Ethnomedicinal plants of district charsadda Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan | JBES

J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2016 Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online) Vol. 9, No. 2, p. 254-264, 2016 http://www.innspub.net RESEARCH PAPER

Ethnomedicinal

OPEN ACCESS

plants

of

district

charsadda

Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Zabeeh Ullah*1, Rafi Ullah2, Ghulam Mujtabah Shah1, Abdul Majeed1, Manzoor Hussain1, Hafeez Ullah1 Department of Botany, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan

1

Department of Genetics, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan

2

Article published on August 31, 2016 Key words: District Charsadda, Traditional Knowledge, Medicinal uses.

Abstract The present study was carried out to investigate traditional knowledge of ethno medicinal plants of District Charsadda, KP Pakistan. The local people of the area used surrounding natural resources that is wild plants for medicinal purposes and to cure different diseases. Due to poor condition of the modern health care facilities and poverty, indigenous people of the district partially depend on local medicinal plants. The present studies mainly focus on the information regarding indigenous uses of plants for medicinal purposes. The interviews were carried out in local community to investigate local people and knowledgeable persons (Hakims, Women and Heerdsmen) who are the main user of medicinal plants. The first investigation revealed a total of 60 plants species belonging to 34 families. The dominant families were found to be Asteraceae, Poaceae, Solanaceae which represented 6, 5 and 4 species respectively. The study area was visited frequently during flowering and fruiting seasons of plants in 2014. Plants were collected from a range of localities, identified, preserved and deposited with Herbarium of Hazara University, Mansehra. *Corresponding

Author: Zabeeh Ullah  zabeeh.botany.hu@gmail.com

254 | Ullah et al.

J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2016 Introduction Charsadda,

located

Secondly, those plants which are in demand by in

the

west

of

Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa province is 17 miles away from the

pharmaceutical companies for their active ingredients (Baqar, 2001).

provincial capital Peshawar.

Pakistan has a varied climate and is quite rich in The district is surrounded by Malakand district on the

medicinal herbs scattered over a large area. A total

north, by Mardan district on the east, Nowshera and

of1572 genera and 5521 species are identified (Ali,

Peshawar districts on the South and the Mohmand

2008) but only 600 plant species are documented

Agency of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas on

and used for medicinal uses.

the west side. The district lies in 710 28’ 13” to 710 56’ 12” east longitude and 340 2’ 53” to 340 27’ 34” north

Traditional unani medicine is a part of our culture

latitude (Fig.1).

and Pakistan is one of those countries where traditional unani medicine is popularly practiced

The total area of the district is 996 square kilometres.

Charsadda is a large municipality with the population exceeding 1022364 (according to 1998 census). The district is at the extreme end of the monsoon winds.

among

the

large

segment

of

its

population.

Traditional unani medicine heavily depends on medicinal plants (Ahmad et al., 2003).

The monsoon clouds, when reach the region, are almost dry and bring very little rain as compared to

People living in mountains of Pakistan use plants in

the eastern parts of Pakistan. Charsadda is situated

many ways such as medicines, timber wood, fire

very close to the Indus River at the area very fertile

wood, food, fodder etc. (Hussain and Khaliq, 1996.,

for agriculture.

Shah and Khan, 2006 and Mehmood et al., 2015.,

Traditional

health

care

systems

as

well

as

international herbal and pharmaceutical markets are dependent on medicines derived from plants. Nearly

Ibrar et al., 2003; Shah et al., 2006; Qureshi et al., 2007; Ahmad & Hussain 2008; Zaidi 2009; Abbasi et al., 2010). More than 84% of Pakistan population was

80% of the world populations rely on the use of

dependent on traditional medicines for all or most of

traditional medicines to meet their primary health

their medicinal uses (Hocking, 1958).

care needs (Sandhya et al., 2006) whereas; up to 90% of the developing world relies on the use of medicinal plants (WHO, 2002). Out of the total 4, 22,000 flowering plants reported from the world, more than 50,000 are used for medicinal purposes (Gavaerts, 2001; Schippmann et al., 2002).

Himalayan ranges at least 70% of the medicinal plants and animals in the region consists of wild species and 70-80% of the population in this region depend on traditional medicines for health care (Pie and Manandhara, 1987).

