Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies,
Online ISSN 2278 8808, SJIF 2021 = 7.380, www.srjis.com
PEER REVIEWED & REFEREED JOURNAL, SEPT OCT, 2022, VOL 10/73
çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa ds lUnHkZ esa ^f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj* vf/kfu;e ¼2009½ esa fpfUgr vk/kkjHkwr 'kSf{kd lajpuk dk v/;;u
e`nqy dqekj flag पूर्वशोधार्थी , f'k{kk'kkL=foHkkx , egkRekxk¡/khfp=dwVxzkeksn;fo'ofo|ky;]fp=dwV
Paper Received On: 25 OCTOBER 2022
Peer Reviewed On: 31 OCTOBER 2022
Published On: 01 NOVEMBER 2022
Abstract
Hkkjrh;ijEijkvksadsvuqlkjifjokjçkFkfedf'k{kkdsdsUægksrsgSaAekrkckyddhloZçFkexq:ekuh tkrhgSatksckyddks'kqHklaLdkjksadhçsj.kknsdjmldsO;ogkjdkslkekftdrkçnkudjrhgSaAfirkHkhekrkds i'pkr~xq#dkdk;ZdjrkgSatksmls'kqHkdk;Zdhçsj.kknsdjlnkpkjdsfy,çsfjrdjrkgSa];ghlsckyddh vkSipkfjdf'k{kkçkjEHkgksrhgSA
Research Journal's is licensed Based on a work at www.srjis.com
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa f'k{kk dks ukxfjdksa dk ewy vf/kdkj ekuk x;k gS] vkSj bu vf/kdkjks dk mi;ksx djus gsrq fuEufyf[kr O;oLFkk;sa nh xbZ gS&
1 f'k{kk dks leorhZ lwph esa j[kk x;k gSA Hkkjr x.kjkT; ds lafo/kku esa rhu vyx vyx lwfp;ka gS& çFke la?k lwph esa dkuwu cukus dk vf/kdkj dsaæh; ljdkj dks gS A f}rh; jkT; ;k çkUrh; lwph esa dkuwu cukus dk vf/kdkj jkT; ljdkjks dks gSA r`rh; leorhZ lwph esa dkuwu cukus dk vf/kdkj dsaæ ,oe~ jkT; ljdkj nksuksa dks gSA çkjEHk esa f'k{kk çkUrh; ;k jkT; lwph esa FkhA 1976 esa 42 osa lafo/kku la’kksèku }kjk f'k{kk dks leorhZ lwph esa 'kkfey fd;k x;kA rc ls f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk djuk dsaæ vkSj çkarh; ljdkjks nksuksa dh ftEesnkjh gSA
2 tUe ls 6 o"kZ rd ds f'k'kqvks dh ns[kHkky vkSj f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh x;h gSA lu~ 2002 e lafo/kku esa 86 ok gqvk ftles vuqPNsn 45 esa ;g ifjorZu fd;k x;k dh & jkT; lHkh cPpksa dks tc rd dks os 6 o"kZ dh vk;q çkIr u dj ys] ckY;koLFkk ns[kHkky vkSj f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk djsxkA
Copyright © 2022, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies
Scholarlye`nqydqekjflag (Pg.17548 17554) 17549
3 6 ls 14 o"kZ rd dh vk;q ds cPpksa dh vfuok;Z ,oe~ fu'kqYd f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh x;h gSA 2002 ds 86osa lafo/kku la’kksèku vf/kfu;e ds vuqlkj vuqPNsn 21A tksM+k x;k ftles & jkT; 6 ls 14 vk;q oxZ ds cPpksa dh çkFkfed f'k{kk dh vfuok;Z ,oe~ fu'kqYd O;oLFkk djsxkA lkFk gh ,d la’kksèku ;g Hkh fd;k x;k dh çR;sd ukxfjd dk ;g drZO; gS dh og ekrk firk ;k vfHkHkkd ds :i esa 6 ls 14 vk;q oxZ ds vius cPpksa vFkok vkfJrksa dks f'k{kk ds volj çnku djsA
