Rare Records of the Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) from Kurdistan, Northern Iraq by Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf

‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

ISSN 0178-6288 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Norman_KhalafPrinz_Sakerfalke_Von_Jaffa/publications https://palestine.academia.edu/NormanKhalaf https://issuu.com/dr-norman-ali-khalaf/docs

============================= ‫ النشرة الفلسطينية لعلم األحياء‬: ‫الغزال‬ Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Gazelle : Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin

============================= Monthly Bulletin – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine

=============================

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

Rare Records of the Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) from Kurdistan, Northern Iraq, and a review of its distribution in Western Asia By: Sharif Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad Khalaf-Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa

‫ و ُمراجعة‬، ‫ شمال العراق‬، ‫تسجيالت نادرة للنمر الفارسي من كوردستان‬ ‫إلنتشاره في غرب آسيا‬ ‫ نورمان (نعمان) علي بسام علي طاهر خلف اليافاوي العيزري‬.‫ د‬.‫ الشريف أ‬: ‫بقلم‬

A Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) on Mount Sir Amadiya (Amedi), which overlooks the town of Amadiya (Amedi), Iraqi Kurdistan, which is visible in front of the leopard. Source: Leopard Conservation in Kurdistan, Iraq. Facebook page. 28.02.2018. https://www.facebook.com/KurdistanLeopardconservation/photos/1621503461278134

Abstract Persian Leopards (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) were first recorded in recent times with camera traps in the mountainous terrain in Iraqi Kurdistan in 2011. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

The wildlife conservationist Hana Raza and her team of Nature Iraq Organization rediscovered the once thought extinct Persian Leopard in the mountains of Kurdistan in 2011. The Persian Leopard was recorded with trail cameras in only few occasions since then. It is thought that only 20 – 25 animals are roaming the Iraqi Kurdistan Mountains. Very recently, a male Persian leopard trapped on 30th December 2021 in Zreza Village, Iraqi Kurdistan, had its hind leg amputated following a trap-inflicted wound, and was then transferred to Duhok Zoo for treatment. Another male Persian Leopard was video recorded roaming the AlSulaymaniyah Mountains, Kurdistan in Northern Iraq on 24th April 2022. The researcher Soran Ahmed from the University of Sulaymaniyah used a Trail Camera to video record the occurrence of this rare subspecies in Northern Iraq. Introduction: The Leopard (Panthera pardus Linnaeus, 1758) has been traditionally recognized as a common species due to its frequent appearance in popular wildlife TV programs. In practice, however, this wild cat can be regarded as common only in savannas and tropical rain forests of Sub-Saharan Africa where it is widely filmed and even somewhere allowed for trophy hunting within the official quotas (Anonymous 2003). In the meantime, nine leopard subspecies are listed in the 2004 and 2017 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as either "endangered" or "critically endangered" and eight of them are living today in Asia (IUCN, 2004, 2017). Without taking active, targeted, and large-scale conservation measures, they are in imminent danger of extinction from the Earth. The Persian or Iranian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor, Pocock 1927) is one of the subspecies in danger of disappearance (Khorozyan, Malkhasyan and Asmaryan, 2005; Khalafvon Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2023).

The Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) / ‫النمر الفارسي‬ The Persian leopard is one of the leopard subspecies native to western Asia. It is endangered throughout its range in the Middle East (Khalaf-von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023).

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

3 The Persian leopard is said to be the largest of all the subspecies of leopards in the world. It can grow to up to 1.5 to 2.7 feet (45 to 82 cm) tall at the shoulder, and weigh as much as 155 lbs (70 kg) (Khalaf-von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023). Before 1990, when Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia, and Turkmenistan were the Soviet republics, the scientific names of the leopard used in these countries were Panthera pardus tulliana and Panthera pardus ciscaucasica, whereas the name Panthera pardus saxicolor had been traditionally used by the western specialists for the cats in Iran, Iraqi Kurdistan, and, partially, Afghanistan. There are currently a few hundred left in the world (Khalaf-von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023).

Leopard subspecies around the World. https://twitter.com/doctor_castello/status/1389296297685958657/photo/1

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

Range and Population: The Persian leopard's current range extends over the Middle East and its total number does not exceed 1,300 individuals. Most of the cats are found in Iran (550-850 animals) and especially in its northwestern portion adjoining southern Armenia and Azerbaijan (160-275; Kiabi et al. 2002). The number in Afghanistan is unknown, but should be at least several hundred (Habibi, 2004); however, today's rampant leopard fur trade on the Kabul market and over harvest during and after the long-term civil unrest pose the greatest threat to survival of this predator in the country (Mishra and Fitzherbert, 2004). In northeastern Iraq contiguous to western Iran and southeastern Turkey and elsewhere in the country, the leopard was considered rare as early as the late 1950s (Hatt, 1959), and now this war-torn country is believed to no longer contain this carnivore (Khorozyan, Malkhasyan and Asmaryan, 2005). The southern edge of Turkmenistan holds 78 to 90 leopards (Lukarevsky, 2001). The most recent and highly mysterious case of killing an old male leopard in southern Kazakhstan (Shakula, 2004) raises an important question about the cat's status in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan from where the animal could have come, but since the late 1970s virtually nothing is known about the leopard in either of these countries (Lukarevsky, 2001; Khorozyan, Malkhasyan and Asmaryan, 2005; Khalaf-von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023).

A male Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) from Al-Sulaymaniyah Mountains, Kurdistan, Northern Iraq. Trail Camera Video Photo by Soran Ahmed. 24.04.2022. https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10159761810214831&set=pcb.10159761805254831 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

Pakistan's North-West Frontier Province also holds the Persian leopard population, but of unknown size (Zulfiqar, 2001). Armenia and Azerbaijan together are unlikely to harbor more than 30 cats, of which a maximum of 10 to 20 may live in southern and southwestern Armenia (Khorozyan, 2003) and the others roam over Azerbaijan's Naxcivan Republic and in the Talis Mountains (Askerov, 2002). Some transient individuals can penetrate to Georgia; recently, a good-looking young male was captured by photo-traps in Vashlovani Reserve in the extreme southeast of the country (Butkhuzi, 2004). The presence of the leopard in European Russia's North Caucasus Mountains is questionable (Semenov, 2002), but a sort of evidence was recently reported for the triangle between the republics of Daghestan and Ingushetiya, southeastern Georgia, and northwestern Azerbaijan (Anonymous, 2004). It is unknown whether the leopard from northeastern Turkey close to Georgia belongs to the Persian subspecies (Baskaya and Bilgili, 2004), but it should be separated from the Caucasus because Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

6 there are no records from adjoining parts of southwestern Georgia and western Armenia (Khorozyan, Malkhasyan and Asmaryan, 2005; Khalaf-von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023).

A Persian Leopard. Foto: John Curd & Carol Curd. www.users.waitrose.com/~theheath/2004_BigCats/slides/PersianLeopard1.htm

Range and Habitat: It thrives in Iran, Iraqi Kurdistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and northwestern Afghanistan. Habitat varies from mountain steppe to grasslands, or anywhere having a reasonable amount of cover and a supply of prey. Unconfirmed reports of big cats in the far southeast of Turkey might also pertain to these animals (Wikipedia; Khalaf-von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023).

Persian Leopard in Armenia: In Armenia, the Persian leopards live in the juniper sparse forests and, to a lesser extent, in arid and mountain grasslands, sub alpine and alpine meadows. Their haunts are extremely rough and rocky places with plenty of cliffs. This predator uses the same trails during regular movements, so knowing where they are, the researcher can find the evidence of leopard existence such as scats, tracks and scrapes. The leopard in Armenia is threatened by disturbance, poaching, and wild fire, but which of these factors are most stressful for this cat is still unclear. The leopard can also be found in the Shikahogh State Preserve (Wikipedia; Khalaf-von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2023). Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

How the Leopard is changing its spots: Panthera pardus saxicolor extreme pattern variation. Top: "Amman" - male leopard at Köln Zoo. Captive born with Iranian and Afghan ancestry. Photo: Alexander Sliwa. Bottom: "Rika" - male leopard at Tehran Zoo. Wild born on the northern slopes Alborz Mountains. Photo: Arash Ghoddoosi. https://www.facebook.com/profile/1772149103/search/?q=Amman%20leopard Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

8 In Armenia, the leopard has coexisted with humans since the Holocene (ca. 5,000 years ago) and carvings and paintings of it made by prehistoric people from approximately 3,000 years ago are not uncommon (Mezhlumyan, 1985). Most of them depict the predator hunting its staple prey, the bezoar goat (Capra aegagrus), or being hunted by men. It was common until the large-scale eradication of all large carnivores began in the early 1900s when Armenia and other regions of the Russian Empire were struck by political turmoil and most of adult population was armed. Before 1972, when at last the leopard was declared an officially protected mammal and entered the Red Data Books of Armenia and the USSR as "endangered," it was officially killed as vermin and for valuable skins, which were sold by hunters to the governmental stocking centers (Gasparyan and Agadjanyan, 1974). As a result, in the mid-1970s the cat has disappeared from northern Armenia and its entire range shrank to its present status (Khorozyan, Malkhasyan and Asmaryan, 2005; Khalaf-von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2023).

Persian Leopard Information Sign at the Zoological Center Tel Aviv-Ramat Gan Safari near Jaffa, Occupied Palestine. Photo by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa. 03.08.2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ep6-l-ebttc

Today, the leopard's coarse-scale range extends over southern and southwestern Armenia from Garni district of Khosrov Reserve down to Armenian-Iranian state border. It is bounded by the Vardenis and Geghama ridges in the north, by the Azat River in the northwest and by plain semi-deserts and croplands of the Ararat Valley in the west. The landscapes used by the leopard are juniper sparse forests, arid and mountain grasslands, and sub alpine and alpine meadows, whereas the semi deserts, nival, and harsh nival zones are ignored as unfavorable with no proper prey and shelter. The alpine belt is expected to be Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

9 suitable only in snow free time, as the predator's high footing pressure makes it plod and fail to hunt in deep snow (Pikunov and Korkishko, 1992). The weather in these habitats is cold and misty in winter, rainy and warm in spring and fall, and very hot and dry in summer. The terrain is very rough, with an array of canyons, cliffy massifs, and stony substrates. The rugged relief does not enable leopards to do long stalking, but provides plenty of opportunities for them to lurk and kill prey by ambush (Khorozyan, Malkhasyan and Asmaryan, 2005; Khalaf-von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2023).

A Persian Leopard in Iraqi Kurdistan. Source: Leopard Conservation in Kurdistan, Iraq. Facebook Page. 03.03.2020. https://www.facebook.com/KurdistanLeopardconservation/photos/2797083010386834

Prey sufficiency is the key factor, apart from human impact, underlying the carnivore's existence. The bezoar goat is quite common throughout the leopard range, but especially in Khosrov Reserve, where it makes over 90% of the predator's diet (Khorozyan and Malkhasyan, 2002). The wild boar (Sus scrofa) is widespread, but is taken very reluctantly in Khosrov and more frequently elsewhere in southern Armenia (Khorozyan and Malkhasyan, 2002). The roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) lives in southern Armenia and is absent in Khosrov, and is readily fed upon by the leopard. The Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica) and European hare (Lepus europaeus) are taken opportunistically. That the wild prey base is sufficient for the leopard in Armenia is indirectly proved by the fact that the livestock losses to leopard predation are sporadic and negligible Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

10 compared to those inflicted by the gray wolf (Canis lupus) and brown bear (Ursus arctos) (Khorozyan, Malkhasyan and Asmaryan, 2005; Khalaf-von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2023). The long-term persistence of the small, but definitely resident, population in Armenia implies its connectivity with the much larger population in northwestern Iran. There are several places along the borderline Arax River where this river is narrow and shallow and where the mountain ridges descend from both countries to the riverside, making them ideal linkages with fords (Khorozyan, Malkhasyan and Asmaryan, 2005; Khalaf-von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2023).

A male Persian Leopard in Iraqi Kurdistan. Source: Leopard Conservation in Kurdistan, Iraq. Facebook Page. 03.07.2016. https://www.facebook.com/KurdistanLeopardconservation/photos/996987307063089

Persian Leopard in Azerbaijan: The Persian leopard lives in the southern regions in Azerbaijan, primarily in the Talysh Mountains, Nagorno-Karabakh and Nakhichevan. It was not clear whether leopards had been extinct in Azerbaijan by the late 1990s until the species was caught on camera in March 2007 in the Hirkan National Preserve (Wikipedia; Khalaf-von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2023).

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

Persian Leopard in Georgia: There are very few leopards left in the wild in Georgia. At present, they primarily live in dense forests, although several have been spotted in the lowland plains in the southeastern region of Kakheti in 2004. Over the last 60 years, there have been several sightings of the leopard around the Tbilisi area and in the Shida Kartli province to the northwest of the capital (Wikipedia; Khalaf-von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2023).

Two Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) skins originating from Iran, laid above each other at the Spice Souq in Dubai, United Arab Emirates .. Photo by: Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa. 21.06.2016 .. http://leopard-panthera-pardus2.webs.com/

Persian Leopard in Persia (Iran): The main range of this species in Iran closely overlaps with that of Bezoar Ibex. Hence, it is found throughout Alborz and Zagros mountain ranges, as well as smaller ranges within the Iranian plateau. Leopard population is very sparse, due to loss of habitat, loss of natural prey, and population fragmentation (Wikipedia; Khalaf-von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023). Traditionally, large populations were found in northern Khorasan, Golestan, Mazandaran, Gilan, Fars, Ardabil, Kurdistan, Lorestan, West Azarbaijan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, and Esfahan provinces. Leopards do not usually enter the deep desert interior of the country. Apart from Bezoar Ibex, wild sheep, boar, deer (either Maral red deer or roe deer), and domestic animals constitute leopards' diet in Iran (Wikipedia; Khalafvon Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023). Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

Persian Leopard Information in Farsi. Source: Bader Abdulraheem Facebook Page. https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=2707666485922755&set=pcb.2707666839256053

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

Persian Leopard Information in Farsi. Source: Bader Abdulraheem Facebook Page. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=2707668815922522&set=p.27076688159225 22&type=3

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

A Persian Leopard in Iraqi Kurdistan. YouTube Photo. Iraq: Saving the Persian Leopard. Global Ideas. DW News. (15.08.2019). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Ymnhxgw8Rw & https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10159791283844831&set=a.127745184830

Persian Leopard in Iraq Persian Leopards (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) were first recorded in recent times with camera traps in the mountainous terrain in Iraqi Kurdistan in 2011. The wildlife conservationist Hana Raza and her team of Nature Iraq Organization rediscovered the once thought extinct Persian Leopard in the mountains of Kurdistan in 2011. The Persian Leopard was recorded with trail cameras in only few occasions since then. It is thought that only 20 - 25 animals are roaming the Iraqi Kurdistan Mountains. Very recently, a male Persian leopard trapped on 30th December 2021 in Zreza Village, Iraqi Kurdistan, had its hind leg amputated following a trap-inflicted wound, and was then transferred to Duhok Zoo for treatment (Raza, 30.12.2021; Leopard Conservation in Kurdistan, Iraq, 30.12.2021). Another male Persian Leopard was video recorded roaming the AlSulaymaniyah Mountains, Kurdistan in Northern Iraq on 24th April 2022. The researcher Soran Ahmed from the University of Sulaymaniyah used a Trail Camera to video record the occurrence of this rare subspecies in Northern Iraq (Iraqi Green Climate Org, 24.04.2022).

