Vol 1 ● No. 1 ● Year: 2012
ISSN: 2277-1700
Scientific Research Journal of India (SRJI)
Scientific Research Journal of India ( SRJI ) Dr.L.Sharma Campus, Muhammadabad Gohana, Mau, U.P., India. Pin- 276403 Email: editor.srji@gmail.com Cont: +91-9320699167, 8822485959, 9305835734
Web: http://www.srji.co.cc
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Table of Content ● Editorial ● Vermicompost: a source of soil fertility management in organic farming ● Growth Status among Females of Solan District of Himachal Pradesh ● Exploration of the History of Physiotherapy ● Effectiveness of Proprioceptive Training over Strength Training in Improving the Balance of Cerebral Palsy Children with
2 (Agriculture )
3
(Anthropology )
10 19
(Physiotherapy )
23
Impaired Balance
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Editorial Dear Readers, It is my immense pleasure to present the first issue of the first volume of the Scientific Research Journal of India (SRJI). This journal is the official organ of Dr. L. Sharma Medical Care and Educational Development Society. Scientific Research Journal of India is a Multidisciplinary, peer reviewed and open access Journal of science. The scope of this journal is therefore necessarily broad to cover recent discoveries in structural and functional principles of scientific research. It encourages and provides a forum for the publication of research work in different fields of pure and applied sciences. The Journal will publish selected original research articles, reviews, short communications and book reviews in the various fields of science like Botany, Zoology, Medical Sciences, Agricultural Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Natural Sciences, Anthropology and any other branch of related sciences. The Journal will be regularly published and issued quarterly. We shall also publish special issues based on specific themes at the suggestion of the executive committee of Dr. L. Sharma Medical Care and Educational Development Society and members of editorial of SRJI. I hope you shall appreciate our effort.
Dr. Popiha Bordoloi, Ph.D. Email: popiha@gmail.com
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Vermicompost: A Source of soil fertility management in organic farming P. Bordoloi*, A. Arunachalam**, K. Arunachalam*** & S.C. Garkoti****
Abstract: Use of vermicompost in crop field can reduce the cost of cultivation by replacing chemical fertilizer and it maintains sustaimentnable agriculture by improving soil texture and its enrichment. Vermicompost can convert waste in to money, so, it is rapidly becoming a growth business with an overall mandate of organic farming. Most of the farmers of India in general and Arunachal Pradesh in particular are marginal and poor. For them it is sometimes not possible for construct a cemented vermicomposting tank for producing vermicompost due to lack of Government subsidy. A low-cost bamboo beam vermicomposting unit was prepared and productivity was analyzed. The economics of bamboo beam vermicomposting unit was worked out and compared with that of the cemented tank vermicomposting unit as collected from different sources. In bamboo beam vermicomposting unit, the cost of production of one quintal vermicompost for first year was Rs. 79. For second year it was Rs. 6 and for the third year it was Rs. 14.40. In cemented tank vermicomposting unit the cost of production of one quintal vermicompost for first year was Rs. 632 and for second year onwards it was Rs. 10. Thus it is concluded that low-cost vermicomposting technology can be used as a source of income generation for the rural people by recycling and utilizing the locally available biodegradable wastes. Key words: Vermicomposting technology, biodegradable waste, Arunachal Pradesh.
Introduction Arunachal Pradesh is a ‘biodiversity rich
cropped areas are also available annually,
hot spot’ in the Indian Eastern Himalayas.
which
The agro climatic condition and variation
cultivation in the subsequent years. The
in elevation and latitude caused the
estimated amount of agricultural crop
occurrence
distinct
waste in Arunachal Pradesh was 261865
vegetation types of this region. Huge
tonne (t) per year which could be
amount of agricultural crop residues, weed
harvested from the cereals and legumes
biomass from both cropped and non-
cultivated.
of
different
and
are
usually
In
burned
addition,
a
for
crop
substantial
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Scientific Research Journal of India
amount of wastes are also arising from
overcome productivity crisis in agriculture
livestock. For instance, about 2221440 t of
and play a multifaceted role in the
wet dung per annum, and 1382520 t of
improvement of soil texture through its
urine per annum were arising from total
influence in soil pH, as agent of physical
number of livestock available (Bordoloi et
decomposition
al., 2007). In all, these agro-wastes could
formation by improving soil texture and its
be utilized successfully for compost
enrichment
preparation and recycled for integrated
Desai (1993) reported that by using
nutrient
vermiculture the cost of production could
management
for
enhancing
production and maintaining productivity.
by
promoting
(Venkateshwarlu,
humus 1995).
be substantially reduced by way of
While using organic materials as
replacing chemical fertilizers.
manures for crop production, the farmers
In
totality,
vermicompost
can
are faced with the problems of organic
convert waste in to money, so, it is rapidly
materials being bulky, with a low nutrient
becoming a growth business with an
content in relation to their volume, and
overall mandate of organic farming. Most
being often messy and has bad odour.
of the farmers of India in general and
Therefore there is a need to develop an
Arunachal
eco-friendly and appropriate technology to
marginal and poor and may not afford to
maximize economic value of nutrients of
construct cemented vermicomposting tank.
agro-waste
utilization.
So, it is envisaged to have a low- cost unit
Decomposition reduces much of organic
for the resource poor farmers of this
substances due to physical breakdown of
region. By considering all these views, for
substrate, leaching of soluble materials,
maintaining sustainable crop production as
and catabolism or oxidation (Seastedt,
well as to reduce the cost of fertilizer
1984).
of
application an attempt was made to
composting takes relatively higher time
prepare a non-tank vermicomposting unit
and produce low quality manure. Use of
(bamboo
earthworm for degradation of organic
available materials and resources. It can
waste and production of vermicompost is
also be viably used as a source of income
becoming
generation for the rural people by utilizing
for
sustainable
Conventional
popular
methods
and
is
being
Pradesh
beam)
commercialized. Use of vermicasting as
locally
biofertilizer can be one of the measure to
materials.
available
in
by
particular
utilizing
biodegradable
are
locally
waste
Material and Methods http://www.srji.co.cc
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An experiment was conducted to evaluate
Industries Commission (KVIC), Midpu,
a low-cost bamboo beam structure for
Arunachal Pradesh. A total of 1500
vermicompost preparation. The specific
earthworms (750 earthworms; size < 0.7 g,
objective of the study being to test the
750 earthworms size > 0.7 g) was
efficiency of some plant waste material as
inoculated for each bed and the bed was
a source of compost as well as to test the
covered by a gunny cloth. Moisture was
efficiency
compost
maintained at 40-50%. Each of the
preparation and also to develop a low-cost,
treatments was replicated three times to
eco-friendly bio-composting technique.
reduce the error of measurement of
of
methods
of
Three types of compost namely
particular
parameters.
Among
all,
simple compost, enriched compost and
vermicompost was found more nutritious,
vermicompost were prepared from easily
less time consuming and more productive.
available agricultural waste i.e. rice straw,
The structure of bamboo beam unit and
weeds from rice field and kitchen waste.
different stages of vermicomposting are
Cow dung was mixed for all the compost
presented in Figure 1.
in the ratio of 1:1 (by weight). Bamboo
The economics of bamboo beam
were
vermicomposting unit was worked out and
prepared. The beam was covered with
compared with that of the cemented tank
polyethylene sheet to check the nutrient
vermicomposting unit as collected from
loss and to provide proper temperature for
different sources. The cost of cemented
quick decomposition. In vermicomposting,
tank vermicomposting unit was calculated
after 25 days of decay the partial
by personal observation and by having
decomposed materials were transferred to
interviews with different farmers which
the
size
have their own vermicomposting units
of
prevailing in Papum Pare district and from
earthworms. The identified suitable strain
the Department of Agriculture, Govt. of
of earthworm i.e. Eisenia foetida (Sav.)
