Oreochromis mossambicus bassamkhalafi Khalaf, 2009 : A New Tilapia Subspecies from Fujairah, UAE by Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf

Oreochromis mossambicus bassamkhalafi Khalaf, 2009 : A New Mozambique Tilapia Subspecies from Wadi Al Wurayah Pools, Emirate of Fujairah, United Arab Emirates By: Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa

Abstract: A new subspecies of Mozambique Tilapia of the genus Oreochromis (Pisces: Cichlidae) from Wadi Al Wurayah pools, Emirate of Fujairah, United Arab Emirates is described. This new subspecies is distinguished from the subspecies Oreochromis mossambicus mossambicus living in Saudi Arabia, Oman and United Arab Emirates, by its distinctive body colouration and the smaller size. It is morphologically and geographically distinct from the subspecies Oreochromis mossambicus mossambicus. The new subspecies was named Oreochromis mossambicus bassamkhalafi Khalaf, 2009.

Keywords: Mozambique Tilapia, Emirati Tilapia, Wadi Al Wurayah Tilapia, Bassam Khalaf‟s Tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus bassamkhalafi, Freshwater Fish, New Subspecies, Wadi Al Wurayah, Emirate of Fujairah, United Arab Emirates, Arabian Peninsula, Middle East.

Introduction: During two field trips to Wadi Al Wurayah, the U.A.E.‟s first mountain protected area, located in Al Hajar Mountains, Emirate of Fujairah, United Arab Emirates, on Saturday the 8th August 2009 and Saturday the 15th August 2009, accompanied with my wife Ola and my daughter Nora, I inspected Wadi Al Wurayah pools and waterfall, and after diving in the circa 6 meter deep pool, I saw many Mozambique Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus ssp.) swimming in the pool waters. These fish were observed, examined, measured and photographed.

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 92 – August 2009 – Sha’ban 1430

The newly discovered Emirati Tilapia, Wadi Al Wurayah Tilapia or Bassam Khalaf‟s Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus bassamkhalafi Khalaf, 2009) from Wadi Al Wurayah pools, Emirate of Fujairah, United Arab Emirates. Underwater Photo: Ola Mostafa Khalaf. 15.08.2009. www.fotocommunity.de/pc/pc/display/18906942

Description and Distinctive Features: After examining Oreochromis mossambicus from the pools of Wadi Al Wurayah, I began comparing with the subspecies Oreochromis mossambicus mossambicus living in Saudi Arabia, Oman and United Arab Emirates. The Wadi Al Wurayah new subspecies Oreochromis mossambicus bassamkhalafi Khalaf, 2009, have a smaller size. The specimens measured were between 25 – 30 centimeters. The general body colouration is olive, yellowish to blue-gray with a silvery iridescence. The belly is lighter and may have reddish overtones. The tail fin is with spots. The tail and dorsal fins are edged with red and the pectoral fins are red. At spawning times, the throat of the male is silver-white, while the rest of the body darkens. There are three unclear spots in a horizontal row on the flanks, and six or seven unclear vertical bands on the body. Males are often with an enlarged mouth and a concave head profile. The colour of eyes varies from yellow to dark brown. Oreochromis mossambicus bassamkhalafi have 16 to 20 gill rakers.

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 92 – August 2009 – Sha’ban 1430

Two Emirati Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus bassamkhalafi Khalaf, 2009) from Wadi Al Wurayah pools, Emirate of Fujairah, United Arab Emirates. Underwater Photo: Ola Mostafa Khalaf. 15.08.2009. www.fotocommunity.de/pc/pc/display/18908728

Distribution: The original habitat of Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852) is the Limpopo River, Mozambique, East Africa. They have been introduced to various tropical and subtropical waters all over the world. In the Arabian Peninsula, it lives in Saudi Arabia, Oman and the Emirates. The new subspecies Oreochromis mossambicus bassamkhalafi is endemic to Wadi Al Wurayah pools, Emirate of Fujairah, United Arab Emirates.

Diet: The Wadi Al Wurayah Tilapias are omnivores that consume detrital material, vegetation with various ranges from diatoms to macro-algae to rooted plants, invertebrates, and small fry.

Potential to compete with Native Fish: Oreochromis mossambicus pose threats to local native populations through competition for food and nesting space (Courtenay et al. 1974). This interaction may reduce the Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 92 – August 2009 – Sha’ban 1430

biodiversity of the native fishery due to reduction of food availability and/or by the native fish being eaten as prey (Neil 1966, Bruton and Boltt 1975). But in the Wadi Al Wurayah Pools, it has been observed that Oreochromis mossambicus bassamkhalafi was not preying on the local Wadi Al Wurayah Fish Garra barreimiae wurayahi Khalaf, 2009.

Etymology / Derivation of Scientific Name: The scientific name Oreochromis: oreos is a Greek word which means “of the mountains” and chroma is also Greek and means “colour”; Mossambicus is Latin for Mozambique; and bassamkhalafi is Latin for my father “Bassam Khalaf” (1938 – 2006). This subspecies of the Mozambique or Common Tilapia is named in honour of my beloved father “Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf” (Abu Ali), who was born in Jaffa, Palestine, on 10 March 1938, and died in Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Germany on 17 February 2006.

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 92 – August 2009 – Sha’ban 1430

My father was a saltwater and freshwater fish lover all his life. He kept always aquarium fish in our home, and his great hobby was deep sea fishing. I learned a lot from him, including my first animal knowledge and the need to live with love and respect for all the animals we share our planet with.

Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf (1938 – 2006). http://bassam-ali-taher-khalaf.webs.com

Conclusion: After studying and examining the Oreochromis mossambicus at Wadi Al Wurayah pools, and comparing with the subspecies Oreochromis mossambicus mossambicus living in Saudi Arabia, Oman and the United Arab Emirates, and referring to many zoological references, and searching the Internet, I came finally to a conclusion that we are in front of a new subspecies of the Mozambique Tilapia from Wadi Al Wurayah pools, Emirate of Fujairah, United Arab Emirates. I gave it the scientific name Oreochromis mossambicus bassamkhalafi, new subspecies. The subspecies name “bassamkhalaf” is Latin for my father “Bassam Khalaf” (1938 – 2006). Oreochromis mossambicus bassamkhalafi, new subspecies: Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 92 – August 2009 – Sha’ban 1430

Scientific trinomial name: Oreochromis mossambicus bassamkhalafi Khalaf, 2009. Authority: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa. Common Names: Emirati Tilapia, Wadi Al Wurayah Tilapia, Bassam Khalaf’s Tilapia. Holotype: Ombk-1, Male, 25 cm, Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf-von Jaffa’s Collection. Location: Wadi Al Wurayah pools, Emirate of Fujairah, United Arab Emirates. Date of capture: 15th August, 2009.

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 92 – August 2009 – Sha’ban 1430

Acknowledgments: A Special thanks is due to my wife Ola Mostafa Khalaf, who assisted me with the shooting of the underwater photos for this scientific article; and to both my wife and daughter Nora Norman Ali Khalaf, who shared with me the field trips to Wadi Al Wurayah, and gave me the opportunity to discover a new Emirati Tilapia Subspecies.

Emirati Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus bassamkhalafi Khalaf, 2009) from Wadi Al Wurayah pools, Emirate of Fujairah, U.A.E. Underwater Photo: Ola Mostafa Khalaf. 15.08.2009. www.fotocommunity.de/pc/pc/display/18906973 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 92 – August 2009 – Sha’ban 1430

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 92 – August 2009 – Sha’ban 1430

Emirati Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus bassamkhalafi Khalaf, 2009) from Wadi Al Wurayah pools, Emirate of Fujairah, United Arab Emirates. Underwater Photo: Ola Mostafa Khalaf. 15.08.2009. www.fotocommunity.de/pc/pc/display/19034809

Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf-von Jaffa at Wadi Al Wurayah, Emirate of Fujairah, United Arab Emirates. Photo: Ola Mostafa Khalaf. 08.08.2009. www.fotocommunity.de/pc/pc/mypics/1213310/display/18121360 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 92 – August 2009 – Sha’ban 1430

Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf-von Jaffa studying the fish fauna in Wadi Al Wurayah Pools, Emirate of Fujairah, United Arab Emirates. Photo: Ola Mostafa Khalaf. 15.08.2009. www.facebook.com/dr.norman.ali.khalaf?ref=name#/photo.php?pid=2482390&id=537 328302

References and Internet Websites: Abbasi, K. and Sarpanah, A. (2001). Fish fauna investigation in Aras Reservoir and its Iranian tributaries. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 10(2):41-62. (In Farsi). Abdolhay, H. (1996). Aquaculture status and development in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Paper presented to the Working Group on Aquaculture, Indian Ocean Fishery Commission Committee for the Development and Management of the Fishery Resources of the Gulf, Cairo, Egypt, 1-3 October, 1996. Abdoli, A. (2000). The Inland Water Fishes of Iran. Iranian Museum of Nature and Wildlife, Tehran. 378 pp. (In Farsi). Allanson, B.R., A. Bok, N.I. van Wyk (1971). The influence of exposure to low temperature on Tilapia mossambica Peters (Cichlidae). Journal of Fish Biology 3(2):181Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 92 – August 2009 – Sha’ban 1430

185. Al-Nasiri, S. K. and Hoda, S. M. S. (1975). Survey of fish fauna of Shatt-Al-Arab (from Abu-al-Khasib to Karmat Ali). Bulletin of the Basrah Natural History Museum, 2:36-46. Al-Nasiri, S. K. and Hoda, S. M. S. (1976). A guide to the freshwater fishes of Iraq. Basrah Natural History Museum Publication, 1: xii + 124 pp. Anderson, S. C. (2002). An introduction to the literature of the vertebrate zoology of Iran. Zoology in the Middle East, 26:15-28. Arthington A.H., and D.A. Milton (1986). Reproductive biology, growth and age composition of the introduced Oreochromis mossambicus (Cichlidae) in two reservoirs, Brisbane, Australia. Environmental Biology of Fishes 16:257-266. Berg, L. S. (1948-1949). Freshwater fishes of the USSR and adjacent countries. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem (1962-1965). 3 volumes.

Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf-von Jaffa diving and studying the fish fauna in Wadi Al Wurayah Pools, Emirate of Fujairah, United Arab Emirates. Underwater Photo: Ola Mostafa Khalaf. 15.08.2009. www.facebook.com/dr.norman.ali.khalaf?ref=name#/photo.php?pid=2482392&id=537 328302 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 92 – August 2009 – Sha’ban 1430

