Presence of the Sexy Anemone Shrimp (Thor amboinensis) in the Sea of Kalba by Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf

Presence of the Sexy Anemone Shrimp (Thor amboinensis de Man, 1888) in the Sea of Kalba, Gulf of Oman, Arab Sea, Indian Ocean ،‫ بحر العرب‬، ‫ خليج عُمان‬، ‫تواجد الروبيان الجنسي في بحر كلباء‬ ‫الهندي‬ ِ ‫ال ُمحيط‬ By : Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa & Ola Mostafa Esmail Mostafa Khalaf

Sexy Anemone Shrimp (Thor amboinensis de Man, 1888) from a depth of 20 meters in Kalba Sea, Gulf of Oman ... Photo by PADI Dive Instructor Ola Khalaf … 31.03.2017. http://marine-lifeuae.webs.com/sexy-shrimp

On Friday 31.03.2017, PADI Dive Instructor Ola Mostafa Khalaf managed to shoot magnificent photos of the Sexy Shrimp (Thor amboinensis de Man, 1888) from the Car Cemetery Sea Ground, 20 meter deep in the Sea of Kalba, Gulf of Oman, Arab Sea, Indian Ocean. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 156 – December 2017

، ‫الروبٌان الجنسً ذو اللون البرتمالً والبمع البٌضاء معروف بهذا اإلسم ألنه ٌموم بأداء رلصات " مثٌرة " غٌر معهودة‬ . ‫ وذلن من أجل التموٌه أو تخوٌف الحٌوانات المفترسة‬، )‫وذلن بتحرٌن المنطمة البطنٌة عالٌا ً والتلوٌح بها (وكأنه غٌر مهتم‬ ً‫ وٌتواجد بٌن الطحالب واألعشاب البحرٌة وشمائك النعمان البحرٌة والت‬، ‫وهذا الروبٌان ٌعٌش فً المحٌطٌن الهندي والهادي‬ ، ‫ مترا ً فً بحر كلباء‬20 ‫ الصورة من تصوٌر غواصة األعماق والمحٌطات عال خلف من على عمك‬... ‫ٌختبئ بٌن لوامسها‬ 31.03.2017 ... ‫خلٌج عمان‬ The Sexy Anemone Shrimp (Thor amboinensis de Man, 1888) is a distinctive orange coloured shrimp with a number of large white spots, ringed in blue. The common name is coming from its unusual dance, which involves holding its abdomen up in the air (like it just doesn’t care) and waving it all around. This behaviour is done for camouflage or warning. It lives between algae, sea grasses and sea anemone, gaining protection in the same manner as Clownfish ... Photo by PADI Dive Instructor Ola Khalaf in the Kalba Sea on a depth of 20 meters ... 31.03.2017… http://marine-lifeuae.webs.com/sexy-shrimp

Thor amboinensis, commonly known as the squat shrimp, sexy anemone shrimp or sexy shrimp, is a species of shrimp found across the Indo-West Pacific and in parts of the Atlantic Ocean. It lives symbiotically on corals, sea anemones and other marine invertebrates in shallow reef communities (Wikipedia).

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 156 – December 2017

The Sexy or Squat shrimp, Thor amboinensis is a small, spotted shrimp found in shallow coral reef areas throughout Bermuda, the Caribbean and the Indo-Pacific region. Thor amboinensis is one of the most common species of shrimp seen throughout the IndoPacific, but is rarely seen in Bermuda or the Caribbean. These shrimp are distributed with respect to available host habitat. Thor amboinensis shares a symbiotic relationship with several species of anemones by living within their tentacles. Some Squat shrimp have even been observed providing cleaning service to Mantis shrimp, Lysiosquillina lisa. Thor amboinensis is sometimes nicknamed the sexy shrimp due to its tendency to vibrate its abdomen while walking. Even though Thor amboinensis is a very commonly sold decapod in the aquarium industry, it is still poorly understood (Ruzanski & Wood).

Taxonomy Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Crustacea Class: Malacostraca Subclass: Eumalacostraca Order: Decapoda Suborder: Pleocyemata Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 156 – December 2017

Infraorder: Caridea Superfamily: Alpheoida Family: Hippolytidae Species: Thor amboinensis de Man, 1888

(Ruzanski & Wood).

Description Thor amboinensis is a small shrimp growing to a length of about 13 millimeters (0.5 in). It is an olive brown colour with symmetrically placed white patches edged with thin blue lines. It characteristically carries its abdomen curved upwards with its tail fan above its head (Wikipedia). Thor amboinensis are usually less than 1.3 cm in size (Boyer, 2002). Being a member of the Hippolytidae family, these shrimp have short-stalked eyes that are not covered by their carapace (Sterrer, 1986). The rostrum is well developed and does not overreach the eyes or expand ventrally (Sterrer, 1986). Thor amboinensis are a deep brown color with bright white splotches outlined in blue. The abdomens and tails of these shrimp typically arch upwardly towards their heads (Boyer, 2002; Ruzanski & Wood). Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 156 – December 2017

Habitat Squat shrimp are found on anemones in shallow waters throughout the Caribbean and Indo-Pacific. These shrimp, although sparse are also located in Bermuda among inshore patch reefs to the terrace reefs (Sterrer 1986). Thor amboinensis lives protected from predators within an anemone’s tentacles which serve as protection and food for the shrimp, while the host anemone is unaffected (Wirtz 1997, Boyer 2002). These shrimp are typically found in groups within a single anemone (Khan et. al. 2004). Within host anemones, Thor amboinensis feed primarily on mucus-covered tentacles and on the planktonic organisms that are trapped upon them (Guo et. al. 1996). Thor amboinensis has been found on the Carpet anemone (Stichodactyla haddoni), Club tipped anemone (Telmatactis cricoides), the Adhaesive anemone (Cryptodendrum adhaesivum) and the Stinging anemone, (Lebrunea danae), as well as several other anemone species (Guo et. al. 1996, Sterrer 1986; Ruzanski & Wood).

Ecology Thor amboinensis forms a commensal relationship with another invertebrate, usually a shallow water sea anemone or mushroom coral. The species most often used as host in Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 156 – December 2017

Bermuda include the carpet anemone (Stichodactyla haddoni), the stinging anemone (Lebrunia danae) and the adhesive anemone (Cryptodendrum adhaesivum). One or several shrimps live among the tentacles of their host, feeding on the tentacle tissue and on the mucus-trapped planktonic particles adhering to it. In the Bahamas, Thor amboinensis forms part of an assemblage of symbiotic invertebrates associated with the anemone Lebrunia danae. Each shrimp, crab and brittle star inhabits its own part of the sea anemone and Thor amboinensis is found hidden deep among the pseudo-tentacles (Wikipedia).

To avoid predation, Thor amboinensis relies on host anemones to keep them sheltered from predators. The shrimp select their host by visual distinction and chemical cues (Van den Spiegel et. al. 1998). In one study of crustacean symbionts in anemones in Madeira and the Canary Islands, Thor amboinensis was the most common shrimp found (Wirtz, 1997; Ruzanski & Wood). Thor amboinensis does not commonly interact with other species; however, it is not unusual for many Squat shrimp to congregate on a single anemone (Khan et. al. 2004). When Thor amboinensis was kept in an enclosed aquarium environment with other organisms, it showed no hostility towards its own species or other aquarium dwellers. Vibrant camouflage colors are displayed on Thor amboinensis’ body to blend in with its Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 156 – December 2017

environment. Squat shrimp are found typically in shallower waters with little wave disturbance (Wirtz, 1997; Ruzanski & Wood). Thor amboinensis uses sexual reproduction to produce larvae. After intercourse, the female shrimp holds the fertilized eggs until they are ready to hatch before releasing them into the water column. Thor amboinensis larvae are vulnerable, slow-growing and require ample protection during maturation. Thor amboinensis displays sexual dimorphism with the females being significantly larger than the males (Van den Spiegel et. al., 1998; Ruzanski & Wood). In the wild, the diet of the Squat shrimp consists of the host anemone’s mucus-covered tentacles and the planktonic organisms trapped upon them. However, when kept in saltwater aquariums, they consume algae and brine shrimp (Khan et. al 2004; Ruzanski & Wood).