Arunachal Pradesh. The net cost of
was collected from Multi-Disciplinary
production per kilogram per year was
Training Centre (MTDC), Khadi Village
calculated.
beam
of
size
1m×1m×0.5
vermicomposting
2m×1m×0.3
m
for
bed
m
of
inoculation
Results and Discussion http://www.srji.co.cc
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For construction of low cost bamboo beam
takes very low-cost compared to a concrete
vermicomposting unit of 1 tonne capacity
tank. The cost of production of one tonne
per harvesting a total of 60 piece bamboos
vermicompost can be reduced by 87.5 % in
was needed for construction of shed and
the first year. For second year cost of
bamboo beam, which was cost around Rs.
production could reduce to 40%. Third
600. The total cost of thatch and polythene
year it needs some what more that is 44%
sheet comes around Rs. 600. Labour cost
more cost of production due to repairing of
for construction of the unit was Rs. 350.
bamboo beam and bamboo shed for
The initial cost of earthworm was Rs.
production
2000. The total cost including maintenance
subsequent years. On an average, the
and packaging for first year was Rs. 3950.
production
For second year it was Rs. 300 and for
vermicompost in bamboo beam was Rs.
third year it was Rs. 720. In one year 5
33.13 and in cemented tank it was Rs. 217
harvesting was done, so total of 50 q of
in first three years.
compost was harvested from the unit. Net
Low
of
vermicompost
cost
of
cost
one
for quintal
vermicomposting
profit for first year was Rs. 31,050, for
technology can help the marginal and
second year it was Rs. 34,700 and for third
resource poor farmers of the North East
year it was estimated Rs. 34,280. In the
India. The cost of cultivation of crops can
first year, the cost of production of one
also
quintal vermicompost was Rs. 79, for
vermicomposting technology by replacing
second year it was Rs. 6 and for the third
the need of chemical fertilizers. Most of
year it was Rs. 14.40 (Tables 1 and 2).
the peoples of North East India depend on
be
reduce
by
popularizing
The construction cost of one tonne
Agriculture. Vermicompost not only helps
capacity per harvesting cemented tank type
to increase the productivity of crops but
of vermicomposting unit was Rs. 31,600.
also helps as income generation for the
An expenditure of Rs. 500 was required
youth of North East India. By utilizing
for maintenance and packaging from the
locally available resources and waste
second year onwards. Thus the production
material available by their own, the
cost for one quintal vermicompost was Rs.
farmers
632 in the first year. And from second year
vermicomposting unit and can utilize it as
onwards it was Rs. 10 only (Tables 3 and
a source of income generation. Now a
4).
days, it is a great concern to popularize the From the data it is seen that non-
can
construct
a
small
organic farming. The demands of organic
tank bamboo beam vermicomposting unit, http://www.srji.co.cc
Vol.1 ● No.1 ● 2012
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products are increasing not only in the
local market but also in global market.
a
b
c
d
Figure 1: (a) Bamboo beam structure (partial decomposition tank), (b) Placing of agricultural waste material in partial decomposition tank, (c) Earth worm collection from rearing bed, (d) Vermicomposting bed after inoculation of earthworm.
Table 1. Cost of production of non tank vermicomposting unit (bamboo beam) Parameters
Construction of shed (Bamboo 20 pieces @Rs. 10 per culm), (Size of shed 14m×16 m) Bamboo beam 12 numbers (size 1 m ×1m×0.5 m), and bed 6 numbers (size 2 m × 1 m × 0.3 m), (Bamboo 40 pieces @Rs. 10 per culm) Thatch Polyethylene sheet Man days for construction ( @ Rs. 70) Miscellaneous Cost of earthworm Packaging cost Sieve Total cost Cost of production of 1 q vermicompost
Cost 1st year 200.00
2nd year -
400.00 400.00 200.00 350.00 100.00 2000.00 200.00 100.00 3950.00 Rs. 79.00
3rd year 40.00 40.00
100.00 200.00 300.00 Rs. 6.00
100.00 100.00 140.00 100.00 200.00 720.00 Rs. 14.40
(Production capacity per harvesting 10 quintal)
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Table 2. Production of vermicompost in non-tank vermicomposting unit (bamboo beam) 1st year Production in one harvesting
2nd year
3rd year
10q
10q
10q
5 harvesting in one year Market price for 1 kg vermicompost Gross income after 1 year Sale of earthworm Gross income after 1 year
50 q Rs. 5.00
50 q Rs. 5.00
50 q Rs. 5.00
Rs.25,000.00 Rs. 10,000.00 Rs. 35,000.00
Rs.25,000.00 Rs. 10,000.00 Rs. 35,000.00
Rs.25,000.00 Rs. 10,000.00 Rs. 35,000.00
Net profit
Rs. 31050.00
Rs. 34700.00
Rs. 34280.00
Table 3. Cost of production of tank type vermicomposting unit (cemented type) Parameters
Cost 1st year
Construction of shed (11m ×3m) Construction of tank of size ( 3m× 1m ×1m) total 3 numbers of tank Miscellaneous
Cost of production of 1 q vermicompost
3rd year
14,000 15,000
-
-
300.00
300.00
300.00
2000.00
-
-
200.00 100.00 31,600.00
200.00 500.00
200.00 500.00
Rs. 632.00 Rs. 10.00
Rs. 10.00
Cost of earthworm Packaging cost Sieve Total cost
2nd year
(Production capacity per harvesting 10 quintal)
Table 4. Production of vermicompost in tank type vermicomposting unit (cemented type) 1st year
2nd year
3rd year
Production in one harvesting 5 harvesting in one year Market price for 1 kg vermicompost Gross income after 1 year Sale of earthworm Gross income after 1 year
10q 50q Rs. 5.00
10q 50q Rs. 5.00
10q 50q Rs. 5.00
Rs. 25,000.00 Rs. 10,000.00 Rs. 35,000.00
Rs. 25,000.00 Rs. 10,000.00 Rs. 35,000.00
Rs. 25,000.00 Rs. 10,000.00 Rs. 35,000.00
Net profit
Rs. 3,400.00
Rs. 34,500.00
Rs. 34,500.00
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References -Bordoloi,
D.,
-T. R. (1984). The role of microearthopods in
Arunachalam, A., Arunachalam, K. and
decomposition and mineralization processes.
Garkoti, S.C. (2007). Agricultural waste
Annu. Rev. Entomol. 29: 25-46.
management for sustainable crop Production:
-Venkateshwarlu, B. (1995). Composing the
A
Pradesh.
decomposed. Indian Silk, September, 1995, 5.
Biodiversity Conservation- The Post-Rio
-Desai A. (1993). Congress of Traditional
Scenario in India. Assam University, Silchar.
Science and Technology of India, I. I. T.
Seastedt,
Bombay, 28 November to 3 December, 1993.
case
P.,
study
Balasubramanian,
in
Arunachal
CORRESPONDENCE *KVK,
NRC
on
Pig,
Indian
Council
of
Agricultural
Research,
Dudhnoi,
Goalpara,
Assam,
**A.Arunachalam, Division of Natural Resources Management, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan II, Pusa, New Delhi. ***School of Environment and Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehra Dun, Uttarnchal, **** School of Environmental Sciences, Jowaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.
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Growth Status among Females of Solan District of Himachal Pradesh Trinayani Bordoloi*
Abstract: The study aims to see the age related changes in anthropometric and physiological characteristics and association between adiposity measures and cardiovascular functions among preadolescent and adolescent females. Growth pattern diverge at time of preadolescence and adolescence. The present study was conducted by cross-sectional method among 125 growing Rajput females ranging from 9 years to 16 years of Solan district, Himachal Pradesh. The adiposity assessed by BMI, WHR, GMT. There is an increase in BMI with age in the present study and the highest mean value is found at the age of 16. As far as correlation between cardiovascular functions and adiposity measure are concerned there is a significant correlation between blood pressure with BMI, GMT and WHR till 12 years, but in the later years no such pattern was observe.
Key words: Anthropometry, Rajput females, Body Mass Index.
INTRODUCTION Many changes both structural and functional in
Increasing body fatness is accompanied by
the human body are witnessed with the
profound changes in physiological functions.
increasing age. These
changes could be
These changes are to a certain extent, associated
attributed to growth and development which
with the regional distribution of adipose tissue.
starts right from conception and also due to
Body fatness and its distribution is a useful
environmental conditions such as nutritional
epidemiological and clinical marker of health
pattern, physical activity level, health status etc
risk among humans. Adiposity is the result of an
experienced by the human body.
excessive number and/or size of white adipose http://www.srji.co.cc
Vol.1 â&#x2014;? No.1 â&#x2014;? 2012
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cells. At an individual level, a combination of
blood pressure was designed in the Solan
excessive caloric intake and a lack of physical
district of Himachal Pradesh.
activity are thought to explain most cases of adiposity (Lau et al 2007). A limited number of Materials and methods
cases are due primarily to genetics, medical reasons, or psychiatric illness (Bleich et al
Keeping in mind the objective of the study, data
2008). Anthropometry is the widely accepted
on
tool for measures the adiposity of the human.
measurements were collected by using cross-
Studies in this regard reveal that BMI, WC,
sectional method on 125 preadolescent and
WHR, GMT are the good indicators of the
adolescent females in the age groups 9 to 16
adiposity measures of the preadolescent and
years of Solan district, Himachal Pradesh. The
adolescent females. According to Barness et al
data was collected from the schools in that area;
(2007) adiposity is a leading preventable cause
besides some data was also collected from home
of
with
visits. Age was recorded by the verbal response
and children,
of the subjects. An exhaustive proforma was
and is viewed as one of the most serious public
catered to obtain general data of the population
health problems of the 21st century. Excessive
under study. The general information collected
body weight is associated with various diseases,
from the mating pattern (constructed using
particularly cardiovascular
diseases, diabetes
maternal and paternal subcastes) established the
mellitus type 2, obstructive sleep apnea, certain
fact that the Rajputs follow the rule of caste
types of cancer, and osteoarthritis (Haslam et al
endogamy and sub-caste exogamy. Different
2005). It has been very recently observed by
body measurements were taken on each
Kotchen et al. (2008) that blood pressure levels
individual such as height vertex, body weight,
and the prevalence of hypertension are related to
mid
adiposity, the main components of adiposity
circumference, maximum hip circumference,
being BMI, waist/hip ratio, waist/height ratio
skinfold
(WHtR) and percent body fat.
subscapular, suprailiac, calf posterior, blood
death worldwide,
increasing prevalence in
adults
Taking the above issues into consideration, the present study on the association of different anthropometric parameters of adiposity and
anthropometric
upper
arm
thickness
and
physiological
circumference, at
biceps,
waist triceps,
pressure both systolic and diastolic, heart rate, pulse rate and breadth holding time. These measurements were taken according to the standard recommendations of Weiner and http://www.srji.co.cc
Vol.1 ● No.1 ● 2012
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Lowrie (1981). For assessing the adiposity
analyzed by SPSS version 15 evaluation product
measures of preadolescent and adolescent
package and excel program itself.
females
we
have
adopted
various
anthropometric indices, body mass index, waist-
Results
hip ratio and grand mean thickness and statistical methods were used to calculate mean,
The basic information of the Rajput females of
standard deviation, t-test value and correlation
the Solan district, Himachal Pradesh (Table 1)
to draw meaningful conclusions. Mean standard
indicates a gradual increase in mean stature,
deviation and t-value were used to assess the
body weight with age. The increase in height
changes in successive ages, while an attempt has been made to correlate adiposity measures with blood pressure. The analysis of the data was done by using the Windows Vista basic version of Windows. The calculation of data was done in the Microsoft Excel program. The data was
vertex from 9 to 12 years was found to be statistically significant and increase in body weight from 13 to 14 years and 14 to 15 years also found to statistically significant. An increasing trend was observed in mid upper arm circumference but at the age of 12 years a slight decreasing pattern was observed.
Table1: Basic information of Rajput females in different age groups. Variables N
Height (cm) Mean±SD
Age(yrs)
t- value
Weight(kg) Mean±SD
t-value
Mean±SD
t- value
9
8
123.0±4.06
10
8
128.2±4.24
2.488*
22.6±4.75
1.875
19.1±9.1
.937
11
12
135.8±6.78
2.799*
26.7±5.4
1.742
17.4±1.7
.633
12
13
141.0±5.95
2.070*
27.6±6.0
.468
17.0±1.4
.605
13
9
143.9±5.70
1.114
31.0±5.5
1.601
17.3±1.5
.367
14
25
150.0±5.98
2.671*
36.5±5.3
2.679*
19.6±1.6
3.778***
15
16
152.2±10.90
.858
41.5±4.3
3.198**
20.0±3.2
.533
16
34
154.8±5.55
1.108
44.0±5.4
1.624
21.9±1.7
2.728**
*p<0.05
18.9±2.90
MUAC(cm)
16.1±1.0
**p<0.01 ***p<0.001
MUAC- Mid Upper Arm Circumference
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Table 2 displays a various adiposity measures
ratio was found at 10 years (.879cm). The
among Rajput females in different age group. In
increase in body mass index and waist
this table BMI and WC showed an increasing
circumference and grand mean thickness from
trend with age but WHR and GMT does not
14 to 15, 15 to 16 were found to be statistically
show consistent pattern in subsequent age
significant.
groups. The maximum mean value of waist-hip-
Table2: Adiposity assessed by BMI, WHR, WC, GMT BMI
Variables
2
(kg/m )
N Age(yrs)
*p<0.05
t-value
Mean±SD
WHR
t-
WC (cm)
Mean±SD
value
Mean±SD
.83±.08
GMT t-value
(mm)
t-value
Mean±SD
9
8
12.6±1.7
50.1±2.6
7.1±1.5
10
8
13.6±2.3
1.188
.88±.21
.614
55.2±11.2
1.246
6.0±1.8
1.312
11
12
14.3±1.4
.842
.85±.13
.325
54.7±4.9
.133
6.9±2.0
1.051
12
13
13.8±1.5
.894
.80±.11
1.183
54.2±7.9
.183
6.9±1.4
.096
13
9
14.9±1.8
1.497
.78±.04
.576
55.4±4.9
.410
6.3±2.2
.738
14
25
16.1±1.5
2.070
.78±.07
.339
59.6±3.8
2.622*
7.2±2.1
1.109
15
16
18.0±2.2
3.198**
.77±.06
.566
62.4±3.4
2.351*
7.3±2.2
.077
16
34
18.3±1.5
.529
.74±.10
1.108
84.4±4.9
.069
9.0±2.1
2.556*
**p<0.01 ***p<0.001
BMI- Body Mass Index WHR- Waist- Hip Ratio WC- Waist Circumference GMT- Grand Mean Thickness
Table 3 displays mean values of various
systolic blood pressure and breathes holding
physiological variables along with their standard
time. The diastolic blood pressure, heart rate
deviation among Rajput females of different age
and pulse rate declined and inclined pattern was
group. An increasing trend was observed in
found with advancing age. The increase in http://www.srji.co.cc
Vol.1 ● No.1 ● 2012
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systolic blood pressure from 12 to 13 years was
value mean value was found at 13 years of age.
