J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2016 Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online) Vol. 9, No. 3, p. 57-72, 2016 http://www.innspub.net RESEARCH PAPER
OPEN ACCESS
Exploration of floristic diversity of Khanpur valley, District Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Zeeshan Siddique*1, Sobia Nisa1, Ghulam Mujtaba Shah2, Abdullah Khan1, Alia Naz1, Salman Khan1, Noureen Aurangzeb1, Shah Masaud Khan3, Abid Farid4, Muhammad Mohiuddin5 Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
1
Department of Botany, Hazara University Manshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
2
Directorate of AS&R, University of Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
3
Dean of Basic & Applied Sciences, University of Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
4
Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology,
5
Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Article published on September 28, 2016 Key words: Khanpur valley, District haripur, Floristic studies, Flora of Khanpur, Plants of Khanpur Abstract A floristic inventory was carried out during 2012-2014 in Khanpur Valley, District Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Data pertaining to floral composition and other relevant information was collected through questionnaires, interviews & transect walks during the field visits. As a result total 283 plant species belonging to 101 families were documented. Fungi consisted of 1 species belonging to 1 family, algae 3 species belonging to 3 families, bryophytes 3 species belonging to 3 families, pteridophytes 3 species belonging to 1 family, gymnosperms 2 species belonging to 2 families, angiosperms 271 species belonging to 89 families (monocots represented by 38 species belonging to 11 families and dicots 233 species belonging to 78 families). There were 120 herbs, 80 shrubs, 64 trees and 19 climbers species. Of the total plant species recorded, there were 65 (22.96%) annuals, 5 (1.76%) biennials, and 213 (75.26%) perennials plants. Plants reported were tabulated according to botanical name, vernacular name, family, habit, life span, height, flower colour and flowering season. The study also indicated that flora of Khanpur Valley is under severe pressure due to deforestation, over grazing, over exploitation and subsequent fires. As a result valuable flora is getting depleted at alarming rate. Plant specimens collected were identified, preserved, mounted and voucher was deposited at the Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Haripur, KP, Pakistan for future references. *Corresponding
Author: Zeeshan Siddique  zsssbio@gmail.com
57 | Siddique et al.
J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2016 Introduction Exploration
Nearly 6000 species of flowering plants are reported
of
flora
by
plant
taxonomists
is
from Pakistan and
Kashmir
(Shinwari, 1996).
proverbial throughout the world to have information
Literature regarding the research reveal that in recent
about the plants. A flora is a compilation of all plant
years many researchers like Siddique et al., 2016;
species growing in any geographic area. Through
Shaheen et al., 2014; Qureshi et al., 2014; Haq et al.,
these floristic studies, valuable data is recorded which
2012; Qureshi et al., 2011; Qureshi and Bhatii, 2010;
could be used as reference for future studies. Floristic
Fazal et al., 2010; Hussain and Ch, 2009; Ahmed et
studies are helpful in proper identification of plant-
al., 2008; Hussain et al, 2008; and Shah and Khan,
wealth for their utilization on a scientific and
2006; have visited most parts of Pakistan, but no area
systematic basis. The identification of local plants
has been thoroughly explored. Regarding floristic
along with the description of an area is very
studies, Khanpur Valley of District Haripur (Pakistan)
important because it can show specific species of the
is also virgin. No floristic studies have been conducted
local area and their occurrence, growing season,
by any researcher in this valley till today. So at first, it
species hardness, distinct species, finding new species
was dire need to explore & document the floristic
and the effect of climatic conditions like drought and
diversity of this important un-explored valley. The
overgrazing on vegetation (Ali, 2008).
aim of this study was to provide floristic checklist of the study area. This will provide baseline date for
The study of floristic composition of the vegetation is
future researches. This will serve as baseline
crucial
information to taxonomists, phytosociologist, range
for
conservation management and
the
ecologically sustainable management of natural
managers,
resources that provides the starting point for more
manufacturers and policy makers for future research
detailed study (Ejtehadi et al., 2005; Tastad et al.,
in the area under study.
conservationists,
herbal
medicine
2010). It aids in the identification and correct naming of species, essential
resources for
biodiversity
Materials and methods
estimates and biogeographic studies. Furthermore,
Study area
this information provides important public outreach
Khanpur valley (also Upper Khanpur or Hilly area of
and fundamental information to use in addressing the
Khanpur) is the part of Haro Valley situated at the
biodiversity crisis (Funk et al., 2007).
back of federal capital Islamabad and in District Haripur of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan.
Floristic
study
and
diversity
assessments
are
necessary to understand the present diversity status and conservation of biodiversity. Floristic studies acquire increasing importance in recent years in response to the need of developing and under developing countries to assess their plant wealth (Vediya and Kharadi, 2011). Natural resources survey
Khanpur itself is a large and beautiful village in Valley and one of the 44 union council administrative subdivisions of Haripur District. It is located to the south of the District Capital Haripur at 33°48'53N 72°56'22E. It is famous throughout the Pakistan for its Oranges and is also known for the Khanpur Dam built over the Haro River. Whole Valley is drained by Haro River or its tributaries. Valley has beautiful
like floristic study plays an important role in the
pine, scrub and shrub forests, streams, waterfalls,
economic development of developing country like
peaks and gorges to watch. Valley has thick and
Pakistan.
enormous flora. The weather of the valley remains pleasant (Siddique et al., 2016). Most part of valley is
Pakistan is a fairly large country endowed with a
backward and is deprived of modern facilities. People
variety
are dependent on plant resources for their daily life
of
topographical
climates, regions.
ecological The
flora
zones is,
and
likewise,
extremely varied and diverse and highly fascinating.
requirements. Some Pictures of Khanpur valley are given in Figure 1.
58 | Siddique et al.
J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2016 Study design
Field note book
The present study was carried out from March 2012
Relevant field data i.e botanical name, vernacular
to March 2014. The study was completed in three
name, family, habit, life span, height of plant, flower
steps i.e review of literature, visiting study area for data collection (field work) and documentation of
colour, flowering/fruit season was noted on field note book during the field visits. Plants collection & preservation
data obtained during field visits.
During autumn and spring seasons plants in Field visits
flowering/fruiting stage were collected from various
The whole study area was frequently visited, for the
parts of Khanpur Valley. The plant specimens were
identification of local flora and to collect the information pertinent to floristic diversity. Filed visits included observations, interviews, questionnaires,
pressed and dried properly for two weeks at room temperature using blotting papers. Plant specimens were poisoned with Mercuric chloride and absolute alcohol (2gm Mercuric chloride dissolved in 100ml of
guided field walks, field note book and plants
absolute alcohol) and mounted on herbarium sheets.
collection & preservation.