Life Cycle The female Thor amboinensis carries the fertilised eggs under her abdomen until they are ready to hatch. The zoea larvae pass through several stages and, before undergoing metamorphosis, are attracted by both chemical cues in the water and visual cues which cause them to settle near potential host anemones. Researchers found that the larvae of Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 156 – December 2017

Thor amboinensis were generalists, being attracted by and accepting several different species of anemone as hosts. In some experiments they had a preference for the species of anemone from which the parent shrimp had been collected (Wikipedia).

Distribution Though it is named for Ambon or Amboyna Island, one of the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, Thor amboinensis has a pan-tropical distribution being found in the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, Madeira and the Canary Islands (Wikipedia).

Aquaria Thor amboinensis is a popular species for marine aquaria. Sexy shrimp are often kept in groups of three or more, due to their small size, a quality that also makes them popular nano reef inhabitants. They will readily host in any anemones present in the aquarium and if an anemone is not available, may host in certain types of coral. Sexy shrimp will scavenge for meaty food scraps, like mysis shrimp, clam, and other prepared fish foods. If a host cnidarian is present, they may feed on the host's mucous (Wikipedia).

Recent Research Research by Khan et. al. (2004) using three shrimp: the Holthuis cleaner shrimp, Periclimenes holthuisi, Periclimenes brevicarpalis (no common name) and Thor amboinensis to display the spatial distribution of symbiotic shrimps on the sea anemone, Stichodactyla haddoni. It was found that all the shrimp highly depended on the anemones for shelter and food and preferred the outer tentacles of their hosts (Khan et. al. 2004). This preference could be due to the increase in food availability (Khan et. al. 2004). This information is important to know about the shrimp in order for them to survive if their host is lost (Ruzanski & Wood). In order to determine what type of anemones Thor amboinensis selects for its hosts, Guo (1996) performed an experiment on host selection using symbiotic shrimp and anemones. The data revealed that Thor amboinensis exhibited no specific preference in anemones, however, it was inferred that the shrimp were able to chemically and visually select their host (Guo 1996). Many shrimp displayed a chemical reaction to an anemone of a particular species (Guo 1996). This result was inferred because none of the shrimp in the experiment were able to locate their host anemone with vision alone, but all of the specimens were able to locate their host with both visual and chemical cues (Guo 1996). Many shrimp also displayed a chemical attraction to an anemone of a particular species (Guo 1996; Ruzanski & Wood). Wirtz (1997) researched crustacean symbionts of the sea anemone Telmatactis cricoides in Madeira and the Canary islands. Thor amboinensis was the crustacean symbiont found most frequently in all the tested anemones (Wirtz 1997; Ruzanski & Wood). Increasing interest in maintaining salt water tanks has heightened the demand for collectable aquarium fish and invertebrates (Calado et. al. 2006). A recirculation system on shrimp breeding was studied by Calado et. al. (2006) to improve the aquaculture of Thor amboinensis and other marine decapods (Ruzanski & Wood).

Commercial Importance Thor amboinensis is popularly sold around the world for use in personal aquariums because of its beauty, abundance, and easy maintenance (Calado et. al 2006). The Squat shrimp is considered one of the most heavily collected marine ornamental decapods (Calado et. al. 2006). Because of its popularity, it is important to ensure that this species is not over-collected (Ruzanski & Wood).

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Number 156 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; December 2017