statistically significant and the maximum mean Table3: The various physiological variables of the subjects. Vari able s
SBP N
(mm/hg) Mean±SD
Age (yrs )
HR
DBP tvalue
(mm/hg) Mean±S D
tvalue
Mean±S D
tvalue
Mean±S D
t-value
77.5±4.8
Breath holding time(sec) Mean±SD
tvalue
100.5±6.7
10
8
108.0±11.5
1.60
72.1±7.2
.037
81.5±5.3
.301
76.6±4.4
.378
21.2±7.9
2.114
11
12
109.7±8.3
.384
68.6±6.1
1.187
76.5±7.2
1.674
73.4±7.3
1.105
16.1±5.4
1.764
12
13
105.8±9.6
66.3±4.6
1.058
81.2±8.1
1.507
78.2±7.2
1.652
21.8±13.1
1.430
13
9
115.7±8.0
66.2±9.7
.028
77.6±7.0
1.079
75.7±7.2
.816
22.2±10.8
.016
14
25
104.4±21.3
1.095 2.536 * 1.533
70.4±7.9
1.266
79.7±4.9
75.8±6.1
.054
25.9±11.2
.858
15
16
112.6±9.6
1.446
72.4±9.3
.742
76.2±3.6
72.9±3.8
1.691
25.8±10.9
.032
34
114.7±14.4
.527
71.7±7.3
.307
72.9±7.1
.996 2.452 * 1.735
69.2±6.2
2.207*
27.8±11.4
.612
*p<0.05
80.6±6.3
(p/min)
8
16
72.0±6.2
PR
(b/min)
14.6±3.7
**p<0.01 ***p<0.001
SBP- Systolic Blood Pressure
PR- pulse Rate
DBP- Diastolic Blood Pressure HR- Heart Rate
In table 4 shows the correlation coefficient of
concluded that correlation vary from variable to
blood pressure with body mass index, waist hip
variable in all the groups. There is a significant
ratio and grand mean thickness of Rajput
correction between blood pressure with body
females in advancing age. In this table
mass index, grand mean thickness and waist hip
attempted was made to correlate the various and
ratio till 12 years but in later years no such
blood pressure in different age groups and it is
pattern was observed.
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Table4: Correlation coefficient of blood pressure with BMI, WHR, GMT of the participants. 2
Variable
BMI(kg/m ) N
Age(yrs)
GMT(mm)
WHR
SBP
DBP
SBP
DBP
SBP
DBP
9
8
.541
.273
.758*
.452
.964**
.736*
10
8
.154
.348
.059
.365
.267
.534
11
12
.852**
.420
.492
.124
.233
.291
12
13
.617*
.535
.039
.042
.571*
.576*
13
9
.645
.353
.181
.155
.350
.365
14
25
.131
.040
.173
.061
.048
.051
15
16
.378
.095
.083
.003
.341
.107
16
34
.038
.066
.133
.101
.093
.121
*p<0.05
**p<0.01 ***p<0.001
BMI- Body Mass Index WHR- Waist- Hip Ratio GMT- Grand Mean Thickness
Discussion
in study conducted by the Abbassi (2000). It is observed that there is an increase in body weight
The variables considered in this present study
from 9 years to 16 years in the present study.
show an increasing trend from 9 to 16 years but
The weight of the girls increases with age in
all parts of the body do not grow at the same
study the conducted by the Abbassi (2000).
rate. Some body parts or dimensions increase more than others during the adolescent period (Tanner 1962).
According to the study conducted by Tyagi et al (2005) the increase in weight with age could be due to imbalance of energy in
Mean value of height vertex (stature)
favour of energy intake. The circumference
increased among the growing Rajput females of
measurement
that
is
mid
upper
arm
the Solan district of the Himachal Pradesh.
circumference show gradual increase with age
Similar findings were observed by Sinha and
which indicates musculature development and
Kapoor (2009) where there was an increase in
the similar results is found by Nadia et al (2009)
stature of adolescent girls aged 11-17 years. The
the mean
mid upper arm circumference
height increases in girls from the age of 9 years http://www.srji.co.cc
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(MUAC) and arm muscle area (AMA) for girls
faster rate than the numerator of the ratio
gradually increased with age up to 17 years.
(Malina, 1974).
BMI and GMT of skinfold do not show
With age physiological fitness also starts
steady increase with age. There is fluctuation,
stabilizing. But at the present study there is
but a definite trend of increase witnessed would
relative decline in heart rate and pulse rate.
entail this due to increase in fat mass. This
Comparatively higher heart rate and pulse rate
increase in fatness established the fact that there
at an earlier age could be imputed to higher
continues to be increase in fat content in females
metabolic rate as well as relatively low blood
throughout life. The fluctuation could be a
pressure. Breath holding time displays a steady
reflection of fluctuation for fat stores as fat is
increase with age.
depleted incase of faster growth phase (Kapoor
An attempt was made to correlate the
et al 1998, Parizkova 1977, Sinha and Kapoor
various adiposity measures and cardiovascular
2006). There is an increase in BMI from 9 years
functions in different age groups and it was
to 16 years in the present study on preadolescent
concluded that the correlations vary from
and adolescent girls of Solan, Himachal Pradesh
variable to variable in all the groups. The
with a slight dip from 11 years to 12 years.
correlation coefficients reflect an inconsistent
Waist/hip ratio (WHR) is used as index
pattern.
As
far
as
correlations
between
of obesity and regional fat distribution in
cardiovascular functions and adiposity measure
epidemiological studies. The decreases of mean
are concerned there is significant correlation
of waist-hip ratio in the age group 9 years-16
between blood pressure and BMI, GMT and
years among the growing Rajput females
WHR till 12 years, but in later years no such
implies gynoid fat distribution during the
pattern is observed.
growing period. During adolescence, there is
found strong correlation between systolic blood
widening of the pelvis resulting into broader
pressure and diastolic blood pressure with body
hips
mass index and waist circumference in Wardha
relative
to
their
waist,
hence
the
ratio decreases as the denominator increases at a
Deshmukh et al (2006)
district of Central India.
Acknowledgement Authors gratefully acknowledge Prof. A. K.
are indebted to Rajput females of Solan district,
Kapoor,
Himachal Pradesh for their cooperation and help
Department
of
Anthropology,
University of Delhi for timely suggestions. They
during data collection. http://www.srji.co.cc
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REFERENCES: Abbassi Val 2000 The National Center for
2006 Canadian clinical practice guidelines
Health Statistics.
on the management and prevention of
Barness L A., Opitz J M., Gilbert-Barness
obesity in adults and children. CMAJ
E .2007. Obesity: genetic, molecular, and
.176(8): S1–13.
environmental aspects. Am. J. Med. Genet.
R.M. Malina, 1974. Adolescent changes in
143A(24): 3016–34
size, build, composition, and performance.
Bleich S, Cutler D, Murray C., Adams A.