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

15 Abdulraheem (2019) wrote on his Facebook page: “The Persian Leopard is one of the rarest wild mammals in Iraq and is listed on the IUCN Red List and listed in the CITES Appendix for Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna. There are only 1,300 leopards left worldwide, despite the extent of its distribution. It is widely distributed in Asia, where it lives in Iran, Turkey, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and parts of Russia”. Abdulraheem (2019) continues: “The leopard’s natural habitat in Iraq is within the remote natural forests far from human habitation, and it was spreading in the past in most of the mountains of Kurdistan, in the mountain range of Karah, Matina, Barwari, Rican, Barzan, Doskan, Aqra, Zebar, Hasaroust, Shaqlawah, Rawanduz, Qalaat Dzah, Berh Makrun, Qara Dagh; but a recent study by the ‘Nature Iraq Organization’ confirmed its distribution in the eastern border areas of the Kurdistan region with Iran from Qadaa Sidekan to Qara Dagh”.

Abdulraheem (2019) writes: “The activities of the ‘Nature Iraq Organization’ was fruitful and have resulted in the rehabilitation of the border habitats for the Persian Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) by establishing the Peace Reserve on Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

16 both sides the Iranian and the Iraqi Kurdistan region, where the wildlife trail cameras in the Darbandikhan and Qara Dagh regions, revealed the presence of Persian Leopards (Panthera pardus saxicolor), and some other animals such as Indian Wolves (Canis lupus pallipes), Syrian Brown Bears (Ursus arctos syriacus), Caucasian Lynx (Lynx lynx dinniki), Syrian Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena syriaca), Caspian Wild Boar (Sus scrofa attila), Syrian Beech Marten (Martes foina syriaca), Transcaucasian Least Weasel (Mustela nivalis boccamela) and Persian Jackals (Canis aureus aureus)” (Abdulraheem, 2019; Al-Sheikhly, Haba, Barbanera, Csorba & Harrison, July 2015). Abdulraheem (2019) continues: “The Persian Leopard limits the number increase of wild boars, which cause severe damage to crops and plantations, as well as the numbers of the mountainous Bezoar Ibex (Capra aegagrus aegagrus). For example, in the Barzan region, there are six Persian Leopards, eight Syrian Brown Bears and large numbers of the Bezoar Ibex, and this is due to the nature of the people of the region who preserve the environment. Little information is known about the life of the Persian Leopard in Iraq, because it is a solitary animal, adapted to its environment and camouflaged by nature, so it is difficult to monitor it”.

Leopard (Panthera pardus) Postal Stamp from Iraq. 3 Fils. Year 1969. https://www.ebay.com/itm/304426372988?hash=item46e139cf7c:g:a0kAAOSw1bNiSgky Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

17 Abdulraheem (2019) continues: “The Persian Leopard faces complex problems such as: Sniping and illegal hunting of the Persian Leopard and its prey such as the Persian Fallow Deer, Bezoar Ibex and Wild Boars; the deliberate poisoning by some residents; the explosion of war and border mines on some leopards; forest destruction which reduces its habitat area; and urban expansion. Open interconnection areas is important for leopards in their different habitats to improve their gene pool”. The aim of the above publication is to point out to everyone the importance of preserving rare animal species in Iraq, which is everyone’s task (Bader Abdulraheem, 2019).

“Plinga Batifa” the captured male Persian Leopard from Zreza Village, Iraqi Kurdistan. Source: Leopard Conservation in Kurdistan, Iraq. Facebook Page. 30.12.2021. https://www.facebook.com/KurdistanLeopardconservation/photos/pcb.469453640397 4809/4694513713977078/

‫النمر الفارسي في العراق‬ ‫ "يعتبرالنمر الفارسي أحد أندر‬: ‫) على صفحته على الفيسبوك‬2019( ‫كتب األستاذ بدر عبد الرحيم‬ ‫ ومدرج بملحق السايتس‬IUCN ‫ وهو مدرج على القائمة الحمراء‬، ‫الثدييات البرية في العراق‬ ، ‫ نمر في العالم كله‬1300 ‫ إذ لم يتبقى منه غير‬، ‫لإلتجار بالحياة البرية والمهددة بخطر االنقراض‬ ‫ باكستان‬، ‫ أفغانستان‬، ‫ العراق‬، ‫ تركيا‬، ‫رغم نطاق إنتشاره الواسع في قارة آسيا ويشمل بلدان إيران‬ . ‫ وأجزاء من روسيا‬، ‫ جورجيا‬، ‫ أذربيجان‬، ‫ أرمينيا‬، ‫ تركمانستان‬، ‫ وكان ينتشر‬، ‫يشمل نطاق وجوده في العراق ضمن الغابات الطبيعية النائية البعيدة عن سكن البشر‬ ، ‫ دوسكان‬، ‫ بارزان‬، ‫ ريكان‬، ‫ برواري‬، ‫ متينا‬، ‫ في سلسلة جبال كاره‬، ‫في معظم جبال كوردستان‬ ‫ قره داغ ؛ لكن‬، ‫ بيرة مكرون‬، )‫ قلعة دزة (قلدز‬، ‫ راوندوز‬، ‫ شقالوة‬، ‫ حصاروست‬، ‫ زيبار‬، ‫عقرة‬ ‫دراسة حديثة لمنظمة طبيعة العراق أكدت نطاق إنتشاره في المناطق الحدودية الشرقية إلقليم‬ . ‫كوردستان مع إيران إمتدادا ً من قضاء سيده كان إلى قره داغ‬

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

‫‪18‬‬

‫وقد أثمرت نشاطات منظمة طبيعة العراق في تأهيل الموائل (المواطن) العابرة للحدود للفهد الفارسي‬ ‫‪ ،‬بإنشاء محمية السالم على الجانبين اإليراني وإقليم كوردستان ‪ ،‬حيث كشفت فخاخ كاميرا التصوير‬ ‫في منطقتي دربندخان وقره داغ عن تسجيل النمور في المنطقة وبعض الحيوانات األخرى كالذئاب ‪،‬‬ ‫الدببة ‪ ،‬الوشق ‪ ،‬الضبع ‪ ،‬الخنزير البري ‪ ،‬إبن عرس ‪ ،‬وإبن آوى ‪..‬‬ ‫ويحد النمر الفارسي من تكاثر الخنازير البرية التي تسبب أضرارا ً فادحة بالمحاصيل والمزروعات ‪،‬‬ ‫وكذلك بالماعز الجبلي ؛ فعلى سبيل المثال يوجد في منطقة بارزان ستة نمور فارسية ‪ ،‬وثمانية دببة‬ ‫‪ ،‬وأعدادا ً كبيرة من الوعل الجبلي ‪ ،‬وهذا يعود إلى طبيعة أهل المنطقة المحافظين على البيئة ‪.‬‬ ‫أما تفاصيل حياة النمر الفارسي فما زالت غير معروفة جيدا ً بسبب شح المصادر العلمية عنه ‪ ،‬نظرا ً‬ ‫ألنه حيوان إنعزالي ومتكيف في بيئته ومموها ً بطبيعتها فلذلك تصعب مراقبته ‪.‬‬ ‫يواجه النمر الفارسي مشاكل معقدة مثل ‪:‬‬ ‫القنص والصيد الغير قانوني له ولطرائده من الغزالن والماعز والخنازير البرية ‪ ،‬التسمم المتعمد من‬ ‫قبل بعض السكان ‪ ،‬إنفجار ألغام الحروب والحدود على بعض النمور وقتلها ‪ ،‬اإلعتداء على الغابات‬ ‫وتقلص رقعتها ‪ ،‬والتوسع الحضري ؛ وضرورة التواصل بين النمور كي ال تنحسر جيناتها الوراثية‪.‬‬ ‫الهدف من هذا المنشور هو أن نبين للكل بأهمية المحافظة على األنواع الحيوانية النادرة في العراق ‪،‬‬ ‫وهي مهمة الجميع " (بدر عبد الرحيم ‪. )2019 ،‬‬

‫‪Animal Trap. Source: Leopard Conservation in Kurdistan, Iraq. Facebook Page.‬‬ ‫‪03.07.2016. www.facebook.com/KurdistanLeopardconservation/photos/996897103738776‬‬

‫‪‘Iraq: Saving the Persian Leopard’ is a report done by Jürgen Schneider from DW‬‬ ‫‪News, and published on YouTube (15.08.2019). The video shows the efforts done‬‬ ‫‪by Hana Raza, Biologist, Leopard Protection Campaigner and member of Nature‬‬ ‫‪Iraq Organizaton, and her team, to monitor the Persian Leopard by using camera‬‬ ‫‪Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023‬‬

19 traps in the Qara Dagh Mountain Range, Iraqi Kurdistan. The first photographic record of the Persian Leopard in Iraq using trail cameras dates back to 2011 (Raza, Ahmad, Hassan, Ararat, Qadir & Ali, 2012). The endangered animal was recorded with trail cameras in only few occasions since then. Three adult leopards are roaming in Qara Dagh Mountains (Raza, 2019). Persian leopard preferred habitat in Iraq is oak forest and rocky mountainous areas. 2300 hectares of protected Mountainous terrain in Qara Dagh will be designated as a New Nature Reserve to protect the Persian Leopard and its habitat. The Isolation of the mountains in the Kurdistan Region is the best protection for Iraq’s leopards. Only if the area is left untouched the leopards have the chance to continue living there (Raza, 2019).

A Persian Leopard in Iraqi Kurdistan. Source: Leopard Conservation in Kurdistan, Iraq. Facebook Page. 06.12.2017. https://www.facebook.com/KurdistanLeopardconservation/photos/1531521890276292

Al-Sheikhly, Haba, Barbanera, Csorba & Harrison (July 2015) mention in their paper ‘Checklist of the Mammals of Iraq (Chordata: Mammalia)’ that the Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) is rare, restricted to the forested mountains of Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

20 extreme northern Iraq. Recorded from: near Rawa (Musil, 1927); Aqra and Rowanduz (Pocock, 1930); Jabal Bradost (Felid, 1955); Harir Dagh (Hatt, 1959); Bamur (Harrison , 1968); Murdka of Darbandikhan, Mandili, and QaraDag (AlSheikhly, 2012); QaraDag (Raza, Ahmad, Hassan, Ararat, Qadir & Ali, 2012).

“Plinga Batifa” the captured male Persian Leopard from Zreza Village, Kurdistan. Source: Leopard Conservation in Kurdistan, Iraq. Facebook page. 30.12.2021. https://www.facebook.com/KurdistanLeopardconservation/photos/pcb.469453640397 4809/4694513390643777/

I would like here to mention few Iraqi records which were mentioned in Facebook comments: One leopard was killed in Mandali area, Diyala Governorate, near the Iranian border, before few years, and the killing is one of the main threats facing this endangered species (Mraieb, December 2019). Another comment mentions its presence in the border areas with Iran in the Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

21 Diyala Governorate (Al Anezi, April 2022). A further comment mentioning that leopard numbers are increasing in Bemo Mountain near the Iranian border, Khoshak Mountain north of Khanaqin, and Qara Dagh Mountains (Amin, April 2022). Another comment mentioning the very rare presence in Hamrin Mountains, and leopards can be seen in the area between Kani Sakht and the mountain area with Iran (Malikshahi, April 2022). A further comment mentions that felaheen (peasants) saw a female leopard with her young in Babel (Babylon) Farms (Albayati, April 2022).

“Plinga Batifa” The Persian Leopard of Zreza Village, Iraqi Kurdistan Asharq Al-Awsat (01.01.2022) wrote under the title ‘Rare Leopard Captured in Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

22 Northern Iraq’: “An endangered leopard captured in Zreza Village in Iraq's mountainous north on 30.12.2021, had its hind leg amputated on 31.12.2021 following a trap-inflicted wound. The Persian leopard, taken in a day earlier in Iraq's autonomous Kurdistan region near the border with Turkey, had injured two people, said Colonel Jamal Saado, head of the environmental protection police in Dohuk province. Residents of a village near the town of Zakho lost around 20 sheep before realizing a leopard was attacking their flocks, he said. The big cat sustained a wound to its back leg when it was caught in a shepherd's trap, but managed to escape before villagers helped police track it down. Saado said the leopard was given anesthetic before it was captured. "We had two or three similar cases in Erbil province" several years ago, he said, adding that an animal of the same subspecies had previously been found dead near a village in Dohuk province” (Asharq Al-Awsat, 01.01.2022).

“Plinga Batifa” the captured male Persian Leopard that underwent hind leg amputation surgery lies in a cage at the Duhok Zoo in the north of Iraq’s northern autonomous Kurdish region on 30 December 2021. Photo by Ismael Adnan (AFP). https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/3389336/rare-leopard-captured-northerniraq

Asharq Al-Awsat (01.01.2022) continues: “Persian leopards are a panther subspecies native to Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan and the Caucasus. They are extremely rare and have been listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Fewer than 1,000 are believed to exist in the wild, with another 200 in captivity. Veterinarian Sulaiman Tameer, who conducted the amputation at Dohuk zoo on Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

23 Friday 31.12.2021, said the animal weighed around 90-100 kilograms. "We will monitor it for a long time," said the vet, who also heads an animal protection society in Iraqi Kurdistan. "If it can't be returned to the wild, it will live at the zoo," he said” (Asharq AlAwsat, 01.01.2022).