Bibliography. Freshwater Fishes of Iraq. www.briancoad.com/Iraq/Bibliography_Iraq.htm Bishop, J. M. (2003). History and current checklist of Kuwait's ichthyofauna. Journal of Arid Environments, 54(1):237-256. Bowen, S. H. (1979). A nutritional constraint in detritivory by fishes: the stunted population of Sarotherodon mossambicus in Lake Sibaya, South Africa. Ecological Monographs 49:17-31. Bowen, S. H., and B. R. Allanson (1982). Behavioral and Trophic Plasticity of Tilapia Mossambica in Utilization of the Unsatble Litoral Habitat. Environmental Biology of Fishes 7(4):357-362. Brock, V. E. (1954). A note on the spawning of Tilapia mossambica in sea water. Copeia 1954(1):72. Brown W. H. (1961). First Record of the African Mouthbreeder Tilapia Mossambica Peters in Texas. Texas Journal of Science 13:352-354. Bruton M. N., and B. R. Allanson (1974). The growth of Tilapia mossambica Peters (Pisces: Cichlidae) in Lake Sibaya, South Africa. Journal of Fish Biology 6:701-715. Bruton M. N., and R. E. Boltt (1975). Aspects of the biology of Tilapia mossambica Peters (Pisces: Cichlidae) in a natural freshwater lake (Lake Sibaya, South Africa). Journal of Fish Biology 7:423-445. Boschung, H. T., and R. L. Mayden (2004). Mozambique Tilapia: Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). Pp 620. In: Fishes of Alabama. Smithsonian Books. Washington D.C. 960 p. Caulton, M. S., B. J. Hill (1973). The ability of Tilapia mossambica (Peters) to enter deep water. Journal of Fish Biology 5:783-788. Chervinski, J. and Lahav, M. (1976). The effect of exposure to low temperature on fingerlings of local tilapia (Tilapia aurea) (Steindachner) and imported tilapia (Tilapia vulcani) (Trewavas) and Tilapia nilotica. Bamidgeh, 28:25-29. Coad, B. W. (1996). Zoogeography of the fishes of the Tigris-Euphrates Basin. Zoology in the Middle East, 13:51-70. Coad, B. W. (1996). Exotic fish species in the Tigris-Euphrates basin. Zoology in the Middle East, 13:71-83. Coad, B. W. and Abdoli, A. (1993). Exotic fish species in the fresh waters of Iran. Zoology in the Middle East, 9:65-80. Costa-Pierce, B. (2003). Rapid evolution of an established feral tilapia (Oreochromis spp.): The need to incorporate invasion science into regulatory structures. Biological Invasions 5:71-84. Courtenay, W. R., Jr. and C. R. Robins (1973). Exotic aquatic organisms in Florida with emphasis on fishes: A review and recommendations. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 102(1):1-12. Courtenay, W. R., Jr., D. P. Jennings, and J. D. Williams (1991). Appendix 2, exotic fishes. Pages 97-107 in Robins, C. R., R. M. Bailey, C. E. Bond, J. R. Brokker, E. A. Lachner, R. N. Lea, and W. B. Scott, editors. Common and scientific names of fishes from the U.S. and Canada. Special Publication 20, American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 92 – August 2009 – Sha’ban 1430

Maryland. Courtenay, W. R., Jr., H. F. Sahlman, W. W. Miley, II, and D. J. Herrema (1974). Exotic fishes in fresh and brackish waters of Florida. Biological Conservation 6(4):292-302. Courtenay W. R., Jr. (1989). Exotic fishes in the National Park System. Pages 237-252. in: Thomas L.K. (Ed.). Proceedings of the 1986 conference on science in the national parks, volume 5. Management of exotic species in natural communities. U.S. National Park Service and George Wright Society, Washington, DC. Courtenay W. R., Jr., and J. R. Stauffer, Jr. (1990). The introduced fish problem and the aquarium fish industry. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 21:145-159. Courtenay W. R., Jr., and C. R. Robins (1989). Fish introductions: Good management, mismanagement, or no management? CRC Critical Reviews in Aquatic Sciences 1:159172.

Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf-von Jaffa diving and studying the fish fauna in Wadi Al Wurayah Pools, Emirate of Fujairah, United Arab Emirates. Underwater Photo: Ola Mostafa Khalaf. 15.08.2009. www.facebook.com/dr.norman.ali.khalaf?ref=name#/photo.php?pid=2482391&id=537 328302 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 92 – August 2009 – Sha’ban 1430

Cuvier, G. et Valenciennes, A. (1828-1849). Histoire naturelle des poissons. 22 volumes. Paris. (Reprint A. Asher & Co., Amsterdam). De Silva, S. S., J. Chandrasoma (1980). Reproductive Biology of Sarotherodon mossambicus, An Introduced Species, In an Ancient Man-made Lake in Sri-Lanka. Environmental Biology of Fishes 5(3):253-259. De Silva, S. S., M. K. Perera, and P. Maitipe (1984). The composition, nutritional status and digestibility of the diets of Sarotherodon mossambicus from nine man-made lakes in Sri Lanka. Environmental Biology of Fishes 11(3):205-219. Dial R.S. and S.C. Wainright (1983). New distributional records for non-native fishes in Florida. Florida Scientist 46:8-15. Esmaeili, H. R., Ganjali, Z. and Monsefi, M. (2009). Reproductive biology of the endemic Iranian cichlid, Iranocichla hormuzensis Coad, 1982 from Mehran River, southern Iran. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 84(1):141-145. Feeding Ecology of Salton Sea Tilapia. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb038/is_1_104/ai_n29175980/ Feulner, Gary R. and Peter L. Cunningham. The freshwater goby (Awaous aeneofuscus) in the Wadi Hatta watershed (U.A.E./Oman). www.enhg.org/trib/trib07.htm Firouz, E., Hassinger, J. D. and Ferguson, D. A. (1970). The Wildlife Parks and Protected Regions of Iran. Biological Conservation, 3(1):37-45. Fischer, W. and Bianchi, G. (Eds.) (1984). FAO Species Identification Sheets for Fishery Purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. 6 volumes. Fishbase. Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852) Mozambique tilapia. www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?ID=3 Forey, P. L. and Young, S. V. T. (1999). Late Miocene fishes of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, p. 120-135. In: Whybrow, P. J. and Hill, A. (Eds.). Fossil Vertebrates of Arabia with Emphasis on the Late Miocene Faunas, Geology, and Palaeoenvironments of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Yale University Press, New Haven and London. xxv + 523 pp., 40 pp. Fowler, H. W. (1958). Some new taxonomic names of fishlike vertebrates. Notulae Naturae of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 310:1-16. Fowler, H. W. and Steinitz, H. (1956). Fishes from Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Israel and Oman. Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel, 5B:260-292. Freshwater Fishes of Iran. www.briancoad.com/Bibliography/complete_bibl.htm Freshwater Fishes of Iran. Species Accounts – Cichlidae. www.briancoad.com/Species%20Accounts/cichlidae.htm Friend, P. F. (1999). Rivers of the Lower Baynunah Formation, Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, p. 38-49.In: Whybrow, P. J. and Hill, A. (Eds.). Fossil Vertebrates of Arabia with Emphasis on the Late Miocene Faunas, Geology, and Palaeoenvironments of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Yale University Press, New Haven and London. xxv + 523 pp., 40 pp. Fryer G., and T. D. Illes (1972). The Cichlid Fishes of the Great Lakes of Africa. TFH Publishing, Hong Kong. 610 p. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 92 – August 2009 – Sha’ban 1430