Data taken in field was transferred to slips pasted on herbarium sheets. Each specimen was also given a
Observations
collection number. Plants were identified with the
Keen observations were made during the field visits
help of available literature and taxonomic keys
so as to study the local plants in Khanpur valley. Most
(Stewart, 1972; Nasir and Ali, 1970-2001; Ali and
plants were identified botanically during keen
Qaiser, 1995-2005). Fungi specimen were collected in
personal observations.
aluminum foil and preserved in distilled water. Algae & bryophytes, specimens were collected in polythene
Interviews
bags and then washed with water and preserved in
The interviews were conducted in local community, to
Formalin-acetic acid-alcohol. The specimens were
investigate local people and knowledgeable persons (Hakims, Pansaries, Women and Herdsmen) who are attached with plants. The local names of plants, habit, life span, flower colour, flowering/fruit season & other relevant information was documented during the interviews.
deposited
in
the
Herbarium,
Department
of
Environmental Sciences, University of Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, for future references. Documentation Last phase of the research study was documentation of data collected from the field. Results and discussions
Questionnaires
Floristic diversity of Khanpur valley
Pre-planned questionnaires were served to draw the
During the study total 283 plant species belonging to
floristic
indirectly.
101 families were documented. Fungi consisted of 1
Questionnaire method was an effective approach to
species belonging to 1 family, algae 3 species
investigate females via children and students.
belonging to 3 families, bryophytes 3 species
information
directly
&
Questionnaires provided useful information about the local
names,
habit,
life
span,
flower
colour,
flowering/fruit season etc of the local flora.
belonging to 3 families, pteridophytes 3 species belonging to 1 family, gymnosperms 2 species belonging to 2 families, angiosperms 271 species belonging to 89 families (monocots represented by 38 species belonging to 11 families and dicots 233 species
Guided field walks
belonging to 78 families) as shown in Figure 2. Plants
Guided field walks with experts & knowledgeable
reported from the valley were tabulated according to
elder people of the study area helped a lot to explore,
botanical name, Vernacular name, family, habit, life
collect & identify the plants.
span, height, flower colour and flowering season (Table 1).
59 | Siddique et al.
J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2016 Table 1. Floristic diversity of Khanpur valley. S.No Botanical name
Vernacular name
Family
Habit
Life-span
Height
Flower color
Flowering/ fruit season
FUNGI 1 Morchella esculenta Fr.
Sirhli
Morchellaceae
Herb
Spring 2.9 cm ephemeral
---
---
ALGAE 2 Hydrodictyon sp. 3 Pithophora sp. 4 Spirogyra sp.
----Saawul
Hydrodictyaceae Cladophoraceae Zygnemataceae
Herb Herb Herb
Perennial Perennial Perennial
-------
-------
-------
BRYOPHYTES 5 Funaria hygrometrica Hedw. 6 Marchantia polymorpha L. 7 Pellia epiphylla (Raddi.) Dum.
-------
Funariaceae Marchantiaceae Pelliaceae
Herb Herb Herb
Annual Annual Annual
3-5 cm 10 cm 10 cm
-------
-------
Pteridaceae Pteridaceae Pteridaceae
Herb Herb Herb
Perennial Perennial Perennial
15-30 cm 90 cm 1-2 m
-------
-----------
PTERIDOPHYTES 8 Adiantum capillus-veneris L. --9 Dryopteris blanfordi C.Hope. Kunjee 10 Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Kunji GYMNOSPERMS 11 Cupressus sempervirens L. 12 Juglans regia Linn. ANGIOSPERMS (MONOCOTS) 13 Allium jacquemontii Kunth
Monrhpank Akhrot
Cupressaceae Juglanceae
Tree Tree
Perennial Perennial
20 m 25 m
-----
Jangli piaz
Alliaceae
Herb
Perennial
15-35 cm
Perianth pale red to March-April
14 15
Aloe barbadensis Mill. Apluda mutica L.
Kanwar-ghandal Lundar
Liliaceae Poaceae
Herb Herb
Perennial Perennial
0.6-1 m 1.3 m
pale purple Yellow corolla Summer Cream with violet Aug-Nov margins
16 17 18 19
Aristida cyanantha Nees Arundo donax Linn. Asparagus gracilis Royle. Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav
--Saroot Shahghandal Piazi
Poaceae Poaceae Asparagaceae Liliaceae
Herb Herb Subshrub Herb
Annual Perennial Perennial Annual
2m 5m 1-2 m 15-50 cm
Purplish Creamy yellow Yellowish White
May -Sep June-Dec March-June Nov-April
20 21
Avena sativa L. kandal Bothriochloa intermedia (R. --Br.) A. Camus Chrysopogon aucheri Boiss. ---
Poaceae Poaceae
Herb Herb
Annual Perennial
1.5 m 50-150 cm
Yellowish Purplish
May-August Jul-Oct
Poaceae
Herb
Perennial
60 cm
Green
March-May
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Cymbopogon martinii Roxb. Cynodon dactylon L. Cyperus rotundus Linn. Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.)
--Khabal Deela ghass Madhana Ghaas
P. Beauv. Dichanthium annulatum Palwan (Forssk.) Stapf in Praia Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) --Muhl. Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. ex Kunj Griseb. Eleusine indica (Linn.) Gaertn --Eragrostis minor Host. --Hedera helix auct. non Linn.: --Brandis Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. --Beauv. Imperata Beauv. Koeleria
cylindrica
(L.) P. Siru
macrantha ---
Poaceae Poaceae Cyperaceae Poaceae
Herb Herb Grass Herb
Perennial Perennial Perennial Annual
3m 10-40 cm 140 cm 60 cm
Green & straw Purplish or green Purple to red Greenish yellow
Sep-Nov Sep-Nov July-Sep Summer Summer
Poaceae
Herb
Perennial
25-100 cm
Brownish
March-Nov
Poaceae
Herb
Annual
10-1540 cm Green or purple
July-Aug
Dioscoreaceae
Climber
Perennial
3m
Brown
May-June
Poaceae
Herb
Annual
15-85 cm
Whitish
June-Aug
Poaceae Araliaceae
Herb Climber
Annual Perennial
6-60 cm 30 m
Yellowish green Yellow
May-Sep Oct-April
Poaceae
Herb
Perennial
20-100 cm Brown
Apr–Dec
Poaceae
Herb
Perennial
10-120 cm
Grey
April-June
Poaceae
Herb
Perennial
5–60 cm
Green
June-July
(Ledebour) Schultes
60 | Siddique et al.