Ethnobotany is the study of relationship between people and plant and most commonly refers to the study of

As mentioned above, many workers have documented

indigenous uses of plants. It is based on both social and

the ethno botanical uses of medicinal plants from

biological sciences and therefore works from an

different parts of Pakistan but District Charsadda is

interdisciplinary perspective (Aumeerudy 1996).

still unexplored. Therefore, a need was felt to

Medicinal plants fall in two broad categories. Those

document and conserve the traditional knowledge of

plants which are only used by local physicians in

the area before the information is lost forever. The

various crude formulations to provide some relief to

aim of the present study was to enlist plant species of

the local population in developing countries.

the area, record and explore their medicinal uses.

255 | Ullah et al.

J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2016

Fig. 1. Map of district Charsadda.

Materials and methods

Ali and Qaisar, 1995-2011) and compared the plants

Study area and plant collection

with

The area was visited for plant collection during

University.

specimens

in

the

herbarium

of

Hazara

flowering season at start of year 2014 in District Charsadda of different villages i.e Baram dheri,

After complete identification plants were assigned

Mandani, Mirzai, Battagram, Matta, Sardheri, Gul

voucher

abad, Umarzai and Kalyas.

Herbarium Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan.

In each trip the plants were collected according to the season from different localities of research area, local

specimen

number

and

deposited

at

Results and discussion

names, Ethno-medicinal uses and other related

This first investigation revealed that 60 species of

information to the plants were asked from the aged

plant included 34 families have been recorded which

persons, hakims, farmers and shopkeepers. During

are being potentially exploded by the people for

plant collection cutter, gloves, collection bags,

different human ailment ethno medicinally (Table 1).

blotting papers, soil digger, scissors and plant presser were used. In case of herbs, complete Specimen were

During investigation, the data revealed that 56% of

taken while in case of shrubs and trees only shoots

folk medicinal knowledge comes from people above

bearing flowering and some fruits were taken.

the age of 60 years while 26% comes from between

Plant samples were collected from the field and

ages of 25-59 years. While 13% comes from between

brought to Hazara University identified with the help

age of 10-24. Children of ages 8-10 are below got 7%

of Flora of Pakistan (Nasir and Ali, 1970-1994

of medicinal plants traditionally knowledge.

256 | Ullah et al.

J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2016 Table 1. Ethnomedicinal plants of district charsadda Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

S. Botanical name No. 1 Abelmoschus esculents L.

Local name Family

Part use

Bhindi

Seed and fruit Stem

Malvaceae

Ethnomedicinal uses

Antispasmodic, cordial, stimulant and sudorific.

2 Acacia modesta Wall Phulai Mimosaceae For backache & post-delivery use: Gum obtained from bark is grinded and mixed with wheat flour and then fried in “desi” ghee. This is locally called “Halwa” and given in backache, especially to women after delivery.

3 Accacia nilotica L. Kikar Mimosaceae Bark, seed, Astringent, bark is used in diarrhea, leavegum gum is used in cough and stomachic.

4 Adiantum capillus Veneris Pershan, Adiantaceae Leaves, Cough, asthma, fever, jaundice, cold, L. Kakapi Rhizome chest pain, and measles.

5 Allium cepa L. Piaz Liliaceae Bulbs and Antidiarrhoel, antiseptic, stimulant, leaves aphrodisiac, scorpion sting and for preventing measures.

6 Allium sativum L. Ouga Liliaceae Bulbs Arache, skin infection, skin lesions, and pimples.

7 Avena sativa L. Orbashe Poaceae Seeds Diarrhea and dysentery.

8 Azadirachta indica Adr. Nim Meliaceae Leaves, For blood purification, skin pimples, Juss fruit, seeds, boils and Abscesses, diabetes and and flowers intestinal worms: Leaves are dipped in water at night. In morning one spoon of this water is taken 9 Bacopa monniera L. Brahmi ScrophularWhole plant Epilepsy, asthma, for ulcers, tumors, iaceae ascites, enlarged spleen, indigestion, inflammations, leprosy and anemia.

10 Brassica compestris L. Sharsham Brassicaeae Whole plant Seeds used in exacerbations, cancer and tumours, Roots emollient and diuretic, juice used in chronic cough and bronchial catarrh. Oil is used in skin diseases.