4 f'k{kk laLFkkvks esa ços'k ds leku vf/kdkj çnku fd;k x;k gSA lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 29¼2½ esa ;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ & jkT; }kjk iksf"kr vFkok jkT; fuf/k ls lgk;rk ikus okyh fdlh Hkh f'k{kk laLFkk esa fdlh Hkh ukxfjd dks /keZ] ewy oa'k vFkok tkfr ds vk/kkj ij ços'k ls oafpr ugh fd;k tk,xkA
5 L=h f'k{kk dh fo'ks"k O;oLFkk dh x;h gSA lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 15¼3½ esa ;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ & bl vuqPNsn dh fdlh Hkh ckr ls jkT; dks fL=;ksa vkSj ckydks ds fy, dksbZ mica/k cukus e dksbZ ck/kk ugh gksxhA
6 lekt ds detksj oxZ tSls vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds cPpksa dh f'k{kk dh fo'ks"k O;oLFkk dh x;h gSA lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 17 }kjk loZçFke NqvkNwr dks lekIr fd;k x;k mld ckn vuqPNsn 46 esa ;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS & jkT; turk ds detksj oxksZ] fo'ks"kr% vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks dh f'k{kk rFkk vFkZ lEcU/kh fgrks dh fo'ks"k lko/kkuh ls mUufr djsxk vkSj lkekftd vU;k; vkSj lc çdkj ds 'kks"k.k ls mudk laj{k.k djsxkA
7- vYila[;dks dh f'k{kk dh fo'ks"k O;oLFkk dh x;h gSA lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 30¼1½ ds vuqlkj & /keZ ;k Hkk"kk ij vk/kkfjr lHkh vYila[;d oxksZ dks viuh :fp dh f'k{kk laLFkkvks dh LFkkiuk vkSj ç'kklu dk vf/kdkj gksxkA lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 30¼2½ ds vuqlkj & f'k{kk laLFkkvks dks lgk;rk nsus esa jkT; fdlh fo|ky; ds fo#) bl vk/kkj ij Hksn ugha djsxk dh og /keZ ;k Hkk"kk ij vk/kkfjr fdlh vYila[;d oxZ ds çcU/k esa gSA
8 ekr`Hkk"kk ds ek/;e ls f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh x;h gSA lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 350¼A½ ds vuqlkj çR;sd jkT; vkSj çR;sd LFkkuh; çkf/kdkjh dk ;g nkf;Ro gS dh og Hkk"kk;h –f"V ls vYila[;dks ds cPpksa dks f'k{kk ds çkFkfed Lrj ij ekr`Hkk"kk ds ek/;e ls f'k{kk dh leqfpr lqfo/kk;s miyC/k djk;sA
9 /kkfeZd f'k{kk ij jksd dh O;oLFkk dh x;h gSA lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 28 ds vuqlkj iw.kZ :i ls jkT; fof/k }kjk iksf"kr fdlh Hkh f'k{kk laLFkk esa /kkfeZd f'k{kk ugha nh tk;sxh] vkSj vuqPNsn 29
Copyright
© 2022, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studiese`nqydqekjflag (Pg.17548 17554) 17550
ds vuqlkj jkT; fuf/k ls lgk;rk çkIr fdlh Hkh f'k{kk laLFkk esa cPpksa dks fdlh /kkfeZd mikluk esa mifLFkr gksus esa ck/; ugha fd;k tk,xkA
10 jk"Vªh; egÙo dh Hkk"kkvks dh f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh x;h gSA lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 344¼1½ e 15 Hkk"kkvks dks jk"Vªh; egÙo dh Hkk"kk ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gS A ;s Hkk"kk,¡ gS & vlfe;k] caxkyh] xqtjrh] fgUnh] dUuM+] d'ehjh] ey;kye] ejkBh] mfM+;k] iatkch] laL—r] flU/kh] rfey] rsyqx] mnwZ] dksadM+h] ef.kiqjh] Mksaxjh] cksxs] eSfFkyh] lUFkky vkSj usikyhA bl çdkj bl le; jk"Vªh; egÙo dh Hkk"kkvks dh la[;k 22 gSA