Goren, M. and Ortal, R. (1999). Biogeography, diversity and conservation of the inland water fish communities in Israel. Biological Conservation, 89:1-9. Goren, M. (1974). The freshwater fishes of Israel. Israel Journal of Zoology, 23:67-118. Grabowski S.J., S.D. Hiebert, and D.M. Lieberman (1984). Potential for introduction of three species of nonnative fishes into central Arizona via the Central Arizona Project: A literature review and analysis. REC-ERC-84-7. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO. Günther, A. (1859-1870). Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum. London. 8 volumes. Günther, A. (1869). The fishes of the Holy Land. The Student and Intellectual Observer of Science, Literature and Art, 3:409-417. Günther, A. (1874). A contribution to the fauna of the River Tigris. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4(14):36-38, pl. VIII-IX. Gupta M.V. and B.O. Acosta (2004). A review of global tilapia farming practices. WorldFish Center P.O. Box 500 GPO, 10670, Penang, Malaysia. Hensley, D.A., and W.R. Courtenay, Jr. (1980). Tilapia aurea (Steindachner) Blue Tilapia. Page 774. In D.S. Lee., C.R. Gilbert., C.H. Hocutt, R.E. Jenkins, D.E. McAllister, And J.R. Stauffer, Jr. Atlas of North American Fresh Water Fishes. North Carolina State Museum Of Natural History, Publication #1980-12 of the North Carolina Biological Survey. Hill, A. and Whybrow, P. J. (1999). Summary and overview of the Baynunah fauna, Emirate of Abu Dhabi, and its context, p. 7-14. In: Whybrow, P. J. and Hill, A. (Eds.). Fossil Vertebrates of Arabia with Emphasis on the Late Miocene Faunas, Geology, and Palaeoenvironments of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Yale University Press, New Haven and London. xxv + 523 pp., 40 pp. Hodgkiss I. J., and H. S. H. Man (1978). Reproductive biology of Sarotherodon mossambicus (Cichlidae) In Plover Cove Reservoir, Hong Kong. Environmental Biology of Fish 3:287-292. Hoffman, G. L. (1981). Recently imported parasites of baitfishes and relatives. Pages 4546. Third annual proceedings of the Catfish Farmers of America research workshop held in Littlerock, Arkansas. Unpublished report. Hogg R.G. (1976). Established exotic cichlid fishes in Dade County, Florida. Florida Scientist 39:97-103. Hora, S. L. (1933). Fish of Afghanistan. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 36:688-706. Howells, R. G. (1992). Annotated list of introduced non-native fishes, mollusks, crustaceans and aquatic plants in Texas waters. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Management Data Series 78, Austin, TX. 19 pp. Hubbs, C., T. Lucier, G. P. Garrett, R. J. Edwards, S. M. Dean, E. Marsh, and D. Belk. (1978). Survival and abundance of introduced fishes near San Antonio, Texas. Texas Journal of Science 30(4):369-376. Khalaf, A. N., Allouse, S. B., Al-Yamour, K. Y., Al-Jafary, A. R. and Sadek, S. E. (1989). Preliminary records on fish distribution in Al-Nibaey lakes (Iraq). Proceedings of the Fifth Scientific Conference of the Science Research Council, Baghdad (abstract). Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 92 – August 2009 – Sha’ban 1430

