The Class of Verb & Verb Phrase

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The Class of Verb & The Verb Phrase By: Dr. Shadia Y. Banjar Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

http://SBANJAR.kau.edu.sa/ http://wwwdrshadiabanjar.blogspot.com 1


The unit sentence can be divided into two elements: Subject + Predicate.

subject

Noun Phrase

predicate

Verb Phrase

Sentence

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Tree Diagram The girl chased the dog.

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SENTENCE STRUCTURE Form + a { } with an [ ] the girl in first position and a [ ] in which the ( ) chased has another ( ) the dog attached to it. The first [ ] functions as a SUBJECT, the [ ] functions as a PREDICATE, in which, the ( ) functions as a PREDICATOR and the last ( ) functions as a DIRECT OBJECT. Until this moment, we have been dealing with a SENTENCE STRUCTURE: Form + ( ).

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the unit sentence can be divided into two elements: a Head, which is realized by a , and the rest of the dependents. The may have more than one dependent. The two most important dependents are the Subject and the Object, which are normally realized by . Apart from their different syntactic function and semantic role, Subjects and Objects differ in their position: (Subjects usually complement VPs in pre-position, whereas Objects usually appear in post-position), and in their relation to (Subjects but not Complements control forms, like in John likes Mary/People like Mary vs. John likes Mary/John likes people).

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As can be seen, Subjects and Complements (Objects, Subject Complements, Predication Adjuncts and Adverbials) modify and complement the meaning of the verb.

John has been eating crisps all the morning, the meaning of EAT is modified by the following elements: - the Subject, which specifies the agent of the action (it is John and not any other person who has been eating), - the Direct Object, which specifies the patient of the action (it is crisps and not anything else that John has been eating), - the Adverbial, which specifies the time when the action took place (it has been all this morning and not yesterday evening). These modifications are syntactic and external. They are realized by another type of phrases (NPs in our example). They clearly contrast with the way tense and number (-s), or aspect (have –en) /(be –ing) modify the meaning of EAT. Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

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SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF VPs revolve around their verb. Of the obligatory elements in a sentence, the main verb is the one that wholly or largely determines what form the rest of the structure will take. This means that, in technical terms, a sentence is a verbal expansion, and the VP is its head, with all the other phrases somehow subordinate to it. Verbs are the words that hold sentences together. Even though it is not difficult to find a verbless sentence, the definition of the unit ‘sentence’ requires the existence of a verb in every sentence. Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

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VERBS Lexical: – eat, walk, write, give, dream, jump

Auxiliary: – be, have, do, may, can, will

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Subtypes of lexical verbs Copula verbs: 1 participant, 1 attribute Mary is pretty. Intransitive verbs: 1 participant [Mary] is running. Transitive verbs: at least 2 participants [Mary] likes [cats].

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have usually been classified according to the number and type of Objects and Complements that follow particular verbs into intensive and extensive verbs.

VERBS

INTENSIVE

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EXTENSIVE

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Intensive verbs are those that require a Subject Complement or a Predication Adjunct.

Examples:

Jane seemed restless. The kitchen is downstairs.

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are subclassified into intransitive and transitive verbs.

intransitive

transitive

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are verbs that do not need any Object or Complement. Semantically, only one participant is involved in the action expressed by the verb.

Example:

Even after the sun vanished, amazement continued.

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In contrast, transitive verbs are verbs that do need some Object or Complement. They can be subclassified according to the number and type of Objects and Complements they can take in as:

Monotransitive verbs , Ditransitive verbs , and Complextransitive verbs. Monotransitive Verbs

Transitive Verbs

Ditransitive Verbs

Complextransitive Verbs Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

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Transitive Verbs

1. (mono)transitive: • John ate the apple. 2. ditransitive: • I gave John an apple. 3. complex transitive: • • • • •

Sub. V. We consider We wiped We elected She called

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DO. him the table him me

OC. our boss. clean. president. a liar. 15


-Monotransitive verbs are those verbs that take one Object. -Example: - I saw your picture in the paper. -Ditransitive verbs are those verbs that take two Objects, a Direct and Indirect Object; -Examples: -Mary sent me a card. -Mary sent a card to me. -Complextransitive verbs are those verbs that take one Object and an Object Complement; -Example: -The voters elected Mary. -Daniel put the book on the table.

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phrasal verbs A phrasal verb is a complex verb consisting of a simple verb and an adverb particle. Examples: §make up, §turn on, §put away, §take off, §fill up, §run over, §take in, and §do up. §Note that phrasal verbs are different from prepositional verbs.

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PREPOSITIONAL VERBS A prepositional verb consists of a verb and a preposition. Examples: •call on, • care for, and •insist on.

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PHRASAL VERB AND PREPOSITIONAL VERB: DIFFERENCES

A prepositional verb differs from a phrasal verb in many ways. 1) The particle in a phrasal verb is always stressed, but the preposition in a prepositional verb is not stressed.

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2) Phrasal verbs are separable. That is the particle in a phrasal verb can be moved to the end. Prepositional verbs, on the other hand, are inseparable. Examples with phrasal verbs: ยงThey called up the teacher OR They called the teacher up. ยงI picked John up. OR I picked up John. ยงHe filled the glass up. OR He filled up the glass. ยงShe turned the lights on. OR She turned on the lights. Note: The particle in the phrasal verb can be moved to the end. Examples with prepositional verbs: We called on the teacher. (BUT NOT We called the teacher on.) We called on them. BUT NOT We called them on. Note:The preposition in a prepositional verb cannot be moved to the end.

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3) You cannot put an adverb between the verb and the particle of a phrasal verb, but you can put an adverb between the verb and the preposition of a prepositional verb. Examples: We called early on the doctor. BUT NOT We called early up the doctor. The adverb early can come between the verb called and the preposition on in the prepositional verb called on. But it cannot come between called and up. When to separate a phrasal verb? A Phrasal verb can remain together when its object is a noun or noun phrase. Note that phrasal verbs must be separated when the object is a pronoun. We called them up. BUT NOT We called up them. (Here the object of the phrasal verb is a pronoun.) Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

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prepositional verbs are inseparable

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She is looking after the baby.

This is possible.

She is looking the baby after.

This is not possible.

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Prepositional verbs are intransitive verbs because prepositional verbs cannot take objects. For example: •The art critic looked at the painting. (correct) •*The art critic looked the painting. (incorrect)

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Source: •VERB PHRASES AND NOUN PHRASES IN ENGLISH: A PARALLEL APPROACH, LUIS QUEREDA RODRÍGUEZ-NAVARRO, University of Granada. •What are Phrasal Verbs and Prepositional Verbs : http://www.englishpractice.com/grammar/phrasal-verbs-prepositional-verbs/

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