11 jk"Vª Hkk"kk fganh ds fodkl dh ckr dgh x;h gSA lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 343 esa fganh dks la?k dh jktHkk"kk ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gS rFkk vuqPNsn 351 esa blds fodkl ds fy, fo'ks"k ifjorZu djus dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA
12 Hkkjrh; lfao/kku dh /kkjk esa fu%'kqYd ,oa vfuok;Z f'k{kk dks jkT; dk ,d uhfr&funsZ'kd fl)kUr ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k Fkk& jkT; bl lafo/kku ds dk;kZfUor fd, tkus ds le; ls 10 o"kZ ds vanj lHkh cPpksa ds fy,] tc rd os pkSng o"kZ dh vk;q iw.kZ ugha dj ysax]s fu%'kqYd ,oa vfuok;Z f'k{kk iznku djus dk iz;kl djsxkA ysfdu yxHkx 63 o"kZ chrus ds ckn Hkh ;g dke ugha gks ik;k gSA laln us 4 vxLr] 2009 dks cPpksa dk fu%'kqYd vkSj vfuok;Z f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj vfèkfu;e ikfjr fd;kA blds lkFk gh ns'k ds izR;sd cPps dks f'k{kk dk ekSfyd vfèkdkj izkIr gks x;kA ,l lh b vkj Vh ¼2014½ f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e ds fØ;kUo;u esa vkus okyh leL;k;sa f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e 1 vçSy 2010 dks ykxw fd;k x;kA bl vf/kfu;e dks ykxw gksus esa vusdksa çdkj dh leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA ykxw gksus ij ,slk çrhr gqvk fd vc cPpksa dks mudk vf/kdkj çkIr gks tk;sxk ijUrq ,slk ugh gks ldk gSA f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e ykxw gq, yxHkx ƒƒ o"kZ gks pqds gS ijUrq vkt Hkh fofHkUu çdkj dh leL;k,¡ vk jgh gSA „僃 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj vkt Hkh Hkkjr esa ,sls cPpksa dh la[;k yxHkx ‰Š yk[k ls vf/kd gS tks Ldwy rks tkuk pkgrs gS ysfdu fdlh u fdlh çdkj dh ikfjokfjd leL;ka ds dkj.k Ldwy ugha tk ikrsA Hkkjr esa çkFkfed Lrj dh f'k{kk dks csgrj cukus esa nks cM+h leL;k;sa gS çFke iwoZ çkFkfed f'k{kk dh mis{kk vkSj nwljh d{kkvksa dh mis{kkA lkekU;r% ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa cM+h d{kkvksa ij /;ku fn;k tkrk gS vkSj NksVh d{kkvksa dh mis{kk gksrh gSA blds ihNs ;g rdZ fn;k tkrk gS dh vkBoha d{kk ds fo|kFkhZ rks bl lky ikl gksdj pys tk;saxs] muds fy, gekjs ikl vxyk lky ugha gksxk ijUrq igyh vkSj nwljh ds cPpksa dks rks ckn esa Hkh le; nsdj fl[kk;k tk ldrk gSA bl lksp ds dkj.k cgqr ls fo|ky;ksa esa gj lky cPpksa dh mis{kk gksrh gS vkSj vf/kxe dk Lrj fxjrk tkrk gSA #gsyk ¼2007½
Copyright © 2022,
Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studiese`nqydqekjflag (Pg.17548 17554) 17551