References and Internet Websites About Fish Online. Sexy Anemone Shrimp (Thor amboinensis). http://www.aboutfishonline.com/articles/sexy-shrimp.html Animal Diversity Web. Thor amboinensis squat anemone shrimp. http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Thor_amboinensis/ Arora, Michael (16.12.2005). Chromodoris annulata ? from Bahrain. Sea Slug Forum. http://www.seaslugforum.net/message/15481 Aspinall, Richard (2012). Keeping Sexy Shrimp. Tropical Fish Hobbyist Magazine (August 2012): 95. Baba, K. (1949). Opisthobranchia of Sagami Bay collected by His Majesty The Emperor of Japan. 194 pp., 50 pls. Iwanami Shoten, Tokyo. Barry, Melinda (06.06.2002). Chromodoris annulata from United Arab Emirates. Sea Slug Forum. http://www.seaslugforum.net/message/7162 Bertsch, H. & A. Kerstitch (1984) Distribution and radular morphology of various nudibranchs (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia) from the Gulf of California, Mexico. The Veliger, 26: 264-273. Bos, A.R., Hoeksema, B.W. (2015). Cryptobenthic fishes and co-inhabiting shrimps associated with the mushroom coral Heliofungia actiniformis (Fungiidae) in the Davao Gulf, Philippines. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 98 (6): 1479–1489. doi:10.1007/s10641-014-0374-0. Bouchet, P. (2015). Dermatobranchus semistriatus. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2015-09-30. Bouchet, P. (2012). Hypselodoris pulchella. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=597870 on 201206-09 Bouchet P., Rocroi J.-P., Frýda J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Valdés Á. & Warén A. (2005). Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology (Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks) 47 (1-2): 1-397. ISBN 3925919724. ISSN 0076-2997. Boyer, M. (2002). Squat Shrimp: Thor amboinensis. Life at the Edge of the Reef. Available at: http://www.edge-of-reef.com/macruri/MACThoramboinensisen.htm. Bruce, A. J. (1984). Marine caridean shrimps of the Seychelles. In David Ross Stoddart. Biogeography and ecology of the Seychelles Islands. Springer. pp. 141– 169. ISBN 978-90-6193-107-2. Calado, R., Vitorino, A., Dionisio, G. and Dinis, M.T. (2006). A recirculated maturation system for marine ornamental decapods. Aquaculture. 263: 68-74. Customs Tariff Amendment Act 2007- First Schedule. Available at: http://www.laws.gov.bm/. Debelius, H. (1984). Crustacea- Guide of the World: Shrimps, Crabs, Lobsters, Mantis Shrimps, Amphipods. New York. TMC Publishing. Debelius, H. & Kuiter, R.H. (2007). Nudibranchs of the world. ConchBooks, Frankfurt, 360 pp. ISBN 978-3-939767-06-0. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 156 – December 2017

Endemia. Dermatobranchus semistriatus (Baba, 1949). http://endemia.nc/faune/fiche6890.html Gastropods.com. Dermatobranchus semistriatus. http://www.gastropods.com/7/Shell_54307.shtml Gastropods. Hypselodoris pulchella. http://www.gastropods.com/5/Shell_50595.shtml Gbif. Hypselodoris pulchella (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1828). www.gbif.org/species/6788165 Gohar, H. A. F., & I. A. Aboul-Ela (1957). The development of three chromodorids (with the description of a new species). Publications of the Marine Biological Station, Al-Ghardaqa, Egypt, 9: 203-228, pls. 1-5. Goslinger, Terrence M. & Shireen J. Fahey (2011). Previously undocumented diversity and abundance of cryptic species: a phylogenetic analysis of Indo-Pacific Arminidae Rafinesque, 1814 (Mollusca: Nudibranchia) with descriptions of 20 new species of Dermatobranchus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 161: 245–356. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00649.x/full Gosliner, T.M., Behrens, D.W. & Valdes, A. (2008) Indo-Pacific Nudibranchs and seaslugs. A field guide to the world's most diverse fauna. Sea Challengers Natural History Books, Washington, 426 pp. Grave, Sammy De; Charles Fransen & Michael Türkay (2013). Thor amboinensis (De Man, 1888) . World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved October 25, 2013. Guo, Chau-Chih; Jiang-Shiou Hwang & Daphne Gail Fautin (1996). Host selection by shrimps symbiotic with sea anemones: A field survey and experimental laboratory analysis (PDF). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 202 (2): 165– 176. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(96)00020-2. Herrnkind, William, Gregg Stanton & Edwin Conklin (1976). Initial characterization of the commensal complex associated with the anemone, Lebrunia danae, at Grand Bahama. Bulletin of Marine Science. 26 (1): 65–71. Houben, Anouk (September 28, 2007). Chromodoris hintuanensis from Sri Lanka. Sea Slug Forum. http://www.seaslugforum.net/message/20838 Indonesia Nudibranchs & Sea Slugs. http://www.nudibranch.org/Indonesia%20Sea%20Slugs/html/nudibranchs.html Inskip and Gillett. 2005. Checklist of CITES Species and Annotated CITES Appendices and Reservations. Available at: http://www.cites.org/common/resources/2005_CITES_Checklist.pdf. Jeffords, Jeffrey. (2005). Jeff’s Nudibranch Site and Coral Reef Gallery. Available at: http://www.divegallery.com/shrimp_ambonian.htm. Johnson, Rebecca Fay & Terrence M. Gosliner (2012). Traditional Taxonomic Groupings Mask Evolutionary History: A Molecular Phylogeny and New Classification of the Chromodorid Nudibranchs. http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0033479 Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1980). Tabie’t Al-Talawon fi Al-Haywanat (The Colouration of Animals). Al-Biology Bulletin. Number 1. January 1980, Safar 1401. Biological Society, Kuwait University, State of Kuwait. pp. 4-5. (In Arabic). Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 156 – December 2017