&
J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2016 36
Narcissus tazetta L.
Gul-e-nargis
Amaryrillidaceae Herb
Perennial
80 cm
White or yellow
Feb-Mar
37
Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb.
Jangli Khajoor
Tree
Perennial
7.5-15 m
White
March-April
38
Peganum harmala L.
Harmal
Arecaceae/ Palmaceae Zygophyllaceae
Herb
Perennial
25-60 cm
White or yellowish March-April white
39 40
Poa annua L. Polypogon fugax Nees Steudel Reinwardtia trigyna Roxb.
Poaceae Poaceae
Herb Herb
Annual Annual
5-30 cm 10–75 cm
pale or bright green March-Sep pale green Apr–Sep
41
Kaaha ex Malhar
Liliaceae
Sub-shrub Perennial
1m
Yellow
Feb-May
Rottboellia cochinchinensis --(Loureiro) Clayton Saccharum arundinaceum Sarkanda Retzius
Poaceae
Herb
Annual
1–3 m
Yellow and green
Jul–Oct
Poaceae
Herb
Perennial
0.7-6 m
Pink
Aug–Dec
Kahi Band kangni
Poaceae Poaceae
Herb Herb
Perennial Annual
3m 5-130 cm
White Yellow
July-Sep June-Oct
46 47
Saccharum spontaneum Linn. Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. Smilax aspera L. Sorghum halepense (Linn.)
Birari Barun
Liliaceae Poaceae
Climber Herb
Perennial Perennial
3m 0.5-3 m
White Purple
Sept-March May-Oct
48 49
Pers. Themeda anathera Nees Tribulus terrestris L.
--Ghokru
Poaceae Zygophyllaceae
Herb Herb
Perennial 30-120 cm Brownish Annual or 20-60 cm Yellow biennial
June-Oct Around the year
50 Typha angustifolia L. ANGIOSPERMS (DICOTS) 51 Acacia catechu (L. f.) Willd. 52 Acacia farnesiana (L.)Willd.
Kundor
Typhaceae
Herb
Perennial
1.5-3 m
Brownish
Jun-Sep
Khair, Katha Vilaiti kikar
Mimosaceae Mimosaceae
Tree Shrub
Perennial Perennial
15 m 8m
White to pale yellow April-Aug Orange Nov-Mar
53 54 55 56
Acacia modesta Wall. Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile. Acer caesium Wall. Acer oblongum Wall. ex DC.
Phulai Kikar Tarkanni
Mimosaceae Mimosaceae Aceraceae Aceraceae
Tree Tree Tree Tree
Perennial Perennial Perennial Perennial
3-5 m 5-20 m 25 m 12-15 m
Pale Yellow Golden-yellow white Greenish-white
Mar-May. Mar-May May-Jun Feb-Mar
57
Aceraceae
Shrub
Perennial
1.5 cm
Greenish
Mar-April
58
Acer pentapomicum Stewart Achillea millefolium L.
Akarkara
Asteraceae/ Compositae
Herb
Perennial
6-65 cm
White
Spring
59
Achyranthes aspera Linn.
Puthkanda
Amaranthaceae
Herb
Perennial
0.2-2 m
60 61
Adhatoda vasica Nees Bhaikur, aroosa Aechmanthera tomentosa Nees Pedar
Acanthaceae Acanthaceae
Shrub Perennial Sub shrub Perennial
2-2.5 m 1m
Whitish or pale Jun-Aug green to red or purple White Dec-April Pale blue Jun-Dec
62
Ailanthus altissima Swingle. Ajuga bracteosa Wall.
Simaroubaceae
Tree
Perennial
30 m
Light green
Lamiaceae/ Labiateae
Herb
Perennial
10-30 cm
Brown-black, corolla April-June purple
Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merrill Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. in Sirin Hook
Mimosaceae
Tree
Perennial
30 m
Yellow
April-June
Mimosaceae
Tree
Perennial
8-12 m
Green-yellow
April-May
66 67 68 69
Althaea officinalis Linn. Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthus viridis L. Anagallis arvensis L.
Khatmi Ganhar Chaleray Dhaber booti
Malvaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Primulaceae
Herb Herb Herb Herb
Annual Annual Annual Annual
1m 1.5 m 40-80 cm 10-30 cm
Corolla pink Green Green Blue to deep blue
Feb-May Summer Jun-Aug May-Aug
70
Andrachne cordifolia Wall.
Kurkuni
Euphorbiaceae
Shrub
Pale greenish-yellow June-Oct
71
Artemisia absinthium Linn.
---
Herb
Yellow
June-Sep
72
Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss.
Nim
Asteraceae/ Compositae Meliaceae
Biennial or 0.6-1.5 m perennial Perennial 1.25 m
Tree
Perennial
White
April-May
42 43 44 45
63 64 65
---
J.L. Kilpattar.
(Mill) Darawa
61 | Siddique et al.
15 m
May-June
J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2016 73
Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst.
Brahmi
Scrophulariaceae Herb
Perennial
5 to 20 cm
White
May-Oct
74 75 76 77
Barleria cristata Linn Bauhinia variegata Linn. Berberis lycium Royle Boerhavia diffusa Linn.
Bansa siyah Kalyarh, kichnar Sumbul Mehdevi
Acanthaceae Caesalpinaceae Berberidaceae Nyctaginaceae
Shrub Tree Shrub Herb
Perennial Perennial Perennial Perennial
1.5 m 15 m 2-3 m 2m
purple blue White or pale purple Pale-yellow White
Aug-Dec Feb-April April-May Spring-autumn
78 79
Bombax ceiba Linn. Brassica campestris Linn
Sumbul Sarian
Tree Herb
Perennial Annual
25 m 100 cm
Red Yellow
Mar-Apr Jan-March
80
Broussonetia papyrifera Linn.
Jangli toot
Bombacaceae Brassicaceae/ Cruciferae Moraceae
Tree
Perennial
3-12 m
Green to red
March-Aug
81
Butea monosperma Taub Buxus sempervirens Stewart & Brandis
Papilionaceae
Tree
Perennial
12-15 m
brown velvety
Spring
Buxaceae
Shrub
Perennial
3-5 m
Green
Jan-May
Caesalpinaceae
Climber
Perennial
3m
Yellow
March-April
Herb
Annual
20-75 cm
Yellow or orange
Apr-Sep
Tree
Perennial
3-4 m
Red
Mar-June
Perennial
2-3 m
white or pinkish
82 83
(Lam.) Palas, dhak, chichra sensu shamshad, papra
84
Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Urian Alston Calendula officinalis Linn
85
Callistemon lanceolatus (Sm.) Bottle bursh
Asteraceae/ Compositae Myrtaceae
86
Sweet Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait. f. Ak
Asclepiadaceae
Shrub
87
Cannabis sativa L.