A member of the veterinary team tends to “Plinga Batifa” the captured male Persian leopard at a zoo in Duhok, Iraq. Photograph: Khalid Al-Mousily/Reuters. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/feb/21/rare-persian-leopard-heldin-kurdistan-zoo-faces-uncertain-future

Musa (Rudaw) (30.12.2021) wrote under the title ‘Leopard captured in Zakho, injuring two villagers’: “Ranger police in Kurdistan Region’s Zakho administration captured a leopard in a village on Thursday 30.12.2021 and transferred it to Duhok Zoo after killing nearly 30 goats and injuring two villagers. The female (corrected to male) leopard, believed to be three-years-old, was found after she attacked the goats of Khwaja Yahya in Zreza village. The man who captured the creature initially did not know his livestock were killed by the leopard, so he set up a trap and was suprised to discover on Tuesday 28.12.2021 that the culprit was a leopard. She was injured in the leg after being stuck in the trap. A number of villagers attempted to capture the animal but they could not. She attacked them, injuring two. Ranger police, accompanied by environmentalists, were able to calm the animal and sent it to Duhok Zoo for treatment. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

24 “It has lost too much blood. Therefore we need to provide it with antibiotics for 20 days or a month … We have lost its leg,” Sulaiman Tameer, Head of Kurdistan Environmental Organisation, told Rudaw. Jamal Saado, a ranger commander, said they will amputate the leopard's injured leg and monitor its health, adding that “once it recovers, we will free it.” A sample from the leopard's blood will be sent abroad to identify its species. Once the process is complete, it is hoped that the animal will be released back into the wild. Leopards are a rare sighting, but the elusive creatures have been sporadically recorded in the Kurdistan Region” (Musa [Rudaw], 30.12.2021).

“Plinga Batifa” the captured male Persian Leopard was taken to Duhok Zoo after capturing it. Photo by Rudaw. 30.12.2021. https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/301220211

Biologist Hana Raza, manager of ‘Kurdistan Leopard Protection Project’ at ‘Nature Iraq Organization’ wrote on 30.12.2021 in the ‘Leopard Conservation in Kurdistan, Iraq’ Facebook page: “Unfortunately, after 3 days, the leopard which was trapped in an animal trap was found in Zreza Village, with severe leg injuries, and was in a poor health condition due to the serious injury. Currently, the leopard has been taken to the Zoo of Dohuk and is being treated by the Veterinarian Dr. Sulaiman Tameer. Unfortunately, due to the amputation of the leopard's right hind leg, the probability is very low for full cure, and may need to stay under care until the end of its life.

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

25 This time period until mid-year is the rearing time of young leopards, therefore leopards need more food and this is one of the main reasons why the leopards come close to villages and feed on livestock. As the natural prey in the wild has decreased, they are forced to eat livestock, because they are easier to hunt”.

Raza (30.12.2021) continues: “The use of iron traps is prohibited by laws and regulations and any livestock owner, who has this animal trap, should be investigated according to the laws and regulations by the Department of Environment and Forestry Police and Peshmarga Forces. Because leopards are considered an endangered and rare species and such an important natural treasure, the government should deal with leopard issues. In all cases, the government should have a compensation plan and not legally allow landlords to search and trap these animals. At the time of such an event, the government should make full preparation. Normal people should not be allowed to come near the scene for their own

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

26 safety, and to avoid stressing the leopard, which when injured and under stress will attack and defend itself. Government should not allow media and media agencies to approach the event site to avoid spreading of false information and insecurity among the public” (Raza, 30.12.2021).

A Persian Leopard roaming a mountain in Iraqi Kurdistan. Video Photo by Soran Ahmed. 11.12.2020. Source: Leopard Conservation in Kurdistan, Iraq. Facebook Page. 02.01.2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4YXmfz1mNkY

Lynch (The Guardian) (21.02.2022) wrote under the title ‘Rare Persian Leopard held in Kurdistan Zoo faces uncertain future’: “A rare Persian leopard being temporarily held in an Iraqi zoo faces an uncertain future, wildlife specialists fear. Six weeks ago the male leopard was caught in a trap set by a villager who had recently lost dozens of goats in the mountainous Batifa area of northern Duhok province, in the autonomous Kurdistan region, and had to have its right hind leg amputated. A vet, Dr. Sulaiman Tameer, was called out to help capture the animal, and he said that he had walked with villagers and Kurdish Peshmerga soldiers into the mountains, tracking the leopard after it climbed to a peak, dragging the trap that gripped its leg. Tameer estimates the leopard had been in the trap for at least 10 days and had lost a lot of blood. The animal fell from the mountain and plunged into a river about 30 metres below. There, dogs surrounded it and Tameer was able to shoot it with a tranquilliser gun. The trap had broken the bone, torn muscle and tendons, and punctured an artery. It was clear to Tameer that he would need to amputate the lower half of the leopard’s leg immediately.” Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

27 Lynch (The Guardian) (21.02.2022) continues:”A specialist team put together through the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) was asked to help treat the leopard. Dr. Hans Nieuwendijk, a Dutch veterinary surgeon, and Dr. Iman Memarian, an Iranian wildlife vet, arrived in Duhok later in January 2022. They performed a second surgery to amputate the leg just below the hip joint, improvising an operating theatre in a cage at the zoo.”

Persian Leopard foot prints in Iraqi Kurdistan. Source: Leopard Conservation in Kurdistan, Iraq. Facebook Page. 07.04.2018. https://www.facebook.com/KurdistanLeopardconservation/photos/166299644046216 9https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=2707668882589182&set=p.2707668882589 182&type=3

Lynch (The Guardian) (21.02.2022) continues: “Dubbed Plinga Batifa (Batifa leopard), the 65kg (10 stone) male is about five or six years old; its expected lifespan is 10-15 years. The animal is recovering well from the surgeries, but can never return to the wild. Missing a hind leg and having lost three of its canine teeth, possibly while being captured, it cannot jump or hunt. Plinga Batifa now spends most of his time in a 3- by 4-metre dark room, which provides some insulation from the noises and smells of the zoo, and opens into a 120 sq metre (1,300 sq ft) caged area that the leopard ventures into only after dark, when the zoo is closed and the people have gone. The smell of jaguars and tigers in neighbouring cages is also very stressful for the leopard. A recent video of the animal shows it moving around the cage, staying low to the ground. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

28 Experts hope it can quickly be moved to a more suitable location. “The best is to go to a rehabilitation centre, otherwise it will be a captive animal and in a zoo all its life,” said Tameer, but he noted there was no such option in Iraq or its immediate neighbours. The leopard’s current home is the worst place for it, according to Nieuwendijk. Persian leopards are “very solitary animals”, he explained. They are used to having a range of thousands of miles to themselves, meeting another leopard only once a year, for a single day, to mate. “It’s very afraid and out of that it’s very, very aggressive,” said Nieuwendijk, noting that the animal is a risk not only to itself in the zoo, but also to people around it. “If the animal stays, I just hope he dies quickly.”

The Spice Souq shop seller showing a bullet hole in one of the two Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) skins originating from Iran, at the Spice Souq in Dubai, United Arab Emirates .. Photo by: Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa .. 21.06.2016 .. http://leopard-panthera-pardus-2.webs.com/

Lynch (The Guardian) (21.02.2022) continues: “Persian leopards are found only in Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Armenia and the Caucasus mountains and are endangered: there are estimated to be fewer than 1,000 in the wild. Hana Raza, a biologist and founder of a leopard conservation programme in Iraqi Kurdistan, said there are only about 20 to 25 leopards left in Iraq. They range through the oak forests of the mountains, but their habitat is shrinking. The number of leopards in the wild is so small that removing even one individual puts the whole population at risk. “We don’t know what we’re losing right now,” she said. The region lacks the resources and expertise to breed the leopard as part of species conservation efforts. Raza would like to see the leopard loaned to a Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

29 European facility where it would be cared for and used in a breeding programme as recommended by the IUCN, but would remain the property of the Kurdistan region, as would any potential offspring. “This would be great for Kurdistan’s reputation,” said Raza. She is trying to get the local government’s support, but has so far been unable to secure a meeting with the provincial governor. How quickly the leopard can be moved “all depends on how urgently the government treats this”, she said. The government’s position is to keep the leopard in the country, “under the supervision and care of the veterinary teams and specialists in an appropriate setting”, said Abdulrahman Seediq, head of the Kurdistan regional government’s environment board (Lynch, The Guardian, 21.02.2022).

Persian Leopard foot prints in Iraqi Kurdistan. Source: Leopard Conservation in Kurdistan, Iraq. Facebook Page. 07.04.2018. https://www.facebook.com/KurdistanLeopardconservation/photos/1662996457128834 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

Subspecies: There is much debate on how many leopard subspecies exist in the Middle East. Before 1990, when Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia, and Turkmenistan were the Soviet republics, the scientific names of the leopard used in these countries were Panthera pardus tulliana (Valenciennes, 1856) and Panthera pardus ciscaucasica (Satunin, 1914), whereas the name Panthera pardus saxicolor (Pocock, 1927) had been traditionally used by the western specialists for the cats in Iran, Iraqi Kurdistan, and, partially, Afghanistan. Current international regulations consider both P. p. ciscaucasica (Caucasus leopard) and P. p. saxicolor (Persian leopard) as synonyms and use only one, P. p. saxicolor (IUCN, 2004) because these races are identical morphologically (Khorozyan, 1999), and should be so genetically (Miththapala et al. 1996), and because the leopards occasionally move between Iran and Armenia. The name P. p. tulliana (Anatolian leopard) applies to the leopard in southwestern Turkey (Khorozyan, Malkhasyan and Asmaryan, 2005; Khalaf-von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023).

A Persian Leopard in Iraqi Kurdistan. Source: Leopard Conservation in Kurdistan, Iraq. Facebook Page. 29.01.2018. https://www.facebook.com/KurdistanLeopardconservation/photos/1590184051076742

As Anatolian leopards (P. p. tulliana) are now considered to be conspecific with Persian leopards (P. p. saxicolor), and the Anatolian leopard historically lived in Turkey and Syria, it was the pardalis or pardos of the ancient Greeks, the Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

31 panthera of the Roman statesman Marcus Tullius Cicero, and the leopard mentioned in the story of Queen Zenobia of Palmyra (Syria) in ‘The Monk's Tale’ by Geoffrey Chaucer (El-Yousseph, 29.01.2018). Historically, the Caucasus was inhabited by three big cats: Asiatic or Persian lion (Panthera leo persica), Caspian tiger (Panthera tigris virgata), and Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor). Moreover, until 15 A.D. the Armenian princes imported the Asiatic cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus), tamed them, and used in high-rank hunts (Nowell and Jackson, 1996). The lion disappeared here in about 10 A.D. (Nowell and Jackson 1996), and the last tiger was shot in 1932 near Prishib village in Talis, Azerbaijan (Gadjiev, 2000). The principal reasons of their disappearance were extermination of predators and their prey and habitat destruction. Later, this tiger subspecies had vanished forever and the Asiatic lion is confined now to a single population in west India. The leopard has outlived them all, but can be wiped out if the authorities at all levels do not express more political will and support (Khorozyan, Malkhasyan and Asmaryan, 2005; Khalafvon Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023).

Shooting and killing Persian Leopards in its range is still one of the great threats for its existence. Source: Bader Abdulraheem Facebook Page. Abdulraheem mentioned that this animal was killed possibly from a mine at the Iraqi Iranian border. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=2707668495922554&set=p.27076684959225 54&type=3 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

Food and Hunting: A leopard's diet varies depending on where it thrives. The Persian leopard's diet varies from small mammals and birds, to larger animals such as, deer, antelope, Bezoar ibex, and occasionally wild boar. The animal silently stalks its prey, and then strikes out of nowhere, ending with a bite to the throat (Wikipedia; Khalafvon Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023).

Biology: The Persian leopard has a gestation period of 3-4 months. Females reach sexual maturity at about two and a half years of age. The offspring usually consists of 3 cubs (Wikipedia; Khalaf-von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023).

Threats: This species is listed as endangered and commercial trade of this species is prohibited by international law. The Persian leopard has been threatened due to persecution, habitat loss, and poaching. It is also one of the animals in western Asia which is suffering from warfare in its mountain range (Wikipedia; Khalafvon Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2017, August 2023).

A dead Persian Leopard. Source: Leopard Conservation in Kurdistan, Iraq. Facebook Page. 09.06.2016. https://www.facebook.com/KurdistanLeopardconservation/photos/a.98181459191369 4/982252265203260

Threats in Armenia: The leopard in Armenia is threatened by disturbance, poaching, and wild fire, Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

33 but which of these factors are most stressful for this cat is still unclear (Khorozyan, Malkhasyan and Asmaryan, 2005; Khalaf-von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2023).

Shooting and killing Persian Leopards in its range is still one of the great threats for its existence. Source: Leopard Conservation in Kurdistan, Iraq. Facebook Page. 09.06.2016. https://www.facebook.com/KurdistanLeopardconservation/photos/a.98181459191369 4/982236875204799

Human disturbance is widespread, especially in spring and early summer when local people gather edible plants and mushrooms, in fall when occasional hunts Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

34 take place in some favorite haunts, and in late fall when villagers cut trees and collect branches as fuel wood for winter. Gathering is a century-old tradition of rural Armenians, which possibly reflects the efforts to compensate the deficiency of plant proteins and vitamins in their diet. The most popular plants gathered are horse fennel (local name "bokhi," Hippomarathrum microcarpum), falcaria ("sibekh," Falcaria vulgaris), and Astrodaucus orientalis ("mandak") (Takhtajyan, 1973), and the mushrooms are field blewit (Lepista personata), Pleurotus eryngii, St. George's mushroom (Calocybe gambosa), and field mushroom (Agaricus campestris) (Nanagulyan, 1987). The gatherers disperse over the slopes and communicate to one another by shouts, so their behavior poses a serious harassment to animals, particularly to the ungulates fed upon by the leopard. In response, they become more vigilant and shy, but rarely escape to other places. The numbers of gatherers in the period from April to June are significant. For example, between May 5 and 13 of 2004, 50 gatherers were counted in Khosrov Reserve. Most of them arrived on foot (42%), horseback (28%) and on motorcycles (14%), whereas fewer used vehicles and donkeys (8% each). This information implies that the roadblocks, which are easily rounded by hikers and horse-riders, would be an inefficient way to close up the villagers' access to the gathering sites. Potentially, this problem could be solved by raising public awareness, but people's motivation to gathering is very strong (Khorozyan, Malkhasyan and Asmaryan, 2005; Khalaf-von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2023).