Khalaf, K. T. (1961). The marine and freshwater fishes of Iraq. Ar-Rabitta Press, Baghdad. 164 pp. Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1980). Tabie‟t Al-Talawon fi Al-Haywanat (The Colouration of Animals). Al-Biology Bulletin. Number 1. January 1980, Safar 1401. Biological Society, Kuwait University, State of Kuwait. pp. 4-5. (In Arabic). Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1981). Fawa'ed Alasmak. (The Benefits of Fishes). AlBiology Magazine, Biological Society, Kuwait University, State of Kuwait. Number 1. Sunday 7.6.1981, 5. Sha'ban 1401. pp. 54-55. (In Arabic). Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1982). Samak Al-Coelacanth (The Coelacanth Fish). AlBiology Magazine. Number 2. February 1982. Biological Society, Kuwait University, State of Kuwait. pp. 14-15. (In Arabic). Khalaf, Norman (Translator) (1982). Al-Miah Al-Mulawatha Tohaded Al-Asmak Bi‟ilinqiraad (Water Pollution threatens the Fish Fauna with Extinction). Al-Biology Bulletin. Number 18, Third Year, First Semester, Saturday 6.11.1982. Biological Society, Kuwait University, State of Kuwait. pp. 7. (Translation from German into Arabic). Khalaf, Norman Ali (1983). Al-Samaka Al-„Auljumiyah Al-Naqaqa fi Al-Khaleej AlArabi [The Toad Fish (Batrachus grunniens) in the Arabian Gulf]. Bulletin of the Biological Studies Club, Kuwait University, State of Kuwait. First Year, Number 3, 23 November 1983. pp. 10-11. (In Arabic). Khalaf, Norman Ali (Translator) (1983). Al-Tasjeel Al-Hay Al-Awal li-Samaket Kozat Al-Snobar (Monocentris japonicus, Houttuyn) min Al-Bahr Al-Ahmar [The Pinecone Fish (Monocentris japonicus, Houttuyn), A First Live Record from the Red Sea] by: Chaim Kropach. Bulletin of the Biological Studies Club, Kuwait University, State of Kuwait. First Year, Number 4, 7.12.1983. pp. 6-8. (In Arabic). Khalaf, Norman Ali B. (1986). The Schooling of Fishes. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 9. Fourth Year. Ramadan 1406. May 1986. Department of Zoology, University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom. pp. 1-13. Khalaf, Norman Ali B. (1986). The Fish Fauna in Van Mildert Pond, Durham City, North East England. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 9. Fourth Year. Ramadan 1406. May 1986. Department of Zoology, University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom. pp. 14-20. Khalaf, N.A.B. (1986). The Schooling of Sumatra Barbs (Barbus tetrazona tetrazona) and Minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus). Dissertation, Master of Science in Ecology, Departments of Zoology and Botany, University of Durham, England. September 1986. pps. 59 + iv. Khalaf, Norman Ali B. (1987). The Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) in the Science and Natural History Museum, State of Kuwait. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 15. Fifth Year. July 1987. Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Germany. pp. 1-8. Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1987). On a Collection of Devon Period Animal Fossils from the Saarland, in the Geologische Museum Saarberg in Saarbrücken, Germany. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 15, Fifth Year, Thul Qi‟dah 1407 AH, July 1987 AD. pp. 9-10. Khalaf, Norman Ali B. (1987). The Great White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) from the State of Kuwait, Arabian Gulf. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 16. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 92 – August 2009 – Sha’ban 1430

Fifth Year. Safar 1408 AH. September 1987 AD. Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. pp. 1-7. Khalaf, Norman Ali (1989). Qa‟ema li-ba‟d Asmak Al-Kuwait fi Al-Mathaf Al-„Ilmi BiDawlat Al-Kuwait (A List of some Kuwaiti Fishes from the Science & Natural History Museum, State of Kuwait). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 19. Seventh Year. December 1989. Bonn 2-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. pp. 3. (In Arabic and English). Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1991). A Trip to Zoo Budapest, Hungary. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 21, Ninth Year, January 1991. pp. 1-4. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1991). The Gulf War and its effect on the Arabian Ecosystem (Part One). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 23, Ninth Year, July 1991. pp. 1-12. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1991). The Gulf War and its effect on the Arabian Ecosystem (Part Two). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 24, Ninth Year, August 1991. pp. 110. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1991). The Gulf War and its effect on the Arabian Ecosystem (Part Three). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 25, Ninth Year, September 1991. pp. 1-7. Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1992). Notes on the Biological Ecology of the Marshes in Southern Iraq. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 29, Tenth Year, September 1992. pp. 1-9. (In Arabic). Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1992). The United Nations Ecological Report confirms: The Regime of Saddam is destroying the Marshes (Al-Ahwar) Ecosystem. Sawt Al-Kuwait International Newspaper. Saturday 17 October 1992, 21 Rabi‟e Al-Thani 1412. pp. 15. (In Arabic). Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1992). An Introduction to the Animal Life in Palestine. Gazelle. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 30, Tenth Year, October 1992. pp. 1-7. (In Arabic). Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali B. (1993). Al-Mushkilatan Al-Ma‟eyah wa Al-Bi‟eyah fi Al-Dafah Al-Gharbiyah wa Qita‟ Ghaza Al-Muhtalain (Ka-Juzu‟ min Al-Sharq AlAwsat) [The Water and the Ecological Problems in the Occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip (As Part of the Middle East)]. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 31. Eleventh Year. December 1993. Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany. pp. 1- 29. (In Arabic). Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1994). An Introduction to the Animal Life in Palestine. Shqae‟q Al-Nouma‟n (Anemone coronaria). A Quarterly Magazine Issued by the Program EAI (Education for Awareness and for Involvement). Environmental Education / Children for Nature Protection. In Cooperation with Dept. of General and Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 92 – August 2009 – Sha’ban 1430

Higher Education. P.L.O., Palestine. Number 4. Huzairan (June) 1994. pp. 16-21. (In Arabic). Acquaintance Card: Majallet Al-Ghazzal (Gazelle Magazine): The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn, Germany. Shqae‟q Al-Nouma‟n (Anemone coronaria). A Quarterly Magazine Issued by the Program EAI (Education for Awareness and for Involvement). Environmental Education / Children for Nature Protection. In Cooperation with Dept. of General and Higher Education. P.L.O., Palestine. Number 4. Huzairan (June) 1994. pp. 51-52. (In Arabic). Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali B.(1995). Alasmak fi Filistin (Die Fische von Palaestina / The Fishes of Palestine). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 33. Thirteenth Year. December 1995. Bonn, Germany. pp.1-35. (In Arabic). Khalaf, Ali Bassam (1997). Amir Al-Bahar Al-Arabi (The Arabian Sea Prince) Shihab AlDeen Ahmad Bin Majed. Magazin der Akademie. Nummer 1. Zu Elke‟da 1417 H, Maerz 1997. Koenig Fahad Akademie – Bonn, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Deutschland. pp. 23-24. (in Arabic). Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). The Extinct and Endangered Animals in Palestine. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Home Page. Extinct and Endangered Animals and Reintroduction. http://gazelle.8m.net/photo3.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (Gründer) (seit Juni 2001). Yahoo! Deutschland Group: Wale und Delphine. http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/Wale_und_Delphine/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2004). Gazelle: Das Palaestinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palaestina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2004. / Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2004. Erste Auflage / First Edition, Juli 2004: 452 Seiten / Pages. Zweite erweiterte Auflage (Second Extended Edition), August 2004: 460 Seiten / Pages. Norman Ali Khalaf, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Germany. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). Der Komoren-Quastenflosser (Latimeria chalumnae) und der Manado-Quastenflosser (Latimeria menadoensis). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 38. Twenty Third Year. February 2005. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 1-8. www.geocities.com/jaffacity/quastenflosser.html Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Story of Prophet Musa (Moses) and the Fish. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Number 38, Twenty-third Year, February 2005. pp. 14-15. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). Moses Perch (Lutjanus russelli, Bleeker 1849). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Number 38, Twenty-third Year, February 2005. pp. 15. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Fish of Musa (Samak Musa). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Number 38, Twentythird Year, February 2005. pp. 16. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). Samak Al-Luchs (Al-Hamoor) or the OrangeSpotted Grouper (Epinephelus coioides) in Palestine (Mediterranean Sea) and the United Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 92 – August 2009 – Sha’ban 1430

Arab Emirates (Arabian Gulf). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Number 39, Twenty-third Year, March 2005. pp. 1-6. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). Jaffa (Yaffa): The History of an Old Palestinian Arab City on the Mediterranean Sea. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Number 39, Twenty-third Year, March 2005. pp. 7-8. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Andromeda Sea Monster of Jaffa. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Number 39, Twentythird Year, March 2005. pp. 8. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Jewfish (Epinephelus itajara) / Der Riesenzackenbarsch oder Judenfisch (Epinephelus itajara). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Number 39, Twenty-third Year, March 2005. pp. 9-12. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Arabian Freshwater Fishes in the Arabia‟s Wildlife Centre, Sharjah Desert Park, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 40, Twenty-third Year, April 2005. pp. 1-9. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Arabian_Freshwater_Fish.html Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (Gründer) (seit Juni 2005). Der Quastenflosser: Coelacanth Latimeria Yahoo! Deutschland Group. http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/Quastenflosser/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Koran Angelfish (Pomacanthus semicirculatus, Cuvier, 1831). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 44. Twenty-third Year. August 2005. Jamada Alakhira 1426. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 1-8. http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Koran_Angelfish.html Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). Aquatica Arabica. An Aquatic Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 - 2005 / Aquatica Arabica. Eine Aquatische Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palaestina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 - 2005. Erste Auflage / First Edition, August 2005: 376 Seiten / Pages. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/aquaticaarabica.htm Khalaf, N.A.B. (2005). The Schooling of Sumatra Barbs (Barbus tetrazona tetrazona) and Minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus). [M.Sc. Dissertation in Ecology, Departments of Zoology and Botany, University of Durham, England. September 1986. pps. 59 + iv]. In: Aquatica Arabica. An Aquatic Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2005. Erste Auflage, August 2005. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 28-93. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Rafah Zoo in the Rafah Refugee Camp, Gaza Strip, Palestine : A Story of Destruction by the Israeli Occupation Army. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 46, Twenty-third Year, October 2005, Ramadan 1426. pp. 1-11. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (In Arabic). Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (2005). The Qalqilia Zoo and the Natural History Museum in the City of Qalqilia, West Bank, Occupied Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 47, Twenty-third Year, November 2005, Shawal Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 92 – August 2009 – Sha’ban 1430

1426. pp. 1-10. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (In Arabic). Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (Member of PALESTA) (2005). Palestinian Scientists and Technologists Abroad (PALESTA). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 47, Twenty-third Year, November 2005, Shawal 1426. pp. 11-12. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (In Arabic). Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Eine Persoenlichkeit aus Jaffa, Palaestina / A Personality from Jaffa, Palestine: Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf (Abu Ali) (1938-2006). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 56, Twenty-fourth Year, August 2006. pp. 8-19. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://bassam-ali-taher-khalaf.webs.com/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Ein Besuch im Neunkircher Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland / A Visit to Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 59, November 2006. pp. 1-25. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabisch / Arabic). http://khalaf.homepage24.de/text_88839638_85658724_59480041_deutsch.html Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Zum 1. Todestag : Eine Persoenlichkeit aus Jaffa, Palaestina / The First Death Anniversary : A Personality from Jaffa, Palestine : Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf (Abu Ali) (1938-2006). Gazelle: Das Palaestinensische Biologische Bulletin. Nummer 62, Februar 2007, Muharram 1428 AH. Seite 11. Sharjah, Vereinigte Arabische Emirate. http://bassam-ali-taher-khalaf.webs.com/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (Gründer) (seit Juni 2007). Yahoo! Deutschland Group: Fauna Palaestina. http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/Fauna_Palaestina/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (Gründer) (seit August 2007). Haie – Sharks Yahoo! Deutschland Group. http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/Haie_Sharks/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (Gründer) (seit September 2007). Yahoo! Deutschland Group: Fauna Arabica. http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/Fauna_Arabica/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Haywanat Filistin (Fauna of Palestine). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 69, Twenty-fifth Year, September 2007 CE, Sha‟ban 1428 AH. pp. 1-4. (in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7 %D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). A Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus, Smith 1828) caught off the Kuwaiti Coast: The Second Record from the State of Kuwait, Arabian / Persian Gulf. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 71, November 2007. pp. 1-20. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Abstracts in English and Arabic). http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Whale_Shark_Kuwait.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Rhiniodon typus Smith, 1828 or Rhincodon typus Smith, 1829: The Story of a Scientific Name. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 92 – August 2009 – Sha’ban 1430

Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 71, November 2007. pp. 21. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Rhiniodon_Rhincodon.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Whale Sharks in Palestinian Waters: A Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus, Smith 1828) rescued near the Tantura Beach, Carmel Coast, North Palestine: The First Record from the Palestinian Mediterranean Coast. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 71, November 2007. pp. 22-23. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Abstracts in English and Arabic). http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Whale_Shark_Palestine.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Whale Sharks in Palestinian Waters: Whale Sharks (Rhincodon typus, Smith 1828) near Um Al-Rashrash (Eilat) Beach, Gulf of Aqaba, South Palestine: First Records from the Palestinian Red Sea Coast. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 71, November 2007. pp. 2326. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Abstract in English and Arabic). http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Whale_Shark_Palestine.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). An Ocean Sunfish or Common Mola (Mola mola, Linnaeus 1758) caught off the coast of Gaza: The First Record from Palestine, East Mediterranean Sea. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 72, December 2007, pp. 1-16. (Abstracts in English and Arabic). http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Gaza_Ocean_Sunfish.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). Cetacea Palaestina: The Whales and Dolphins in Palestinian Waters. Cetacean Species Guide for Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 83, November 2008, Thu Al-Qi‟ada 1429 AH. pp. 1-14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Cetacea_Palaestina.html Khalaf, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2009). Zum 3. Todestag : Eine Persönlichkeit aus Jaffa, Palästina / The Third Death Anniversary : A Personality from Jaffa, Palestine : Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf (Abu Ali) (1938-2006). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Nummer 86, Februar 2009, Safar 1430 AH. Seite 21. Sharjah, Vereinigte Arabische Emirate. http://bassam-ali-taher-khalaf.webs.com/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2009). A Longcomb Sawfish (Pristis zijsron Bleeker, 1851) caught off the coast of Dibba, United Arab Emirates, Gulf of Oman. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 88, April 2009, Rabi‟e Al Thani 1430 AH. pp. 1-14. http://dibba-sawfish.webs.com/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr.Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2009). Garra barreimiae wurayahi Khalaf, 2009 : A New Blind Cave Fish Subspecies from Wadi Al Wurayah Pools, Emirate of Fujairah, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 90, June 2009, Jumada Al-Akhera 1430 AH. pp. 1-15. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://emirati-blind-cave-fish.webs.com/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2009). Flora and Fauna in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 91, July 2009, Rajab 1430 AH. pp. 1-31. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://flora-fauna-palestine.webs.com/ Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 92 – August 2009 – Sha’ban 1430

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2009). Oreochromis mossambicus bassamkhalafi Khalaf, 2009 : A New Mozambique Tilapia Subspecies from Wadi Al Wurayah Pools, Emirate of Fujairah, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 92, August 2009, Sha‟ban 1430 AH. pp. 1-25. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://emirati-tilapia.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). Fauna Palaestina – Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2006 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006. ISBN 978-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009: 412 Seiten/Pages. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart1.htm Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Zoologist, Ecologist and Geologist : The Scientific References (1980-2009). http://dr-norman-ali-khalafreferences.webs.com/ Knaggs E. H. (1977). Status of the genus Tilapia in California's estuarine and marine waters. California-Nevada wildlife Transactions 1977:60-67. Krupp, F. (1983). Fishes of Saudi Arabia. Freshwater Fishes of Saudi Arabia and Adjacent Regions of the Arabian Peninsula. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 5:568-636. Krupp, F. and Schneider, W. (1989). The fishes of the Jordan River drainage basin and Azraq Oasis. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 10:347-416. Kuronoma, K. and Abe, Y. (1986). Fishes of the Arabian Gulf. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, State of Kuwait. xiii + 357 pp., 30 plates. Lee D. S., Gilbert C. R., Hocutt C. H., Jenkins R. E., McAllister D. E., and J. R. Stauffer, Jr. (1980). Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes. North Carolina State Museum of Natural History, Raleigh, NC. 854 p. Lindner, Jessica (2009). Garra barreimiae barreimiae Fowler & Steinitz 1956. AquaNet Lexikon. www.aqua-shop24.de/content/lexikon/a108cd1d-063b-4226-8c1b8f2703321c25?t=1 List of Freshwater Fishes for Saudi Arabia. http://fish.mongabay.com/data/Saudi_Arabia.htm List of Freshwater Fishes for United Arab Emirates. http://fish.mongabay.com/data/United_Arab_Emirates.htm Mahdi, N. (1962). Fishes of Iraq. Ministry of Education, Baghdad. 82 pp. Maulood, B. K., Hinton, G. C. F., Kamees, H. S., Saleh, F. A. K., Shaban, A. A. and Al Shahwani, S. M. H. (1979). An ecological survey of some aquatic ecosystems in southern Iraq. Tropical Ecology, 20(1):27-40. Mietle, P. L. (1967). The fisheries of the Near East region. Fisheries Circular, Food and Agriculture Organization, 112:140 pp. Moçambique-Maulbrüter. http://tierdoku.com/index.php?title=Mo%C3%A7ambiqueMaulbr%C3%BCter Mook D. (1983). Responses of common fouling organisms in the Indian River, Florida, to various predation and disturbance intensities. Estuaries 6:372-379. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 92 – August 2009 – Sha’ban 1430

Moyle P.B. (1976). Inland fishes of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. 330 p. Mozambique Mouth Brooder Oreochromis mossambicus. http://fish.mongabay.com/species/Oreochromis_mossambicus.html Neil E.H. (1966). Observations on the behavior of Tilapia mossambica (Pisces, Cichlidae) in Hawaiian ponds. Copeia 1966:50-56. Nico, L. (2006). Oreochromis mossambicus. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL. Oreochromis aureus (Israeli tilapia). http://cdserver2.ru.ac.za/cd/011120_1/Aqua/SSA/oaureus.htm Oreochromis aureus blue tilapia. www.bio.txstate.edu/~tbonner/txfishes/oreochromis%20aureus.htm

Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf-von Jaffa and his daughter Nora Khalaf posing for the camera in Wadi Al Wurayah Pools, Emirate of Fujairah, United Arab Emirates. Underwater Photo: Ola Mostafa Khalaf. 15.08.2009. www.facebook.com/dr.norman.ali.khalaf?ref=name#/photo.php?pid=2482395&id=537 328302