Khalaf, Norman (Translator) (1982). Al-Miah Al-Mulawatha Tohaded Al-Asmak Bi’ilinqiraad (Water Pollution threatens the Fish Fauna with Extinction). Al-Biology Bulletin. Number 18, Third Year, First Semester, Saturday 6.11.1982. Biological Society, Kuwait University, State of Kuwait. pp. 7. (Translation from German into Arabic). Khalaf, N.A.B. (1986). The Schooling of Sumatra Barbs (Barbus tetrazona tetrazona) and Minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus). Dissertation, Master of Science in Ecology, Departments of Zoology and Botany, University of Durham, England. September 1986. pps. 59 + iv. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1992). An Introduction to the Animal Life in Palestine. Gazelle. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 30, Tenth Year, October 1992. pp. 1-7. (In Arabic). Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1994). An Introduction to the Animal Life in Palestine. Shqae’q Al-Nouma’n (Anemone coronaria). A Quarterly Magazine Issued by the Program EAI (Education for Awareness and for Involvement). Environmental Education / Children for Nature Protection. In Cooperation with Dept. of General and Higher Education. P.L.O., Palestine. Number 4. Huzairan (June) 1994. pp. 16-21. (In Arabic). Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (2001). The Extinct and Endangered Animals in Palestine. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Home Page. Extinct and Endangered Animals and Reintroduction. http://gazelle.8m.net/photo3.html Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2004). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2004. / Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2004. ISBN 3-00-014121-9. Erste Auflage / First Edition, Juli 2004: 452 Seiten / Pages. Zweite erweiterte Auflage (Second Extended Edition), August 2004: 460 Seiten / Pages. Norman Ali Khalaf, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Germany. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). Aquatica Arabica. An Aquatic Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 - 2005 / Aquatica Arabica. Eine Aquatische Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 - 2005. ISBN 300-014835-3. Erste Auflage / First Edition, August 2005: 376 Seiten / Pages. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/aquaticaarabica.htm Khalaf, N.A.B. (2005). The Schooling of Sumatra Barbs (Barbus tetrazona tetrazona) and Minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus). [M.Sc. Dissertation in Ecology, Departments of Zoology and Botany, University of Durham, England. September 1986. pps. 59 + iv]. In: Aquatica Arabica. An Aquatic Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 2005. Erste Auflage, August 2005. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 28-93. Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (Member of PALESTA) (2005). Palestinian Scientists and Technologists Abroad (PALESTA). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 47, Twenty-third Year, November 2005, Shawal 1426. pp. 11-12. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (In Arabic). Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 156 – December 2017