11 Brassica napus L. Teepar Brassiceae Fruit Cooking, salads, and other food related uses. Symptoms appeared as a typical pneumonia.

12 Chenopodium album Sarmy Chenopodiaceae Root Juice of fresh roots is used for treatment of urinary problem.

13 Calotropis procera Wild. Spulmei Asclepidaceae Leaves and Skin infections (Chambal), cough, milky latex asthma, dog and snakebites, and insect stings.

14 Anti-inflammatory, an antitumor agent Calendula officinalis L. Aster Asteraceae Flowers also used for various women's ailments, and to treat a number of skin conditions.

15 Cannabis sativa L. Bhang Moraceae Leaves and Body inflammation, intoxication, loss of Seeds appetite in humans; abdominal swelling due to indigestion in cattle.

16 Cardus marianus L. MadagascarAsteraceae Seed Alcoholic liver damage, Liver damage or toxicity from any cause, Chronic hepatitis of autoimmune or viral origin.

17 Centaurea iberica Trevir. Shauket ed-Asteraceae Roots and Anorexia, cold, diabetes, hepatobiliary ex Spreng. dardar Leaves dyspepsia, hyperglycemia, hyposecretory dyspepsia, flu, and wounds.

18 Capsicum annuum L. Marchake Solnaceae Fruit Mostly related to pain relief (e.g. sore muscles, toothache, phantom limb pain). They are used as for cooking purpose.

19 Carthamus oxyacantha Kunzalay Asteraceae Flower and Used for treat of cerebral thrombosis, Bieb. leaves male infertility, rheumatism and bronchitis.

20 Cestrum nocturnum L. Raat ki Solnaceae Leaves Used for treating epilepsy and as Rani stupefying charm medicine.

257 | Ullah et al.

J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2016 S. Botanical name No. 21 Citrus limon L. 22 Clematis grata Wall.

Local name Family

Part use

Limbu Rutaceae Chinjanoly Ranaculaceae

Ethnomedicinal uses

Fruit Cholera, fever, and vomiting.

Leaves and Skin infection (Chambal); kills germs young stem and worms in the wounds of cattle and dogs.

23 Cymbopogon flexuosus L. Shna Chaye Poaceae Leaves Used for mouth ulcer, fever, boil, epilepsy, burn, snake bite, scorpion sting, fever.

24 Cynodon dactylon L. Kabhal, Poaceae Whole plant To control bleeding and help with Wahe wound healing.

25 Cyperus rotundus Waha Cyperaceae Whole plant Juice of fresh leaves is used for dyspepsia.

26 Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.

Akashbel Convolvulaceae Stamens, Strengthen the liver and kidneys. legume 27 Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.

Shawa Papilionaceae Whole Plant Body pain, diarrhea, and dandruff.

28 Diospyrous lotus L. Toor amlok Ebenaceae Fruit and Fruit is edible and used for cough and also bark used in treatment of fevers, diarrhea.

29 Eriobotrya japonica L. Lokat Rosaceae Leaf, Fruit The tanniferous leaves are astringent and antidiarrhoetic also used to treat wounds.

30 Euphorbia helioscopia L. Mandaro Euphorbiaceae Whole plant Rheumatism, swelling and especially as a wart remover.

31 Fagonia cretica L. Azghke Zygophyllaceae Whole plant Used for the treatment of fever, thirst, vomiting, dysentery, asthma, urinary discharge, liver trouble, typhoid 32 Ficus carica Forssk Inzar Moraceae Bark, fruits, To remove prickles and cure and latex constipatation.

33 Ficus palmata Forsk.

Zangali Moraceae Fruit and Constipation and in the diseases of the anzar Leaves lungs and the bladder 34 Fumaria indica L. Shatra Fumariaceae Whole plant Fever, constipation, pimples, lesions, skin infections and to purify blood.

35 Helianthus annuus L. Nwarparast Asteraceae Seeds, Skin retain its moisture -- without leaves, root clogging pores or blocking the flow of oxygen into/out of skin cells.

36 Lepidium sativum L. Alam Brassicaceae Seeds, leavesLeaves are mild stimulant and diuretic, and roots useful in scorbutic diseases and in liver complaints.

37 Lonicera japonica L. Gul-e-laila Caprifoliaceae Leaves and Vomiting, diarrhea, rapid heartbeat, flowers respiratory failure, and coma.

