J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2016 Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online) Vol. 8, No. 5, p. 164-174, 2016 http://www.innspub.net RESEARCH PAPER
OPEN ACCESS
Carbon Sequestration Potential of Fruit Tree Plantations in Southern Philippines Mark Daryl C. Janiola, Rico A. Marin Department of Forest Resources Management-College of Forestry and Environmental Science, Central Mindanao University, Musuan, Bukidnon, Philippines Article published on May 27, 2016 Key words: Carbon sequestration, Fruit plantation, Mangifera indica, Nephelium lappaceum, Sandoricum koetjape Abstract Global warming is recently considered a major concern worldwide due to massive emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Trees are seen as one of the mitigating measures of this problem due to its role in carbon sequestration. This study is aimed to assess the carbon sequestration potentials of 15-year-old Mango (Mangifera indica Linn.), 12-year-old Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) and the 32-year-old Santol (Sandoricum koetjape Merr.) in Bukidnon. Potential carbon sequestered was determined in various carbon pools (trees, understorey, litters and soil) of the three different fruit crop plantations. Field measurements and laboratory analysis were used to measure biomass density and carbon stocks of the samples. Results revealed that among the three plantations, the 32-year-old santol plantation had the highest value of total carbon stored with 203.62 ton/ha. This was followed by the 15-year-old mango plantation with 122.34 ton/ha. The 12-year-old rambutan plantation had only 112.18 ton/ha carbon storage. In terms of carbon pools, the soil had the highest carbon stocks in all plantation at 113.21 ton/ha, 96.76 ton/ha, 67.56 ton/ha for santol, rambutan and mango, respectively. The carbon stocks for the trees were next highest with 86.02 ton/ha (Santol), 52.46 ton/ha (mango) and 13.13 ton/ha (rambutan). The least among the carbon pools is the understory with 0.5 ton/ha, 0.7 ton/ha and 0.36 ton/ha for rambutan, mango and santol plantations, respectively. Findings of this study suggest that fruit tree crops are potential carbon sink and must be promoted as a land-use practice to help mitigate climate change. *Corresponding
Author: Rico A. Marin  ricomarin@yahoo.com
164 | Janiola and Marin
J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2016 Introduction
positive note, however, tropical forest had the largest
Forests are crucial to the well-being of humanity.
potential to mitigate climate change and global
Furthermore, it provides foundation for life on earth,
warming through conservation of existing carbon
through ecological function and furnished a wide
pools (Lasco and Pulhin, 2009).
range of essential goods and services (Carandang, 2005). Today, world’s forests are under pressure due
Today, a lot of researches have been conducted
to the modernization of life and increasing human
regarding carbon stock assessment. Most of these
population.
(2005),
researches were conducted within natural forest and
conversion and degradation of forests are forms of
According
to
Carandang
agroforestry farms. According to van Noordwijk
forest destruction.
(2002), a more refined Carbon accounting system is clearly needed to clarify changes in the terrestrial
Climate
change
and
global
warming
are
the
carbon storage and to understand the present carbon
associated effect due to the destruction of world’s
situation in various land cover types to include
forest. Another form of forest destruction, which is
grassland, agricultural land and fruit tree crop
also a contributor to the increase of atmospheric
plantation. The interest of this study is to determine
carbon is land use change of forest. Increasing
the carbon stock of fruit crop plantation, which is
agricultural productivity is a primodial concern in
believed to have very limited information on carbon
many developing countries like the Philippines and it
stock at present.
is a driver of change for land use purposes in the forest (Sace, 2002).
Materials and methods Location of the study
The deteriorating global environment and destruction
A study was conducted in the fruit tree plantation
of forest around the world had generated concern
project of Bukidnon, Philippines. The three fruit
among nations, governments, and international
plantations were the 15-year-old Mango (Mangifera
organization (AFPSOS, 2009).
Carbon has been
indica Linn.) Plantation, 12-year-old Rambutan
associated with evolving discussion of climate change
(Nephelium lappaceum L.) Plantation and 32-year-
and global warming (Bowyer et al., 2012). On the
old Santol (Sandoricum koetjape Merr.) Plantation.
Fig. 1. Location map of fruit crop plantation production.