A Persian Leopard roaming the mountains of Iraqi Kurdistan. Source: Leopard Conservation in Kurdistan, Iraq. Facebook Page. 03.03.2020. https://www.facebook.com/KurdistanLeopardconservation/photos/a.98178098858372 1/2797265813701887

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

35 Poaching is traditionally believed to be an important factor of risk for the leopard, other large carnivores, and its prey, especially since early 1990s when the newly independent Armenia waged the war with neighboring Azerbaijan over Nagorno Karabakh and which has eventually left numerous firearms in local people's hands. Currently, the narrow isthmus of southern Armenia, which is squeezed from both sides by Azerbaijan, has been officially considered a "borderline territory." According to anecdotal information, one leopard has been killed in Armenia every year or two, mainly as a result of snow tracking. As the leopard is officially protected and the poacher will be fined and jailed, all cases are treated in a "shoot, shovel, and shut up" fashion provoked by human fear (Khorozyan, Malkhasyan and Asmaryan, 2005; Khalaf-von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2023).

A captured Persian Leopard. Source: Dastay Zhinga Facebook page. 04.01.2022. https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=6543114589092142&set=pcb.6543116835758584

Wildfire destroys the leopard's favorite habitats and forces it to move away to other places. The main reason of fire is human neglect, which can cause ignition during the extremely dry months of June-September from a single match, piece of glass, campfire ember, or ashes left by livestock keepers or plant gatherers. The habitat's propensity for burning is increased because of xeric vegetation, scarce precipitation, significant tracts of lands covered by coniferous sparse forests (junipers), strong winds blowing alongside the slopes and the lack of technical capacities in local conservation entities to timely quench the fire. Some small plots can be deliberately burned down, as this practice is still strongly believed by villagers to stimulate the growth of fodder for their livestock. Instead, it destroys soil structure and kills soil invertebrates, small mammals, and ground-nesting birds (Khorozyan, Malkhasyan and Asmaryan, 2005; Khalafvon Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2023).

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

A captured Persian Leopard. Source: Dastay Zhinga Facebook page. 04.01.2022. https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=6543116375758630&set=pcb.6543116835758584

All these threats are expected to closely correlate with human densities, i.e., the higher densities will intensify pressure and thus decrease the probabilities of occurrence of the leopard and its prey. In the meantime, human activities can affect the carnivore populations also in remote areas with low human densities, so human attitudes and practices can be more important than density per se (by itself) (Cardillo et al. 2004; Woodroffe, 2000). However, in most of today's developing countries where human behaviour and resource use have not been properly controlled or managed, the probability of large carnivore extinction is positively related to human density until favorable wildlife management practices are introduced and enforced (Linnell et al. 2001). Livestock breeding present in the leopard range in Armenia at the temporary shepherd camps located far away from the villages has been tolerable by the leopard, but is a serious threat to its long-term survival if not properly managed (Khorozyan, 2003). Meantime, the leopard distribution is spatially completely separated from inhabited settlements (Khorozyan, Malkhasyan and Asmaryan, 2005; Khalaf-von Jaffa, May 2008i, September 2008x, August 2023).

References and Internet Websites Abdulraheem, Bader (15.12.2019). Persian Leopard (In Arabic). Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/bader.kwair/posts/2707666839256053 Aharoni, Israel (1917). Zum Vorkommen der Säugetiere in Palästina und Syrien. Z. Mitt. Dt. Paläst. Ver., 40: 235-242. Aharoni, Israel (1930). Die Säugetiere Palästinas. Z. Säugetierkd. 5: 327-343. Al Anezi, Abdul Kareem (April 2022). Facebook comment: Leopard presence in the border areas with Iran in the Dyala Governorate. Iraqi Green Climate Org. Facebook page. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

37 https://www.facebook.com/IraqiWildlifeCenter/videos/2534906906644404 Albayati, Hamid (April 2022). Facebook comment: Felaheen (peasants) saw a female leopard with her young in Babel (Babylon) Farms. Iraqi Green Climate Org. Facebook page. https://www.facebook.com/IraqiWildlifeCenter/videos/2534906906644404 Al-Dabagh, Mustafa Murad (1985). The Plant and Animal Kingdoms in our Land Palestine, and its relation to the Names of Sites. Beirut (In Arabic). Ali-Shtayeh, M.S.; Hamad A.K. (1997). Biodiversity in Palestine: West Bank and Gaza Strip, (pp. 469-529). In: Proceedings of the Arab experts meeting on biodiversity in the Arab world (Ed. ACSAD: The Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands (Damascus) and the Technical Secretary of the League of the Arab States (Cairo). 1-5 October 1995, Cairo, Egypt. ACSAD/AS/P171/1997. Damascus. Allouse, B. (1954) A Bibliography on the Vertebrate Fauna of Iraq and Neighboring Countries. I. Mammals. Bulletin of the Natural History Research Centre University of Baghdad 4: 1–34. Al-Robaae, K. (1976). On a collection of mammals from Mousel, north Iraq. Bulletin of Basrah Natural History Museum 3: 67–76. Al-Sheikhly, Omar F. (2012). The hunting of the endangered mammals in Iraq. Wildlife of the Middle East 6(2&3): 10. Al-Sheikhly, Omar F.; Mukhtar K. Haba, Filippo Barbanera, Gabor Csorba & David L. Harrison (July 2015). Checklist of the Mammals of Iraq (Chordata: Mammalia). Bonn Zoological Bulletin 64(1): 33-58. https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Bonner-Zoologische-Beitraege_64_0033-0058.pdf Amin, Salam Shukr (2022). Facebook comment: Leopard numbers are increasing in Bemo Mountain, Khoshak Mountain north of Khanaqin, and Qara Dagh Mountains. Iraqi Green Climate Org. Facebook page. https://www.facebook.com/IraqiWildlifeCenter/videos/2534906906644404 Amiri, Fathollah (2011). In Search for the Persian Leopard. Official Trailer. Film by Fathollah Amiri. Wildlife Pictures. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/110438253 Amr, Z. (2009). Nature Iraq Species checklist – Mammals of Iraq. Sulaiamani Iraq: Nature Iraq. Publication No. NI–0209–002. Amr, Zuhair S. & Disi, A. (1988). Jordanian Mammals Acquired by the Jordan University Natural History Museum. University of Jordan, Amman. pps. 32. Anonymous (1945). Further notes on Palestine Mammals. Bull. Jerusalem Nat. Club 12:1. Anonymous (1946). The Schmitz Collection of Mammals. Bull. Jerusalem Nat. Club 23:1-2. Anonymous (1946). The story of Tedi, the Palestine Leopard. Bull. Jerusalem Nat. Club 21:1-2. Anonymous. (2003). CITES conference decisions on Asian big cats and African leopards. Cat News 38: 42-43.

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

https://www.facebook.com/KurdistanLeopardconservation/photos/982954508466369

“Can an Ethiopian change his skin or a leopard its spots? Neither can you do good who are accustomed to doing evil.” The Bible: Jeremiah 13:23. Source: Leopard Conservation in Kurdistan, Iraq. Facebook Page. 11.06.2016. https://www.facebook.com/KurdistanLeopardconservation/photos/982954485133038 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

39 Anonymous. (2004). The leopard exists in the North Caucasus! (Nov. 9, 2004). Appendix (2): Classification and Environmental Information on Mammals in Palestine. Palestinian National Information Centre, Palestinian National Authority, Palestine. www.pnic.gov.ps/english/Environment/Environment_Appendices.htm Arab News. Rare leopard’s poisoning puts Saudi shepherd in a tight spot. Reporter: Rima Al-Mukhtar. 24.02.2012. http://www.arabnews.com/news/530431 Araf, Dr. Shukri (1992). Palestinian Sites between two Eras and Maps. Jerusalem. (In Arabic). Asharq Al-Awsat (01 January 2022). Rare Leopard Captured in Northern Iraq. https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/3389336/rare-leopard-capturednorthern-iraq Askerov, E.K. (2002). New data on the leopard (Panthera pardus L.) in Azerbaijan and the measures of its conservation. Bilgi 3: 69-72. Atallah, Dr. Sana Issa (1977). The Mammals of the Eastern Mediterranean region: their ecology, systematics and zoogeographical relationships (part 1). Säugetierkundliche Mitteilungen. 25: 241-320. Atallah, Dr. Sana Issa (1978). The Mammals of the Eastern Mediterranean region: their ecology, systematics and zoogeographical relationships (part 2). Säugetierkundliche Mitteilungen. 26: 1-50. Atallah, Dr. Sana Issa. Children for the Protection of Nature in Palestine Home Page. Arabian Leopard Action Group Chat Site. http://groups.msn.com/ArabianLeopard Baiting the Endangered Wild Persian Leopards (Panthera pardus saxicolor) for their urgent conservation in Armenia. http://www.felidae.org/PROPOSALS/proposal-Khorozyan.doc Baskaya, S. and E. Bilgili. (2004). Does the leopard Panthera pardus still exist in the Eastern Karadeniz Mountains of Turkey? Oryx 38: 228-232. Bate, D.M.A. (1952). The Pleistocene mammal faunas of Palestine and East Africa. Proc. Pan-Afr. Congr. Prehist., Oxford, 1947: 38-39. Blake, I. (1966). A Leopard in the wilderness of Judea, Jordan. I.U.C.N. Bull. (Switzerland) 18:7, Jan.-Mar. 1966. Blake, I. (1967). Dead Sea sites of "the utter wilderness". Ill. London News. 250: No. 6657; 27. March 4th. 1967. Bodenheimer, F. S. (1935). Animal Life in Palestine: An Introduction to the Problems of animal Ecology and Zoogeography. L. Mayer Pub. Jerusalem. xiii + 506 pp. Bodenheimer, F. S. (1937). Prodromus Fauna Palestinae. Mem. Inst. Egypt., Cairo. 33: 47-51. Bodenheimer, F. S. (1958). The Present Taxonomic Status of the Terrestrial

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

40 Mammals of Palestine. Bull. Research Council of Israel, Zoology. Vol. 7B: 165189. Bodenheimer, F. S. (1959). A Biologist in Israel. Biological Studies Publisher, Jerusalem, 492 pp. Bodenheimer, F. S. (1960). Animal and Man in Bible Lands. E.J. Brill Publ. Leiden. pp. 232. Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. www.breedingcentresharjah.gov Britain / Israel public Affairs Committee (1985). Desert panthers. BBC Wildlife Magazine, Vol. 3, No. 1, January 1985, Page 6. Butkhuzi, L. (2004). Breaking news - leopard in Georgia. Caucasus Environment 2: 49-51. Cardillo, M., A. Purvis, W. sechrest, J.L. Gittleman, J. Bielby and G.M. Mace (2004). Human population density and extinction risk in the world's carnivores. Plos Biology 2 (7): 0909-0914.

Meet the newly found member of the Persian Leopard population in our proposed peace park area! Making the total number of Leopards roaming our study area to only 5 individuals! So much to be done! Source: Leopard Conservation in Kurdistan, Iraq. Facebook Page. 31.10.2017. https://www.facebook.com/KurdistanLeopardconservation/photos/1494784087283406 & https://www.facebook.com/KurdistanLeopardconservation/photos/1674690805959399

Cheesman, R. E. (1920). Report on the Mammals of Mesopotamia Collected by Members of the Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force 1915 to 1919. Journal of the Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

41 Bombay Natural History Society 27: 323–346. Corbet, G.B. (1978). The Mammals of the Palaearctic Region: A Taxonomic Review. Cornell University Press, London, Pages: 314. Corkill, N. L. (1929). On the Occurrences of the Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) in Iraq. The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 33: 700–702. Corkill, N. L. (1930). The Caracal in Iraq. The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 34: 232–233. Cunningham, Peter Low (2004). Checklist and status of the terrestrial mammals from the United Arab Emirates. Zoology in the Middle East. 33. 2004: 7-20. Diverse (2004). Reise durch die Natur Jordaniens. Wiss. Red.: W. Waitzbauer, R. Albert, B. Petutschnig & G. Aubrecht. Denisia 14. pps. 508. Dresser, Dr. B. L.; L. Kramer, B. Reece, P. T. Russell (2005). Induction of ovulation and successful artificial insemination in a Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor). Zoo Biology, Volume 1, Issue 1, Pages 55 - 57. Published Online: 13 May 2005. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgibin/abstract/110494543/ABSTRACT?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 Eight Leopards still roam in Israel. www.applesforhealth.com/PetHealth/elsri5.html Ellerman, J. R., Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (1951). Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian Mammals; 1758 to 1946. The British Museum (N. H.), London. Elliman, Wendy and Dr. Ortal, Reuven. Flora and Fauna in Israel. Focus on Israel. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs Home Page. El-Yousseph, Adam (29.01.2018). Ancient Anatolian Leopard. Facebook comment. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Mammals ii. Species List: Mammals of Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mammals-02-specieslist European Leopard Panthera pardus sickenbergi Schütt, 1969. http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id503250/ Facebook. Wild Life of Saudi Arabia. Photos by: Sultan Al-Hathli. https://www.facebook.com/groups/211316682326977/ Felid, H. (1955). Animals of Jabal Baradost, Iraq. American Documentation Institute 4427: 60–62 Felines. www.breedingcentresharjah.com/Felines.htm Ferguson, Walter W. (2002). The Mammals of Israel. Written and illustrated by: Walter W. Ferguson, and Edited by: Susan Menache. Gefen Publishing House, Jerusalem and New York. pps. 160. Flower, S. S. (1932). Notes on the recent mammals of Egypt. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 102: 369-450. Gadjiev, D.V. (2000). Carnivores. In: Animal World of Azerbaijan (T. Kerimli, ed.), pp. 552-588. Baku, Elm. Gasparyan, K.M. and R.S. Agadjanyan (1974). The Panther in Armenia. Biological Journal of Armenia 27: 84-87. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

Persian Leopard in Iraqi Kurdistan. Source: Leopard Conservation in Kurdistan, Iraq. Facebook Page. 23.04.2017. https://www.facebook.com/KurdistanLeopardconservation/photos/1294498603978623

Gasperetti, J., Harrison, D. L., Büttiker, W. (1985). The carnivores of Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia 7: 397–461. Grzimek, Bernhard (Editor) (1972). Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia. Mammals 3. Volume 12. Van Nostrand Reinhold: New York, USA. Haba, M. K. (2013). Documentation of some mammals in Iraqi Kurdistan region. Journal of University of Zakho 1(2): 145–151. Habibi, K. (2004). Mammals of Afghanistan. Report, Kabul. Hardy, E. (1947). The Palestine Leopard. J. Soc. Preserv. Fauna Emp. London 55:16-20. Hardy, E. (1947). The Biblical Coney. Zoo Life. 2:62. Harrison, D. L. (1956). Mammals from Kurdistan, Iraq, with description of a new bat. Journal of Mammalogy 37: 257–263. Harrison, D. L. (1959). Footsteps in the Sand. Benn. London, Publication 254 pp. Harrison, David L. (1964). The Mammals of Arabia. Volume 1. Introduction, Chiroptera, Insectivora, Primates. Ernest Benn Ltd., London. xx + 192 pp. Harrison, David L. (1968). The Mammals of Arabia. Volume 2. Carnivora, Artiodactyla, Hyracoidea. Ernest Benn Ltd., London. xiv + 193-381 pp. Harrison, David L. (1972). The Mammals of Arabia. Volume 3. Lagomorpha and Rodentia. Ernest Benn Ltd., London. xvii + 384-670. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

43 Harrison, David L. (1981). Mammals of the Arabian Gulf. George Allen & Unwin, London, pps. 92. Harrison, David L. and Bates, P. J. (1991). The Mammals of Arabia. second edition. Harrison Zoological Museum, Sevenoaks, Kent. xvi+ 354. Hatt, R.T. (1959). The Mammals of Iraq. Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 106: 1-113. Heptner, V.G. and N.R. Naumov, (1974). Die Säugetiere der Sowjetunion. VEB Verlag, Berlin. Henschel, P. and J. Ray. (2003). Leopards in African rainforests: survey and monitoring techniques. Washington DC, Wildlife Conservation Society Global Carnivore Program. HESPress (25.04.2022). A Leopard terrifies passersby in one of the Iranian streets of Qaim Shahr on 24.04.2022. https://www.facebook.com/watch/?ref=search&v=741872336982901&external_ log_id=fb5c9a0e-2788-4ac1-b507fffbbfb4b4b3&q=%D9%81%D9%87%D8%AF%20%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9 %82%20%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A8%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5% D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86 Hoath, R. (2003). A field guide to the mammals of Egypt. The American University in Cairo Press, Egypt. Howells, Victor A. (1956). Naturalist in Palestine. Andrew Melrose Pub. London. pps. 180. Hunter, Mark. The Great and Lesser Wild Cats of Egypt. www.touregypt.net/ featurestories/cats.htm Hurriyet. Shepherd kills first Anatolian leopard sighted in Turkey for years. 3.11.2013. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/shepherd-kills-first-anatolianleopard-sighted-in-turkey-foryears.aspx?PageID=238&NID=57317&NewsCatID=378 Ilani, Giora (1986). The Life and Times of Humibaba the Leopard. Israel - Land and Nature, Volume 12, No. 2, Winter 1986-87, pp. 82-83. Ilani, G. (1977). Zoogeographical and ecological survey of carnivores: Mammalian carnivora in Israel and the administered areas. Israel Journal of Zoology, 26(3/4):25. Ilani, G. (1979). Zoogeographical and ecological survey of carnivores in Israel and administered areas. Israel Nature Reserves Authority, Tel Aviv, Israel. Ilani, Giora (1989/90). Leopard Panthera pardus in Israel. CAT News. Issue No. 12. http://lynx.uio.no/catfolk/cnissues/cn12-02g.htm Ilani, Giora and Shalmon, Benny (Presenters) (1985). More Leopards! (In the Wildlife News). Israel - land and Nature, Volume 10, No. 4, Summer 1985, pp. 166-167. Iranian leopard Panthera pardus saxicolor. http://www.lpzoo.org/animals/factsheet.php?contentID=184 Iraqi Green Climate Org (24.04.2022). Video: Persian Leopard roaming in AlGazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

44 Sulaymaniyah Mountains, Kurdistan in Northern Iraq. Facebook page. https://www.facebook.com/IraqiWildlifeCenter/videos/2534906906644404 IUCN (2004). The 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Gland. IUCN (2017). The 2017 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. https://www.iucnredlist.org/ Kadhim, A. H. H.; Nadachowski, A., Rzebik-Kowalska, B. (1977) Review of present knowledge of Iraqi mammals. Bulletin of the Natural History Research Centre University of Baghdad 6: 1–31. Kappeler, Markus (2004). Arabischer Leopard Panthera pardus nimr. Groth AG (erschienen in der WWF Conservation Stamp Collection, Groth AG, Unteraegeri). www.markuskappeler.ch/tex/texs2/arabischerleopard.html

One of the two Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) skins originating from Iran, at the Spice Souq in Dubai, United Arab Emirates .. Photo by: Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa .. 21.06.2016 .. http://leopard-panthera-pardus-2.webs.com/

Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1980). Tabie't Al-Talawon fi Al-Haywanat (The Colouration of Animals). Al-Biology Bulletin. Number 1. January 1980, Safar 1401. Biological Society, Kuwait University, State of Kuwait. pp. 4-5. (In Arabic). Khalaf, Norman (1983). Al-Numour Fi Falestin (Leopards in Palestine). AlKhalisah Bulletin. The National Palestinian Assemblage. Kuwait University, State of Kuwait. First Year. Number 3. April 1983. pp.18 -19. (In Arabic). Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1985). Activity Patterns and Sexual Behaviour of Snow Leopards, Panthera uncia (Schreber, 1775), at Jersey Wildlife Preservation Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

45 Trust, Jersey Island. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. United Kingdom. Number 7. Third Year. September 1985. pp. 1-22. Khalaf, Norman Ali B. (1986). The Siberian Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) in Saarbrücken Zoo, Germany. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Federal Republic of Germany. Fourth Year. Number 10. December 1986. pp. 1-9. Khalaf, Norman Ali B. (1987). The Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) in Saarbrücken Zoo, Germany. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Federal Republic of Germany. Fifth Year. Number 11. January 1987. pp. 1-10. Khalaf, Norman (1987). Al-Numour Fi Falestin (The Leopards in Palestine). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. Fifth Year. Number 11, Jamadi Alaula 1407 AH, January 1987 AD. pp. 12-13. (in Arabic). Khalaf, Norman Ali B. (1987). The Sinai Leopard (Panthera pardus jarvisi) in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Federal Republic of Germany. Fifth Year. Number 12. February 1987. pp.1-9. Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1987). A Trip to Kuwait Zoo, State of Kuwait. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. Fifth Year, Number 13, Ramadan 1407 AH, April 1987 AD. pp. 1-5. (in Arabic). Khalaf, Norman Ali B. (1988). Activity Patterns and Reproductive Behaviour of Snow Leopards, Panthera uncia (Schreber, 1775) at Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Jersey Island. International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Panthera uncia. Volume 5, pp. 61 - 71. Editor: Leif Blomqvist, Helsinki Zoo, Finland. Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1989). Notes on the Caracal Lynx Caracal caracal. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 19, Seventh Year, December 1989. pp. 1-2 (In Arabic). Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1991). A Trip to Zoo Budapest, Hungary. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 21, Ninth Year, January 1991. pp. 1-4. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1992). An Introduction to the Animal Life in Palestine. Gazelle. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 30, Tenth Year, October 1992. pp. 1-7. (in Arabic). Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1994). An Introduction to the Animal Life in Palestine. Shqae'q Al-Nouma'n (Anemone coronaria). A Quarterly Magazine Issued by the Program EAI (Education for Awareness and for Involvement). Environmental Education / Children for Nature Protection. In Cooperation with Dept. of General and Higher Education. P.L.O., Palestine. Number 4. Huzairan (June) 1994. pp. 16-21. (in Arabic). Acquaintance Card: Majallet Al-Ghazzal (Gazelle Magazine): The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn, Germany. Shqae'q Al-Nouma'n (Anemone coronaria). A Quarterly Magazine Issued by the Program EAI (Education for Awareness and Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

46 for Involvement). Environmental Education / Children for Nature Protection. In Cooperation with Dept. of General and Higher Education. P.L.O., Palestine. Number 4. Huzairan (June) 1994. pp. 51-52. (in Arabic). Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). The Extinct and Endangered Animals in Palestine. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Home Page. Extinct and Endangered Animals and Reintroduction. http://gazelle.8m.net/photo3.html Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). Threatened Mammals. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Home Page. Extinct and Endangered Animals and Reintroduction. http://gazelle.8m.net/photo3.html Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). Wild Cats in Palestine. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Homepage. / Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin Webseite. (ISSN 0178-6288). http://gazelle.8m.net/contact.html Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). Leopards in Palestine. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Homepage. http://gazelle.8m.net/whats_new.html Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2004). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2004 / Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2004. ISBN 3-00-0141219. Erste Auflage, Juli 2004: 452 Seiten. Zweite erweiterte Auflage, August 2004: 460 Seiten. Norman Ali Khalaf, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Germany. http://drnorman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/ & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/59405994/book-gazelle-thepalestinian-biological-bulletin-a-scientific-journey-in-palestine-arabia-andeurope-between-1983-2004-by-norman-ali-khalaf-von-jaffa-2004 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2004). Activity Patterns and Sexual Behaviour of Snow Leopards, Panthera uncia (Schreber, 1775), at Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Jersey Island. In: Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2004 / Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2004. ISBN 3-00-014121-9. Erste Auflage, Juli 2004. Zweite erweiterte Auflage, August 2004. Self-Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Germany. pp. 8-29. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2004). Babetta, the female leopard trapped in Ein Gedi. In: Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2004 / Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2004. ISBN 3-00-014121-9. Erste Auflage, Juli 2004. Zweite erweiterte Auflage, August 2004. Self-Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Germany. pp. 99. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2004). The Leopards of Palestine. In: Gazelle: Das Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

47 Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2004 / Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2004. ISBN 3-00-014121-9. Erste Auflage, Juli 2004. Zweite erweiterte Auflage, August 2004. Self-Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Germany. pp. 100-101. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2004). The Sinai Leopard (Panthera pardus jarvisi) in Palestine. In: Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2004 / Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2004. ISBN 3-00-014121-9. Erste Auflage, Juli 2004. Zweite erweiterte Auflage, August 2004. Self-Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Germany. pp. 103-111. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Leopards of Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. United Arab Emirates. Number 41. Twenty Third Year. May 2005. pp. 1-9. http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). Der Arabische Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 42. Twenty Third Year. June 2005. pp. 1-8. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopardpanthera-pardus.webs.com/arabischerleopard.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (Gründer) (seit Juni 2005). Raubkatzen. Der Treffpunkt für Raubkatzen-freunde. Yahoo! Deutschland Groups. http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/Raubkatzen/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Mammals in Dubai Zoo, Dubai City, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 45, September 2005. pp. 1-14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Rafah Zoo in the Rafah Refugee Camp, Gaza Strip, Palestine : A Story of Destruction by the Israeli Occupation Army. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 46, October 2005. pp. 1-11. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Qalqilia Zoo and the Natural History Museum in the City of Qalqilia, West Bank, Occupied Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 47, November 2005. pp. 1-10. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (Member of PALESTA) (2005). Palestinian Scientists and Technologists Abroad (PALESTA). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 47, Twenty-third Year, November 2005, Shawal 1426. pp. 11-12. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (In Arabic). Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Arabian Carnivores in the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Sharjah Desert Park, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 48. December 2005. pp. 1-9. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic). Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Der Asiatische oder Persische Löwe Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

48 (Panthera leo persica). Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 49, January 2006. pp. 1-5. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Asiatischer_Loewe.html Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Felidae Palaestina: The Wild Cats of Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 52, April 2006. pp. 1-15. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://archive.is/I9par Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Der Asiatische oder Iranische Gepard (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 53, May 2006. pp. 1-7. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://archive.is/0NDhl Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Die Rohrkatze (Felis chaus). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 54, June 2006. pp. 1-8. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://archive.is/R9B7r Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Mammalia Palaestina: The Mammals of Palestine / Die Säugetiere Palästinas. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 55, Twenty-fourth Year, July 2006, Jumada AlThania 1427. pp. 1-46. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://archive.is/xmclD Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2006. ISBN 300-017294-7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006, 484 pp. Self-Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/mammaliaarabica.htm & eBook (Google Drive): https://drive.google.com/file/d/1mjzf_I_b8wTX_BHd1RsuU4ykhJlIKW2/view?usp=sharing Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Babetta, the female leopard trapped in Ein Gedi. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2006. ISBN 3-00-017294-7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Self-Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 64. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). The Leopards of Palestine. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2006. ISBN 3-00-017294-7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. SelfPublisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 65-66. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). The Sinai Leopard (Panthera pardus jarvisi) in Palestine. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2006. ISBN 3-00-017294-7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Self-Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 68-76. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

49 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The Asiatic or Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica) in Palestine. In: Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2006. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland und Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 147-149. https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Wild_Predators/conversations/topics /357 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). The Leopards of Palestine. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2006. ISBN 3-00-017294-7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. SelfPublisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 176-184. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) in Sharjah. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2006. ISBN 3-00-017294-7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Self-Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 184. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Der Arabische Leopard, Panthera pardus nimr. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2006. ISBN 3-00-017294-7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Self-Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 186-193. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Felidae Palaestina: The Wild Cats of Palestine. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2006. ISBN 3-00-017294-7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Self-Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 207-221. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Mammalia Palaestina: The Mammals of Palestine / Die Säugetiere Palästinas. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 19802006. ISBN 3-00-017294-7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. Self-Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 240-285. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). The Leopards of Palestine. In: Mammalia Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2006. ISBN 3-00-017294-7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. SelfPublisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