Khalaf, Norman Ali (2005, 2006, 2007). Chapter 3: Geography, Flora and Fauna. Pages 32-39. In: Palestine: A Guide. By Mariam Shahin, Photography by George Azar. CoAuthor: Norman Ali Khalaf. Northampton, Massachusetts: Interlink Publishing Group, 2005, 2006, 2007. xi + 471 pages. Appendices to page 500. http://ipsnewsite.mysite4now.com/journals.aspx?id=7323&jid=1&href=fulltext Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (Gründer) (seit Juni 2007). Yahoo! Deutschland Group: Fauna Palaestina. http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/Fauna_Palaestina/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (Gründer) (seit September 2007). Yahoo! Deutschland Group: Fauna Arabica. http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/Fauna_Arabica/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Haywanat Filistin ‫( حيوانات فلسطين‬Fauna of Palestine). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 69, Twenty-fifth Year, September 2007 CE, Sha’ban 1428 AH. pp. 1-4. (in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7 %D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2009). Flora and Fauna in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 91, July 2009, Rajab 1430 AH. pp. 1-31. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://flora-fauna-palestine.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). Fauna Palaestina – Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2006 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006. ISBN 978-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009: 412 Seiten/Pages. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart1.htm Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Zoologist, Ecologist and Geologist : The Scientific References (1980-2009). http://dr-norman-ali-khalafreferences.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2010). Fauna Emiratus - Part One. Zoological Studies in the United Arab Emirates between 2004 - 2009. / Fauna Emiratus – Teil Eins. Zoologische Studien in die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate zwischen 2004 - 2009. ISBN 978-9948-15-462-4. Erste Auflage/First Edition, November 2010: 350 Seiten / Pages. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunaemiratuspart1.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2012). Fauna Palaestina – Part Two. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2009 / Fauna Palaestina - Teil Zwei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2009. ISBN 978-9948-16-667-2. 1. Auflage / First Edition : July 2012, Shaaban 1433 H. 208 Seiten / Pages (Arabic Part Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 156 – December 2017

120 Pages and the English Part 88 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, Palestine. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart2.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2013). Fauna Palaestina – Part Three. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 2005 – 2012 / Fauna Palaestina - Teil Drei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 2005 – 2012. ISBN 978-9950-383-35-7. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2013, Shaaban 1434 H. 364 pages (English Part 350 Pages and the Arabic Part 14 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, State of Palestine. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart3.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Garra rufa wadiqana Khalaf, 2013: A New Freshwater Doctor Fish Subspecies from Wadi Qana Nature Reserve, Salfit Governorate, State of Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 103, July 2013, Ramadan 1434 AH. pp. 125. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://palestinefishes.webs.com/palestine-doctor-fish Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). † Macropomoides palaestina Khalaf, 2013 : A New Coelacanth Fish Fossil Species from the Anthracothere Hill in Al-Naqab, Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 107, November 2013, Muharram 1435 AH. pp. 30-38. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://quastenflosser.webs.com/macropomoidespalaestina.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2014). Fauna Palaestina – Part Four. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2014 / Fauna Palaestina - Teil Vier. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2014. ISBN 978-9950-383-77-7. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2014, Ramadan 1435 H. 456 Pages (English Part 378 Pages and the Arabic Part 78 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://fauna-palaestina-part1.webs.com/faunapalaestina4.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2014). † Macropomoides palaestina Khalaf, 2013 : A New Coelacanth Fish Fossil Species from the Anthracothere Hill in Al-Naqab, Palestine. In: Fauna Palaestina – Part Four. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2014 / Fauna Palaestina - Teil Vier. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2014. ISBN 978-9950-383-77-7. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2014, Ramadan 1435 H. pp. 126 - 138. Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2015). Plants and Animals unique to Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 125, May 2015. pp. 1-18. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://flora-fauna-palestine-2.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2015). Fauna Palaestina – Part Five. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2016 / Fauna Palaestina - Teil Fünf. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2016. ISBN 978-9950-383-92-0. Erste Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 156 – December 2017