165 | Janiola and Marin
J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2016 The area was located at the center of the province of
Unruh et al. (1993) as cited by (Abucejo, 2012) was
Bukidnon which belonged to the third climatic type of
used was used.
the Philippines, having no very pronounced season usually from November to April and the rest of the
Cft (kg) = (Yftb) (0.45)
year was wet. The elevation of the area ranged from 200-260 meters above sea level (Fig. 1).
Where:Cft = Carbon yield of fruit trees Yftb = Fruit tree biomass = ( exp[-2.4090 +
Sampling design
0.9522*In(D2HS)] )
The study made use of the Randomized Complete
D = DBH (cm)
Block Design (RCBD) replicated two times. The
H = Tree Height (m)
treatments of the study includes:
S = Wood density equivalent to 0.57
A= 12-year-old Rambutan Plantation
0.45 = Carbon Content of fruit trees
B= 15-year-old Mango Plantation C= 32-year-old Santol Plantation
Understorey Biomass Destructive sampling technique was employed within
Establishment of sampling plot
the 5 m × 40 m quadrants. Four 1 m × 1 m sampling
The established nested sampling plots were based
plots were nested randomly for understorey sample
from the method used by Hairiah, et.al (2010). Two 5
collection. For litters, a 0.5 m × 0.5 m was nested
m × 40 m plots were being established in each fruit
uniformly in the lower left of 1 m × 1 m sampling plot.
plantation. Nested plots of 1 m × 1 m and 0.5 m × 0.5
For understorey, all vegetation less than 5 cm dbh
m were established within the 5 m x 40 m for soil, for
were harvested within the 1 m × 1 m quadrants. Total
litter and understory sampling, respectively. With the
fresh sample was weighed in the field and after which
used of GPS receiver, geoposition of each plot was
a sub-sample of about 300 g was taken for oven
recorded.
drying and carbon content analysis.
Carbon stock calculation
For litters, all undecomposed plant materials and
Aboveground
crop residues within 0.5 m × 0.5 m were collected.
Live tree biomass
Total fresh weight was then recorded in the field. A
Data collection to estimate carbon density was
sub-sample of about 300 g was taken for oven-drying
conducted using the methods described by Hairiah et
and carbon content analysis (Hairiah et al., 2010).
al. (2010). This method had been applied in many carbon related studies in the Philippines.
The carbon content analysis was done at the Soil and Plant Analysis Laboratory
(SPAL). Combustion
Two 200 m2 (5 m × 40 m) quadrats were established
method or dry ashing was done in order to determine
in each fruit plantation. The two quadrats represent
the carbon content of plant and litter samples. The
replication per site. The plot was established by
method used volatile solids (largely carbon and
running a 40 m centerline through the area. The trees
nitrogen), then burned at laboratory furnace at 500-
with Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) of 5 cm to 30
600 °C leaves off and leaving only the ash. By
cm were measured as samples within 2.5 m of each
weighing the ash and applying percentage conversion
side of the 40 m centerline. A sample plot of 20 m ×
of ash and volatile solids that burned off, the carbon
100 m was established per site to measure the
content was determined.
diameter and height of tree greater than 30 cm DBH. Understorey and litter samples were calculated using For carbon computation of fruit trees, the equation by
the equation by Hairiah et al. (2010).
166 | Janiola and Marin
J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2016 WT= (TFW (kg)×SDW (g))/(SFW ×A)
(Hairiah et al., 2010) at the SPAL in Central
Legend:
Mindanao University. The soil samples for bulk
WT = Total Dry Weight (kg)
density determination was collected in undisturbed
TFW = Total Fresh Weight (kg m2)
spot of 1 m ×1 m sampling plot and a 5.4 cm × 10 cm
SDW = Subsample Dry Weight
soil core cylinder was used in collecting the samples
SFW = Subsample Fresh Weight
by driving the soil core cylinder into 0-10 cm depth
A = Sample Area
soil layer (Hairiah et al., 2010).
C Stored=Total dry Weight × C Content
Soil Carbon was calculated through an equation: Carbon density ( Mg ha-1) = weight of soil × %SOC
Below ground
Where: Weight of soil (Mg) = bulk density × volume
Roots
of 1 hectare
Since the method for root biomass determination was
Bulk density (g/cc) = Oven-dried weight of soil /
not yet standardized, an allometric equation was used
Volume of canister
to determine root biomass and carbon (Lunsayan,
Volume of canister = π r2 h
2008).
