pollution threatens the Fish Fauna with Extinction). Al-Biology Bulletin. Number 18, Third Year, First Semester, Saturday 6.11.1982. Biological Society, Kuwait University, State of Kuwait. pp. 7. (Translation from German into Arabic). Khalaf, N.A.B. (1986). The Schooling of Sumatra Barbs (Barbus tetrazona tetrazona) and Minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus). Dissertation, Master of Science in Ecology, Departments of Zoology and Botany, University of Durham, England. September 1986. pps. 59 + iv. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1992). An Introduction to the Animal Life in Palestine. Gazelle. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 30, Tenth Year, October 1992. pp. 1-7. (In Arabic). Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 182 – February 2020
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Malabar Grouper at the Gaza Fish Market (Hisbet Al-Samak). 12.11.2013. https://www.paldf.net/forum/showthread.php?t=1125385
Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1994). An Introduction to the Animal Life in Palestine. Shqae’q Al-Nouma’n (Anemone coronaria). A Quarterly Magazine Issued by the Program EAI (Education for Awareness and for Involvement). Environmental Education / Children for Nature Protection. In Cooperation with Dept. of General and Higher Education. P.L.O., Palestine. Number 4.Huzairan (June) 1994. pp. 16-21. (In Arabic). Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). The Extinct and Endangered Animals in Palestine. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Home Page. Extinct and Endangered Animals and Reintroduction. http://gazelle.8m.net/photo3.html Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2004). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2004. / Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2004. ISBN 3-00-014121-9. Erste Auflage / First Edition, Juli 2004: 452 Seiten / Pages. Zweite erweiterte Auflage (Second Extended Edition), August 2004: 460 Seiten / Pages. Norman Ali Khalaf, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Germany. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/ & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/59405994/book-gazelle-thepalestinian-biological-bulletin-a-scientific-journey-in-palestine-arabia-and-europebetween-1983-2004-by-norman-ali-khalaf-von-jaffa-2004 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). Aquatica Arabica. An Aquatic Scientific Journey in Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 182 – February 2020
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Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 - 2005 / Aquatica Arabica. Eine Aquatische Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 - 2005. ISBN 300-014835-3. Erste Auflage / First Edition, August 2005: 376 Seiten / Pages. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/aquaticaarabica.htm & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/59407769/book-aquaticaarabica-an-aquatic-scientific-journey-in-palestine-arabia-and-europe-between-19802005-by-norman-ali-khalaf-von-jaffa-2005 & eBook: https://joom.ag/nN6L Khalaf, N.A.B. (2005). The Schooling of Sumatra Barbs (Barbus tetrazona tetrazona) and Minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus). [M.Sc. Dissertation in Ecology, Departments of Zoology and Botany, University of Durham, England. September 1986. pps. 59 + iv]. In: Aquatica Arabica. An Aquatic Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2005. Erste Auflage, August 2005. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 28-93. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (Member of PALESTA) (2005). Palestinian Scientists and Technologists Abroad (PALESTA). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 47, Twenty-third Year, November 2005, Shawal 1426. pp. 11-12. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (In Arabic). Khalaf, Norman Ali (2005, 2006, 2007). Chapter 3: Geography, Flora and Fauna. Pages 32-39. In: Palestine: A Guide. By Mariam Shahin, Photography by George Azar. CoAuthor: Norman Ali Khalaf. Northampton, Massachusetts: Interlink Publishing Group, 2005, 2006, 2007. xi + 471 pages. Appendices to page 500. http://ipsnewsite.mysite4now.com/journals.aspx?id=7323&jid=1&href=fulltext Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (Gründer) (seit Juni 2007). Yahoo! Deutschland Group: Fauna Palaestina. http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/Fauna_Palaestina/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli (July) 2007, 300 pp. SelfPublisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic, German and English). Doctoral Dissertation. Ashwood University, USA. Doctor of Science Degree in Zoology (Summa Cumm Laude) on 26.09.2007. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/felidaearabica.htm & Doctoral Dissertation (eBook) : https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/59397999/doctorate-dissertationfelidae-arabica-by-norman-ali-bassam-khalaf-doctor-of-science-ashwood-universityusa-2007 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (Gründer) (seit September 2007). Yahoo! Deutschland Group: Fauna Arabica. http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/Fauna_Arabica/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Haywanat Filistin ( حيوانات فلسطينFauna of Palestine). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 182 – February 2020
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Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 69, Twenty-fifth Year, September 2007 CE, Sha’ban 1428 AH. pp. 1-4. (in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7 %D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2009). Flora and Fauna in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 91, July 2009, Rajab 1430 AH. pp. 1-31. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://flora-fauna-palestine.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). Fauna Palaestina – Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2006 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006. ISBN 978-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009: 412 Seiten/Pages. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart1.htm & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/xx/document/view/59498633/fauna-palaestina-1-bookby-dr-norman-ali-khalaf-2009 Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Zoologist, Ecologist and Geologist : The Scientific References (1980-2009). http://dr-norman-ali-khalafreferences.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2010). Fauna Emiratus -Part One. Zoological Studies in the United Arab Emirates between 2004 - 2009. /Fauna Emiratus – Teil Eins. Zoologische Studien in die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate zwischen 2004 - 2009. ISBN 978-9948-15-462-4. Erste Auflage/First Edition, November 2010: 350 Seiten / Pages. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman AliBassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates &Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunaemiratuspart1.htm & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/xx/document/view/59546804/fauna-emiratuspart-1-zoological-studies-in-the-united-arab-emirates-between-2004-2009-by-drnorman-ali-bassam-khalaf-von-jaffa-2010 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2012). Fauna Palaestina – Part Two. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2009 / Fauna Palaestina - Teil Zwei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2009. ISBN 978-9948-16-667-2. 1. Auflage / First Edition : July 2012, Shaaban 1433 H. 208 Seiten / Pages (Arabic Part 120 Pages and the English Part 88 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, Palestine. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart2.htm & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/59602956/fauna-palaestinapart-2-book-by-dr-norman-ali-khalaf-von-jaffa-2012 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2013). Fauna Palaestina – Part Three. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 2005 – 2012/ Fauna Palaestina – Teil Drei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 2005 – 2012. ISBN 978-9950-383-35-7. Erste Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 182 – February 2020