50 United Arab Emirates. pp. 470-469. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The Asiatic or Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica, Meyer 1826) in Palestine and the Arabian and Islamic Region. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 58, October 2006, Ramadan 1427 H. pp. 1-13. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://www.oocities.org/jaffacity/Asiatic_Lion.html.tmp Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Ein Besuch im Neunkircher Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland / A Visit to Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 59, November 2006. pp.1-25. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabisch / Arabic). http://khalaf.homepage24.de/Ein%20Besuch%20im%20Neunkircher%20Zoo%20Neunkirchen-%20Saarland-%20Deutschland Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The Chinese Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) in Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany / Der Chinesische Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) im Neunkircher Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 60, December 2006. pp. 1-10. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-pantherapardus.webs.com/chineseleopard.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr, Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1833) in the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Desert Park, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 61, January 2007, Thu Al-Hijja 1427 AH. pp. 1-14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in Arabic; References in English and German). http://khalaf.homepage24.de/Behavioural%20Observations%20on%20the% 20Arabian%20Leopard%20in%20the%20Arabia-s%20Wildlife%20Centre-% 20Sharjah-%20UAE Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). A Recent Record of the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) from the Kuwaiti Desert, State of Kuwait. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 64, April 2007, Rabi'e Al-Awal 1428 AH. pp. 1-20. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in Arabic; Abstract in English, Kurzfassung in Deutsch; References in English, German and Arabic). http://khalaf.homepage24.de/A%20Recent%20Record%20of%20the%20Arabian %20Sand%20Cat%20from%20the%20Kuwaiti%20Desert%20State%20of%20Kuwait Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Qit Sahrawi (Desert Cat or Sand Cat). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 64, April 2007, Rabi'e Al-Awal 1428 AH. p. 21. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in Arabic). Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

51 http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7_%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1% D8%A7% D9%88%D9%8A Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The First Sight Record of the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) from the Gaza Strip, Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 65, May 2007, Rabi'e Al-Akher 1428 AH. pp. 1-19. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in English; Abstract in English and Arabic, Kurzfassung in Deutsch; References in English, German and Arabic). https://de.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/katzen/conversations/topics/1785 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Presence of the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni) in the State of Qatar. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 65, May 2007, Rabi'e Al-Akher 1428 AH. p. 20. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Wild_Predators/conversations/topics /664 & http://archive.is/gKhv6 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Die Sandkatze oder Wüstenkatze (Felis margarita, Loche 1858). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Nummer 66, Juni 2007, Jamada Al-Ulla 1428 AH. Seiten 113. Sharjah, Vereinigte Arabische Emirate. (Article in German; References in English, German and Arabic). http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Sandkatze.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Haywanat Filistin (The Animals of Palestine). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86% D8%A7%D8% AA_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Sanuriyat (Felidae). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. (Article in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D 8%A7%D8%AA Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Der Karakal oder Wüstenluchs (Caracal caracal, von Schreber 1776). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Nummer 67, Juli 2007, Jamada Al-Akhera 1428 AH. Seiten 1-12. Sharjah, Vereinigte Arabische Emirate. (Article in German; References in English, German and Arabic). http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Karakal.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Um Rishat (Caracal or Desert Lynx). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. (Article in Arabic). Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

52 http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4% D8%A7%D8%AA Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Palestine_Sand_Cat.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Die Sandkatze oder Wüstenkatze (Felis margarita, Loche 1858). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. 2007. (Article in German; References in English, German and Arabic). http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Sandkatze.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) at Al Ain Zoo, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. (Article in Arabic; References in English and German). Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) at the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Desert Park, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. (Article in Arabic; References in English and German). Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 19802007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007, 300 pp. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (In Arabic, German and English). Doctoral Dissertation. Ashwood University, USA. Doctor of Science Degree in Zoology (Summa Cumm Laude) on 26.09.2007. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/felidaearabica.htm & Doctoral Dissertation eBook : https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/59397999/doctoratedissertation-felidae-arabica-by-norman-ali-bassam-khalaf-doctor-of-scienceashwood-university-usa-2007 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Activity Patterns and Sexual / (Reproductive) Behaviour of Snow Leopards, Panthera uncia (Schreber, 1775), at Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, Jersey Island. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 11-45. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Babetta, the female leopard trapped in Ein Gedi. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

53 Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 68. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Leopards in Palestine (In Arabic). In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 69-70.

The Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) at the Arabia’s Wildlife Centre in Sharjah. Photo by: Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf-von Jaffa. 11.09.2013. https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10159766865644831&set=a.127745184830

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Sinai Leopard (Panthera pardus jarvisi) in Palestine. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 72-80. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Leopards of Palestine. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 82-90. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

54 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) in Sharjah. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 90. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Der Arabische Leopard, Panthera pardus nimr. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 92-99. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Felidae Palaestina: The Wild Cats of Palestine. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 107-121. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Chinese Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) in Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany / Der Chinesische Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) im Neunkircher Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, RilchingenHanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 165-174. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Nimer Arabi (The Arabian Leopard). Arab-Wikipedia. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 228-229. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Sanuriyat (Family Felidae). Arab-Wikipedia. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

55 Emirates. pp. 230. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Haywanat Filistin (Fauna of Palestine). Arab-Wikipedia. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 235-232. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr, Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1833) in the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Desert Park, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 274261. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Arabian Carnivores in the Arabia’s Wildlife Centre, Sharjah Desert Park, United Arab Emirates. In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 284276. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Leopards in Palestine (In Arabic). In: Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 290289. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008a). The Story of Sabrina, the Gaza Zoo Lioness. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 73, January 2008. pp. 1-20. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. https://de.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Raubkatzen/conversations/topics/ 86 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (Text) and Nora Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf (Drawings) (2008b). Qisset Al-Labu'a Sabrina fi Hadiqet Haywanat Ghaza (The Story of Sabrina, the Gaza Zoo Lioness). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Story in Arabic). http://khalaf.homepage24.de/The%20Story%20of%20Sabrina,%20the%20Gaza Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

56 %20Zoo%20Lioness Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (Text) and Nora Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf (Drawings) (2008c). Qisset Al-Labu'a Sabrina fi Hadiqet Haywanat Ghaza / The Story of Sabrina, the Gaza Zoo Lioness. First Edition. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf-von Jaffa, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Germany & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Publication in Summer 2008, in Arabic and English). ISBN 978-9948-03-603-6. English article Website: http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Gaza_Lioness_Sabrina.html & Arabic Story Website: http://khalaf.homepage24.de/The%20Story%20of% 20Sabrina,%20the%20Gaza%20Zoo%20Lioness Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008d). The Zanzibar Leopard (Panthera pardus adersi, Pocock 1932). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 74, February 2008. pp. 1-13. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/zanzibarleopard.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008e). Nimer Zanjibar (Zanzibar Leopard). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al- Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 74, February 2008. Page 14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%86%D 8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008f). Leopard Stamps from Zanzibar and Tanzania. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 75, March 2008. pp. 1-4. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008g). The Sri Lanka leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya, Deraniyagala 1956). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 76, April 2008. pp. 1-17. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/srilankaleopard.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008h). Nimer Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka leopard). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 76, April 2008. Page 18. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%B1% D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (May 2008i). The Persian or Iranian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor, Pocock 1927). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 77, May 2008. pp. 1-15. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-pantherapardus.webs.com/persianleopard.htm & http://www.oocities.org/jaffacity/Persian_Leopard.html.tmp Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008j). Royal White Tigers (Panthera tigris, Linnaeus 1758) at Zoo d'Amnéville (Amneville Zoo), Amneville, Lorraine, France. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 78, June 2008. Pp. 1-26. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

57 https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/WildCats_/conversations/topics/907 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008k). Nimer Farisi (Persian leopard). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%A7% D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher. Zoologist, Ecologist and Geologist: The Scientific References (1980-2008l). http://drnorman-ali-khalaf-references.webs.com/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008m). Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. 396 pps. Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 9789948-03-459-9. (In Arabic, English and German). http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/carnivoraarabica.htm & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/59551346/book-carnivoraarabica-by-dr-norman-ali-bassam-khalaf-von-jaffa-2008 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008n). The Leopards of Palestine. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 14-22. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008o). Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) in Sharjah. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. SelfPublisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & RilchingenHanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 22. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008p). Der Arabische Leopard, Panthera pardus nimr. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 24-31. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008q). Felidae Palaestina: The Wild Cats of Palestine. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

58 Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. SelfPublisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & RilchingenHanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 39-53. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008r). The Chinese Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) in Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany / Der Chinesische Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) im Neunkircher Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-994803-459-9. pp. 97-106. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008s). The Zanzibar Leopard (Panthera pardus adersi, Pocock 1932). In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. SelfPublisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & RilchingenHanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 177-189. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008t). Nimer Zanjibar (Zanzibar Leopard). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al- Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia) (In Arabic). In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 190. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008u). Leopard Stamps from Zanzibar and Tanzania. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. SelfPublisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & RilchingenHanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 193-196. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008v). The Sri Lanka leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya, Deraniyagala 1956). In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 20052008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

59 Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 198-214. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008w). Nimer Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka leopard). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia) (In Arabic). In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 215. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008x). The Persian or Iranian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor, Pocock 1927). In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 20052008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 217-231. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008y). Carnivora Palaestina: The Carnivores of Palestine / Die Raubtiere Palästinas. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-994803-459-9. pp. 287-311. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008z). Nimer Arabi (The Arabian Leopard). Arab-Wikipedia. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. SelfPublisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & RilchingenHanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 320-319. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008za). Sanuriyat (Family Felidae). Arab-Wikipedia. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 322-321. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008zb). Haywanat Filistin (Fauna of Palestine). Arab-Wikipedia. In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

60 Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. SelfPublisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & RilchingenHanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 327-324. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008zc). Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr, Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1833) in the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Desert Park, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (In Arabic). In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 364-351. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008zd). The Arabian Carnivores in the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Sharjah Desert Park, United Arab Emirates (In Arabic). In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. pp. 374-366. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008ze). The Mammals in Dubai Zoo, Dubai City, United Arab Emirates (In Arabic). In: Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. Self-Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-994803-459-9. pp. 389-376. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008zf). Carnivora Palaestina: The Carnivores of Palestine / Die Raubtiere Palästinas. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 82, October 2008, Shawal 1429 AH. pp. 1-25. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. https://de.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Fauna_Arabica/conversations/mes sages/31 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2009). Flora and Fauna in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 91, July 2009, Rajab 1430 AH. pp. 1-31. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://florafauna-palestine.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). Fauna Palaestina – Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2006 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006. ISBN 978-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

61 September 2009: 412 Seiten/Pages. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart1.htm & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/xx/document/view/59498633/fauna-palaestina-1book-by-dr-norman-ali-khalaf-2009 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). The Sinai Leopard (Panthera pardus jarvisi) in Palestine. In: Fauna Palaestina – Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2006 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006. ISBN 978-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. pp. 15-23. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). The Leopards of Palestine. In: Fauna Palaestina – Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2006 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006. ISBN 978-9948-03865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & RilchingenHanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. pp. 78-86. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) in Sharjah. In: Fauna Palaestina – Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2006 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006. ISBN 978-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. pp. 86. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). Felidae Palaestina: The Wild Cats of Palestine. In: Fauna Palaestina – Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2006 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006. ISBN 978-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. pp. 109-123. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). Mammalia Palaestina: The Mammals of Palestine / Die Säugetiere Palästinas. In: Fauna Palaestina – Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2006 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006. ISBN 978-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. pp. 125-170. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). An Introduction to the Animal Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

62 Life in Palestine (In Arabic). In: Fauna Palaestina – Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2006 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006. ISBN 978-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. pp. 331-326 & 342-336. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). Al-Numour fi Filasteen (The Leopards of Palestine) (In Arabic). In: Fauna Palaestina – Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2006 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006. ISBN 978-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. pp. 401-400. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2010). Fauna Emiratus Part One. Zoological Studies in the United Arab Emirates between 2004 - 2009. / Fauna Emiratus – Teil Eins. Zoologische Studien in die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate zwischen 2004 - 2009. ISBN 978-9948-15-462-4. Erste Auflage/First Edition, November 2010: 350 Seiten / Pages. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunaemiratuspart1.htm & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/xx/document/view/59546804/fauna-emiratus-part1-zoological-studies-in-the-united-arab-emirates-between-2004-2009-by-drnorman-ali-bassam-khalaf-von-jaffa-2010 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2012). Fauna Palaestina – Part Two. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2009 / Fauna Palaestina - Teil Zwei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2009. ISBN 978-9948-16667-2. 1. Auflage / First Edition: July 2012, Shaaban 1433 H. 208 Seiten / Pages (Arabic Part 120 Pages and the English Part 88 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, Palestine. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart2.htm& eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/59602956/fauna-palaestinapart-2-book-by-dr-norman-ali-khalaf-von-jaffa-2012 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Der Mosbacher Löwe (Panthera leo fossilis, Reichenau 1906) / The Early Middle Pleistocene European Cave Lion (Panthera leo fossilis, Reichenau 1906). Gazelle The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 101. January 2013. Pp. 1-26. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://lion-pantheraleo.webs.com/mosbacher-loewe Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Der Europäische Leopard (Panthera pardus sickenbergi, Schütt 1969) / The Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

63 European Leopard (Panthera pardus sickenbergi, Schütt 1969). Gazelle - The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 102. February 2013. pp. 1-17. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-pantherapardus.webs.com/europeanleopard.htm & http://issuu.com/drnormanalibassamkhalaf/docs/europ__ische_leopard_panthera_pardu

A Persian Leopard roaming the mountains of Iraqi Kurdistan. Source: Leopard Conservation in Kurdistan, Iraq. Facebook Page. 31.08.2020. https://www.facebook.com/KurdistanLeopardconservation/photos/3277985332296597

Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2013). Fauna Palaestina – Part Three. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 2005 – 2012 / Fauna Palaestina - Teil Drei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 2005 – 2012. ISBN 978-9950-38335-7. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2013, Shaaban 1434 H. 364 pages (English Part 350 Pages and the Arabic Part 14 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://dr-normanali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart3.htm & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/62740914/fauna-palaestinapart-3-year-2013-by-dr-norman-ali-bassam-khalaf-von-jaffa-isbn-978-9950-383Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

64 35-7 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). The Pink Panther (Panthera pardus roseus Khalaf, 2013): A New Leopard Subspecies from South Africa. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 108, December 2013, Safar 1435 AH. pp. 26-42. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-pantherapardus.webs.com/pinkpanther.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Subspecies Panthera pardus roseus Khalaf, 2013. BioLib. Biological Library. http://www.biolib.cz/en/adtaxon/id300734/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Pink Panther (Panthera pardus roseus Khalaf, 2013). EOL. Encyclopedia of Life. http://eol.org/collections/98287 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2014). Fauna Palaestina – Part Four. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2014 / Fauna Palaestina Teil Vier. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2014. ISBN 978-9950383-77-7. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2014, Ramadan 1435 H. pp. 456 (English part 378 pages and Arabic part 78 pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://fauna-palaestina-part-1.webs.com/faunapalaestina4.htm & eBook: https://www.yumpu.com/fr/document/view/62741122/book-faunapalaestina-4-year-2014-by-prof-dr-norman-ali-bassam-khalaf-von-jaffa-isbn-9789950-383-77-7 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2014). Poisoning case of an Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) at Wadi Noaman, North East of Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Gazelle - The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 118. October 2014. pp. 1-18. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://animals-ofmakkah.webs.com/arabian-leopard-wadi-noaman Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2015). Killing Incident of an Anatolian Leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana Valenciennes, 1856) in Turkey. Gazelle - The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 121. January 2015. pp. 1-20. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/anatolianleopard.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2015). Fauna Palaestina – Part Five. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2016 / Fauna Palaestina Teil Fünf. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2016. ISBN 978-9950383-92-0. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2015, Ramadan 1436 H. 448 pp. (English Part 304 Pages and the Arabic Part 144 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://faunapalaestina-books.webs.com/ & eBook (Google Drive): https://drive.google.com/file/d/1C9Vo6oBn4AAYB7XnpeIGgEXgOBZFzar6/v iew?usp=sharing Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

65 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa (11.01.2016). YouTube. Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) in Sharjah. 09.01.2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2CRSM0fTuHY Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa (09.08.2016). YouTube. Searching for the rare Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) in the UAE : Placing the Wildlife Trail infrared Camera at Wadi Shawqa in Ras Al Khaimah, UAE. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VvcwONftjW4 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa (10.08.2016). YouTube. Searching for the rare Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) in the UAE : Placing the Wildlife Trail infrared Camera at Wadi Shawqa in Ras Al Khaimah, UAE ... with Nora Norman Ali Khalaf ... 10.08.2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zGxzt0FIuLY Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa (August 2017). Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) skins originating from Iran on sale at the Spice Souq in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 152, August 2017, pp. 1-21. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-panthera-pardus-2.webs.com/ Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali (23.09.2017). Scientific Visit to the Natural History Museum in Muscat, Sultanate of Oman ... 23.09.2017. Facebook: Norman Ali Khalaf. https://www.facebook.com/dr.norman.ali.khalaf/posts/10155615325479831 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali (23.09.2017). A taxidermied Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) at the Natural History Museum in Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Arabian_Leopard_at _Natural_History_Museum_Muscat_Oman_Photo_by_Prof_Dr_Norman_Ali_Kh alaf.jpg Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali (21.02.2021). The Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) roaming the Dhofar Mountains, Sultanate of Oman. Photo by Miguel Willis. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10158950599899831&set=a.127745184 830 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali (24.04.2022). Video: A Rare Record of a male Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) in Al-Sulaymaniyah Mountains in Iraqi Kurdistan. Facebook. Video by Soran Ahmed. https://www.facebook.com/dr.norman.ali.khalaf/posts/10159757755734831 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali (26.04.2022). A Rare Record of a male Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) in Al-Sulaymaniyah Mountains in Iraqi Kurdistan. Facebook. Photos by Soran Ahmed. https://www.facebook.com/dr.norman.ali.khalaf/posts/10159761805254831 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

66 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali (29.04.2022). Warten Sie auf meinen nächsten Artikel über die Arabische Leoparden (Panthera pardus nimr). Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10159766865644831&set=a.127745184 830

Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam (08.05.2022). Wait for my next article on the Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) in Iraq and Iran. Facebook. https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=10159781239374831&id=5605198 30 Khalaf, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam (13.05.2022). Wait for my next article on the Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) in Iraqi Kurdistan. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10159791283844831&set=a.127745184 830 Khalaf-Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Sharif Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad (July 2023). Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

67 Der ausgestopfte Arabische Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr Hemprich und Ehrenberg, 1833) im Naturhistorisches Museum in Muscat, Sultanat Oman / The taxidermied Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833) at the Natural History Museum in Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Volume 41, Number 223, July 2023, pp. 1-51. Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, Palestine National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. http://leopard-pantherapardus.webs.com/arabischerleopard.htm & https://issuu.com/dr-norman-alikhalaf/docs/arabian_leopard_in_muscat_museum & https://www.academia.edu/78236926/Der_ausgestopfte_Arabische_Leopard_P anthera_pardus_nimr_Hemprich_und_Ehrenberg_1833_im_Naturhistorisches_ Museum_in_Muscat_Sultanat_Oman & https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360318590_Der_ausgestopfte_Arabi sche_Leopard_Panthera_pardus_nimr_Hemprich_und_Ehrenberg_1833_im_Nat urhistorisches_Museum_in_Muscat_Sultanat_Oman

Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf-von Jaffa with an Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) at the Arabia's Wildlife Centre in Sharjah. 11.09.2013. https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10158655293804831&set=pcb.10158655293864831

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

68 Khalaf-Prinz Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Sharif Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Ahmad Mostafa Abdallah Mohammad (August 2023). Rare Records of the Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) from Kurdistan, Northern Iraq, and a review of its distribution in Western Asia. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Volume 41, Number 224, August 2023, pp. 1-79. Published by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf Department for Environmental Research and Media, Palestine National Research Center, University of Palestine, Gaza, State of Palestine. http://leopardpanthera-pardus-2.webs.com/ Khorozyan, I. (1999). The leopard in Armenia: which subspecies is it? Cat News 30: 22-24. Khorozyan, I. (2003). Habitat preferences by the endangered Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) in Armenia. Zoology in the Middle East 30: 25-36. Khorozyan, 1. (2004). Strengthening local capacities for biodiversity conservation in Armenia. Final report submitted to The Whitley Awards, UK. Khorozyan, I. and A. Malkhasyan. (2002). Ecology of the leopard (Panthera pardus) in Khosrov Reserve, Armenia: implications for conservation. Scientific Reports of Societa Zoologica "La Torbiera" 6: 1-41. Khorozyan, Igor; Alexander Malkhasyan and Shushanik Asmaryan (April – June 2005). The Persian leopard prowls its way to survival. Endangered Species Update. Volume 22, Issue 2, Publisher: University of Michigan, School of Natural Resources. pp. 51-60. https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/91243/ESUAprJun2 005.pdf?sequence=1 Kiabi, B. H.; Dareshouri, B. F.; Ghaemi, R. A.; Jahanshahi, M. (2002). Population status of the Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) in Iran. Zoology in the Middle East 26: 41-47. Kingdon, J. (1990). Arabian mammals: a natural history. Academic Press, London. Kock, D. (1990). Historical record of a tiger, Panthera tigris (Linnaeus, 1758), in Iraq. Zoology in the Middle East 4: 11–15. Lahony, S. R. A.; Mohammad, M. K.; Ali, H. H.; Al- Moussawi, A. A.; Abd AlRasul, M. S. (2013). Fauna and flora of Hawraman Mountain (part one) Hawraman lowest zone, Kurdistan Province North East of Iraq. Bulletin of Iraq Natural History Museum (4):7–34. Lehmann, E. von (1966). Taxonomische Bemerkungen zur Säugerausbeute der Kumerloeveschen Orient-Reisen. Bonner Zoologische Beiträge, 12: 251-317, Berlin. Leopard. Nirim, Synagogue of Ma'on, Israel. www.digital-picture-printingframes.com/store/images/503068-sm.jpg Leopard Conservation in Kurdistan, Iraq (22.04.2021). Earth Day 2021 - Save the

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

69 rare and Endangered Persian leopards (Panthera pardus tulliana) of Kurdistan!. Facebook Page. Video. https://fb.watch/c-77vIPz0X/

A sad fate of a Persian Leopard. Source: Leopard Conservation in Kurdistan, Iraq. Facebook Page. 09.06.2019. https://www.facebook.com/KurdistanLeopardconservation/photos/226467668362747 2 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

70 Leopard Conservation in Kurdistan, Iraq (30.12.2021). A male Persian leopard trapped in Zreza Village, Iraqi Kurdistan, had its hind leg amputated following a trap-inflicted wound, and was then transferred to Duhok Zoo for treatment. Facebook Page. https://www.facebook.com/KurdistanLeopardconservation Lewis, R. E.; Lewis, J. H.; and Dr. Sana Issa Atallah (1968). A review of Lebanese mammals. Carnivora, Pinnipedia, Hyracoidea and Artiodactyla. J. of Zool. (London) 154: 517-531. Linnell, J.D.C., J.E. Swenson and R. Andersen. (2001). Predators and people: conservation of large carnivores is possible at high human densities if management policy is favourable. Animal Conservation 4: 345-349. List of mammals of the State of Palestine. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_the_State_of_Palestine Lukarevsky V. (2001). The leopard, striped hyena and wolf in Turkmenistan. Moscow, Signar. Lynch, Hannah (in Duhok) (21.02.2022). Rare Persian Leopard held in Kurdistan Zoo faces uncertain future. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/feb/21/rare-persianleopard-held-in-kurdistan-zoo-faces-uncertain-future Macdonald, D. 2001. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. Barnes & Noble Andromeda Oxford Ltd., Abingdon, UK. Mahdi, N.; George, P. V. (1969). Systematic list of Iraqi vertebrates – mammals. Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum 26: 34–63. Malikshahi, Saifulden Faris (April 2022). Facebook comment: Leopard presence in Hamrin Mountains and it can be seen in the area between Kani Sakht and the mountain area with Iran. Iraqi Green Climate Org. Facebook page. https://www.facebook.com/IraqiWildlifeCenter/videos/2534906906644404 Mallon, D.; Budd, K. (Eds.) (2011). Regional Red List Status of Carnivores in the Arabian Peninsula. Cambridge (U.K.): & Gland (Switzerland): IUCN, and Environment and Protected Areas Authority Sharjah. Manasyan, M.G., A.T. Grigoryan and A.H. Potosyan. (2002). Siunik Province: nature, population, economy. Yerevan, Nahapet. Masseti, Marco (2009). Carnivores of Syria. In: Neubert, E., Amr, Z., Taiti, S. and Gumus, B. (Eds): Animal diversity in the Middle East. Proceedings of the 1 st Middle Eastern Biodiversity Congress, Aqaba, Jordan 20-23 October 2008, ZooKeys, 31: 229-252. McLellan, B.; Garshelis, D. (2006). Bear sighting in Iraq. International Bear News 15(2): 12. Menache, Susan (2002). The Mammals of Israel. Geffen Books, New York. Ministry of Information and Culture, United Arab Emirates. www.uaeinteract.com/photofile/phf_arc16.asp Mendelssohn, Heinrich; Yom-Tov, Y. (1999). Fauna Palaestina: Mammalia of Israel. The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem, Keterpress Enterprises, 439 pp. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

A sad fate of a Persian Leopard. Source: Leopard Conservation in Kurdistan, Iraq. Facebook Page. 08.03.2020. www.facebook.com/KurdistanLeopardconservation/photos/2806840906077711

Mezhlumyan, S.K. (1985). Hunting in petroglyphs of the Geghama Mountains and Siunik. Biological Journal of Armenia 38: 685-696. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

72 Mishra, C. and A. Fitzherbert. (2004). War and wildlife: a post-conflict assessment of Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor. Oryx 38:102-105. Misonne, X. (1957). Mammifères de la Turquie sud-orientale et du nord de la Syrie. Mammalia, Paris. 21: 53. Miththapala, S., J. Seidensticker and SJ. O'Brien (1996). Phylogeographic subspecies recognition in leopards (Panthera pardus): molecular genetic variation. Conservation Biology 10: 1115-1132. Mohammad, M. K.; Saman, R. L. & Hayder, M. A. (2013) First record of the Sand Cat, Felis margarita Loche, 1858 (Mammalia: Carnivora, Felidae), from Iraq. Zoology in the Middle East 59(4): 358–359. Mraieb, Mohammad Kadhim (December 2019). Facebook comment: One leopard was killed in Mandali area, Diyala Goveronorate. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=2707666485922755&set=pcb.27076668 39256053 Musa, Yousif (30.12.2021). Leopard captured in Zakho, injuring two villagers. Rudaw. https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/301220211 Musil, A. (1927). The Middle Euphrates. American Geographic Society publication. New York, 426 pp. My Journey with Persian Leopards (26.05.2020). Persian Leopard. Video by Cinematographer: Abolfazl Rahbarizadeh. Persian Leopard in the Central Alborz Mountain Range, Mazandaran, central-northern Iran (in Farisi). Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/future4leopards.org/videos/240489180709619 Nader, I. A. (1990). Checklist of the mammals of Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 11: 329-381. Nanagulyan, S.G. (1987). Macromycetes of Dilijan and Khosrov Reserves of Armenian SSR. PhD dissertation. Yerevan, Institute of Botany. Nowell, K. and P. Jackson. (1996). Wild cats: status survey and conservation action plan. Gland, IUCN. Neumyer, Scott (24.08.2015). Israel's 10 most beautiful animals. https://www.fromthegrapevine.com/nature/israels-10-beautiful-animals Özkurt, Ş., M. Sözen, N. YİĞİT, E. Çolak (1998). Notes on distributional records and some characteristics of five carnivore species (Mammalia, Carnivora) in Turkey. Turkish J. Zool. 22: 285-288. Ognev, S. I. (1931). The Mammals of Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Vol. 2, Carnivora, Fissipidae. Glavnauka. Moscow. 775 pp. Ognev, S. I. (1935). The Mammals of Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Vol. 3, Carnivora, Fissipidae, and Pinnipidae. Glavnauka. Moscow. 752 pp. Operation Leopard. Renewed efforts to save the Arabian Leopard. www.arabianwildlife.com/archive/vol1.2/leop.htm Orni, Efraim and Elisha Efrat (1966). Geography of Israel. Second Revised Edition. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem. 363 pp. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (2000). Biodiversity in Palestinian territory. Ramallah, Palestine. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