Volume of one ha = 100m ×100m × 0.30m Total C stored = C stored (t/ha) × area (ha).
Root biomass was calculated through the use of allometric equation from (Cairns et al., 1997).
Data analysis The test of significant difference among treatments
Root Biomass = exp [ - 1.0587 + 0.8836 * In (AGB) ]
was determined using the Analysis of Variance
Where: exp = raise to the power of
(ANOVA). Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT), on
In = natural logarithm of
the other hand, was used in comparing treatment
AGB = Aboveground biomass
means. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
C Stored = Root biomass density x C content.
(SPSS) version 16 was used in the data analyses.
Where: A default value of 45% was used to determine
Results and discussion
the carbon stored in root biomass, which was an
The inventory of fruit trees in sampling plots were
average carbon content of wood samples collected
summarized in Table 1. The 12 year old rambutan
from secondary forests from several locations in the
plantation had 27.5 mean sampled trees with mean
Philippines (Lasco & Pulhin, 2000) as cited in Labata
height and diameter of 7.33 m and 23.44 cm,
et al., (2012).
respectively. For the 15-year-old mango plantation, it had 34.5 mean sampled trees with 12.96 m mean
Soil
height and 32.41 cm mean diameter. On the other
For soil sampling, two methods were applied, the
hand, the 32-year-old santol plantation has 39 mean
destructive soil sampling and undisturbed soil
sampled trees with average height and diameter of
sampling. By using the same nested sampling plot,
16.91 m and 37.03 cm, respectively. Data showed that
the soil samples were collected. For the undisturbed
among the three plantations, santol being the oldest
soil sampling, samples were gathered in the 1 m × 1 m
(32 years) had the greatest diameter and height while
sampling plot and destructive soil samples were
the rambutan plantation (12 years) had the least
gathered at 0.5 m x 0.5 m, of which samples were
being the youngest of the three plantations.
derived from 0-30 cm depth soil layer and about a kilogram of soil sediments were taken for organic
Soil condition
analysis using Corg (Walkey and Black) Method
Table 2 shows the soil properties of the three
167 | Janiola and Marin
J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2016 plantations. The result for the soil condition among
plant nutrient availability and microbial reaction in
the
the soil, especially the soil organic matter. Further, he
three
plantations
signifies
that
all
three
plantations were at good condition.
said that organic matter content is often related to soil fertility. Accordingly, organic matter act as
As observed, the santol had the highest value among
reservoir of plant nutrients especially the three
the three plantations for soil pH, OM, OC, N and K.
important macronutrients (NPK) and micronutrients
Findings revealed that the soil condition of the 32-
(Okunwo et al., 2012). Furthermore, the presence of
year-old santol plantation is better compared to the
this nutrients influence plant growth and affect
sites for mango and rambutan plantations. According
vegetation structure.
to Imoro et al. (2012), the soil pH largely controls Table 1. Inventory of fruit trees for the three sites. Measurements
Plantation Rambutan
Mango
Santol
Mean No. of Trees
27.5
34.5
39
Mean Average Height (m)
7.33
12.96
16.91
Mean Average Diameter (cm)
23.44
32.41
37.03
Biomass and carbon production
the fact that both plantations had average diameter
Table 3 shows significant difference in biomass
greater than 30 cm and average height greater than
production among the three fruit plantations. Results
10 m. On the other hand, rambutan plantation had
show that Santol plantation (32-yr old) had the
the lowest amount of biomass produced with 24.70
highest amount of biomass production for trees
ton/ha. This is due to its size having a diameter range
amounting to 166.71 ton/ha. For mango plantation
of 21.67 cm to 25.20 cm and average height of below
(15-yr old), tree biomass is 100.71 ton/ha. However,
10 m. However, based on the size of trees, rambutan
biomass production of mango and santol plantations
can be classified under the medium size fruit tree
does not differ significantly. This can be attributed to
(Morton, 1987).