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Auflage / First Edition : July 2013, Shaaban 1434 H. 364 pages (English Part 350 Pages and the Arabic Part 14 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, State of Palestine. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart3.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Garra rufa wadiqana Khalaf, 2013: A New Freshwater Doctor Fish Subspecies from Wadi Qana Nature Reserve, Salfit Governorate, State of Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 103, July 2013, Ramadan 1434 AH. pp. 125. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://palestinefishes.webs.com/palestine-doctor-fish Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). †Macropomoides palaestina Khalaf, 2013: A New Coelacanth Fish Fossil Species from the Anthracothere Hill in Al-Naqab, Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 107, November 2013, Muharram 1435 AH. pp. 30-38. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://quastenflosser.webs.com/macropomoidespalaestina.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2014). Fauna Palaestina – Part Four. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2014/ Fauna Palaestina – Teil Vier. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2014. ISBN 978-9950-383-77-7. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2014, Ramadan 1435 H. 456 Pages (English Part 378 Pages and the Arabic Part 78 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://fauna-palaestina-part1.webs.com/faunapalaestina4.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2014). †Macropomoides palaestina Khalaf, 2013: A New Coelacanth Fish Fossil Species from the Anthracothere Hill in Al-Naqab, Palestine. In: Fauna Palaestina – Part Four. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2014/ Fauna Palaestina – Teil Vier. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2014. ISBN 978-9950-383-77-7. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2014, Ramadan 1435 H. pp. 126 - 138. Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2015). Plants and Animals unique to Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 125, May 2015. pp. 1-18. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://flora-fauna-palestine-2.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2015). Fauna Palaestina – Part Five. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2016 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Fünf. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2016. ISBN 978-9950-383-92-0. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2015, Ramadan 1436 H. 448 pp. (English Part 304 Pages and the Arabic Part 144 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://fauna-palaestina-books.webs.com/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2016). Haywanat Falastin (Fauna of Palestine) حيوانات فلسطين. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 144, December 2016, pp. 1-18. Dubai and Sharjah, Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 182 – February 2020
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United Arab Emirates (In Arabic). http://animals-of-palestine-2.webs.com/fauna-ofpalestine-arabic Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa & Ola Mostafa Esmail Mostafa Khalaf (Photography) (2018). Presence of the Tasseled Blenny (Parablennius thysanius D. S. Jordan & Seale, 1907) in the Fujairah Sea, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean. تواجد سمكة الدلينس (بليني) ذات الشراشيب في بحر ال ُمحيط ال ِهندي، بحر العرب، خليج عُمان، الفجيرة. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 162, June 2018, pp. 1-13. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.(In Arabic & English).http://uae-fish.webs.com/ Khalaf-Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad (November 2019). The Benefits of Tuna فوائد سمك التونة. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Volume 37, Number 179, November 2019, pp. 1-9. Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. (In Arabic). https://issuu.com/dr-norman-ali-khalaf/docs/________________-converted & https://de.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Fauna_Palaestina/conversations/message s/201 Khalaf-Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad (February 2020). Occurrence of the Malabar Grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus Bloch & Schneider, 1801) in Palestinian Waters. تواجد سمك الهامور اللوكس الشهاوي الملباري في المياه البحرية الفلسطينية. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Volume 38, Number 182, February 2020, pp. 1-11. Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. https://fishes-of-palestine-2.webs.com/
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Malabar Grouper at the Gaza Fish Market (Hisbet Al-Samak). 12.11.2013. https://www.paldf.net/forum/showthread.php?t=1125385
Khalaf, Ola (25.05.2017). Tasseled Blenny (Parablennius thysanius). Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1907878222798887&set=a.1378764229043625. 1073741825.100007301827082&type=3&theater Khalaf, Ola Mostafa (July 2017). Marine Life UAE 1. Little Black Book. ZNO Photo Books, San Francisco Bay Area, California, USA. 24 pp. http://www.zno.com/prodassets/app/littlebook/index.html?initGuid=e368MRlQeps%3D&timestamp=150073540930 0&isPreview=true & http://share.asovx.com/prodassets/app/littlebook/index.html?initGuid=e368MRlQeps%3D&timestamp=150073540930 0&isPreview=true Khalaf, Ola (August 2017). Tasseled Blenny (Parablennius thysanius). National Geographic Al Arabiya (August 2017). Pages 86-87. https://www.facebook.com/NatGeoAlArabiya/photos/pcb.1380585798661844/138057911 1995846/?type=3&theater Khalaf, Ola (Photos) & Prof. Norman Khalaf (Scientific Description) & Mohammad Taher (Report) (August 2017). A Photographic Diary: Emirates Seas: Marine Pearls. : يوميات ُمصورة آللئ بحرية: بحار اإلمارات. National Geographic AlArabiya Magazine. Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Volume 21, No. 83, August 2017, 80-89 pp. http://www.ngalarabiya.com/issues/aug-2017/%D9%84%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A6%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9/ Lelong, P. (2005). Capture d’un macabit, Epinephelus merra Bloch, 1793 (Poisson, Serranidae), Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 182 – February 2020
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Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 182 – February 2020