73 Palestinian Institute for Arid Land and Environmental Studies (1996). A preliminary investigation of biodiversity in Palestine: Problems and prospects, West Bank, Palestine. Panthera pardus ssp. saxicolor. http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/15961/all Perkova, Veronika. Hana Raza: Fighting for a better future for Persian Leopards in Iraq. https://veronikaperkova.com/2021/04/06/hana-raza-fighting-for-abetter-future-of-persian-leopards-in-iraq/ Persian Leopard Research in Armenia. http://www.ptes.org/events/documents/ArmeniaItinerary.pdf Persian Leopard Research in Armenia. http://www.ptes.org/events/holidays/armenia_sep05.html Pikunov, D.G. and V.G. Korkishko. (1992). The Amur leopard. Moscow, Nauka. Pitman, C. R. S. (1922). Notes on Mesopotamian Mammals. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 28: 474–80. (Reprinted in: Survey of the Fauna of Iraq Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society pp. 317–23). Pocock, R. I. (1927). Descriptions of two subspecies of leopards. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 20:213-214. Pocock, R. I. (1930). The Panthers and Ounces of Asia. Ibid 64–82: 307–360. Pocock, R. I. (1932). The leopards of Africa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 543–591. Pocock, R. I. (1941). Fauna of British India. Vols. I and II. Mammalia. London: Taylor and Francis. Pp. xxxiv + 462. Pp. xii + 503. Pocock, R. I. (1946). External and Cranial Characters of some Rare Asiatic Mammals recently exhibited by the Society. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1946: 115 (3/4): 310-318. Probst, Ernst. In Deutschland jagten einst riesige Löwen. http://www.artikelweb.de/db/artikel_in_deutschland_jagten_einst_riesige_loe wen.html Qumsiyeh, Mazin B. (1992). Review of “Mammals of Arabia” by D.L. Harrison and P.J. Bates. J. Mammal., 73: 228-229. Qumsiyeh, Mazin B. (1996). Mammals of the Holy Land. Texas Tech University Press. pps. 389. Raza, Hana A.; S.A. Ahmad, N.A. Hassan, K. Ararat, M. Qadir & L. Ali (2012) First photographic record of the Persian leopard in Kurdistan, northern Iraq. Cat News 56: 34–35. Raza, Hana (15.08.2019). Iraq: Saving the Persian Leopard. Global Ideas. DW News. Report: Jürgen Schneider. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Ymnhxgw8Rw Raza, Hana (30.12.2021). A male Persian leopard trapped in Zreza Village, Iraqi Kurdistan, had its hind leg amputated following a trap-inflicted wound, and was then transferred to Duhok Zoo for treatment. Source: Leopard Conservation in

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

74 Kurdistan, Iraq. Facebook Page. https://www.facebook.com/KurdistanLeopardconservation

The work of Biologist Hana Raza and her team on saving the Persian Leopard in Iraq is published in the Dutch Nature News. Source: Leopard Conservation in Kurdistan, Iraq. Facebook Page. 01.04.2017. https://www.facebook.com/KurdistanLeopardconservation/photos/1263125503782600

Reintroducing endangered leopards to the Northern Caucasus. http://www.panda.org/news_facts/newsroom/index.cfm?uNewsID=103140 Riffel, M.; Schwarz, J.; Prasse, R. und Ristow, M. (1986). Zum Vorkommen des Anatolischen Leoparden und einiger weiterer Säuger in der Südwestlichen Türkei. Zoologische Gesellschaft für Arten- und Populationsschutz e.V., München, Mitgliederinformation, Dezember 1986. Roza Khutor to bring Persian leopard back to Russia’s Caucasus. http://english.pravda.ru/science/earth/22-05-2007/91916-rosa_khutor-0 Saleh, M. A. and M. Basuony (1998). A contribution to the mammalogy of the Sinai Peninsula. Mammalia 62: 557-575. Sanborn, C. C. (1940). Mammals from Iraq. In: Henry Field Anthropology of Iraq. The Field Museum of Natural History 30: 156–162. Saudi Gazzette. Endangered Arabian leopard found poisoned. http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid= Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

75 20140224196661 Schmarda, L. K. (1853). Die geographische Verbreitung der Thiere. Vienna. 755 pp. (Three volumes in one, paged continuously). Schütt, Gerda (1969). Panthera pardus sickenbergi n. subsp. aus den Mauerer Sanden. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palaeontologie 5, 299–310. Semenov, U. (2002). Tracking the Anatolian leopard in the western Caucasus. Russian Conservation News 30: 30-31. Shakula, V. (2004). First record of leopard in Kazakhstan. Cat News 41:11-12. Simeonovski, Velizar (04.05.2021). How the leopard is changing its spots: Panthera pardus saxicolor extreme pattern variation. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/profile/1772149103/search/?q=Amman%20leopar d Singh, Arjan (1982). Prince of Cats. Jonathan Cape, London. pps. 192. Smallwood, K.S. (2001). The allometry of density within the space used by populations of mammalian Carnivora. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 16341640. Spalton, Andrew; Willis, David; Jackson, Peter. Filming the elusive Arabian Leopard. www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/features/253feature2.shtml Spencer Hodge Limited Edition Paper Print: "Arabian Leopard". www.gallerydirectart.com/lim428.html Sutherland, W. J. (2000). The conservation handbook: research, management and policy. London, Blackwell Science. Takhtajyan, A.L. (1973). Flora of Armenia, vol. 6. Erinaceae-Elaeagnaceae. Yerevan, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Talhouk, Abdul Monim; Buettiker, Wilhelm; Gasperetti, John; Gasperetti, Patricia R. and Massey, Dick (1981). The Wildlife of Arabia. Stacey International, London. pps. 96. Temple, H.J., Cuttelod, A. (2008). The status and distribution of Mediterranean Mammals. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources), New York. Thalen, D. C. P. (1975). The caracal lynx (Caracal caracal schmitzi) in Iraq earlier and new records, habitats and distribution. Bulletin of Iraq Natural History Museum, 6: 1–23. The Arabian Leopard. On the brink of extinction. www.datadubai.com/aleopard.htm The Father Schmitz Collection. https://smnh.tau.ac.il/en/the-father-schmitzcollection/ The Last Anatolian Leopard. http://wildcat.org/pardus/leopards/index.htm?last-anatolian.htm The Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) in Armenia. http://www.persianleopard.com/ The Persian Leopard Prowls Its Way to Survival (2005). Khorozyan, Igor; Malkhasyan, Alexander, Asmaryan, Shushanik. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

76 http://www.persianleopard.com/pdf/leopard_survival.pdf The results of 2001 census of the Republic of Armenia. (2003). Yerevan, State Committee of Organization and Implementation of the RA Census 2001 and National Statistical Service of RA. Thomas, O. (1919). Some new mammals from Mesopotamia. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 26: 745–749. Tristram, H. B. (1866). Report on the Mammals of Palestine. Proc. Zool. Soc. London.1866: 84-93. Tristram, H. B. (1867). The Natural History of the Bible. Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge Publ. London. 515 pp. Tristram, H. B. (1884). The Fauna and Flora of Palestine. The Survey of Western Palestine. Palestine Exploration Fund, London. 455 pp. Tschanz, David W. (2003). Saving the Arabian Leopard. www.islamonline.net/English/Science/2003/05/article18.shtml UNEP (2003). Desk study on the environment in the Occupied Palestinian Territories. United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), Nairobi, Kenya. https://www.facebook.com/groups/IsraelWildMammals/permalink/20614665 03945374

A Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) in the Central Alborz Mountain Range, Mazandaran, central-northern Iran. Video Photo by Abolfazl Rahbarizadeh. 26.05.2020. https://www.facebook.com/future4leopards.org/videos/240489180709619

Van der Velden, Adriaan Schouten (1992). Tierwelt der Bibel. Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. pp. 160. Video: Kurdish guy kills thought-to-be-extinct Anatolian Leopard. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PlwFZ5s2c8 Video: Anatolian Leopard. http://webtv.hurriyet.com.tr/2/56493/0/1/cobanlarin-oldurdugu-hayvanGazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

77 anadulu-leopari-mi.aspx Vimeo (2011). In Search for the Persian Leopard. Official Trailer. Film by Fathollah Amiri. Wildlife Pictures. https://vimeo.com/110438253 Von Lehmann, E. (1965). Über die Säugetiere in Waldgebiet N. W. Syriens. Sitz. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin. (N. F.) 5:1; 22-38. Von Lehmann, E. (1966). Taxonomische Bemerkungen zur Säugerausbeute der Kumerloeveschen Orientreisen 1953 - 1965. Bonner Zoologische Beiträge. (N. F.). 12.(2): 251-307. Wagner, Frederic H. (1980). Wildlife of the Deserts. Book Club Associates, London. pps. 231. Wigram, W.A.; Wigram, E. T. A. (1914). The Cradle of Mankind. A & C. Black Publication, London 373 pp. Wikipedia. Anatolian leopard. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_leopard Wikipedia. Arabian Leopard. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_leopard Wikipedia. Leopard. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_leopard Wikipedia. Persian Leopard. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_leopard Wikipedia. Persischer Leopard. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persischer_Leopard Wikipedia. Haywanat Filastin. ‫حيوانات فلسطين‬. by: Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa. (In Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86% D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86 Wikipedia. Nimer Farisi. ‫ نمر فارسي‬. https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%A7% D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A Wikipedia. Panthera pardus tulliana. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_pardus_tulliana Wikipedia. Panthera pardus saxicolor. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_pardus_saxicolor Wikramanayake, E.D., E. Dinerstein, J.G. Robinson, U. Karanth, A. Rabinowitz, D. Olson, T. Mathew, P. Hedao, M. Conner, G. Hemley and D. Bolze (1998). An ecology-based method for defining priorities for large mammal conservation: the tiger as a case study. Conservation Biology 12: 865-878. Wilson, D. E., Reeder, D. M. (editors) (2005) Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press 2: 142 pp. Woodroffe, R. (2000). Predators and people: using human densities to interpret declines of large carnivores. Animal Conservation 3:165-173. Wozencraft, W.C. (1993). In Order Carnivora: Mammal Species of the World. In: A Taxonomic and Geographic References, Wilson, D.E. and D.M. Reeder (Eds.). Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

78 2nd Edn., Smith Institute, Washington, DC. Yom-Tov, Y. (1988). The zoogeography of the birds and mammals of Israel. In: Yom-Tov Y, Techernov E (eds.). The zoogeography of Israel: The distribution and abundance at a zoogeographical crossroad. ed., Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht. YouTube. Endangered Persian Leopard skin on sale 1000 US $ Dubai Spice Souq. 21.06.2016. By: Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa. https://youtu.be/O3xWfcI032s YouTube (25.09.2012). Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) at the Kölner Zoo, Köln, Germany. 25.09.2012. Video by Ola Khalaf. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jjePsXdsBfk

Persian Leopard Information Sign at the Kölner Zoo, Köln, Germany. Video Photo by Ola Khalaf. 25.09.2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jjePsXdsBfk

YouTube (03.08.2014), Persian Leopard at Zoological Center Ramat Gan Safari near Jaffa. 03.08.2014. Video by: Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ep6-l-ebttc YouTube (11.01.2016). Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) in Sharjah. 09.01.2016. Video by: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher KhalafSakerfalke von Jaffa. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2CRSM0fTuHY YouTube (21.06.2016). Persian Leopard skin & Iranian Beech Marten Dubai Spice Souq. 21.06.2016. By: Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa. https://youtu.be/JRF_JCbXvoE YouTube (15.08.2019). Iraq: Saving the Persian Leopard. Global Ideas. DW News. Report: Jürgen Schneider. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Ymnhxgw8Rw Zulfiqar, A. (2001). Leopard in Pakistan's North West Frontier Province. Cat News 35: 9-10. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023

‫‪79‬‬

‫بدر عبدالرحيم (‪ . )15.12.2019‬النمر الفارسي ‪ .‬فيسبوك ‪ .‬ألبوم التنوع البيولوجي ‪.‬‬ ‫‪https://www.facebook.com/bader.kwair/posts/2707666839256053‬‬ ‫الدكتور حسين فرج زين الدين (‪ . )1970‬أطلس ثدييات العالم ‪ .‬دار الشعب ‪ :‬القاهرة ‪ ،‬مصر ‪.‬‬ ‫أبو يحي زكريا بن محمد بن محمود القزويني ‪ .‬عجائب المخلوقات وغرائب الموجودات ‪ .‬دار اآلفاق الجديدة‬ ‫‪ ،‬بيروت ‪ ،‬لبنان ‪ ،‬الطبعة الثالثة ‪. 1978 ،‬‬ ‫أبي عثمان عمرو بن بحر الجاحظ ‪ .‬كتاب الحيوان ‪ .‬سبعة أجزاء ‪ .‬مكتبة مصطفى البابي الحلبي وأوالده‬ ‫بمصر ‪ .‬الطبعة األولى بين األعوام ‪. 1945-1938‬‬ ‫كمال الدين محمد بن موسى بن عيسى الدميري ‪ .‬حياة الحيوان الكبرى ‪ .‬جزءان (‪ 1104‬صفحة) ‪ .‬دار‬ ‫الكتب العلمية ‪ .‬بيروت ‪ ،‬لبنان ‪ .‬الطبعة الثالثة ‪. 2007.‬‬

‫والحم ُد هللِ رب العالمين‬

‫‪Scientists For Palestine. https://www.facebook.com/Scientists4Palestine‬‬

‫‪Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – ISSN 0178-6288 – Volume 41 – Number 224 – August 2023‬‬