Auflage / First Edition : July 2015, Ramadan 1436 H. 448 pp. (English Part 304 Pages and the Arabic Part 144 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://fauna-palaestina-books.webs.com/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2016). Haywanat Falastin (Fauna of Palestine) ‫ حيوانات فلسطين‬. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 144, December 2016, pp. 1-18. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (In Arabic). http://animals-of-palestine-2.webs.com/fauna-ofpalestine-arabic Khalaf, Norman Ali (29.03.2017). Nudibranch Dermatobranchus semistriatus. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.10155064934059831&type=1&l=0c20d27 dc7 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa & Ola Mostafa Esmail Mostafa Khalaf (2017). Presence of the Yellowish-Orange Spotted Chromodorid Nudibranch (Risbecia pulchella [Hypselodoris pulchella] Rüppell & Leuckart, 1830) in the Sea of Fujairah, Gulf of Oman, Arab Sea, Indian Ocean. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 154, October 2017, pp. 1-19. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://marinelife-uae.webs.com/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa & Ola Mostafa Esmail Mostafa Khalaf (2017). The Semi-Striated Arminid Nudibranch (Dermatobranchus semistriatus Baba, 1949) : First Record from the Sea of Fujairah, Gulf of Oman. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 155, November 2017, pp. 1-15. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://marine-life-uae.webs.com/dermatobranchus-semistriatus Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa & Ola Mostafa Esmail Mostafa Khalaf (2017). Presence of the Sexy Anemone Shrimp (Thor amboinensis de Man, 1888) in the Sea of Kalba, Gulf of Oman, Arab Sea, Indian Ocean. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 156, December 2017, pp. 1-17. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://marine-life-uae.webs.com/sexy-shrimp Khalaf, Ola (31.12.2016). Nudibranch Chromodoris annulata Photo. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1834215446831832&set=pb.100007301827 082.-2207520000.1488819431.&type=3&theater Khalaf, Ola (28.03.2017). Nudibranch Dermatobranchus semistriatus. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1878358892417487&set=a.13787642290436 25.1073741825.100007301827082&type=3&theater Khalaf, Ola (02.04.2017). Sexy Shrimp (Thor amboinensis). Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1880941872159189&set=a.14081844794349 33.1073741829.100007301827082&type=3&theater Khan, R.N, Becker, J., Crowther and A., Lawn, I. (2004). Spatial distribution of symbiotic shrimps (Periclimenes holthuisi, P. brevicarpalis, Thor amboinensis) on the sea anemone Stichodactyla haddoni. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 84: 201-203. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 156 – December 2017

Lavi, Yoav (05.10.2009). Chromodoris annulata from Mediterranean coast of Israel. Sea Slug Forum. http://www.seaslugforum.net/message/22678 Live Aquaria. Sexy Anemone Shrimp (Thor amboinensis). http://www.liveaquaria.com/product/prod_display.cfm?c=497+525+1135&pcatid=1135. Medslugs. Dermatobranchus semistriatus Baba, 1949. Location: Eilat. Country: Israel. http://www.medslugs.de/E/IndNW/Dermatobranchus_semistriatus/Dermatobranchus_semistriatus_01.htm Medslugs. Dermatobranchus semistriatus Baba, 1949. Location: Eilat. Country: Israel. http://www.medslugs.de/E/IndNW/Dermatobranchus_semistriatus/Dermatobranchus_semistriatus_02.htm Medslugs. Hypselodoris pulchella (Rüppell & Leuckart,1830) [Doris]. http://www.medslugs.de Messruther, William (22.09.2008). Re: Chromodoris annulata from Gulf of Oman. Sea Slug Forum. http://www.seaslugforum.net/message/21896 Neal, Lawrence (04.05.2010). Re: Chromodoris annulata colour from the Persian Gulf. Sea Slug Forum. http://www.seaslugforum.net/find/23605 Nudi Pixel. Dermatobranchus semistriatus Baba, 1949. http://www.nudipixel.net/species/dermatobranchus_semistriatus/ Ogden, Colin (05.07,2007). Dermatobranchus feeding on soft coral. http://www.seaslugforum.net/find/19594 Pinterest. Nudibranch Chromodorid. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/50665564529434654/ Quality Marine. Sexy Shrimp (Thor amboinensis). http://www.qualitymarine.com/News/Species-Spotlight/Sexy-Shrimp-(Thoramboinensis)-(08/18/16) Quitzau, Harro (May 1, 2003). Chromodoris hintuanensis ? from Thailand. Sea Slug Forum. http://www.seaslugforum.net/find/9692 Rudman, W.B. (1973). Chromodorid opisthobranch Mollusca from the Indo-West Pacific. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 52(3): 175-199. Rudman, W.B. (1984) The Chromodorididae (Opisthobranchia: Mollusca) of the Indo-West Pacific: a review of the genera. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 81: 115-273. Rudman, W.B. (1987). The Chromodorididae (Opisthobranchia: Mollusca) of the Indo-West Pacific: Chromodoris epicuria, C. aureopurpurea, C. annulata, C. coi and Risbecia tryoni colour groups. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 90: 305-407. Rudman, W.B., (11.04.1999). Chromodoris annulata Eliot, 1904. In: Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney. http://www.seaslugforum.net/factsheet/chroannu Rudman, W.B. (2003, April 8). Risbecia pulchella (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1828). [In] Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney. Rüppell E. & Leuckart F.S. (1828-1830). Mollusca [in] Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Afrika von Eduard Rüppell. 1. Abth. Zoologie. 5. Neue wirbellose Thiere des Rothen Meers. Frankfurt, H.L. Brönner pp. 1-22, pl. 1-12 [1828], pp. 23-47 [probably 1830], page(s): 32, plate IX, Figure 5. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114235#page/349/mode/1up. Rüppell, Wilhelm Peter Eduard Simon, & F. S. Leuckart (1831). [for 1828]. Mollusca. In: Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Afrika von Eduard Rüppell Erste Abtheilung Zoologie Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 156 – December 2017

Neue wirbellose Thiere des Rothen Meers, pp. 15-47, pls. 1-12. [Nudibranchia pp. 15-18, 2737, pls. 4-5, 8-11]. Ruzanski, Genna. Squat shrimp (Thor amboinensis) . Marine Invertebrates of Bermuda. Retrieved 2012-10-17. Ruzanski, Genna; Wood, James. Squat Shrimp (Thor amboinensis) . Marine Invertebrates of Bermuda. Retrieved 30 November 2014. http://www.thecephalopodpage.org/MarineInvertebrateZoology/Thoramboinensis.html Sarver, Dale (1979). Larval culture of the shrimp Thor amboinensis (De Man, 1888) with reference to its symbiosis with the anemone Antheopsis papillosa (Kwietniewski, 1898). Crustaceana. Suppl. 5: 176–178. JSTOR 25027500. Sea Slug Forum. Chromodoris annulata Eliot, 1904. http://www.seaslugforum.net/find/chroannu Sea Slug Forum. Dermatobranchus cf. semistriatus. http://www.seaslugforum.net/find/dermcfsemi Sea Slug Forum. Risbecia pulchella (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1828). http://www.seaslugforum.net/risbpulc.htm Sexy Shrimp. Microcosm Aquarium Explorer. Microcosm Ltd. Retrieved 23 November 2014. Sterrer, W. (1986). Marine Fauna and Flora of Bermuda: A Systemic Guide to the Identification of Marine Organisms. USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc. Tapeh, Mahdi Moradi Och (03.05.2010). Chromodoris annulata colour from the Persian Gulf. Sea Slug Forum. http://www.seaslugforum.net/find/23600 Van den Spiegel, Eeckhaut, I. and Jangoux, M. (1998). Host selection by Synalpheus stimpsoni (De Man), an ectosymbiotic shrimp of comatulid crinoids, inferred by a field study and laboratory experiments. Journal of Experimental Maine Biology and Ecology. 225: 185-196. Vine, P. (1986). Red Sea Invertebrates. Immel Publishing, London. 224 pp. Wikipedia. Dermatobranchus. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatobranchus Wikipedia. Dermatobranchus semistriatus. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatobranchus_semistriatus Wikipedia. Goniobranchus annulatus. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goniobranchus_annulatus Wikipedia. Hypselodoris pulchella. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypselodoris_pulchella Wikipedia. Thor amboinensis. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor_amboinensis Wirtz, P. (1997). Crustacean symbionts of the sea anemone Telmatactis cricoids at Madeira and the Canary Islands. Journal of Zoology. 242: 799-811. World Register of Marine Species. WoRMS taxon details. Chromodoris annulata Eliot, 1904. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=209592 World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS). WoRMS taxon details. Dermatobranchus semistriatus Baba, 1949. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=558953 World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS). WoRMS taxon details. Hypselodoris pulchella (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1830). http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=597870 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 156 – December 2017