Table 2. Soil analysis of the three fruit tree plantation. Plantation
pH
%OM
%OC
Total N (%)
Extr. P ppm
Exch. K ppm
Rambutan
4.97
4.24
2.47
0.12
4.06
45.00
Mango
4.93
3.06
1.78
0.10
Santol
5.69
5.26
3.06
0.17
1.25 1.97
40.50 255.00
Tree biomass is directly proportional to its diameter
Significant difference was shown among the three
at breast height (DBH) and total height.
fruit plantations for aboveground carbon stock. Santol fruit trees had mean carbon density of 75.02
In fact, Brown (2002) as cited by Gibbs (2007)
ton/ha which was observed to be the highest among
reported that DBH is 95% of the total biomass. In this
the three plantations. This was followed by mango
study, santol plantation presents the greatest biomass
plantation with a total carbon stock of 45.29.
production, which can be due to its huge average
Rambutan plantation, on the other hand, had carbon
diameter and height. On the other hand, Mango and
stock of only 11.12 ton/ha and is the least among the
rambutan plantations had lesser biomass due to its
three plantations. Cubillas (2009) stated that carbon
smaller diameter and height.
storage was directly proportional to biomass density.
168 | Janiola and Marin
J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2016 Thus, like biomass, the same ranking of carbon
plantation.
Accordingly,
storage per site had resulted. Rambutan plantation
photosynthetic activity with much longer time
having smaller sizes and volume also resulted to have
compared to young trees and consequently are
the least biomass and carbon content. Pedregosa
absorbing and storing more carbon (Lunsayan,
(2009) had also parallel findings on the 40-year-old
2008). This may explain why the 32-year-old santol
rubber plantation being the greatest in biomass
plantation had the greatest carbon stock among the
compared to the 25-year-old and 5-year-old rubber
three
fruit
trees
older
measured
trees
in
undergone
this
study.
Table 3. Biomass and carbon production of different pool area. Fruit
Fruit Trees (ton/ha)
Understory (ton/ha)
Litter (ton/ha)
Roots (ton/ha)
Biomass
Carbon
Biomass
Carbon
Biomass
Carbon Biomass Carbon
Rambutan
24.70
11.12 b
1.06
0.50
3.93
1.79
Mango
100.71 a
45.29 a
1.51 a
0.70 a
3.25 a
1.62 b
Santol
166.71 a
75.02
0.78
0.36
6.93
3.43
CV (%)
16.32
16.30
SOIL (ton/ha)
Plantation
b
a
a
a
40.76
a
a
44.56
a
a
25.12
ab
a
19.13
4.46
Carbon
2.01 b
96.76 a
15.95 a
7.17 a
67.56 a
25.74 a
11.60 a
113.21a
16.59
16.71
12.70
b
Mean of the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level of significance using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The understorey biomass shows no significant
growth and vigor. Further, he stated that crown with
difference among the three plantations. Mango
densely packed leaves may transmit less light than
plantation had the highest biomass density of 1.51
one that consist elongated leaves with sparse crowns.
ton/ha, while santol plantation had the least with 0.78 ton/ha.
The mango and rambutan, on the other hand, had more open canopy, thus, more understory are
The difference of the understory biomass for each
observed in these plantations due to more light
plantation site was observed to be influenced by the
reaching the ground. In an open canopy, the
understory vegetation present in this study. Both 15-
understory is able to photosynthesize adequately
year-old mango plantation and 12-year-old rambutan
using such light from the sun.
plantations
are
dominated
by
carabao
grass
(Paspalum conjugatum).
The age of stand, the spacing and sizes of canopy gaps, species and the multi-layering of foliage within
The only difference among the two plantations was
the stand all influence understory (Pett and Franklin,
that
understory
2000). Furthermore, they stated that the amount of
vegetation than to the rambutan plantation. For
light reaching the understory varied greatly and
santol plantation, the understory vegetation was
overall understory conditions were influenced by
prone to weeding and disturbance due to the presence
canopy
of road network. Pedregosa (2009) stated that factors
correlation between the herb-shrub layer and the
like openness of canopy and presence of road network
canopy-light environment.
mango
plantation
had
taller
structure
as
indicated
by
the
higher
may affect the growth of the understory vegetation. Santol plantation had also a closer canopy due to its
For understorey carbon, the mean carbon density
large tree sizes. Close canopy makes understory
among the fruit plantations was found to be
receive less intense light than in plants with open
insignificant. The 15-year-old mango plantation had a
canopy. Ostrom (2005) mentioned that attribute of
mean carbon of 0.70 ton/ha, while the 32-year- old
light environment had significant impact on plant
plantation had the least with 0.36 ton/ha.