Cannabinaceae
Sub shrub Annual
0.2-6 m
Greenish-white
Throughout the year April-Oct
88
Apocynaceae
Herb
Perennial
15-45 cm
Whitish
Sep
89 90
Caralluma edulis (Edgew.) Chongaan Hook. f. Carissa opaca Stapf ex Haines Grinda Carthamus oxyacantha M. Kantiari, pohli
Apocynaceae Asteraceae/
Shrub Perennial Sub shrub Annual
3.5 meter 0.3-1 m
White Yellow
April-June May–Aug
91 92 93
Bieb. Casia fistula Linn. Cassia sophera Cassytha filiformis L.
Tree Shrub Climber
20 m 1-3 m 1-20 m
Yellow Yellow White
April-June Nov-Jan May-Jul
94
Pang, bhang
Compositae Kinjal, Amaltas Caesalpinaceae --Caesalpinaceae Akash bail, amar bail Lauraceae
Perennial Perennial Perennial
Catharanthus roseus (Linn.) G. Sada bahar Don Cedrela serrata Royle --Cedrela toona Roxb. ex Willd. Drawa
Apocynaceae
Sub shrub Perennial
30-60 cm
Pink or white
Meliaceae Meliaceae
Tree Tree
Perennial Perennial
20 m 18-20 m
Ceramic Ceramic
Throughout the year. May-June Mar-April
Ulmaceae
Tree
Perennial
15 m
Pale green
March-May
98
Celtis australis auct. non L.; Batkhar Brandis Centella asiatica L. Barhami
Herb
Perennial
0.2 m
white
July-Aug
99
Centratherum anthelminticum Kalijiri
Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Asteraceae/
Herb
Annual
60 cm
Pink
Nov-Feb
100 101 102
(L.) Kuntze. Cestrum nocturnum L. Chenopodium album Linn. Chenopodium ambrosoides L.
Rat ki rani b-thawa Bathoo
Compositae Solanaceae Chenopodiaceae Chenopodiaceae
Shrub Herb Herb
Perennial 1-3 m Annual 0.1-1.5 m Annual or 1.2 m
Greenish -yellow Green-white Green
March-May Jan-Sep April-Jan
103 104
Chenopodium murale L. Cichorium intybus Linn.
Kurund Kasini
Herb Herb
perennial Annual Annual
70-90 cm 40-110 cm
Green Blue
Jan-July May-Oct
105
Cissampelos pareira Linn.
Perennial
3-5 m
Yellow
July-Sep
106 107
Citrus sinensis (Linn.) Osbeck Clematis connata DC.
Phalaan jarhi, Ghora Menispermaceae Climber sum (Herb) Mausami Malta Rutaceae Tree Bhail Ranunculaceae Climber
Perennial Perennial
10 m 5-7 m
Whitish Whitish
March-May July-Aug
108 109 110
Clematis gouriana Roxb Clematis grata Wall. Colebrookea oppositifolia Smith Conyza canadensis (L.)
Bhail chamaan shakardana
Climber Climber Shrub
Perennial Perennial Perennial
5-7 m 3-5 m 2.5 m
Herb
Annual
3-350 cm
Greenish-white Aug-Sep Creamy-white Aug-Sep Greenish white to Jan-April mauve Whitish flower July-Sep
95 96 97
111
Cronquist
Paleet
Chenopodiaceae Asteraceae/ Compositae
Ranunculaceae Ranunculaceae Lamiaceae/ Labiateae Asteraceae/ Compositae
62 | Siddique et al.
J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2016 112
Cordia obliqua Willd. Phytogr
Lasura
Boraginaceae
Tree
Perennial
113 114 115
Coriaria nepalensis Wallich Cornus macrophylla Wall. Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm.
Balel Kandar ---
Coriariaceae Cornaceae Brassicaceae/ Cruciferae
Shrub Tree Herb
Perennial 1.5-2.5 m Perennial 12-15 m Annual or 15-30 cm biennial
116
Cotoneaster bacillaris Wall. ex Luni Lindl. Cryptolepis buchanani Roem. --& Schult.
Rosaceae
Small tree Perennial
Asclepiadaceae
Climber
118 119
Cuscuta reflexa Roxburgh Cynoglossum officinale L.
Bail ---
Cuscutaceae Boraginaceae
Climber Herb
120
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Ex DC
Taali, sheesham
Papilionaceae
Tree
121 122 123 124
Daphne mucronata Royle Datura stramonium L. Debregeasia salicifolia D. Don Desmodium latifolium Roxb. DC.
Kutilal Datura Sandoori, chenjul Chamra
Thymelaeaceae Solanaceae Urticaceae Caesalpinaceae
125 126
Dicliptera roxburghiana Nees Diospyrus lotus L
--Amlok
127
Dodonaea viscosa (Linn.) Jacq., Sanatha
128
Enum. Echinops echinatus Roxb.
Unt katara
129
Eclipta prostrata L.
Bhangra
117
3-5 m
Not seen
March-April
Greenish-yellow White White
Feb-May April-June March-June
5m
White
June
Perennial
7-10 m
Pale yellow
May-July
Perennial Biennial/ Perennial Perennial
20 m 0.5 m
Ivory white reddish-purple
Aug-Nov Jun to Aug
30 m
Yellowish white
May-July
Shrub Sub shrub Tall shrub Under shrub
Perennial Annual Perennial Perennial
2.5 m 1.5 m 5-7m 60-120 cm
White White Red/orange Purple to pink
April-Sep March-Sep March-June July-Aug
Acanthaceae Ebenaceae
Herb Tree
Annual Perennial
90 cm 2-10 m
Sapindaceae
Shrub
Perennial
5m
Pink Pale green reddish greenish yellow
Asteraceae/ Compositae Asteraceae/
Sub shrub Annual
1m
white
Dec-Jan
Nov-May to May-June May-June
Herb
Annual
0.6 m
White
August
Tree Herb
Perennial Annual
9m 10-80 cm
White Dirty white
Feb-April April-June
130 131
Ehretia laevis Roxb Eruca Sativa
Sakkar Jamian
Compositae Boraginaceae Brassicaceae/ Cruciferae
132 133 134 135
Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Euphorbia helioscopia L. Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbia neriifolia L.