Human Biology 46:117-131
2008. Why is the developed world obese? Annu Rev Public Health. .29: 273–95 Deshmukh P R., Gupta. S S, Dongre A R, Bharambe M S., Maliye C, Kaur S, Garg B S. 2006. Relationship of anthropometric indicators with blood pressure levels in Rural Wardha. India J Med Res. 123: 657664 Haslam D W, James W P. 2005.Obesity. Lancet 366(9492): 1197–209. Kapoor S, Patra P K, Sandhu S and Kapoor A K. 1998 Fatness and its distribution pattern among Jat Sikhs. J.Ind. Anthrop. Soc. 33:223-228. Kotchen TA, Grim CE, Kotchen JM, Krishnaswami S, Yang H, Hoffmann RG, McGinley EL 2008. Altered relationship of blood pressure to adiposity in hypertension. Am J Hypertens, 21b: 284-289. Lau D C, Douketis J D, Morrison K M, Hramiak I M, Sharma A M, Ur E .2007.
Gharib Nadia M. and Rasheed P. 2009. Anthropometry and body composition of school children in Bahrain. Ann Saudi Med. 29(4): 258–269. Parizkova J. 1977 Body fat and physical fitness. The Hague, Martinus Nijhiff, B V Med. Div. Sinha R and Kapoor S. 2006 Parent-Child Correlation for Various Indices of Adiposity in an Endogamous Indian Population. Coll. Antrop. 30: 291-296. Sinha R and Kapoor S 2009 Gender difference in fat indices as evident in two generations. Anthrop. Anz. 67: 153-163. Tanner J M. 1962. Growth at adolescence, 2nd edition Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford. Tyagi R, Kapoor S, Kapoor A K. 2005. Body composition and fat distribution pattern of elderly females, Delhi, India. Coll. Anthropol..29(2):493-498.
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18
CORRESPONDENCE *Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India.
http://www.srji.co.cc
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Scientific Research Journal of India
Exploration of the History of Physiotherapy Krishna Nand Sharma* BPT, MPT (Neuro) Abstract: Physiotherapy or Physical Therapy or PT, is a conservative science of the treatment and management after the clinical examination, assessment and diagnosis of the diseases for restoration of the neuro-musculo-skeletal and Cardio-pulmonary efficiencies, managing pain and certain integumentary disorders with the help of physical means like radiation, heat, cold, exercise, current, waves, manipulation, mobilization etc. Many organizations describe physiotherapy in their ways. This paper explores the historical roots of physiotherapy.
INTRODUCTION Physiotherapy or Physical Therapy
The Maharashtra OT PT Council defines
or PT, is a conservative science of the
the physiotherapy as: “ a branch of
treatment and management after the
medical
clinical
and
examination, assessment, interpretation,
diagnosis of the diseases for restoration of
physical diagnosis, planning and execution
the neuro-musculo-skeletal and Cardio-
of treatment and advice to any person for
pulmonary efficiencies, managing pain and
the purpose of the preventing correcting,
certain integumentary disorders with the
alleviating and limiting dysfunction, acute
help of physical means like radiation, heat,
and chronic bodily malfunction including
cold,
life
examination,
exercise,
assessment
current,
waves,
manipulation, mobilization etc.
science
saving
which
measures
includes
via
chest
physiotherapy in the intensive care unites,
Various organizations have defines
curing physical disorders or disability
the Physiotherapy in their own words. Few
promoting physical fitness, facilitating
definitions of them are given below:
healing and pain relief and treatment of
The APTA defines the physiotherapy as:
physical and psychosomatic disorders
“clinical applications in the restoration,
through modulating physiological and
maintenance, and promotion of optimal
physical response using physical agents,
physical function. ” 1
activities and devices including exercises, mobilization,
manipulation,
therapeutic
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ultrasound, electrical and thermal agents
Sweden. The Swedish word for physical
and electrotherapy for diagnosis, treatment
therapist is “sjukgymnast” (sick-gymnast).
and prevention. ”
2
Per Henrik Ling who is called he Father of
Physiotherapists use the patient’s
Swedish Gymnastics founded the Royal
history and physical examination to make
Central Institute of Gymnastics (RCIG) in
the diagnosis and establish a management
1813 for massage, manipulation, and
plan and in necessity they incorporate the
exercise. The
results of laboratory, imaging studies and
first
physiotherapy
Electrodiagnostic testing.
is
use
of
found
the in
word
German
Physiotherapy is concerned with
Language as the word “Physiotherapie” in
identifying and maximizing the quality of
1851 by a military physician Dr.Lorenz
life and movement potential within the
Gleich.5
spheres
of
promotion,
Physiotherapists
prevention,
were
given
treatment or intervention, habilitation and
official registration by Sweden’s National
rehabilitation
Board of Health and Welfare in 1887
which
encompasses
the
physical, psychological, emotional, and
which
was then followed
by other
social well being.
countries. The word “Physiotherapy” was the
coined by an English physician Dr.Edward
physiotherapy was rooted in 460 B.C.
Playter in the Montreal Medical Journal in
when the physicians like Hippocrates and
1894 after 43 years of the German term
later Galenus who may be believed to have
“Physiotherapie”. In his words- “The
been the first practitioners of physical
application of these natural remedies, the
therapy used to advocate massage, manual
essentials of life, as above named, may be
therapy techniques and hydrotherapy to
termed natural therapeutics. Or, if I may be
The
treat people.
texts
reveals
that
3
In the 18
permitted to coin from the Greek a new th
century, after the
term, for I have never observed it in print,
development of orthopedics, machines like
a term more in accordance with medical
the Gymnasticon were developed for the
nomenclature than the word hygienic
treatment of gout and similar diseases by
treatment commonly used, I would suggest
systematic exercise of the joints, similar to
the term, Physiotherapy” .6
later developments in physical therapy.4 The earliest documented origin of the actual physiotherapy is found to be in
In the same year four nurses Lucy Marianne
Robinson,
Rosalind
Paget,
Elizabeth Anne Manley and Margaret http://www.srji.co.cc
Vol.1 ● No.1 ● 2012
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Dora Palmerin in Great Britain formed the
March 1921 in “The PT Review”. In the
Chartered Society of Physiotherapy.7
same year, Mary McMillan organized the
The first documented professional
physiotherapy
association
named
the
institution for Physio- therapy training was
American Women’s Physical Therapeutic
School of Physiotherapy at the University
Association which is currently known as
of Otago in New Zealand which run an
the
entry level program in physiotherapy.8
Association (APTA).
After this the next year or in 1914
American Primarily
Physical in
the
Therapy 1940s
the
in United States, Reed College in Portland,
treatment consisted of exercise, massage,
9
and traction but later in the early 1950s the
The establishment of the modern
Manipulative procedures to the spine and
physical therapy is thought to be in Britain
extremity joints began to be practiced
towards the end of the 19th century. The
especially in the British Commonwealth
American orthopedic surgeons started
countries, in the early 1950s.10, 11
Oregon, graduated “reconstruction aides”.
treating the disable children and started employing women trained in physical education, massage, and remedial exercise. It was promoted further during the Polio outbreak of 1916 and during the First World War when the women were working with the injured soldiers. The first physical therapy research was published in the United States in
REFERENCES 1. http:/ / www. apta. org/ / AM/ Template.
4.
American
cfm?Section=& WebsiteKey=
Association.
2. Maharashtra Act No. II of 2004.
Therapy. What is physical therapy ”
Mharashtra Govern- ment Gazzet. 12 Jan
(http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?S
2994. Part 8:5-29
ection= Consumers1& Template=/ CM/
3. Wharton MA. Health Care Systems I;
HTMLDisplay. cfm& ContentID=39568).
Slippery Rock University. 1991
American Physical Therapy Asso- ciation.
“
Physical
Therapy
Discovering
Physical
. Retrieved 2008-05-29. http://www.srji.co.cc
Vol.1 ● No.1 ● 2012
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Scientific Research Journal of India
5. Tertouw TJA. Letter to editor-the origin
asp). School of Physiotherapy Centre for
of the term “ Physiotherapy ” . Physiother
Phys- iotherapy Research. University of
Res Int. 2006; 11:56-57
Otago. Archived from the original (http:/ /
6. Playter E. Physiotherapy First: Nature’s
physio. otago. ac. nz/ about/ history. asp)
medicaments
on 2007-12-24. . Retrieved 2008-05-29.
particularly
before relating
drug to
remedies;
hydrotherapy.
9. Reed College (n.d.). “ Mission and
Montreal Medical Journal. 1894;xxii:811-
History ” (http:/ / www. reed. edu/
827
about_reed/ history. html). About Reed.
7. Chartered Society of Physiotherapy
Reed College. . Retrieved 2008-05-29.
(n.d.). “ History of the Chartered Society
10. McKenzie, R A (1998). The cervical
of Physiotherapy ” (http:/ / www. csp. org.
and thoracic spine: mechanical diagnosis
uk/ director/ about/thecsp/ history. cfm).
and
Char- tered Society of Physiotherapy. .
Publications Ltd..pp. 16–20. ISBN 978-
Retrieved 2008-05- 29
0959774672.
8. Knox, Bruce (2007-01-29). “ History of
11. McKenzie, R (2002). “ Patient Heal
the School of Physiotherapy ” (http:/ /
Thyself ” . World- wide Spine &
web. archive. org/ web/ 20071224020426/
Rehabilitation
therapy.
New
2
Zealand:
(1):
Spinal
16–20.
http:/ / physio.otago. ac. nz/ about/ history. CORRESPONDENCE *Academic Chairman: Institute for Health & Wellness Address: Institute for Health & Wellness, Dr.L.Sharma Campus, Muhammadabad Gohana, Mau, U.P., India. Pin-276403. Email: dr.krisharma@gmail.com Cont: +91-9320699167
.
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Effectiveness of Proprioceptive Training over Strength Training in Improving the Balance of Cerebral Palsy Children with Impaired Balance Kuki Bordoloi* MPT (Neuro), Nidhi Sharma** MPT (Neuro)
Abstract: This is an experimental study with same subject design. Proprioceptive training and strengthening exercises is a promising therapy to improve the balance in CP subjects with impaired balance.The study intended to find out the effectiveness of Proprioceptive training and strength training exercises on balance of the CP subjects and which of them is more effective. 30 male or/and female patient of CP with impaired balance will be taken and randomly divided in to two groups. Group A will be treated with by proprioceptive training and group B will be treated with strength training for 12 week. Both group will assess with Timed-Up and Go (TUG) scale and Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) in starting and at the end of 12 weeks. The result will be statically analyzed using t-test for significance between the two groups. After a 13-week training period, the ‘t’ test and ‘p’ values were found significant with values 4.747 & 0.003 for TUG&PBS score respectively stating that there is significant effect when using Proprioceptive training than giving strength training for improving balance in geriatric subject with impaired balance. The result states that there is a significant effect when using Proprioceptive Training than giving Strength Training for improving balance in the C.P. subjects. So the proprioceptive training should be emphasized in the daily exercise regime of C.P. subjects to improve their balance.
Key words: Balance, fall prevention, Strength training, Proprioceptive training.
INTRODUCTION Cerebral palsy is an umbrella term
It is caused by damage to the motor
encompassing a group of non-progressive
control centers of the developing brain and
[1]
can
, non-contagious motor conditions that
cause
physical
disability
in
occur
during
pregnancy,
during
human
childbirth or after birth up to about age
development, chiefly in the various areas
three.[4] The motor disorders of cerebral
of body movement.[2] It is a non-
palsy
progressive disorder of motor function.[3]
disturbances
are
often of
accompanied
sensation,
by
perception,
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cognition, communication, and behaviour,
ways and to varying degrees in each
by
secondary
individual. Impairments present in children
It used to
with CP as a direct result of the brain
epilepsy,
and
by [5]
musculoskeletal problems.
describe diverse group of disorders of
injury
movement, posture and tone due to central
compensate
[4]
nervous system insult.
or
occurring for
indirectly
underlying
to
problems
In developed
include abnormal muscle tone; weakness
countries, the overall estimated prevalence
and lack of fitness; limited variety of
of CP is 2-2.5 cases per 1000 live births.
muscle synergies; contracture and altered
[34]
The prevalence of CP among preterm
biomechanics, the net result being limited
and very preterm infants is substantially
functional ability.[10] Other contributors to
higher.[6]
the
Balance can be defined as a
motor
disorder
include
sensory,
cognitive and perceptual impairments.[10]
complex process revolving the reception
Proprioception is a sense produced
and integration of sensory input, and the
by the sensory receptors that are sensitive
planning and execution of movement, to
to pressure in the tissues that surround
achieve
upright
them.[11] They are also present in the bones
posture.[7] The control of balance requires
of the legs, arms or other parts of the body
the
from
and these receptors response to stretches of
multiple sensory and motor systems by the
the muscle surrounding them and send
central nervous system (CNS).[8] Balance
impulse through the sensory nerve fibers
receptors in the inner ear (vestibular
to the brain.[11] Decline in dynamic
system) provide information to CNS about
position sense is associated with decrease
a
goal
integration
required of
in
information
the head and body movements.
[9]
The eye
in the balance of C.P. children and this
(visual system) provides input regarding
decline in proprioception can be prevented
the bodyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s orientation and motion within
or improved by Proprioceptive training.[12]
the environment.[7] The position and
In a study Edward R Laskowski et al
motion sensory of the muscle and joints,
(1997) shown that proprioception based
and the touch receptors of the extremities
rehabilitation
(proprioceptive
signals
objectives measurements of functional
regarding bodily position particularly in
status, independent of changes in joint
system)
send
relation to the supporting surface.
[7]
The balance disorder of cerebral
programs
improved
laxity and proprioception can be improved through Proprioceptive training.[12]
palsy (CP) is expressed in a variety of http://www.srji.co.cc
Vol.1 ● No.1 ● 2012
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Muscle strength is another factor
Recent research has focused on muscle
that plays an important role in balance and
weakness. ‘Wiley and Damino’ and Ross
mobility.
[7]
Muscle weakness can be major
and Engsberg’ described muscle is more
problem for many young people with
pronounced distally and found imbalance
[7]
cerebral palsy. strength
and
Training of muscle
coordination
has
across joints. Balance control is important
been
for competence in the performance of most
recommended to improve motor function.
functional skills, helping a child to recover
[13]
from unexpected balance disturbances,
Bobath considered spasticity to be the
main
problem
in
spastic
C.P.
and
either due to slips and trips or to self
suggested that resistance training should
induced
be avoided, but Carr stated that it is not the
movement that brings them towards edge
presence of spasticity but the negative
of their limit of stability.[16]
feature of weakness and loss of skills which are the major barriers to improve function. Many studies have reported positive result in strength training in spastic
children.[14]
Possible
factors
interfering with normal gait pattern in cerebral child includes spasticity, muscle contracture, bony deformities loss of selective motor and muscle weakness.[15]
instability
when
walking
a
Many studies have been conducted to
show
the
Proprioceptive
individual training
effect
and
of
strength
training to improve the balance of C.P. subjects. Hence this studies aims to analyze the effectiveness of both treatment technique
and
prove
the
better
effectiveness by comparing Proprioceptive training and Strength training.
METHODOLOGY Sample selection
Children below 8 years and above 14
The selection criteria are listed below.
years,
Inclusion Criteria: CP subjects with age
neurological impairment, Children with
group of 8-14 years, With normal I.Q.
audio visual impairment, Non ambulatory
(assessed by psychologist), Can follow
patients.
commands, Both boys and girls subjects, CP subjects who had fall at least twice a day, Subject who scored greater than 20
Children
with
any
other
Measurement tools Timed up and go scale
second in TUG test. Exclusion Criteria: http://www.srji.co.cc
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Timed up and go scale provides a reliable
they
were
quick screening measure. Many researches
department by neurologist.
indicate that most adult can complete the
referred
to
physiotherapy
Method
test in 10 seconds. A score of 11 to 20 seconds are considered within normal limit
The children were randomly divided in
for frail elderly or individual with a
two groups of 15 children each. All the
disability whereas score over 20 seconds
subjects were measured for functional
are indicative of impaired functional
balance using Timed Up & Go Test and
mobility. To perform this, the subject is in
Pediatric Balance Scale before start the
sitting position and a visible object is
training period and at the end of thirteen
placed 3 meter away from the patient. The
weeks of training.
subject is instructed to get up and walk down till the object and return to the seat. During this task timing is maintained with a stopwatch and the time taken for it is
Group A was trained with the Proprioceptive training whereas the Group B was trained with the Strength training.
recorded. A score greater than 20 seconds is associated with high risk in community dwelling older adults.
Protocol Strength training
Berg Balance Scale
All the subjects were treated with lower
The Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS), a
extremity strengthening exercises using
modification of Berg's Balance Scale, was
weight cuff. A standardized weight of one
developed as a balance measure for
repetition
school-age children with mild to moderate
considered for the subjects. 1RM was
motor impairments.It is used to assess
determined before the training for all the
balance and mobility which has 14
subjects.
functional tasks commonly performed in everyday life with scores ranging from 04, with a maximum score of 56.
maximum
(1RM)
was
A repetition of 8 to 15 times were done for all the strengthening exercises for duration of 30 minutes per session; with 5 minutes rest period in between for five
Procedure Patients were selected on the assessment and diagnosis of their condition and put on the inclusion and exclusion criteria after
days a week and were continued for 13 weeks. The following exercises were then given and it was ensured that the position http://www.srji.co.cc
Vol.1 â&#x2014;? No.1 â&#x2014;? 2012
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of subjects in all form of exercises were
kept on the thigh or on the side of the
comfortable.
chair, and then the right leg with the
1. Side leg rising
weight cuff was extended slowly in front, parallel to the floor for a period of 3
Subjects were made to lie in side lying
seconds. With right leg in that position, the
position and instructed to abduct the upper
foot was flexed so that the toes were
leg tied with weight cuffs slightly about 6-
pointing towards head; the foot was held in
12 inches. This position was held for
that position for 1-2 seconds. Duration of 3
sometime and then the leg was lowered.
seconds was taken to lower the leg back to
Same exercise was repeated with the other
the starting position, so that the balls of the
leg.
foot rested on the floor again. The same
2. Knee flexion exercise Subjects were made to sit on high chair or
procedure was repeated with the other leg. 5. Ankle Dorsiflexion
table, the knee was bent slowly as far as
Sitting on the chair with back support, the
possible, so that the foot with the weight
subject was asked to lift the foot tied with
cuff was bent behind. The subject was
a weight cuff so that the toes were pointing
asked to hold the position and then the foot
towards the head. Then the subject was
was lowered slowly all the way back
asked to hold and slowly return to the
down. The same procedure was repeated
original position. The same procedure was
with the other leg.
repeated with the other leg.
3. Hip Extension Exercise
Proprioceptive Training
Subjects were made to lie on prone
Subjects in Group A were given proper
position and one leg with weight cuff was
warm up for 5-10 minutes before starting
lifted slowly straight upwards. The subject
the treatment in the form of simple
was asked to hold the position and then the
stretching
leg was lowered. The same procedure was
stretch) and free exercises (knee flexion
repeated with the other leg.
and extension in side lying and high
4. Knee Extension Exercise Sitting on the chair with back support, the subject was asked to rest the balls of the feet & toes on the floor. The hands were
(Quadriceps
and
hamstring
sitting).[63] All the proprioceptive exercises were performed for duration of 30 minutes per session; with 5 minutes rest period in http://www.srji.co.cc
Vol.1 ● No.1 ● 2012
between for three days a week and were
4. To perform one leg standing with
continued for 13 weeks.
one foot raised to the back and to maintain the position for minimum
The Proprioceptive training included the
3 seconds. This procedure was
following exercises
performed with eyes closed also.
1. Stair climbing up and down (a
5. Same exercise as above performed
regular 3 steps staircase).
but with one foot raised to the
2. Standing with feet approximately
front. This procedure was then
shoulder-width apart and arms extended
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out
slightly
performed with eyes closed.
forward
6. Walking heel to toes.
lower than the shoulder, then
7. Rising from a standard chair (4
lifting both heel off the floor and to
times) without arm support.
hold the position for 10 seconds, followed by climbing regular steps staircase.
This
procedure
was
Data analysis Data analysis was performed using the
performed with eyes closed also.
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
3. Standing with feet side by side &
(SPSS) for windows version 17 (SPSS
holding the arms in same position
Inc., Chicago, U.S.A.). The data were
as described above, one foot is
analyzed using parametric (dependent‘t’
placed
test
on
the
inside
of
the
and
independent‘t’
test)
and
opposing ankle and to hold the
nonparametric (Wilcoxon Signed Ranks
position for 10 seconds. Followed
and Mann-Whitney Test) test to find the
by climbing regular steps staircase.
significance of the interventions used
This procedure was performed with
within and between the group A and B.
eyes closed also.
The significant level set for this study was 95% (p<0.05).
RESULTS & INTERPRETATION:
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Thirty Cerebral Palsy patients were part of
In Group A, 15 subjects with an
the study. Both the groups (A and B)
average age of 12.4 yrs (SD=1.96) and in
included 15 patients each, with 11 male
Group B, 15 subjects with an average age
and 4 females in group A and 12 male and
of 12.1 yrs (SD=1.79) completed the
3 females in group B. Age group taken
study.
was between 8-14 yrs with mean age of 12.33 yrs (SD=1.85).
Table 1.1: Comparison of Gender of patients in both groups Male
Female
Group A
11
4
Group B
12
3
Total
23
7
Table 1.2: Comparison of Mean and SD of Age of Patients in both groups Mean
SD
Male
12.8
1.25
Female
11.3
3.20
Male
11.8
1.80
Female
13
1.73
Group A
12.4
1.96
Group B
12.1
1.79
Group A
Group B
Total
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Table 1.3 Descriptive statistics of TUG Tests prior to and post study Mean
N
Std. Deviation
TUGAPR
23.667
15
1.799
TUGAPS
19.933
15
1.534
TUGBPR
23.333
15
1.676
TUGBPS
21.000
15
1.414
Table 1.4 Descriptive statistics of PBS Tests prior to and post study Mean
N
Std. Deviation
PBSAPR
42.1
15
1.792
PBSAPS
47.3
15
2.086
PBSBPR
43.1
15
1.685
PBSBPS
45.9
15
1.995
Interpretation
pre and post test means values for TUG
The table 1.1 states that total 30 patients
test It clearly shows that individually both
including 7 females were kept in two
Proprioceptive
groups A and B. The group A included 11
training
males and 4 females whereas the group B
Cerebral palsy patients with respect to
included 12 males and 3 females. Stating
TUG test but the improvement in the A
that the mean age of total patients was 12.4
which had had the Proprioceptive training
in group A and 12.1 in group B the table
showed more improvement. This is again
1.2 shows the mean age of male and
confirmed with the findings of PBS test in
female in group A and the male and
table 1.4 which states that although both
female in group B as 12.8, 11.3, 11.8, and
the groups showed improvement, the
13 respectively. The table 1.3 shows the
group A had better findings than group B.
training
produced
and
Strength
improvement
in
.Timed Up and Go Test:
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Table 2.1 Dependent ‘t’ test performed with the pre & post values of TUG test for significance within the groups Paired Differences 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference`
Within Group
T
Df
P
Std. Mean
SD
Error
Lower
Upper
Mean TUG A Pre – TUG A Post
3.73333
.88372
.22817
3.24395
4.22272
16.362
14
0.003*
TUG B Pre – TUG B Post
2.33333
.72375
.18687
1.93254
2.73413
12.486
14
0.002*
*-Significant
Table 2.2: Independent ‘t’ test performed with the pre & post values of TUG test for significance between the groups Independent Samples Test t-test for Equality of Means
Levene's Test for
95% Confidence
Equality of
F
TUG ATUG B
Interval of the
Variances
Between Group
Sig.
Difference
T
Df
Mean
P
Diff.
Std. Error
Lower
Upper
.79586
2.004
Diff.
Equal variances
.429
.518
4.747
28
1.4000
0.003*
.29493
assumed
*-Significant
Interpretation The table 2.1 shows that the value of ‘t’ as 16.362 and 12.486 for TUG Test in Group
improvement in Cerebral palsy patients within their group with respect to TUG test.
A and Group B respectively in dependent
The table 2.2 shows that the value
‘t’ test. The ‘t’ value is significant at
of ‘t’ as 4.747 in independent ‘t’ test. The
p<0.5. Graph 4 representing the mean
value of ‘t’ is greater even at p<0.05,
values of Pre and Post values of Timed Up
which is significant. Hence there was
& Go test show improvement within the
significant difference in improvement
group A and B respectively. Hence
between
Proprioceptive
individually both Proprioceptive training
Strength
training
and Strength training produced significant
patients with respect to TUG test.
in
training Cerebral
and Palsy
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Pediatric Balance Scale test: Table 3.1: Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test Within Group
PBSAPR - PBSAPS
PBSBPR – PBSBPS
Z
-3.442
-3.432
P
0.002*
0.002*
*-Significant
Table 3.2: Mann-Whitney Test
PBS
GROUP
N
Mean Rank
Sum of Ranks
A
15
21.97
329.50
B
15
9.03
135.50
Total
30
*-Significant
Table 3.3: Mann-Whitney and Wilicoxon test performed with the pre & post values of PBS test for significance between the group Between Group
PBS
Mann-Whitney U
15.500
Wilcoxon W
135.500
Z
-4.083
P
0.003*
*-Significant
Interpretation: The table 3.1 shows that the value of ‘p’ as 0.002 for Group A and Group B when compared within the group respectively. Graph 5 representing the mean values of Pre and Post values of
PBS show improvement within the group A and B respectively. Thus there is significant improvement on PBS in Cerebral
palsy
patients
after
Proprioceptive training and Strength training within their group respectively. http://www.srji.co.cc
Vol.1 ● No.1 ● 2012
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The table 3.3 shows that the value
between Proprioceptive training and
of ‘p’ as 0.003 and hence significant.
Strength training in Cerebral Palsy
Hence we can state that there was
patients with respect to PBS test.
significant difference in improvement
Table – 4.1 Mean of improvement in all the parameters between group a & Group B Parameters
Group A
Group B
TUG
3.73
2.33
PBS
5.19
2.73
Interpretation: The above table 4.1 and the graph 6, clearly indicates that the Proprioceptive training produced more improvement in the selected parameters (TUG, PBS) when compared with Strength training in
Graph 2: Comparison of Mean and SD
Cerebral palsy patients.
of Age of Patients between both groups and total.
Graph 1: Comparison of both the groups and the total on the basis of
Graph 3: Comparison of Mean and SD
gender of Patients
of pre study values of both groups
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Graph 6: Comparison of ‘Mean of Graph 4: Comparison of Mean and SD
Improvement’ in all the parameters
of Pre and Post values of Timed Up &
between Group A and Group B.
Go test
Graph 5: Comparison of Mean and SD of Pre and Postt values of Pediatric Balance Scale
DISCUSSION: In this study, better improvements in
tool are standard tools to analyze balance.
balance outcome were analyzed using
Proprioceptive training exercises were
proprioceptive
strength
given to improve the balance by improving
training. This study was done on 30 CP
the decreased sense of proprioception in
children with impaired balance who were
older age group where as Strength training
divided in to experimental Group Group-A
was given to improve the balance by
treated with Proprioceptive training and
improving the strength of lower extremity
Group-B with Strength training.
muscles.
training
and
The balance was taken as the
The improvements in functional
dependant endant variable which was measured
balance due to Proprioceptive training may
using Timed Up & Go test (TUG) and
be attributed to the improvemen improvement of
Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS). Both this
mechanoreceptor
activation.
Structural
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Vol.1 ● No.1 ● 2012
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Scientific Research Journal of India
changes in the muscle, bone and joints
These results were in accord with
during old age accounts for the decreased
Gauchard GC et al (1999) to improve
efficiency
proprioceptors.
balance by proprioceptive training. Studies
Researchers reason that proprioceptive
done by Pierre Gangloff et al (2003) also
training can
joint and
supports our results, which prove that
kinesthetic sensation to a greater extent
proprioceptive training exercises, improve
that the falls and risk of fall can be reduced
balance in subjects with impaired balance.
among the subjects.
This supports the experimental hypothesis
of
the
improve the
Edward R Laskowski et al also
hence the null hypothesis was rejected.
stated that the decline in dynamic position
The result of the present study
sense is associated with decrease in the
indicates that effect of proprioceptive
balance of C.P. children and this decline in
training had a proven effect over strength
proprioception
training.
can
be
prevented
or
All
participants
in
the
improved by Proprioceptive training.My
proprioceptive training group declared that
study confirms the study by Edward R
their balance had improved and most of
Laskowski et al (1997) which showed that
them were motivated to continue with the
proprioception
rehabilitation
training. Hence proprioceptive training
objectives
should be emphasized in the daily exercise
programs
based improved
measurements
of
functional
status,
independent of changes in joint laxity and
regime of CP subjects to improve their mobility
and
functional
status.
proprioception can be improved through proprioceptive training. [68] REFERENCES: 1. Cerebral Palsy. National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, October 3, 2002
Augmentative
Alternative
and
Communication:
Management
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Official Website. Retriebed on 10/6/2011
CORRESPONDENCE: *Neuro-Physiotherapist, GNRC, Guwahati, Assam. Email: kukzzmail@gmail.com Cont: +91-8822485959. **HOD, Dept of Physiotherapy, AIER, Ghaziabad, U.P., India
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