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 92 – August 2009 – Sha’ban 1430

Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852). http://nis.gsmfc.org/nis_factsheet2.php?toc_id=195 Oreochromis mossambicus (Weißkehlmaulbrüter). www.aquariumforum.de/showthread.php?t=14745 Oreochromis mossambicus. www.cabicompendium.org/NamesLists/AC/Full/OREOMO.htm Oreochromis mossambicus. http://theaquariumwiki.com/Oreochromis_mossambicus Oreochromis mossambicus (fish). www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=131 Oreochromis mossambicus. www.sms.si.edu/IRLspec/Oreochromis_mossambicus.htm Oreochromis mossambicus. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreochromis_mossambicus Pearce, F. (1993). Draining life from Iraq's marshes. New Scientist, 138(1869):11-12. Pearce, F. (2001). Iraqi wetlands face total destruction. New Scientist, 170(2291):4-5. Philby, H. St. J. (1959). The eastern marshes of Mesopotamia. Geographical Journal, 125(1):65-69. Price, E. E., J. R. Stauffer, Jr., and M. C. Swift (1985). Effect of temperature on growth of juvenile Oreochromis mossambicus and Sarotherodon melanotheron. Environmental Biology of Fishes 13(2):149-152. Rawi, A. H. A., Obaidi, S. and Zaki, S. (1975). Preliminary list of fishes from the Little Zab River. Iraqi Science Conference, pp. 1-7 (abstract). Relyea, K. (1981). Inshore Fishes of the Arabian Gulf. George Allen & Unwin, London. 149 pp. Riedel R., and B.A. Costa-Pierce (2005). Feeding ecology of Salton Sea Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.). Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 104:26-36. Rögl, F. (1999). Oligocene and Miocene palaeogeography and stratigraphy of the circum-Mediterranean region, p. 475-500. In: Whybrow, P. J. and Hill, A. (Eds.). Fossil Vertebrates of Arabia with Emphasis on the Late Miocene Faunas, Geology, and Palaeoenvironments of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Yale University Press, New Haven and London. xxv + 523 pp., 40 pp. Salman, N. (1983). Fish marketing in Fao fish market. The Arab Gulf Journal, 15(1):173183. (In Arabic). Scientific Names/ Latin Names. www.petfrd.com/forum/showthread.php?t=5681 Shafland, P. L. (1996). Exotic Fishes of Florida-1994. Reviews in Fisheries Science 4(2):101-122. Shafland, P. L. and J. M. Pestrak (1982). Lower lethal temperatures for fourteen nonnative fishes in Florida. Environmental Biology of Fishes 7(2):139-156. Shapovalov L., Cordone A. J., and W.A. Dill (1981). A list of freshwater and anadromous fishes of California. California Fish and Game 67:4-38. Smith-Vaniz, W. F. (1968). Freshwater fishes of Alabama. Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station, 211 pages. Swift C.C., Haglund T.R., Ruiz M., and R.N. Fisher (1993). The status and distribution of the freshwater fishes of southern California. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Science 92:101-167. The cichlids of Ein-Feshkha springs I. Tilapia aurea exul (Steinitz). Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 92 – August 2009 – Sha’ban 1430

www.springerlink.com/content/q77l2r015h607u1n/ Tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. www.aquaticcommunity.com/tilapia/Oreochromismossambicus.php Tilmant, J.T. (1999). Management of nonindigenous aquatic fish in the U.S. National Park System. National Park Service. 50 p. Trewevas E. (1983). Tilapiine Fishes of The Genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. British Museum of Natural History, Publication Number 878.Comstock Publishing Associates. Ithaca, New York. 583 p. Trewevas, E. (1968). The Name and Natural Distribution of the "Tilapia from Zanzibar" (Pisces, Cichlidae). FAO Fisheries Reports 44(5):246-254. Van der Waal, Dr. Ben. University of Venda. Another fish on its way to extinction? www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2002/january/tilapia.htm Von den Driesch, A. (1986). Fischknochen aus Abu Salabikh/Iraq. Iraq, 48:31-38. Weißkehlbarsch (Oreochromis mossambicus) - Haltung im Aquarium. www.aqualistix.info/Cichlidae/zierfische/Oreochromis+mossambicus.html Whiteside, B. G. (1975. Additional distribution notes on the Mozambique tilapia in Texas. Texas Journal of Science 26(3/4):620. Wikipedia. Oreochromis mossambicus. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreochromis_mossambicus ‫ الفريق أمين المعلوف (مدير األمور الطبية في الجيش العراقي سابقا ً وعضو في المجمع العلمي العربي‬: ‫ بقلم‬. ‫مُعجم الحيوان‬ . ‫ صفحة‬271 . ‫ لبنان‬، ‫ بيروت‬، ‫ دار الرائد العربي‬. )‫بدمشق‬ ،‫ي‬ ‫فسطينة‬ ‫ م نظم ة التحرير الل‬. 84 ‫ي رقم‬ ‫فسطينة‬ ‫ست ل‬ ‫ درا ا‬. ‫ب رجيلي‬ ‫ خليل أ و‬: ‫ بقلم‬. ‫فسطين الم حتةل‬ ‫ي ل‬ ‫يف‬ ‫الثروة الحيوانة‬ . ‫حة‬ ‫ صف‬159 . 1971 )‫ حزيران (يونيو‬. ‫بنن‬ ‫ ل ا‬، ‫ بيروت‬، ‫سدات‬ ‫شرع ال ا‬ ‫فع م ن ا‬ ‫ الم تر‬، ‫شرع كولوم ابني‬ ‫ ا‬. ‫م ركز األبحاث‬

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 92 – August 2009 – Sha’ban 1430