Gond Chhatri Dodak Dudhi Thoar
Myrtaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae
Tree Herb Herb Shrub
Perennial Annual Annual Perennial
55 m 50 cm 60 cm 3-5 m
White Yellowish green Bright green Yellowish
Dec-May Jan - July July-Dec. Jun-Sep.
136 137 138 139 140
Euphorbia prostrata Ait. Euphorbia royleana Boiss. Ficus benghalensis L. Ficus carica L. Ficus elastica Roxb.
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Moraceae Moraceae Moraceae
Herb Shrub Tree Tree Tree
Annual Perennial Perennial Perennial Perennial
30 cm 5-7 m 20-25 m 5-9 m 30 m
Green Yellowish Pinkish-red Not seen White
Around the year Hot weather Around the year Feb-Mar March-April
141 142 143
Hornem. Ficus glomerata Roxb. Ficus johannis Boiss. Ficus palmata Forssk.
Moraceae Moraceae Moraceae
Tree Shrub Shrub
Perennial Perennial Perennial
10-20 m 3-4 m 10 m
White Not seen Not seen
March-May May-Aug May-Nov
Moraceae Flacourtiaceae
Tree Tree
Perennial Perennial
20 m 3-6 m
Green White
February March-April
Apiaceae
Herb
Perennial
2m
Yellow
May–Jun
(Umbelliferae) Fumariaceae
Herb
Annual
5-40 cm
Pale pinkish
March-June
Geraniaceae
Herb
Annual
10-40 cm
Purplish
March-April
Euphorbiaceae Proteaceae
Small tree Perennial Tree Perennial
9m 10-25 m
Yellow Orange yellow
May-July March-April
Tiliaceae Tiliaceae
Tree Tree
8m 15 m
Orange-yellow Yellowish-red
March-Sep June-July
144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152
Dodal Lenthoar Bohr Anjeer ex Ruber plant Rombal Trekani Phagwari
Ficus religiosa L. Peepal Flacourtia indica (Burman f.) kokoh Merrill Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Sonf Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Papra H.N. Pugsley Geranium rotundifolium L. Choti rattanjot Glochidion velutinum Wight Gor kamila Grevillea robusta A.Cunn. ex R.Br. Grewia asiatica Linn Falsa Grewia optiva J. R. Drumm. ex Taman Burret
63 | Siddique et al.
Perennial Perennial
J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2016 153
Gymnosporia royleana (Wall.) Patakhi
154 155
ex Lawson Hiptage madablota Gaertn. Hypericum oblongifolium
Celastraceae
Shrub
Perennial
1-3 m
Whitish
Around the year
Malpighiaceae Hypericaceae/ Guttiferae
Climber Shrub
perennial Perennial
30 feet 0.4-2 m
Creamish white Yellow
March-April March-Aug
Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W. Bhakhara T. Aiton Indigofera gerardiana Wall. ex Kainthi Baker.
Apocynaceae
Shrub
Perennial
10 m
White
Aug-Dec
Caesalpinaceae
Shrub
Perennial
1.8-2.5 m
Pink
May July
Indigofera pulchella Roxb. Inula cappa Buch.-Ham. DC. Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Jasminum humile var humile f.
Caesalpinaceae Asteraceae Convolvulaceae Oleaceae
Shrub Shrub Shrub Shrub
Perennial Perennial Perennial Perennial
10-15 cm 1.8 m 1-5m 0.5-3 m
Pink Yellow Pinkish Yellow
March-May June-Aug Spring Apr-Jul
Oleaceae Oleaceae
Climber Shrub
Perennial Perennial
0.4-5 m 3m
White White
May-July Warm season
Crassulaceae
Herb
Perennial
20-100 cm Yellowish orange
Mar
Malvaceae Lythraceae
Tree Shrub
Perennial Perennial
20 m 7m
Brown Purple
Sep-Nov Spring and summer months
Anacardiaceae
Small tree Perennial
10 m
Green yellow
March-Apr
168
Lannea coromandelica (Houtt) Kamlai Merrill Lantana camara L. Panch phali
Verbenaceae
Shrub
Perennial
1-4 m
Orange or yellow
Throughout the year
169 170
Lantana indica Roxb. Leucas capitata Desf.
Perennial Annual
1-2.5 m 10-50 cm
Whitish, or pinkish White
July-Sep July-Oct
171
Ligustrum lucidum W. T. Aiton
Verbenaceae Shrub Lamiaceae/Labiat Herb eae Oleaceae Shrub
25 m
Creamish-white
May-Jul
Perennial
6m
White
April-July
Perennial
3-6 m
Redish-brown
Aug-Sep
156 157 158 159 160 161
-----
Kainthi Kuchi Akri Peeli chambeli
164
pubigerum (D.Don) Grohmann Jasminum officinale Linn. Chambeli Jasminum sambac (Linn.) Ait., Hort. Kalanchoe laciniata (Linn.) de Zakhm e hayat
165 166
Candolle Kydia calycina Roxb. Lagerstroemia indica Linn.
162 163
167
172 173
-----
Ghaneri Goma booti
Lonicera quinquelocularis Phut Hardw. Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) kamila
174 175 176
Muell. Arg Malva neglecta Wallr. Sonchal Malva sylvestris Linn. Khabazi Malvestrum coromendelianum Dhamni boti (L.) Garcke
177 178
Martynia annua L. Matricaria chamomilla L.
-----
179
Melia azedarach L.
Daraik, bakain
180 181
Melilotus indica (L.) All. Mentha arvensis L.
Senji Podina
182
Mentha longifolia L.
Chita podna
Euphorbiaceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Malvaceae
Herb Annual 0.6 m Herb Biennial 1.25 m Sub shrub Annual or 1-1.5 m biennial
Light pink Pink-purple Yellow
Mid-summer Jun to Sep Mid-summer
Martyniaceae Asteraceae/ Compositae Meliaceae
Herb Herb
Annual Annual
1.5 m 10-40 cm
Blue or yellow Yellow
Aug-Nov May-Jul
Tree
Perennial
10 m
lilac
Mar-May
Papilionaceae Lamiaceae/ Labiateae Lamiaceae/
Herb Herb
Annual Perennial
15-60 cm Yellow 30-120 cm light purple
Herb
Perennial
30-120 cm light purple or white May-Nov
Herb
Perennial
Herb
Perennial
30-100 cm tinged purple and July white 30 cm Reddish Around the year
Labiateae Lamiaceae/ Labiateae Lamiaceae/
March-Aug July-Sep
183
Mentha X piperita L.