Hkkjr esa ,dy fo|ky;ksa dh fLFkfr crkrh gS fd çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa f'k{kdksa dh deh gSA ubZ fu;qfä ds fy, ljdkj rS;kj ugha gS] in [kyh iM+s gSA ckjgoha ikl yksxksa dks i<+kus dh ftEesnkjh nh tk jgh gS] blls fLFkfr esa ifjorZu ugh gks jgk gSA blfy, f'k{kk ds {ks= esa lq/kkj dh nh?kZdkyhu uhfr esa ljdkjh ç;klk dks xfr nsus dh t:jr gSA blds vHkko esa vusdksa uhfr;k¡ vkSj dk;ZØe vk/ks&v/kwjs mís';ksa dks çkIr djsaxsaA çkFkfed Lrj ij çf'kf{kr f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfä ls ljdkj ihNs gVrh tk jgh tk jgh gS] ysfdu vc çf'kf{kr f'k{kdksa ds fu;qfä dh mi;ksfxrk Lohdkj dj yh x;h gSA vc ckr i;kZIr la[;k esa f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfä vkSj muds csgrj çf'k{k.k dh gksuh pkfg, rkfd cPpksa dks csgrj f'k{kk dk volj miyC/k djk;k tk ldsA csujk¶V] ¼1962½ f'k{kd dks f'k{k.k çfØ;k dk dsaæ fcanq ekurs gq, f'k{kd dks fofHkUu n'kkvksa esa mUur cuku ds çsl djus pkfg,A vxzoky ¼2014½ vkt ds le; esa euq"; dh vko';drk;sa c<+rh tk jgh gS] ,sls esa O;olk; ls vlarq"V jguk LokHkkfod gSA orZeku le; esa vfrfjä dk;Z ncko ds vusd dkj.k gks ldrs gS tSls dfBu O;olk;] /ku dh deh] mfpr osru u feyuk] Nk=ksa dh mifLFkfr esa deh] Nk=ksa ds vuq'kklu esa deh] ikBîØe esa fujarj ifjorZu bR;kfnA ;kno] ¼1999½ ;wuhQkbM fMfLVªd bUQkesaZ'ku flLVe Q‚j,tqds'ku ¼U-DISE½ 2015&16 ds MkVkcsl ds vuqlkj ns'k ds 33 çfr'kr Ldwyksa esa f'k{kdksa dh la[;k i;kZIr ugha gSA bl çdkj] f'k";&f'k{kd vuqikr esa deh dks ge y{;}hi esa 100 çfr'kr ls ysdj fcgkj esa 166 çfr'kr rd ns[k ldrs gSaA dkSj] ¼2013½ f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj dkuwu 2009 fdl gn rd turk ds liuksa dks iwjk djrk gSA ;g ,d fopkj.kh; iz'u gSA ;gk¡ ;g Li"V dj fn;k tkuk pkfg, fd f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj dkuuw dbZ ek;uksa esa fojksèkkHkklksa] vLi"Vrkvksa o pqukSfr;ksa ls Hkjk gqvk gSa ijUrq fdl lhek rd\ ;gh ns[kuk bl dk;Z dk lE;d mn~ns'; gksxk fd Hkkjr ds lafo/kku esa bl fo"k; dks ysdj D;k izkoèkku vkSj O;oLFkk, gSaA vkSj ;g dkuuw fdl izdkj muls fojksèkkHkklh gSa tSlk geus ns[kk fd izkjafHkd f'k{kk ds {ks= esa cgqr ls ,sls rF; vkSj feFkd gaS tks ;g Li"V ladasr djrs gSa fd izkjafHkd f'k{kk dh fLFkfr larks"ktud ugha gSA f'k{kk ds vfèkdkj dh vko';drkvksa vkSj mlls f'k{kk ds {ks= esa vkSj og Hkh izkjafHkd f'k{kk ds {ks= esa bldh csgn vko';drk gSA ijUrq dbZ izdkj ls tehuh gdhdr vkSj f'k{kk ds vfèkdkj ds Åij vko';d gks tkrk gS fd ;g vo'; ns[kk tk, fd f'k{kk dk ekSfyd vkfèkdkj fdruk izHkkoh gSA vkSj okLrfod fLFkfr esa bldk fØ;kUo;u fdl izdkj gks jgk gSA dkeFk] ¼2013½ bl n`f"V ls ;g izLrqr vè;;u f'k{kk ds vfèkdkj&2009 dk fØ;kUo;u vkSj izHkko dk lE;d~ :i esa v/;;u djus dk iz;kl gSA
Copyright
© 2022, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studiese`nqydqekjflag (Pg.17548 17554) 17552
çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr ckydksa vkSj ckfydkvksa }kjk f'k{kk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e fØ;kUo;u ¼2009½ ç'ukoyh esa vUrj dks n'kkZrs e/;eku] ekud fopyu o Vh&vuqikr