38 Lycopersicon esculentum Tamater Solnaceae Fruit Lycopene especially in cooked tomatoes, Mll. helps in the prevention of prostate cancer.

The paste is used in summer because they keep the body cool.

39 Mallotusphilippensis (Lam.) Kamila Euphrbiaceae Fruit Anthelmintic Muell. Arg 40 Mangifera indica L. Aam Anacardiaceae Leaves and Anti-diuretic, anti-diarrheal, antiFruit emetic and cardiac.

41 Mentha longifolia L. Venaly Lamiaceae Whole herb Herb is used in fever, sore throat and dyspepsia.

42 Momordica balsamina L. Kakora Cucurbitaceae Leaves and Use for abortions, birth control, stem constipation, diabetes, eczema, fat loss, food, fever, gout, hemorrhoids, intestinal parasites, jaundice, kidney stones.

43 Momordica charantia L. Kareela Cucurbitaceae Fruit Ant diabetic, anticancer, ant inflammation, antivirus, and cholesterol lowering effects.

44 Nasturtium Sondy Brassicaceae Leaves Leaves used in powder form for the Officinal treatment of kidney Stone 45 Nigella sativa L. Kalonji Ranunculaceae Seeds Use for respiratory, gastrointestinal, rheumatic and inflammatory disorder 46 Papaver somniferum L. Afyun, Papevaraceae Latex The latex posseshypnoytic, analgestic, Posat, anticardial properties also used for Kashkash chronic cough and diarrhea.

258 | Ullah et al.

J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2016 S. Botanical Name Local Name Family No. 47 Parthenium hysterophorus Machechak Asteraceae L.

48 polygonum aviculare L. 49 Punica granatum L.

50 Rhazya stricta Decne 51 Ricinus communis L. 52 Rosa indica L.

53 Solanum surattense Burm.f.

54 Tamarix aphylla 55 Tribulus terrestris L 56 Triticuma aestivum L. 57 Verbascum Thapsus 58 Vitis vinifera L. 59 Zea mays L. 60 Ziziphus mauritiana L.

Part Use

Ethnomedicinal Uses

Whole plant Skin disorders and decoction of the plant is often taken internally as a remedy for a wide variety of ailments. It is used as a Flea-repellent both for dogs and other animals.

Pulpolak Polygonaceae Roots Anthelmintic, astringent, cardiotonic, and stem cholagogue, diuretic, febrifuge, haemostatic, lithontripic and vulnerary.

Anar Punicaceae Flowers, Relieve fever, cough, stop nausea, fruit, seeds, vomiting also against diarrhoea, piles bark, stems and tuberculosis. and root Vena Apocynaceae Leaves and Use for eruptions, and an infusion of roots leaves is very useful for sore throat and low fevers.

Arand Euphorbiaceae Leaves, SeedsUsed by children for slingshot balls, weight, size, and hardness. Oil used on the skin to prevent dryness.

Gulab Rosaceae Roots and Used as an application to wounds, Flowers sprains injuries and foul ulcers and the root is bitter and astringent, used as a tonic and anthelmintic.

Kundeire Solnaceae Whole plant Used in the treatment of coughs, asthma, colic fever, loss of appetite and pains in thechest.

Ghaz Tamaricaceae Gum Body pain Gokhru Zygophyllaceae Fruit Aphrodisiac Ghanam Poaceae Grains Antiplatelet, antiflammaory, antibacterial, antifungal, Diarrhea, dysentery, ecchymosis, epistaxis, fertility, fever.

Khar ghuag Scrophulariaceae Leaves and Powder of leaves and flowers mixed flowers with oil and used as antiseptic.

Kwar Vitaceae Fruit, leaves Used in Kidney pain (stone) and Unripe fruit is used in chutneys; ripe fruit is edible.

Maki Poaceae Whole plant Kidney pain, kidney stones, and urinary disorders (insufficient urination).

Bera Ramanaceae Fruit Suffering from diarrhea and to humans for indigestion. Young leaves are cooked as a vegetable.

It was also observed that about 54% of these

Herbs are used as whole but in case of shrubs and

homemade drugs are used by people above the age of

trees a particular part is used. Leaf is the most

60 years, 5% are used by people the age of 25-59,

frequently used part in the preparation of medicinal

while the age of 10-24 years used the homemade

remedies. It is claimed that the prophet Muhammad

drugs 1%. The children age of 8-10 years used the

said “Use the black seed, which is a healing for all

drugs about 40%. The survey shows the highest number of plants used medicinally are belonging to families Asteraceae (6 species), Poaceae (5 Species) and Solanaceae (4 species). (Fig. 2) It is reported that herbs are mostly used as ethno medicinally in Distt.

Charsadda 57%, shrubs 18%, Tree 21%, grass and fern 2% respectively. (Fig. 3) Usually, all parts of the plant such as leaves, stem, flower, bark, roots, fruits, latex, whole plant, bulb, rhizome, stamen and seeds are utilized by local people (Fig. 4). However, it depends relies on the need of the user and type of plant.

diseases except ‘As-Sam’ and ‘As-Sam’ is death” about the black seed. (Al

Bukhari, 1976). Solanum

surattense locally used for the treatment of coughs, asthma, colic fever, loss of appetite and pains in the chest.

The same observation was reported by (Shinwari MI and Khan 2000) and (Uniyal and Shiva, 2005).

Fumaria indica is used for Fever, constipation, pimples, lesions, skin infections and to purify blood.

259 | Ullah et al.

J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2016 The same result was given by (Qureshi, 2002: Natale

While (Ahmad et al., 2003: Nasir and Ali, 2002)

and Pollio, 2007). Allium cepais locally used for

reported that bulb juice of the plant is used to cure

Antidiarrheal,

diabetes and hypertension.

antiseptic,

stimulant,

aphrodisiac,

scorpion sting and for preventing measures.

6 6 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 Asteraceae

Poaceae

Solanaceae

Brassicaceae

Moraceae

Euphorbiaceae

Cucubitaceae

Liliaceae

Ranunnculaceae

Rosaceae

Zygophylaceae

Sculphoraceae

Mimoaceae

Tamariaceae

Ebinaceae

Puniaceae

Raminaceae

Papilionaceae

Rutaceae

Polygonaceae

Apocynaceae

Malvaceae

Caprifoliaceae

Asclepidiaceae

Adiantaceae

Vitaceae

Fumaraceae

Anacardiceae

Papveraceae

Limaceae

cyperaceae

Meliaceae

Chenopodiaceae Convulacaeae Fig. 2. Percentage of various families of Ethnomedicinal Plants.

25 23% 20

21%

18%

2% 2% Herb

57% 18%

15 13%

Shrub Tree

12%

10 8%

Grass fern

6%

5

5%

4% 4%

3%

2% 2%

Fig. 3 Plants Habit.

260 | Ullah et al.

Rhizome

Bulb

stamen

Bark

Fig. 4 Part Used by local people.

Latex

stem

Flower

Root

Whole plant

fruit

Seed

Leaves

0

J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2016

Fig. I Bacopa monnieri.

Fig. iv Rhazya stricta

Fig. v Solanum surattense.

Fig. ii Calotropis procera.

Fig. vi Carduus marianus.

The survey reveals that majority of the people in studied areas of District Charsadda rely on folk Fig. iii Lepidium sativum.

medicinal plants. This may be assigned to prevalence of knowledge among people about the health benefits of traditional medicinal plants.

261 | Ullah et al.

J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2016 Moreover, aged people knew more about the uses of

Likewise,

more

medicinal

recorded

in

plants

than

low

age

group

which

frequently

the

order

used

families

Asteraceae˃

were

Poaceae˃

demonstrate a positive correlation between higher age

Solanaceae which specify their abundance and

and uses of folk medicines. The highest use of plants

pharmacological effectiveness.

belonging to Asteraceae, Poaceae and Solanaceae in sampled locations may be attributed to the relative

Acknowledgements

abundance of these plants in the areas. It may also be

The credit of our research really goes to Department

inferred that members of Asteraceae, Poaceae and

of Botany, Hazara University Mansehra especially

Solanaceae possess wide spectrum of active ingredients

Associate Professor Dr. Ghulam Mujtaba Shah,

which may have potential ethno-pharmacological

Incharge of Herbarium for their kind assistance

significance and effectiveness against common ailments

during compilation of this research paper.

(Giday et al., 2003).

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