184
Micromeria
185 186 187
Ham. ex D. Don) Benth. Mimosa rubicaulis Lamarck. Shiah-kanta Mirabilis jalapa Linn. Gul-e-abbasi Monotheca buxifolia (Falc.) A. Kala meva DC.
Labiateae Mimosaceae Nyctaginaceae Sapotaceae
Climber Perennial Herb Perennial Small tree Perennial
6m 1.5 m 1-3m
Pinkish Reddish Rusty
September Sept.-Oct April-May
188
Moringa Oleifera Lam.
Moringaceae
Tree
10-12m
White
Jan.-April
biflora
Podna
Caprifoliaceae
or Perennial
tree Large shrub Shrub
(Buch.- Chai boti
Sohanjna
64 | Siddique et al.
Perennial
J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2016 189
Morus alba L.
Moraceae
Tree
Perennial
8-15 m
Green
April-Sep
190 191 192
Morus nigra L. Kala toot, she-toot Myrsine africana L. khokonr Nasturtium officinale W. T. Tara meera Aiton
Chita toot
Moraceae Myrsinaceae Brassicaceae/ Cruciferae
Tree Shrub Herb
Perennial Perennial Perennial
10 m tall 1m 10-80 cm
Green Yellowish white White
March-July March-May April-July
193 194
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Nepeta cataria L.
Herb Herb
Perennial Perennial
1m Pinkish red or white Around the year 40-150 cm White June-July
195
Nerium oleander L. Syn: N. Kundair
Nymphaeaceae Lamiaceae/ Labiateae Apocynaceae
Shrub
Perennial
6m
Pink or dark red
April-June
196
indicum Mill. Nymphaea alba L.
Kanwal
Nymphaeaceae
Herb
Perennial
30-150 cm
July-Aug
197
Ocimum basilicum L.
Niaz-bo
Lamiaceae/Labiat Herb
Annual
20-80 cm
White-yellowish green Purplish white
Zaitoon Kaho Barkao ---
eae Oleaceae Oleaceae Oleaceae Cactaceae
Tree Tree Tree Shrub
Perennial Perennial Perennial Perennial
7m 10 m 5-20 m 1-3 m
Whitish Whitish Cream Bright yellow
April-May April-May April-May Jun-Oct(-Dec)
Cactaceae Shrub chitta Lamiaceae/Labiat Shrub eae
Perennial Perennial
1.3-4 m 40-60 cm
Yellow to orange Pale
Apr-Aug April-May
Perennial 4-18 cm Annual or 50 cm Perennial Perennial 4 m
White Bright yellow
April-May March-June
yellow
March-May
White or green
March-May
Kanwal ---
July-Dec
198 199 200 201
Olea europaea L. Olea ferruginea Royle. Olea glandulifera Wall. Opuntia dillenii (Ker Gawler)
202 203
Haworth Opuntia monacantha Haw. Nagphana Otostegia limbata (Benth.) Bombuli, Boiss. kanda
204 205
Oxalis acetosella L. Oxalis corniculata L.
khatkurla Khatti buti
Oxalidaceae Oxalidaceae
Herb Herb
206
Parkinsonia aculeate L.
Vilayeti kikar
Caesalpinaceae
Shrub
207
Hamamelidaceae Shrub
Perennial
5m
208
Parrotia jacquemontiana Pasher Decne. Parthenium hysterophorus L. ---
Asteraceae/ Compositae
Herb
Annual
30-120 cm White
Apr-Aug
209 210 211 212
Periploca aphylla Dcne. Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene Phyllanthus emblica L. Pinus roxburghii Sargent
Butra Makra Amla Cheer
Periplocaceae Verbenaceae Phyllanthaceae Pinaceae
shrub Herb Tree Tree
Perennial Perennial Perennial Perennial
1.8-3 m 7-14 cm 15-20 m 30 m
Greenish White Green ---
March-May Around the year March-May ---
213
L. kangur
Anacardiaceae
Tree
Perennial
18 m
214
Pistacia integerrima Stewart ex Brandis Pistia stratiotes L.
---
Araceae
Perennial
50 cm
215
Pisum sativum L.
Mattar
Papilionaceae
Aquatic herb Climber
reddish in panicles Spath white
Annual
0.5-2 m
White
216 217
Platanaceae Lamiaceae/ Labiateae Plumbaginaceae
Tree Shrub
Perennial Perennial
25 m Salmon 30-160 cm White
April-May March-Oct
218
Platanus orientalis L. Chinar Plectranthus rugosus Wall. ex --Benth. Plumbago zeylanica Chetra
Shrub
Perennial
1-3m
White
July-Sep
219 220 221
Populus ciliata Wall. ex Royle Porana paniculata Roxb. Portulaca oleracea Linn.
safeda Safed bel Khurfa , kolfa
Salicaceae Convolvulaceae Portulacaceae
Tree Climber Herb
Perennial 20 m Perennial Annual or 25 cm Perennial
Green White White or purplish
March-April Oct – Mar Around the year
222
Prosopis juliflora Swartz
Velayti kikar
Mimosaceae
Perennial
5m
Greenish yellow
March-June
223 224
Prunus armeniaca L. Prunus domestica L.
Hari Alucha
Rosaceae Rosaceae
Large shrub Tree Tree
Perennial Perennial
9m 9m
White White
Feb-March Feb-March
225 226
Daruna Batangi
Punicaceae Rosaceae
Shrub Tree
Perennial Perennial
l.5-5 m 12 m
Red or white White
April-July Feb-March
227 228
Punica granatum L. Pyrus pashia Buchanan Hamilton ex D. Don Quercus dilatata Royle Quercus glauca Thunb
Barungi Barin
Fagaceae Fagaceae
Tree Tree
Perennial Perennial
20 m 15 m
Greenish Greenish
April-May March-April
229
Quercus ilex L.
---
Fagaceae
Small tree Perennial
2.5-8 m
Yellow catkins
April-May
J.
65 | Siddique et al.
lateral March-May Hot season Feb-Sep
J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2016 230
Quercus inccana Roxb.
Rhin
Fagaceae
Tree
Perennial
6-18 m
Greenish -yellow
April-May
231
Rhamnus purshiana DC.
Kalamewa
Rhamnaceae
Perennial
4.5–10 m
Greenish yellow
Mid spring
232 233
Rhamnus triquetra Wall. Rhamnus virgatus Roxb.
Jalidar Sotapaja
Rhamnaceae Rhamnaceae
Large shrub Tree Shrub
Perennial Perennial
7m 2m
Greenish white yellow
July-Aug
234 235 236 237
Rhus cotinus L. Rhus javanica L. Rhus succedanea L. Riccinus communis L.