Øla f'k{kk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e fØ;kUo;u ¼2009½ ç'ukoyh
ckyd (N=250) ckfydk (N=250) Vh vuqikr lkFkZdrk Lrj e/;eku ekud fopyu e/;eku ekud fopyu
1 vk/kkjHkwr 'kSf{kd lajpuk 12.18 2.739 12.57 2.58 1.61 vlkFkZd
2 fo|ky;h; ekU;rk ds ekun.M 11.77 3.452 12.88 2.68 4.09 lkFkZd
3 foÙkh; lalk/kuksa dh igpku 11.97 3.344 14.48 2.71 9.22 lkFkZd
4 f'k{kd&Nk= vuqikr 12.02 4.412 13.28 3.35 3.60 lkFkZd
5 futh Ldwyksa esa nqcZy oxZ o vykfHkr lewg ds fy, 25% lhV ds mica/k 12.31 4.056 13.85 3.00 4.82 lkFkZd
6 fo|ky; o f'k{kdksa ds mÙkjnkf;Ro cks/k 11.50 3.319 13.53 2.54 7.66 lkFkZd
7 LFkkuh; izkf/kdj.k o ekrk&firk ds mÙkjnkf;Ro cks/k 11.35 3.422 12.54 2.46 4.47 lkFkZd
8 dqy f'k{kk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e fØ;kUo;u 83.10 11.83 93.13 7.26 11.41 lkFkZd ¼Lora«;ka'k 498 ds fy, 005 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij Vh&lkj.kh eku 196½ dfiy] ¼2010½] dfyZaxj] ¼1986½
1 çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr ckydksa ,oa ckfydkvksa dh ^vk/kkjHkwr 'kSf{kd lajpuk^ lEcU/kh çfrfØ;k leku gSA ckydksa dh ^vk/kkjHkwr 'kSf{kd lajpuk^ lEcU/kh çfrfØ;kvksa dk çfr'kr 67 69% gS tcfd çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr ckfydkvksa dk çfr'kr 6982% gSA
2 çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr xzkeh.k ckydksa ,oa 'kgjh ckydksa dh ^vk/kkjHkwr 'kSf{kd lajpuk^ lEcU/kh çfrfØ;k leku ugha gSA ckydksa dh ^vk/kkjHkwr 'kSf{kd lajpuk^ lEcU/kh çfrfØ;kvksa dk çfr'kr 65-24% gS tcfd çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr 'kgjh ckydksa dk çfr'kr 7013% gSA
3 çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr xzkeh.k ckfydkvksa ,oa 'kgjh ckfydkvksa dh ^vk/kkjHkwr 'kSf{kd lajpuk^ lEcU/kh çfrfØ;k leku gSA xzkeh.k ckfydkvksa dh ^vk/kkjHkwr 'kSf{kd lajpuk^ lEcU/kh çfrfØ;kvksa dk çfr'kr 7049% gS tcfd çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr 'kgjh ckfydkvksa dk çfr'kr 69-16% gSA
Copyright
© 2022, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studiese`nqydqekjflag (Pg.17548 17554) 17553
4 çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr iq#"k f'k{kdksa ,oa efgyk f'k{kdksa dh ^vk/kkjHkwr 'kSf{kd lajpuk^ lEcU/kh çfrfØ;k leku ugha gSA iq#"k f'k{kdksa dh ^vk/kkjHkwr 'kSf{kd lajpuk^ lEcU/kh çfrfØ;kvksa dk çfr'kr 8056% gS tcfd çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr efgyk f'k{kdksa dk çfr'kr 6456% gSA
5 çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr xzkeh.k iq#"k f'k{kdksa ,oa 'kgjh iq#"k f'k{kdksa dh ^vk/kkjHkwr 'kSf{kd lajpuk^ lEcU/kh çfrfØ;k leku gSA xzkeh.k iq#"k f'k{kdksa dh ^vk/kkjHkwr 'kSf{kd lajpuk^ lEcU/kh çfrfØ;kvksa dk çfr'kr 80-44% gS tcfd çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr 'kgjh iq#"k f'k{kdksa dk çfr'kr 8222% gSA