169 | Janiola and Marin
J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2016 Table 4. Percentage of different aboveground carbon pool. Plantation
Fruit Tree
Understorey
Litter
Total AGC
Rambutan
11.12 (83%)
0.50 (4%)
1.79 (13%)
13.4
Mango
45.29 (95%)
0.70 (1%)
1.62 (4%)
47.61
Santol
75.02 (95%)
0.36 (1%)
3.43 (4%)
78.81
The findings for understory carbon among the three
composition had direct positive effect on shrub layer
plantations show that the age of plantation does not
and herb layer. According to Cubillas (2009), the
affect the amount of carbon being stored. Despite
growth of understory vegetation in natural forest is
being the oldest among the 3 plantations, santol
dependent to sunlight, thus, the thicker the forest
turned out to have the lowest amount of understory
canopy, the lesser the light penetration for the
carbon. This is due to the closeness of the canopy of
understory vegetation especially herbaceous plants,
the santol plantation. Light cannot easily penetrate
making them out-numbered. In rambutan and mango
the understory layer, thus, the growth of the
plantations, the canopy is quite open where light
understory in santol plantation is low. Bartels and
easily penetrates the understorey layer, thus, plants
Chen (2013) supported that overstory broad leaf
grow and thrive vigorously.
Table 5. Percentage of different belowground carbon pool. Plantation
Root
Soil
Total BGC
Rambutan
2.01 (2%)
96.76 (98%)
98.77
Mango
7.17 (10%)
67.56 (90%)
74.73
Santol
11.60 (9%)
113.21 (91%)
124.81
For litters, no significant difference in biomass
three plantations, santol is older and had wider
density
canopy.
was
observed
among
the
three
fruit
plantations. The litter biomass density of santol
In terms of carbon from litters, santol plantation had
plantation had the highest value among the three
the highest value with 3.43 ton/ha followed by
plantations amounting to 6.93 ton/ha. Rambutan
rambutan plantation with 1.79 ton/ha. The mango
plantation had 3.93 ton/ha while mango plantation
plantation had the lowest carbon stock at 1.62 ton/ha.
had the least with 3.25 ton/ha.
This result is supported by the fact that the older santol fruit trees had denser canopy and greater
Branches, leaves and fruit crop residues that fell on
coverage
the forest ground (litter) had a corresponding
plantation. Thus, the santol plantation will most likely
compared
to
mango
and
rambutan
biomass density, thus, the more litter harvested, the
shed greater amount of dry leaves than rambutan and
greater biomass density it produced (Lunsayan,
mango. This can be due also to the dry leaves and
2008). As observed, santol leaf litters were broader in
petioles of the 32-year-old santol trees which are
size and had longer petiole (18 cm long) compared to
bigger in size and would thereby give greater volume
rambutan and mango plantation. Rambutan leaves
of litters.
are alternately pinnate compound 7-30 cm long which is attached to a 1-2 cm petiole while mango had
On the root biomass of fruit trees, the three
evergreen alternate leaves with petioles 2.5-3.0 cm
plantations showed significant difference. Santol
long. Full grown leaves may be 10-32 cm long and 2-
plantation showed the greatest value with 25.74
5.4 cm wide (Morton,1987). Furthermore, santol
ton/ha. This was followed by mango plantation with
plantation also produces more litters since among the
15.95 to/ha and rambutan plantation had the least
170 | Janiola and Marin
J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2016 with only 4.46 ton/ha. The result may explain that the
the largest diameter, while rambutan had the least
root biomass is positively related to aboveground
diameter making it to have least root biomass density.
biomass. The equation by Cairns et al. (1997) uses the
Findings revealed that below ground root carbon
aboveground biomass of fruit trees to determine its
among the three plantations shows significant
root biomass. According to Law (2002) as cited by
difference. The 32-year-old santol plantation had the
Patricio and Tulod (2010), the mass of leaves and
highest value for root carbon with 11.60 ton/ha. The
stem is proportionally scaled to that of its roots in a
15-year-old mango plantation was second with 7.17
mathematically predictable way. This can be the
ton/ha, while the rambutan plantation had the least
reason why santol plantation had highest mean in
at 2.01 ton/ha.
terms of root biomass because among the three it has Table 6. Percentage table of different carbon pool compartment. Plantation Rambutan
Fruit Tree 11.12 (10%)
Mango
45.29 (37%)
Santol
75.02 (37%)
Understorey 0.50 (1%) 0.70 (1%) 0.36 (1%)
Litter 1.79 (1%)
Root 2.01 (2%)
1.62 (1%)
7.17 (6%)
3.43 (2%)
11.60 (5%)
Soil 96.76 (86%) 67.56 (55%) 113.21 (55%)
Total C 112.18 122.34 203.62
The result in root carbon density reflects only the
plantations showed significant difference at 0.05 level
trend result for aboveground biomass and carbon
(Table 4). Santol plantation had a total mean carbon
density of which the 32-year-old santol plantation
of 78.81 ton/ha while mango plantation had 47.61
had the highest followed by the 15-year-old mango
ton/ha. The least was the rambutan plantation with
and 12-year-old rambutan plantations.
13.4 ton/ha.
This is because of the fact that aboveground biomass
Findings showed that the santol plantation dominates
was used in the equation by Cairns et al. (1997) to
the aboveground carbon. This can be due to its
determine the root biomass and root carbon. As
diameter and height which is greater compared to the
discussed by Cubillas (2009), carbon storage was
other two fruit plantations. Expectedly, the result of
directly proportional to biomass density, thus the
the carbon storage is dependent on the biomass
same ranking of carbon storage per site had resulted.
production because carbon sequestration is a function
The soil mean carbon density among the three
of biomass production (Lunsayan, 2008). Further,
plantations shows no significant difference. Santol
since trees had
plantation had a total soil mean carbon of 113.21
consequently, it stores the highest amount of carbon
ton/ha, rambutan plantation had 96.76 ton/ha and
among other aboveground biomass compartment
mango plantation had 67.56 ton/ha. The insignificant
(understorey and litter). Labata (2012) reported that
difference of the three plantations can be due to the
85-94% of the aboveground biomass can be stored in
uniformity of soil OM of the said sites. According to
trees. Further, litter was only 2-6% and herbaceous
Henry (2010), most of the soil carbon is found in the
vegetation accounts only to 1-13%. In this study trees
0-30 cm depth soil layer. Moutinho (2005) also
showed
described that 30% of soil carbon stock can be found
understorey with 1-4% and litter with 4-13%.
83-95%
the highest biomass density,
total
aboveground
carbon,
in the 0-5 cm soil layer. Below ground total carbon Aboveground total carbon
No significant difference was noted for belowground
The total aboveground carbon of the three fruit
carbon among the three plantations. However, santol
171 | Janiola and Marin
J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2016 plantation had the highest belowground mean carbon
Total carbon
of 124.54 ton/ha. Rambutan plantation had 98.77
The
ton/ha, while mango plantation had 74.74 ton/ha.
difference among the three plantations (Fig 2). The
overall
carbon
storage
shows
significant
32-year-old santol had the greatest amount of carbon The no significant difference of belowground can be
stored among the three plantations with 203.62
due to the very high soil carbon content in the three
ton/ha. Its difference from mango and rambutan is
sites. This is because most of the belowground total
significant
carbon is found in soil and constitute about 90-98%.
plantation had a total carbon stock of 122.34 ton/ha,
Roots
while rambutan plantation had the least value with
constitute
only
2-10%
carbon
of
total
belowground (Table 5).
(Table
6).
The
15-year-old
mango
112.17 ton/ha. However, its difference with mango plantation is not significant.
Mean of the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level of significanceusing Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Fig. 2. Graphical presentation of total carbon stock. The result for the total carbon stored among the three
and 5 year old rubber plantation with 238.39 Mgha-1
fruit plantations only shows that the santol plantation
and 2.56 Mgha-1 carbon stocks, respectively. In the
dominates in terms of total carbon storage. This can
study of Lasco et al. (2000), forest had carbon stocks
be due to its age and size of santol trees. The greater
of 392.96 ton/ha being the highest, followed by
the size of the vegetation, the most likely to contain
yemane, mangium and mahogany plantation with
more C stocks. According to Sabukti et al. (2010), the
294.16 ton/ha, 275.42 ton/ha and 192.02 ton/ha
existence of trees with diameter more than 30 cm in a
carbon density, respectively. While in the study of
certain land use system makes a large contribution to
Lunsayan (2008) the 16-year-old carribean pine
the total carbon stocks. As observed in all the carbon
plantation had 258.19 ton/ha carbon stocks then
pool, the aboveground components especially the
followed by 14-year-old and 5 year old carribean pine
fruit trees shows the greatest amount of biomass
plantation with 212.15 ton/ha and 155.52 ton/ha,
present as well as the carbon.
respectively.
Age, size, species and type of forest may influence
The aboveground carbon pool shows high amount of
amount of carbon storage. In the study of Pedregosa
carbon amounting to 10-36% of the total carbon
(2009) the 40 year old rubber plantation had 292.36
stored, tree gives off significant part to the
Mgha-1 carbon stocks then followed by 25 year old
aboveground carbon. Litter amounts only to 1-3% and
172 | Janiola and Marin
J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2016 understorey only amounts to 1-2% of the total carbon
Vegetation Science 24(3), 546-548.
stored. However, among the carbon pool, soil had the highest component amounting to 55-86% of the total
Bowyer J, Bratkovich S, Frank M, Howe J,
carbon. Soil can sequester more carbon because it is
Stai
where decomposition takes place from all the litter
Understanding Carbon Cycle and the Forest Carbon
debris and leaves of the tree, dead herbaceous plants
Debate. Dovetail Partners Inc,, 2.
S,
Fernholz
K.
2012.
Carbon
101:
and continuous growth and death of roots (Bajuyo, 2012). The soil carbon is about two thirds of the
Brown S. 1997. Estimating biomass and biomass
terrestrial biosphere carbon pool.
change of tropical forest: A primer, FAO Forestry paper 134, 58.
Conclusion Fruit crop plantations are indeed potential as carbon
Brown S. 2002. Measuring carbon in forests:
sink and are helpful in mitigating climate change. The
current status and future challenges Environmental
potentials of fruit trees to sequester carbon can be
Pollution 116(3), 363-372.
comparable to that of forest trees and the fact that these crops are also providing food and income to the
Cairns M, Brown S, Helmer E, Baumgardner
farmers. The promising contribution of fruit tree
G. 1997. Root Biomass Allocation In The World’s
plantations in solving food shortages and climate
Upland Forests. Oecologia 111(1), 1-11.
change
problems
should
encourage
the
Local
Government Units, Government and non-government
Carandang A. 2005. Forest Resources Assessment,
organizations in promoting and expanding these
National Forest Assessment: Forest Policy Analysis
land-use practices for food security and for global
Philippines.
Forest
Resources
warming mitigation purposes.
Programme,
Forestry
Department.
Assessment Food
and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations References
Working Paper 101/E, 1-35.
Abucejo J. 2012. Analysis of the Economic and Environmental Services of Two Agroforestry Projects
Cubillas M. 2009. Carbon Stock Assessment of
in Caraga Region, Philippines, Unpublished MS
Selected Forest Patches in Musuan, Maramag,
Thesis, Central Mindanao University, Philippines, 35.
Bukidnon.
Unpublished
Undergraduate
Thesis,
Central Mindanao University, Philippines, 29-30. APFSOS. 2009. Asia-Pacific Sector Outlook Study II. Philippine
Forest
Gibbs HK, Brown S, Niles JO, Foley JA. 2007.
Agriculture
Monitoring and Estimating Tropical Forest Carbon
Organizations of the United Nations Regional Office
Stocks: Making REDD a Reality. Environmental
for Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok, 6.
Research Letters 2(4), 1-13.
Bajuyo I. 2012. Carbon Sequestration Potential of
Hairiah K, Dewis S, Agus F, Ekadinata A,
Mangrove Plantation in Taytay, El Salvador, Misamis
Rahayu S, Van Noordwijk M. 2010. Measuring
Oriental, Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis, Central
Carbon Stock Across Land Use Systems: A Manual.
Mindanao University, Philippines, 29.
Bogor Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre. 55-102.
Bartels SF, Chen H. 2013. Interactions Between
Henry M. 2010. C Stocks and Dynamics in Sub
Overstorey and Understorey Vegetation Along An
Saharan Africa. Dissertation Submitted to Paris
Overstorey Compositional Gradient. Journal of
Institute
Management
Forestry Bureau.
Outlook Food
Study. and
of
173 | Janiola and Marin
Technology
for
Life,
Food
and
J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2016 Environmental Sciences ( AgroParis Tech ) and
Okonwu K, Mensah SI. 2012. Effects of NPK (15:
Doctoral School on Integrated Systems in Biology,
15: 15) fertilizer on some growth indices of pumpkin.
Agricultural Sciences, Geosciences, Water Resources,
Asian Journal Agric. Res. 6, 137-143.
Environment ( SIBAGHE), 26. Ostrom BJ. 2005. Effects of Forest Structure on The Imoro
ZA,
Dery
DA,
Kwado
KA.
2012.
Understory Light Environment and Growth Potential
Assessment of Soil Quality improvement under Teak
of Oak Seedlings In A Close Canopy Riparian Forest.
and Albizia. Journal of Science and Environmental
Published Thesis. Auburn University, Alabama, 8-10.
Management 3(4), 92. Patricio,
JHP,
Tulod
AM.
2010.
Carbon
Labata MM, Aranico EC, Tabaranza AC,
sequestration potential of Benguet pine (Pinus
Patricio JHP, Amparado RFJr. 2012. Carbon
kesiya) plantations in Bukidnon, Philippines. Journal
Stock Assesment of three Selected Agroforestry
of Nature Studies 9(1), 99-104.
System in Bukidnon, Philippines. Advances in Environmental Sciences International Journal of the
Pedregosa D. 2009. Carbon Stock Assessment of
Bioflux Society 4(1), 5-11.
Rubber Tree (Havea brasiliensis) Plantation in Musuan,
Maramag,
Bukidnon,
Unpublished
Lasco R, Lales J, Arnuevo Ma.T, Guillermo I,
Undergraduate Thesis, Central Mindanao University,
de Jesus A, Medrano R, Bajar O, Mendoza C.
Philippines, 29-34.
2000.
Carbon Dioxide ( CO2 ) Storage and
Sequestration in the Leyte Geothermal Reservation,
Pelt R, Franklin J. 2000. Influence of Canopy
Philippines, Proceeding World Geothermal Congress,
Structure on the Understory Environment in Tall, Old
639-643.
Growth, Conifer Forest. NRC Canada. Canadian Journal for Researches 30, 1236-1243.
Lasco RD, Pulhin FB, Cruz RVO, Pulhin JM, Roy SSN. 2005. Carbon Budget of Terrestrial
Sabukti R, Lusiana B, Noordwijk Mvan. 2010.
Ecosystem
Aboveground Carbon Stock Assessment for Various
in
The
Pantabangan-Carranglan
Watershed. AIACC Working Papers 10, 1-23.
Land Use System in Nunukan, East Kalimantan, 2429.
Lunsayan D. 2008. Carbon Sequstration Potential of Carribean Pine ( Pinus carribea) Plantation in
Sace C. 2002. Greenhouse Economics. Munoz,
Malaybalay City, Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis,
Nueva Ecija, Philippines, 1.
Central Mindanao University, Philippines, 30-40. Unruh JD, Houghton RA, Lefebvre PA. 1993. Morton J. 1987. Fruits of Warm Climate. Julia F.
Carbon Storage in Agroforestry: An Estimate for Sub-
Morton, Miami, FLL. [Online] Available at 199-201,
Saharan Africa. Climate Research 3, 39-52.
221-239, 262-265. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/mang
Van Noordwijk, M, Subekti R, Hairiah K,
o_ars.html
Wulan Y, Farida A, Verbist B. 2002. Carbon Stock Assessment for a Forest-to-Coffee Conversion
Moutinho P, Schwartzman S. 2005. Tropical
Landscape in Sumber-Jaya ( Lampung, Indonesia ):
Deforestation and Climate Change. Š Amazon
From Allometric Equation to Land Use Change
Institute for environmental Research. Washington
Analysis 45, 75-86.
DC, USA 71. 1-132.
174 | Janiola and Marin