Phanr Titro Kakra singhi Arand
Anacardiaceae Anacardiaceae Anacardiaceae Euphorbiaceae
Shrub Tree Small tree Shrub
Perennial Perennial Perennial Perennial
3-5m 12 m 10 m 5m
Yellowish-pink White greenish- yellow Male flower:
April-May. Aug-Sep Spring At most seasons
238 239 240
Rosa moschata Herrm. Rubus ellipticus Smith. Rubus fruticosus Loureiro
Jhal Akha Garacha
Rosaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae
Climber Shrub Shrubs
Perennial Perennial Perennial
10 m 1–3 m 3m
yellowish-green White Pink Pink
June-July Mar–Apr May-Sep
241 242 243 244
Rumex dentatus L. Rumex hastatus D. Don Sageretia thea (Osbeck) M.C Salix acmophylla Boiss.
Ola Katmat, tehtur Gangeeri Bheens
Polygonaceae Polygonaceae Rhamnaceae Salicaceae
Herb Shrub Shrub Large shrub
Annual Perennial Perennial Perennial
30-70 cm 1m 3m 70-130 cm
White Pink Yellow Silver green
May-Jun Apr-May Jul-Sep Feb-April
245
Salvia moorcroftiana Wallich Kallijari ex Bentham Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. Rehtaa Sarcococca pruniformis Lindl. Ohela
Lamiaceae/ Labiateae Sapindaceae Euphorbiaceae
Herb
Perennial
2.5 feet
Pale lilac
May-June
Tree Shrub
Perennial Perennial
20 m 2m
Greenish-yellow Yellow
May-June Sep-April
Asteraceae/ Compositae Asteraceae/ Compositae
Herb
Perennial
40-80 cm
Yellow
April
249
Senecio chrysanthemoides --Candolle Silybum marianum (L.)Gaertn. Kandiari
Herb
Biennial
1m
Purple
July-Sep
250
Sinapis arvensis L.
Jangli sarson
Herb
Annual
20-60 cm
Yellow
April-June
251
Sisymbrium irio L.
Khubkalan,khakasi
Brassicaceae/ Cruciferae Brassicaceae/ Cruciferae
Herb
Annual
10-60 cm
Yellow
March-May
252 253 254 255
Solanum erianthum D. Don Solanum nigrum L. Solanum pseudo-capsicum L. Solanum surattense Burm. f.
Solanaceae Solanaceae Solanaceae Solanaceae
Shrub Herb Shrub Herb
Perennial Annual Perennial Annual
120-150 cm 15-60 cm 90-120 cm 15 cm
White White White Purple
Around the year May-Aug May-July Around the year
256
Solidago canadensis L
---
Herb
Perennial
150 cm
Golden yellow
Aug-Sep
257
Sonchus asper (Linnaeus) Hill
---
Herb
Annual
20-50 cm
Yellow
May-Oct
258
Strobilanthes alatus Nees
---
Asteraceae/ Compositae Asteraceae/ Compositae Acanthaceae
Shrub
Perennial
1.2 m
dark-blue
June-Oct
259
Strobilanthes glutinosus Nees --in Wall. Tamarindus indica L. Imli Taraxacum officinale F.H. Hand
Acanthaceae
Herb
Perennial
1.5 m
Pale blue
Nov-March
Caesalpinaceae Asteraceae/
Tree Herb
Perennial Perennial
10-15 m 15 cm
Pale yellow Yellow
May -June. Early Spring
Wigg. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Gulo Miers. ex Hook.f. and Thoms. Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Ajwain
Compositae Menispermaceae Climber
Perennial
4-10m
Yellow or green
Summer
Apiaceae
Herb
Annual
25-140 cm
White
May–Aug
264 265
Sprague Trianthema portulacastrum L. It-sit Trichodesma indicum (L.) R. Kali booti Br.
(Umbelliferae) Aizoaceae Boraginaceae
Herb Herb
Annual Annual
35 cm 50cm
pink or white lilac
Summer Around the year
266 267 268
Trifolium repens L. shatal Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Methi Urtica dioica L. Bichu booti
Papilionaceae Papilionaceae Urticaceae
Herb Herb Herb
Perennial Annual Perennial
10-30 cm 10-50 cm 50-150 cm
269
Verbascum thapsus L.
---
Scrophulariaceae Herb
Biennial
White or pinkish April-July Yellowish white April Pale-greenish, or May-Sep whitish Yellow March-Oct
270
Verbena officinalis L.
---
Verbenaceae
Annual
246 247 248
260 261 262 263
Kach mach Mohkree
Herb
66 | Siddique et al.
1.5 m or 25-100 cm
Pale
pink
or June-Dec.
J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2016 perennial
purplish
271
Viburnum cotinifolium D.Don. Taliana
Caprifoliaceae
Shrub
Perennial
3m
272
Viburnum grandiflorum Wall. Ghuch Ex DC.
Caprifoliaceae
Shrub
Perennial
2-3 m
273
Viola odorata L.
Ba-nafsha
Violaceae
Herb
Violet
March-July
274 275
Vitex negundo L. Vitis vinifera L.
Somali, marvand Dakh
Verbenaceae Vitaceae
Shrub Climber
Annual to 3-15 cm perennial Perennial 1-2 m Perennial
blue or violet Greenish
Around the year May –July
276
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Asghand in DC. Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Taawi, dhawi S.Kurz.
Solanaceae
Herb
Perennial
60-90 cm
Yellowish green
Around the year
Lythraceae
Shrub
Perennial
2.5 m
Red-orange
March-April
278
Xanthium strumarium L.
Herb
Annual
20-120 cm White
Jul-Aug
279 280 281
Xylosma longifolium Clos. Batti Zanthoxylum armatum DC Timber Ziziphus nummularia Burm. Jahri ber
Asteraceae/ Compositae Flacourtiaceae Rutaceae Rhamnaceae
Tree Shrub, Shrub
Perennial Perennial Perennial
14 m 5m 5m
Yellowish Pale red Yellow
Winter March-April March-June
282
Syn: Rhammus nummularia Burn. Ziziphus oxyphylla Edgew. Pithni
Rhamnaceae
Tree shrub
or Perennial
1.5-2 m
Yellow
June-Sep
283
Zizyphus jujuba Mill.
Rhamnaceae
Tree shrub
or Perennial
10 m
Yellow-green
June-July
277
Chota dhatura
Sao Bair
yellow-whitish gray-whitish Pinkish whitish
or March-May Nov-June
Enumeration of floristic diversity of Khanpur valley
Fagaceae, Liliaceae & Meliaceae 4 each, Aceraceae,
Fungi shares 0.35%, algae 1.06%, bryophytes 1.06%,
Amaranthaceae,
pteridophytes 1.06%, gymnosperms 0.70% and
Chenopodiaceae
angiosperms 95.75% (monocots 13.42% and dicots
Asclepiadaceae,
Cactaceae,
82.33%) of total explored flora of Khanpur Valley.
Flacourtiaceae,
Fumariaceae,
There are 120 herbs, 80 shrubs, 64 trees and 19 climbers species as shown in Figure 3. Of the total plant species there are 65 (22.96%) annuals, 5 (1.76%) biennials, and 213 (75.26%) perennials plants as shown in Figure 4.
Apiaceae, &
Ranunculaceae
Menispermaceae, Nymphaeaceae,
Caprifoliaceae, 3
each,
Convolvulaceae, Lythraceae,
Myrtaceae,
Nyctaginaceae,
Oxalidaceae,
Polygonaceae,
Rutaceae, Salicaceae, Sapindaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Tiliaceae, Urticaceae & Zygophyllaceae 2 each, Aizoaceae, Araliaceae,
Alliaceae,
Amaryrillidaceae,
Arecaceae/Palmaceae,
Araceae,
Asparagaceae,
Families share of flora of Khanpur valley
Berberidaceae,
Bombacaceae,
Family Poaceae/Gramineae was the largest family
Cannabinaceae,
Celastraceae,
with 24 species, followed by Asteraceae/Compositae
Cornaceae, Crassulaceae, Cupressaceae, Cuscutaceae,
with 18 species, Lamiaceae/Labiatae 12 species,
Cyperaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Ebenaceae, Funariaceae,
Moraceae & Euphorbiaceae 10 each, Caesalpinaceae
Geraniaceae,
9, Mimosaceae 8, Oleaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rosaceae &
Hypericaceae/Guttiferae,
Solanaceae 7 each, Acanthaceae, Brassicaceae &
Malpighiaceae,
Papilionaceae 6 each, Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae,
Morchellaceae, Moringaceae, Myrsinaceae, Pelliaceae,
Malvaceae & Verbenaceae 5 each, Boraginaceae,
Periplocaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Pinaceae, Platanaceae,
67 | Siddique et al.
Buxaceae, Coriariaceae,
Hamamelidaceae, Juglanceae,
Marchantiaceae,
Lauraceae,
Martyniaceae,
J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2016 Plumbaginaceae,
Portulacaceae,
Primulaceae,
Description of families
Proteaceae, Pteridaceae, Punicaceae, Sapotaceae,
Fungi is represented by 1 family, algae & bryophytes 3
Simaroubaceae,
Tiliaceae,
families each, pteridophytes 1 family, gymnosperms 2
Typhaceae, Ulmaceae, Violaceae & Vitaceae with 1
families and angiosperms represented by 89 families
species each as shown in Figure 5.
(monocots represented by 11 families and dicots 78
Thymelaeaceae,
families).
Fig. 1. Introduction to Khanpur valley.
Fig. 2. Floristic diversity of Khanpur valley.
68 | Siddique et al.
J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2016 Species to family analysis
anthropogenic activities but also there is much
Results showed that number of species against
floristic diversity in Khanpur valley. Furthermore,
respective family is much lower as there are only 283
comprehensive floristic research studies are required
species reported against 101 families. This reflects
for complete exploration of further plant species of
that there is not only rapid declination of flora due to
the Khanpur area.
Fig. 3. Habit of flora of Khanpur valley.
Fig. 4. Life span of flora of Khanpur valley. Flora of Khanpur valley as resource
Comparative analysis with published literature
Study indicates that flora of Khanpur valley serve as a great resource to the local people. People of Khanpur
Total 283 plant species are reported from Khanpur
valley rely on local flora for their various daily needs
valley. Similar studies were also conducted in other
like timber wood, fuel wood, fodder, wild fruits &
areas of Pakistan. Qureshi et al., (2011) reported 130
vegetables,
plant species belonging to 37 families from Pir Mehr
construction,
ethnomedicines,
ethnoveterinary medicines and agricultural tools etc.
Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University research farm at
69 | Siddique et al.
J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2016 Koont and its surrounding areas. Fazal et al., (2010)
families
from
Margallah
Hills
National
Park,
reported 211 plant species belonging to 66 families
Islamabad, Pakistan. Shah & Khan, (2006) identified
from Haripur District (KP), Pakistan. Jabeen et al.,
80 plant species belonging to 49 families from Siran
(2009) explored 245 plant species belonging to 77
Valley Mansehra, Pakistan.
Fig. 5. Families share (%) in total flora of Khanpur valley.
Fig. 6. Threats to the flora of Khanpur valley. Threats to the flora of Khanpur valley Flora
of
Khanpur
Valley
is
These anthropogenic activities have degraded the under
severe
important plant resources have Khanpur valley.
pressure/threat due to deforestation, over grazing, over exploitation and subsequent fires as shown in Figure 6.
70 | Siddique et al.
J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2016 Conclusions
Funk V, Hollowell T, Berry P, Kelloff C,
Khanpur Valley is enriched with enormous flora. The
Alexander SN. 2007. Checklist of the Plants of the
exploration of 101 families, for only 283 species,
Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta
indicates that there is much diversity of flora in
Amacuro;
Khanpur Valley. Hence more floristic explorations are
Contributions from the United States National
required in future. Beside this, flora of Khanpur
Herbarium 55, 1- 84.
Guyana,
Surinam,
French
Guiana).
Valley is under severe pressure due to increase number of anthropogenic activities like fire factor,
Haq F, Ahmad H, Ullah R, Iqbal Z. 2012. Species
unsustainable cutting of forests, grazing by nomads,
Diversity and Ethno Botanical Classes of the Flora of
agricultural
Allai
practices,
mining
activities,
over
Valley
District
Battagram
Pakistan.
exploitation for fuel wood, fodder collection and other
International Journal of Plant Research 2(4), 111-
needs. This is the reason that number of species per
123.
family are decreasing day by day. Hence the combined conservation efforts are also required to
Hussain K, Shahazad A, Husnain SZ. 2008. An
save this important biological resource.
Ethnobotanical Survey of Important Wild Medicinal Plants
of
Hattar
District
Haripur,
Pakistan.
Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12, 29-35.
Acknowledgement I always highly acknowledged the inexpressible cooperation and prayers of my parents, teachers,
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