6 çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr xzkeh.k efgyk f'k{kdksa ,oa 'kgjh efgyk f'k{kdksa dh ^vk/kkjHkwr 'kSf{kd lajpuk^ lEcU/kh çfrfØ;k leku gSA xzkeh.k efgyk f'k{kdksa dh ^vk/kkjHkwr 'kSf{kd lajpuk^ lEcU/kh çfrfØ;kvksa dk çfr'kr 6578% gS tcfd çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr 'kgjh efgyk f'k{kdksa dk çfr'kr 63-33% gSA
7 çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr iq#"k vf/kdkfj;ksa ,oa efgyk vf/kdkfj;ksa dh ^vk/kkjHkwr 'kSf{kd lajpuk^ lEcU/kh çfrfØ;k leku gSA iq#"k vf/kdkfj;ksa dh ^vk/kkjHkwr 'kSf{kd lajpuk^ lEcU/kh çfrfØ;kvksa dk çfr'kr 8000% gS tcfd çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr efgyk vf/kdkfj;ksa dk çfr'kr 7689% gSA
8 çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr xzkeh.k iq#"k vf/kdkfj;ksa ,oa 'kgjh iq#"k vf/kdkfj;ksa dh ^vk/kkjHkwr 'kSf{kd lajpuk^ lEcU/kh çfrfØ;k leku gSA xzkeh.k iq#"k vf/kdkfj;ksa dh ^vk/kkjHkwr 'kSf{kd lajpuk^ lEcU/kh çfrfØ;kvksa dk çfr'kr 8462% gS tcfd çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr 'kgjh iq#"k vf/kdkfj;ksa dk çfr'kr 7963% gSA çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr xzkeh.k efgyk vf/kdkfj;ksa ,oa 'kgjh efgyk vf/kdkfj;ksa dh ^vk/kkjHkwr 'kSf{kd lajpuk^ lEcU/kh çfrfØ;k leku gSA xzkeh.k efgyk vf/kdkfj;ksa dh ^vk/kkjHkwr 'kSf{kd lajpuk^ lEcU/kh çfrfØ;kvksa dk çfr'kr 80-34% gS tcfd çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr 'kgjh efgyk vf/kdkfj;ksa dk çfr'kr 7315% gSA
lUnHkZ
#gsyk]lR;iky¼2007½ Hkkjrh;f'k{kkdklekt'kkL=]jktLFkkufgUnhxazFkvdkneh]t;iqj]i`"Bla&123A ,.Mjlu]vkjŒ,yŒocsujk¶V]VhŒ,Œ¼1962½ LVsfVfLVdyfFk;jhvkQfjlpZ]eSdxzkfgycqddEiuh]U;w;kdZA ,l lh bZ vkj Vh ¼2014½ lrr~,oaO;kidewY;kadufunsZf'kdk Hkkx&1 jk;iqj% jkT;'kSf{kdvuqla/kku,oa izf'k{k.kifj"kn~]i`"Bla&84A ,l0xqIrk,oats0lh0vxzoky¼2014½ Hkkjresa izkjafHkdf'k{kk¼LorU=rklsiwoZ,oaIk”pkr~½] izdk'kd f'kijk ifCyds'kUl]ubZfnYyh]i`"Bla&109A ,YdksQ]vkjŒ,yŒ¼1959½ nfMtkbuvkWQlks'kyfjlpZ]gkYVjkbugVZ,.MfoLVu]U;w;kdZA
Copyright © 2022, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studiese`nqydqekjflag (Pg.17548 17554) 17554
;kno]jkepUnz¼1999½ bykgkckntuindsizzkFkfedfo|ky;ksaesai<k+bZNksM+nsusokys¼viO;;½Nk=ksav/;;u] f'k{kk'kkL=foHkkx] chjcgknqjflaagiwokZ_pyfo'ofo|ky;tkSuiqjA dfiy],p0ds0¼2010½vuqla/kkufof/k;kW]pkSngokWlaLdj.k],p0ih0HkkxZocqdgkÅl]vkxjkA dfiy],pŒ dsŒ ¼2006½lkaf[;dhdsewyrRo]fouksniqLrdeafnj]vkxjkA dfyZaxj],QŒ ,uŒ ¼1986½ Qkm.Ms'kuvkQfogSfo;jyfjlpZ]gkYVjkbugBZ,.MfoUlVu]U;w;kdZA dkeFk] ,ds ¼2013½ vos;juslvkWujkbZVVw,tqds'ku2009veax,fyesUVªh LdwyVhplZ]bafM;utuZyv‚Q ,tqds'kufjlpZ,DlisfjesaV,aMbUuksos'kuA dksBkjh]lh0vkj0¼2004½vuqla/kkufof/k;kW]f}rh;laLdj.k]U;w,tbUVjus'kuyifCy”klZ]ubZfnYyhA dkSj]vkj ¼2013½ ;wfuolZykbts'kuvkWQ,yhesuVªh,tqds'kububf.M;k%n ikWfylhilZisDVho] ,tqds'kudksaQSc] oSyqe01]b'kw6A
Copyright © 2022, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies