Boys grow training manual

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK Chapter 1: Managing Soils ➢ Soil Moisture Chart ➢ Tillage ➢ Types of Tillage ➢ Mechanical Equipment ➢ Hand Tools ➢ Cover Crops & Crop Rotation ➢ Composting Chapter 2: Propagation ➢ Preparing and Planting Seed Trays ➢ Transplanting ➢ Direct Seeding Chapter 3: Irrigation ➢ Quick Water Facts ➢ The Role of Irrigation Water in Agricultural Systems ➢ Water Deficiency ➢ Environmental Factors ➢ Methods of Delivery Chapter 4: Plant Management Plant Diseases ➢ Disease Climate Conditions ➢ Common Diseases ➢ Identification of Disease ➢ Disease Prevention Weeds ➢ What Is A Weed? ➢ Dispersal ➢ Planting and Cultivation Techniques ➢ Irrigation Techniques to Minimize Weed Pressure Chapter 5: Pests Management ➢ Beneficial Insects Found in Agriculture ➢ Integrated Pests Management Techniques Chapter 6: Types of Agriculture ➢ Agriculture in America Today: Facts and Figures ➢ Organic Vs Conventional ➢ Sustainable Agriculture,Permaculture, Biodynamics, Aquaponics & Hydroponics: Chapter 7: Botany ➢ History of Botony ➢ The Tomato: History, Anatomy ➢ Origins of Agricultural Plants ➢ Types of Plants

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK Chapter 8: The Chicken ➢ History ➢ Anatomy Chapter 9: The Bees ➢ Biology ➢ Equipment ➢ Life Cycles

➢ Equipment ➢ Egg Nutrition

➢ Definitions ➢ Feeding

➢ How Bees make Honey ➢ The Bee Hive

➢

Colony Collapse Disorder

Chapter 10: Sage Farmer Advice How to begin a Farm: Recommendations from a Legend in Organic Agriculture.

Introduction to the Boys Grow Handbook

by Joshua Anderson About the Edition Welcome to the 1st edition of the Boys Grow Handbook! This book is intended to give the reader a fundamental perspective of what a farmer starting out needs to know about growing.

In my opinion, many people have the natural ability to grow food but lack the necessary vocabulary to put into words how to do so. As a farmer, you must understand the basic principles of these subjects, articulate your actions and learn through trial and error what tools to use and methods to grow a crop profitably.

Farming is more than a job it is a way of life and teaches the pupil to better understand the functions of the natural world. It builds community, promotes health, teaches patience but most importantly passes on a love for life and the people you nourish with the fruits of your labor.

State of Agricultural Emergency Currently our species is facing a growing crisis related to climate change, food shortages, cultural conflicts and natural resources: especially water and energy.

It is of the upmost importance to create the next generation of American farmers, entrepreneurs and global citizens capable to face the potential crisis’s yet hold dearly onto the most important aspect; our humanity.

I believe firmly that all solutions lay within the problem. Human beings are social creatures that band together to face challenges and together we solve problems based on the integrity, innovation and virtues of our groupings.

A wise man once told me that you cannot save the world without saving yourself. Farming gives me peace and purpose, farming also taught me how to face our collective challenges and inspire others to think and work positively to solve our issues.

An Example for Change With record droughts occurring in California the need for local agriculture is expressed plainly.

California supplies the United States with 40% of all our fruits, vegetables and nuts. In this problem, the

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK solution for the coming years will be agriculture shifting from current food centers to either new regional centers or broken up more into the role of local farmers in every community.

Why not you? After graduating from Boys Grow if you do not choose to be a farmer professionally; you will always be one 1st and many skills afterwards.

Invest in yourself, your loved ones and your community. In farming many hands make less work so always approach growing with the mantra “I do, you do, we do”. No matter what occupation you pursue this mindset is the core of leadership.

Peacefully, Joshua Anderson….AKA “The Boys Grow Tomato Boss”

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK Chapter 1: MANAGING SOILS: What are Soils?

Soils form the surface of land – it is the “skin of the earth.” Soil is capable of supporting plants and is vital to life on earth. Soil also contains the largest biodiversity on the planet.

Soil is a living entity and host to small, medium, and large organisms, including mammals, birds, insects, and protozoa.

But the greatest biodiversity lies in the soil microbes — the bacteria, fungi, and single celled organisms. A teaspoon of rich soil can contain one billion bacteria.

Five factors of soil formation — climate, organisms, topography, parent material, and time Soil Horizons & Nutrient/Minerals All soils can be broken down into various horizons and the parent material of each greatly determines the fertility of top soil.

This is where the age of your soils can determine the nutrient availability for plants and what we consume. The oldest soils in the world can be found in parts of Australia and Africa; their bedrock and regolith have greatly decayed over time and available nutrients are minimized. However, in Figi or Hawaii, volcanos have contributed to new soils and mineral formation so their food is healthier.

Soils are an Endangered Species: Wind and water erosion, inadequate conservation, chemically enhanced agriculture; drought and climate change displaces millions of metric tons of viable soils annually. Currently human activity has accelerated the loss of nutrients and useful agriculture land.

MANAGING SOILS: Moisture and Soil Characteristics Chart

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK SOIL MOISTURE %

0-25% NO AVAILABLE SOIL MOISTURE. PLANTS WILT, IRRIGATION REQUIRED

25-50% MOISTURE AVAILABLE BUT LOW, IRRIGATION NEEDED

50-75% MOISTURE AVAILABLE, LEVEL IS IGH,IRRIGATION NOT NEEDED YET

COARSE

LIGHT

MEDIUM

HEAVY

(SAND)

(LOAMY SANDSANDY LOAM)

(FINE, SANDY LOAM, SILT LOAM)

(CLAYLOAM,CLAY)

Dry, loose, single grained, flows through fingers.

No stain or smear on fingers.

Dry, loose, clods easily crushed and will flow Through fingers. No stain or smear on fingers.

Crumbly, dry, powdery, will barely maintain shape. Clods, breaks down easily. May leave slight smear or stain when worked with hands or fingers.

Hard, firm baked, cracked.

Usually too stiff or tough to work or ribbon by squeezing between thumb or forefinger. May leave slight smear or stain.

Appears dry; will not retain shape when squeezed in hand.

Appears dry; may tend to make a cast when squeezed in hand, but seldom will hold together.

May form a weak ball under pressure but will still be crumbly. Color is pale with no obvious moisture.

Pliable, forms a ball; will ribbon but usually breaks or is crumbly. May leave slight stain or smear.

Color is darkened with obvious moisture.

Soil may stick together in very weak cast or ball.

Color is darkened with obvious moisture. Soil forms weak ball or cast under pressure.

Slight finger stain, but no ribbon when squeezed between thumb and forefinger.

Color is darkened from obvious moisture.

Forms a ball. Works easily, clods are soft with mellow feel.

Will stain finger and have slick feel when squeezed.

Color is darkened with obvious moisture.

Forms good ball. Ribbons easily, has slick feel. Leaves stain on fingers.

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK 75-100% SOIL MOISTURE LEVEL HIGH, FOLLOWING IRRIGATION/HEAVY RAIN

Appears and feels moist. Color is darkened. May form weak cast or ball. Will leave wet outline or slight smear on hand.

Appears and feels moist. Color is darkened.

Forms cast or ball.

Will not ribbon, but will show smear or stain and leave wet outline on hand.

Appears and feels moist.

Color is darkened. Has a smooth, mellow feel. Forms ball and will ribbon when squeezed.

Stains and smears.

Leaves wet outline on hand.

Color is darkened.

Appears moist; may feel sticky. Ribbons out easily, smears and stains hand, leaves wet outline.

Forms good ball.

MANAGING SOIL: Tillage Objectives of soil tillage.

• Increase soil aeration • Increase soil temperature • Increase gas exchange • Stimulate soil biological activity • Improve drainage characteristics: Infiltration and percolation • Incorporate soil amendments

• Control of pests and diseases • Break up hard pans • Incorporate crop residue and/or cover crops • Create planting bed for transplants and seeds • Soil moisture conservation

Possible problems associated with tilling soil when it is too wet or too dry • Soil compaction (the compression of pore space) • Hard Pan: Is a impermeable sub surface strata which restricts root development and water absorption • Soil pulverization (the degradation of soil aggregates) • Difficult to work

Optimal range of soil moisture for tillage and planting: Between 50-75% ***UCSC Manual***

Types of Tillage

By Hand or Mechanized: The key is timing to soil moisture and initial weed emergence.

Hand Tillage: French Intensive Method, Double Digging, Single Forking At Boys Grow when digging beds by hand we employ the French Intensive Method. This method emerged in the 1800’s outside of Paris and is structured by making beds roughly 4-5 ft wide and heavily amending the top 12 inches of soil with composted horse manure. This method is dependent on companion planting and even spacing. By allowing mature plants to barely touch it will shade the garden bed beneath, and restrict weed pressure.

Double Digging: Best to do every 2-3 years 1. Evenly disperse 2-4 inches of compost on top of bed

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK 2. At head of bed remove 2 linear ft x 12 inches deep of soil and place in wheelbarrow 3. In the bottom of each trench incorporate another 2-4 inches of compost 4. While standing on a 2 ft wide board behind the trench, flip the next 2ftx12inches of soil into the open trench ensuring even distribution of manure.

5. Continue to end of bed and place the soil in the wheelbarrow in last trench 6. Evenly grade bed with a rake while breaking clumps and removing rocks/roots Single Forking: Best used after each crop rotation or beginning of season 1. Begin at top of bed and evenly spread 2-4 inches of compost 2. Without standing in bed-angle garden fork at 45 degree angle and turn over the soil on top 6-10 inches, breaking clumps and remove debris 3. With a garden rake even the surface of the bed and remove debris

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK MANAGING SOILS: Essential Hand Tools First things first if you are going to invest in your gardening then invest in QUALITY tools. You will spend more for replacements in the end.

Bow Rake: Break up dirt clumps, rake out debris and primary leveling of garden beds.

Leaf Rake: Useful for secondary finishing of leveling garden beds (buy metal rake) Average Cost: $10-30

Garden Spade & Fork: These are the workhorses of your farm & garden and if there is a time to drop money on quality, this is the time. They are essential for composting, tilthing, bed making and even pulling out stumps of small trees and plants. Cost: $25-100 each

Hula Hoe & Glazer Hoe: Another item not to be chintzy with. These will save your back and effectively eradicate weeds in your bed. Quality ones are self-sharpening.

Average Cost: $20-50

Pull Forks: These come in all shapes and sizes and are versatile enough for moving any object from hay, soil and compost. Average Cost $15-50 Broad Fork: This tool is essential for bed prepping in compacted, dense soil, or beds with roots. It digs 12-15 inches and flips the soil similar to a disc.

Average Cost: $100-300

Wheelbarrow: Avoid pneumatic tires&wood handles. 2 wheels up front = great balance.

Average Cost $50-200

Vermont Cart: Wellbalanced, large carrying capacity,easy rollin’ Average Cost: $200-400

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK Take care of your tools and they will take care of you. Sand and oil handles annually.

MANAGING SOILS: Mechanical Tillage: Primary Tillage: $400-800 used/ $1,000-4,000 new Offset disk or Harrow Disc: is used to flip the top 12-18 inches of soil, which cuts up crop residue & breaks up soil clumps.

Be mindful of soil moisture and till as weeds initially emerge. Most likely, this process will take 2-3 passes.

Look for disc with 3 point hitch, serrated discs (as shown), and diameter of 12-18 inches. Often additional weight is added on disc frame to encourage deeper cuts.

Secondary Tillage: $500+ Used/ $2,000+ New Roto-Box Tiller: Bed size and shape is determined by tiller width and works fantastically at both pulverizing soils and shaping your raised bed.

Tractor must have “creeper gear” to efficiently turn the tiller at 2000 engine rpm’s.

Be aware of rocks and roots which can damage the tillers “bolero’s” (knives)

Garden Tiller: $100-300 Lower Quality or Used/ Pictured model-$1,000-5,000 new.

Walk behind tillers are great options for tight spaces and home gardens.

Usually found in 2-3ft widths and capable of cutting into the soil at 6-12 inch depths.

Be aware tillers can be pricy, but invest in a solid well-respected model and this will limit your mechanical failures and improve your operation.

Range 2-12 Horsepower Many models such as the BCS tiller shown above have multiple elements to diversify usage such as snow blower, sickle bar mower, wood chipper.

There are innumerable implements used to cultivate your field or garden but at Boys Grow we like to keep it simple. If you are interested to mechanize remember this manta…..

“Horse Power costs money, but versatility makes money”

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK MANAGING SOILS: Cover Crops Health

Cover crops are the backbone of organic farming, which differs from conventional farmers who primarily rely on chemical application for fertility & pest management. most important element to organic farming is the health of the soils.

Health

Primary Function of Cover Crops • Provide nitrogen • Increase soil organic matter (SOM) Scavenge nutrients • Prevent soil erosion • Improve soil structure • Improve drainage

The

Health

• Protect water quality • Provide mulch to conserve soil moisture • Provide habitat for beneficial insects • Suppress weeds • Suppress soil borne pests and diseases

•

Examples of Cool and Warm Weather Cover Crops: From UC Santa Cruz Winter Cover Crops: Most cover crops are planted in the fall to provide cover over the winter months. Examples include: Vetches, fava/bell beans, peas, annual and perennial clovers, rape seed and oilseed radish, and grasses such as oats, annual and perennial rye grass, or barley.

• • • •

Summer Cover Crops: When temperatures are high during the summer and providing water is available, fast-growing species such as sorghum/sudan grass, cowpeas, buckwheat, lablab, Crotolaria (sun hemp), Sesbania, and others can provide a good biomass return in a short growth period.

Useful Terms: Cover Crop: Mainly used to prevent soil erosion by covering soil with living plants Green Manure: Crop grown mainly to be turned under for soil improvement Catch Crop: Left over Residue “catches” nutrients post harvest to prevent leaching Trap Crop: Grown to draw harmful pests in or divert them from inhabiting cash crop

Factors to consider when selecting a cover crop for your farm or garden Step 1: Identify what you want the cover crop to do.

Step 2: Identify where the cover crop can fit in your crop rotation and what the climatic and soil conditions are at the time.

Step 3: Consider the characteristics you don’t want as well as those you are looking for.

Step 4: Consider the cost and availability of seed and field operations required to manage.

Methods to Plant Cover Crops

Back Pack Broadcast

Push Broadcast

Seed Drill

Push Seeder

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK MANAGING SOILS: Compost The success of Boys Grow organic farming begins and ends with the health of our soils. It is the organic farmers’ responsibility to manage the vitality of soils as the plants and natural processes usurp available minerals.

What is Compost?

Compost is decayed organic matter useful as plant fertilizer. Properly made compost is dark-brown or blackish-brown, smells “earthy”, crumbly, and broken down enough so the parent materials is unrecognizable.

What are the Benefits to Composting? ➢ Stabilizes nitrogen & adds minerals ➢ Retains H2O when applied to soils: 100lbs of humus -“organic matter” can hold 195 gallons of H2O ➢ Kills most pathogens and weed seeds

➢ Introduces wide population of microbes ➢ Reduces waste ➢ Allows for use of raw materialsRecycles organic matter on site

What to Use: What Not to Use: Fruit-Veggie Scraps Carnivore Feces Chopped Grass&Plants Pernicious Weeds Cardboard-Paper Meat-Dairy Waste Used-Tea&Coffee Fats, Cooking Oils Straw Unbroken Nut Shells Micro Nutrients Glass & Metals Shredded Wood-twigs Household Chemicals Wood Ash Contaminated Items Compost-for Microbes Animal Carcasses Recommended Size, Temperatures, Location & Moisture ➢ 4ft x 4ftx 4ft is minimum 6x6x6 is Maximum ➢ 130˚–150˚F is optimal temperature range (10 days to 2 weeks); ➢ Certified Organic Compost requires pile to reach 131ºF for 21 days, with 5 turnings ➢ Turn at 150˚F or can kill microbes ➢ Place in moderately shaded area & use a tarp to retain heat & limit H2O evaporation ➢ Moisture content in compost pile should be 50%–60% (moist as a wrung-out sponge) Excess moisture will cause compaction & loss of air (you shouldn’t be able to squeeze water out of compost) Big No No’s of Composting: ➢ Do not apply compost directly onto plants, place around…it can burn them ➢ Do not use un-composted manure, especially horse in production zones it has “weed seeds” ➢ Do not put weeds such as mint, bindweed and bermuda grass in compost ➢ Do not farm without getting a soil test MANAGING SOILS: How to Construct a Compost Pile:

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK Though there are many ways to compost, at Boys Grow we make aerobic –‘lasagna style’ layered compost. The key to any compost production is Air Circulation, Water & Heat.

Step By Step Process: (unlike mound above, attempt to make pile square) Accumulate Tools & Materials: Garden Fork, Pull Fork, Water, Organic Materials, Label, Stakes/ Blocks and Straw or Tarp to cover pile.

1. Finely chop or shred all organic material to assure faster break down 2. Loosen soil beneath pile to allow airflow, heat from surface and habitat 3. With Stakes or Blocks create the outline of the compost pile: Ground Layer: 6 inches of “fine” straw, sticks & stalks create circulation under pile 1st layer: 3-6 inches of manure: (lightly moisten) 2nd layer: 2-4 inches of straw: (lightly moisten) 3rd layer: 3-6 inches of grass or green plant residue: (lightly moisten) 4th layer: “if available” 2-8 inches of finely chopped kitchen scraps (lightly moisten) 5th layer:1-4 inches of Soil or Compost/inoculates with organisms 6th: Apply modest water on finished layer, but don’t saturate. Think of a moist sponge.

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK 4. Continue layering compost in this manner until desired pile dimensions are reached 5. Cover top of pile in straw, and protect sides with blocks or pallets then cover w/ tarp.

6. LABEL MATERIALS AND DATE YOUR PILE w/ Signage 7. Record Temperature and Check w/ compost Thermometer once a week If temperatures drop, flip the pile and add layer of greens/kitchen scraps & H2O If ideal temperatures hold for 3 weeks and/or parent material is unrecognizable then your compost pile is ready to apply in desired density

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK

Think of roots as something that massage your soils. As the roots grow and slough off, they create pathways for air, water, nutrients and organisms. They also contribute biodegradable organic matter in your field. Lastly, it is important to know root growth for adequate watering. 

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK Chapter 2: PROPAGATION Making Seed Trays for Transplanting Step 1: Choose Seed Trays and Sanitation -Size of seed and root development determine size of container Ex. Lettuce-Onions are small and grow fast so small cells work Sunflowers, Tomato’s & Broccoli need large cells due to size/ speedy roots -Clean all surfaces and containers involved in propagation -Clean off any residue from last use….and clean new trays -Use warm H20 w/Bleach (Soak, dip, soak, dip then spray clean) -Stack without interlocking containers to air dry Failure to sanitize creates access for pathogens, contaminants and pests Step 2: Choose a Soil Mix -Find nutrient balance of NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium)-additional amendments such as bone meal, blood meal and mychorrhiza (beneficial fungus) are helpful. (NPK Impact on Plants Quote: N=Up P=Down and K=All Around) -Choose a medium with a fine texture w/o chunks (better root & plant development) -Particulates such as perlite, vermiculite, peat moss are often used as base of medium Step 3: Prepare Soil Mixture 1. Place medium in a container or wheelbarrow and slowly sprinkle H2O onto mixture then; churn, flip, churn, flip until moisture level reaches the 50-60% level (if mixture is too moist or clumpy add dry mix and churn until ideal moisture is gained) 2. Put mixture into seed trays (Don’t compact mixture but don’t allow air pockets) -Gently pick up and drop trays on flat surface to pack in mixture -Use a flat object that spans the tray and skim off excess mixture -Stack another seed tray on top of prepped tray then gently but evenly press to create pocket for seeds (do not over press, it causes compaction-limiting roots) 3. Place ONE seed per individual cell!

Over seeding causes competition/weak plants, and adds labor time to thin out 4. Add moist/loose mixture to cover seeds then gently skim off excess 5. Label: Date, type, initials, Seed Company (Black Ink-Popsicle Sticks work great) 6. With a fine spray of H20 irrigate the trays, then place on rack Post Planting Care Now that the easy part is over, it’s time to say your vows and be married to your plants for the next 4-6 weeks. Be knowledgeable of each crops water and sunlight needs.

Ex. Lettuce gets hammered under direct sun, but peppers and tomatoes thrive.

Remember the more direct sun on the trays the more likelihood your cells are drying out. It is of upmost importance to check your seedlings at least 3-4 times a day.

1. Morning, between 8-10 a.m. plants are likely still damp 2. Early Afternoon, between 10-12 a.m. plants will start to unevenly dry: Likely light watering is needed. (My rule is if ½ look moderately dry, then water all) 3. Mid Afternoon between 2-3 p.m. plants are really sucking up moisture and need a thorough watering.

4. Late Afternoon: If needed between 5-6 p.m. is ideal to water as needed and put your babies to rest. Caution: Do not overwater before night, lack of evaporation equals excess moisture, which is a pathway for disease and mold.

5. Once a week spray a healthy dose of Kelp/Fish Emulsion onto plants

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK PROPAGATION: Transplanting Seeds are marvelous creatures of nature, prior to sprouting these packages contain nutrients, anatomy and genetics. At Boys-Grow, we focus on transplanting and direct seeding by hand or push seeder.

The diagram to the right depicts the process all seeds undergo whether direct seeded or transplanted.

Why Transplant? ➢ Greenhouse Advantage: Allows season extension of growing seedlings in a controlled environment prior to ideal soil and climatic conditions are available. ➢ Rapid Crop Successions: Ability to start operations prior to harvesting cover crops and to allow greater profitability for farmers utilizing continuous crop rotations ➢ Root Nature of Transplanted Crops: Fibrous, shallow rooted plants are ideal for drip irrigation and surface absorption of water and nutrients. ➢ Plant Spacing: Allows for greater control over density of crops Ideal Conditions for Transplanting: ➢ Low light levels: Transplant early morning, late afternoon or good cloud cover ➢ Low temperature: Transplant before or after the heat of the day ➢ Low wind speed: Wind can break the “hypocotyl” or stalks of plants prior to rooting ➢ High humidity: Contains atmospheric moisture to help keep plants hydrated ➢ Plant Readiness: Transplants must have first true leaves and roots dynamic enough to grasp all material in the cell without breaking apart or tearing the plant.

Tools Required for Transplanting: ➢ Seedlings at transplant maturity: Roots hold soil, but roots not bound to tight ➢ Trowel or 5-6 inch Knife: ➢ Watering Can: Apply gentle application of H20 directly after transplanting ➢ Measuring Tape or Body Measurements: Even correct spacing is the benefit of transplanting.

Know your body measurements: Foot, Hands, Forearm,Stride ➢ Back Pack Sprayer w/ Kelp & Fish Emulsion: Spray roots prior to planting and spray plant after initial watering in is finished. ➢ Planting Blocks w String: Place Blocks spanning the bed (4ft) wide at each end of bed and run string over desired spacing of rows for crops.

Steps to Transplanting: Prior to transplanting allow plants three days of full exposure to field conditions to “harden off”, also do not overwater seed trays, it makes them water dependent.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Assemble all tools and material needed Place planter blocks at bed ends and run string spacing of each row Carry and place plants at desired spacing down the string lines Spray Kelp & Fish emulsion on roots to add extra nutrients to encourage growth Use dibbler or knife to create pocket for plant and set at depth of cotyledons.

Water in the Plants with a gentle spray Spray the Plants with Kelp & Fish Emulsion Remove planter blocks, then move onto next bed Watch them Babies Grow!!!

PROPAGATION: Direct Seeding

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK What is Direct Seeding? The physical act of planting seeds in the field when soil temperature, moisture and weeds pressure is ideal.

Why Direct Seed? ➢ Plant Density: Ideal for crops requiring high density ➢ Plant Character: Some plants do better direct sowing ➢ Less labor intensive than transplanting ➢ Plants that taproot (corn) rather than spread shallow (lettuce) Keys To Direct Sowing: ➢ Ideal conditions listed above are maintained ➢ Plant seeds no more than twice the depth of the seed size ➢ Do not overwater ➢ Ensure seeds are properly covered. (birds and field mice love seeds) ➢ Always remember to date, list type of crop and who planted it at bed ends Ways to Direct Seed: Hand Planting: Make a furrow with finger then evenly distribute and cover seeds with soil Push Seeder: Earthway seeders are my favorite and have multiple depths and density plates Broadcast Seeding: Spreads seed over radius but does not cover them up.

Crops That Prefer Direct Seeding: Cucumber Corn Beans & Peas Pumpkins Watermelon Okra

Sunflowers Carrots Beets Potatoes Mixed baby lettuce Micro Greens

Downside of Direct Seeding: ➢ Uncontrolled Conditions; rain, heat ➢ Pests: Mice eat seeds ➢ Extra labor requiring thinning ➢ More weeding needed during infancy stage of plants ➢ Potential higher seed costs

Chapter 2 Propagation: Plant Spacing

Radish Arugula

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK Plant spacing varies due to climate, bed size, and intent. Some plants thrive when planted tight together such as salad mix. However, others such as vine crops such as cucumbers, melons, tomatoes need adequate space for vigor, health and plant management.

CROPS

Width Between Rows

Width Between Plants on Row

H20 NEEDS, NOTES

Tomato

5-6 Feet

3-4ft

Medium H20, Cage/Trellis

Peppers

2-3ft

18inches -2ft

Overlapping shade prevents sunburn on fruits

Eggplant

3ft

3ft

Heavy H20, Wide spacing=Access

Tomatillos

3ft

3ft

Medium H20, Best Caged/Trellised

Okra

5-6ft

4-5ft

Medium H20, Many varieties thorny Spacing important for access

Sweet Corn

2ft

1-2ft

Medium/Heavy H20-Even Spaced Key for access and Pollination

Melons, Cucumbers

6-8ft

6ft

Heavy H20, Vigorous Spacing

Zucchini/Summer Squash

6ft

4ft

Heavy H20, Close spacing invites disease and Pests

Onions/Garlic

6-8 inches

4-6 inches

Medium H20, Can plant on both sides of drip line to maximize production

Beets

12 inches

4-6 inches

Medium H20, Overlapping ok but thin out to encourage even growth

Carrots

12 inches

4-6 inches

Medium H20, Even, regular H20 essential to germination. Plant with mild amount of Radish to find rows for weeding, due to long germination rates for carrot. Can plant on both sides of drip tape to maximize production

Radish /Turnip

12 inches

4-6 inches

Medium H20, thinning essential

Potato

18-24 inches

12-18 inches

Heavy H20. H20 timing essential, do not H20 until spuds sprout

Root Crops

Greens/Lettuce

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK

Kale, Chard, Collard

2-3ft

2-3ft

Medium/Heavy H20. Longevity depends on even moisture

Lettuce (Head)

2ft

12 inches

Medium/Heavy H20. Spacing is key

Lettuce (Mix)

12-18inches

Dense

Medium/Heavy H20

Broccoli, Cauliflower

24-36 inches

24-36 inches

Heavy H20

Fall Squash/Pumpkins

6-8ft

6ft

Heavy H20, Heavy nutrient use.

Chapter 3: IRRIGATION “Aman Iman” is a Taureg saying from West Africa which means “Water is Life” Learn it, live it. Water covers the majority of our planet, makes up the greater part of our bodies, food and plants….Water always will remain our most precious natural resource.

At Boys Grow, The size of our production and the type of crops we grow is determined entirely by our ability to get water onto the plants in case we receive no rain.

Quick Water Facts: 98% of water on earth is Oceanic: The remaining 2% is fresh and fractioned out as 1.6% Polar/Glacial, .36% Aquifers & Wells, .036% in lakes and rivers, .004% floating around us, or in our super markets and bottled beverages The Role of Irrigation Water in Agricultural Systems ➢ Sustains soil biology and chemical activity ➢ Extending mineralization and plant growth during dry periods ➢ Creates fluidity for nutrient uptake ➢ Provides necessary building blocks for the formation of carbohydrates ➢ Provides physical support/structure for plant ➢ Maintains optimal temperatures within the plant ➢ Protects crops during threats of freezing temperatures 4 Ways Water Deficiency Affects Plants ➢ Poor Flowering ➢ Low Yields & Poor Fruit Set

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK ➢ Early vegetative growth ➢ Fruit ripening: Uneven, cracked Environmental Factors Influencing Frequency and Volume of Irrigation Evapotranspiration (ET): The combination of water being lost from a soil through the combined processes of evaporation(from the ground) and transpiration (how plants sweat) Climate: ➢ Air temperature: Increased air temperatures will increase the rate of ET ➢ Precipitation: Regular growing season rainfall requires less irrigation. ➢ Humidity: Increased humidity will decrease the rate of ET ➢ Wind: High wind speeds increase ET ➢ Plant Usage: Good Rule: Larger the leaf, the more water the plant requires Soils: ➢ Sandy Soils: drain rapidly and do not hold water well ➢ Silty Soils: drain slowly and hold water well ➢ Clay Soils: drain very slowly and hold water tightly ➢ Loam Soils: both drain well and hold water well ➢ Organic & Improved Agricultural Soils: maintain good drainage and moisture retention

IRRIGATION: Methods Knowing your soil moisture % is key to managing your field and plants. It is essential to check your soil in each bed/seed tray daily due to uneven landscaping and drainage.

Types of Agricultural Irrigation: Drip Irrigation: Trickle or drip irrigation supplies water directly on the soil surface through "emitters' that control water flow. Developed by Israeli farmers Pro’s: ➢ Very efficiently delivers water and or nutrients directly to plant roots ➢ Reduces evaporation ➢ Great for water conservation Cons: ➢ Labor intensive: Must check lines daily, takes time to lay, holes develop in tape ➢ Costs: There is a lot other parts and equipment required to run an irrigation system ➢ Durability: T-Tape generally only last 1-3 years Drip & Overhead “Pivot” Irrigation Sprinkler Irrigation: Water is sprayed through the air from pressurized nozzles, and falls like rain on the crop Pro’s: ➢ Allows broad area to be watered ➢ Fast way to irrigate crops

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK Con’s: ➢ Waste lots of water ➢ Can only water when winds are minimal ➢ Some crops like tomatoes develop diseases when leaves are wet at night Flood Irrigation: The entire surface can be flooded (most often used for crops that are direct seeded) or the water can be applied through furrows between the rows.

Pro’s: ➢ Applies the highest amount of water on growing surface ➢ Reduces need for regular irrigation Con’s: ➢ Very inefficient means of conserving water ➢ High evaporation rate wastes water Water shortages are an imminent threat facing agriculture and our species today. These forms of irrigation are a necessity to conserve our natural resources yet maintain high yields of food to feed the masses.

If you have questions of when to water or how to be more efficientUse the chart depicting soil types and moisture in Chapter 1 of Soils.

Chapter 4: PLANT MANAGEMENT- Diseases/Pathogens To keep this as simple as possible we will list some common problems found on our farm and their management practices to eradicate.

Common causes of plant diseases: Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses, Nutrient deficiencies Three environmental conditions that often encourage plant diseases: • High relative humidity • Warm temperatures 55ºF or higher • Moisture on plant surfaces Three ways farmers can reduce plant diseases: • Increase Crop Spacing: to reduce humidity, plants directly touching • Regulate Irrigation: reduce humidity, moisture on foliage, or soil moisture levels • Regulate Drainage: diseases start from fluctuations of wet and dry conditions Blossom-End Rot: Rot occurs on the tomato fruit, peppers, squash, and watermelons.

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK

Blossom-end rot is caused by a lack of calcium in the developing fruit. Prevent blossom-end rot by maintaining a soil pH around 6.5, irrigating and mulching to maintain uniform soil moisture, avoid heavy applications of nitrogen. Control blossom-end rot by spraying calcium chloride 3-4 times at 7- to 10-day intervals for 4 applications.

Powdery Mildew: Is a wind born fungus that occurs at later portions of the season during high humidity and appears as a dusty white to gray coating over the tops of leaf surfaces. In most cases this fungal growth can be partially removed by rubbing or spraying your choice of baking soda mix, neem oil, copper sulfate, or compost tea directly on the leaves. Or prune infected areas of the plant.

Downey Mildew: Occurs in similar conditions as powdery mildew but is spread on a film of water contacting the plant. It has the same appearance as powdery mildew but is usually more cottony or fuzzy and usually has yellow spots on the underside of leaves. Controlling downey mildew is similar to powdery. To prevent fungal spread space plants further apart, irrigate with drip irrigation in morning.

Plant Viruses: Spread by insects, pollen, seed, humans, nematodes, fungi & sap.

Control Precautions -Healthy Plants: Fertigate- fish/kelp -Control Insect Pests -Clean all tools and equipment -Isolate incoming plants 7 days -Eradicate Weeds -Crop Rotations Tobacco Mosaic Virus Bushy Plant Virus Yellow Mosaic Virus

Chapter 4: PLANT MANAGEMENT: Weeds What Is A Weed?

A weed is any plant, native or non-native, that interferes with crop production by competing with crops for nutrients, sunlight, and/or water. Weeds have a habit of encroaching where it is not wanted.

Dispersal: Seed and Plant Movement Wind: It is critical to work with neighbors to reduce or eliminate weedy plants from surrounding areas in order to avoid wind-dispersed contamination Irrigation Water: Critical to have filters on irrigation system to avoid contamination Farm Equipment: Critical to clean equipment when moving from one field to another or borrowing equipment Compost and Animal Manures: Critical to thoroughly compost materials at 131ยบF+ for a minimum of 15 days Animals: They eat it and poop it. Or weed seeds attach to their furs or feathers and drop Contaminated Crop Seed: Always use high quality seed and reputable companies.

Planting and Cultivation Techniques to Minimize Weed Pressures Plant large-seeded crops (e.g., corn, beans, squash, potatoes) allow the crop to become

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK established prior to any irrigation.

Plant straight: Perfectly spaced and straight lines makes life easier when the farmer can get closer to each plant and identify weeds.

Use Transplants: Because they are larger, more recognizable and will outcompete weeds.

Keep Weeding Shallow: This will avoid bringing up new weed from deeper in the soil.

seeds

Irrigation Techniques to Minimize Weed Pressure Pre-irrigate and Cultivate-Prior to planting destroy newly germinated weeds by cultivating. Repeating this process a few times prior to planting can exhaust the seed bank.

Use Drip Tape: T-tape adds water exactly on the plants and avoids irrigating areas with weed seeds.

Alternative Methods to Control Weeds: Covering: Newspaper/Cardboard Mulching Manual Weeding: Hula Hoe, Tractor Cultivation Biological Spray: Vinegar will wilt the plant but the roots remain Be Mindful: Not all weeds Crop Rotation: Plants have abilities to suppress weeds, also good for soil are bad. Some indicate soil health health and like “milk Organic Herbicides: Use as Last Option any Organic chemical certified weed� offer habitat to and capable to kill weeds helpful insects like Lastly, adapting sound organic farming practices listed above usually butterflies prevents diseases, weeds and pests. If your agricultural issues demand chemicals please use organic ones or study the environmental & health consequences prior to using non organic compounds.

Chapter 5: AGRICULTURAL INSECTS: Organic farming demands the farmer has to be aware of their environment from the largest of organisms to smallest. The quest to manage and be aware of both beneficial and garden pests is no exception.

Beneficial Insects Found in Agriculture Failing to manage pests can cost the farmer everything in terms of crop yields and income and it is up to the farmer to use whatever methods available to eradicate pests. However, there are two schools of thought on exactly how to do so.

Integrated Pests Management Techniques 1. Non-Organic Pesticides: They eradicate pests but the problem is they kill everything including beneficial insects as well as pollute the environment.

This is the easier way to kill pest but the problem is that these insects evolve quickly and make the chemicals ineffective.

2. Organic Methods: Listed below are more difficult and time/labor intensive methods but essentially more effective and less toxic.

Crop Rotation: Rotating crops means not continuously planting the same crops in the same spot annually which will interrupt pest cycles.

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK Cover Cropping: Some cover crop species attract natural enemies of agricultural pests. Many cover crops also have chemical qualities to suppress pest populations. It is also important to avoid choosing inappropriate crops that would attract pest.

Polyculture Cropping Patterns: Provide greater plant diversity within the agricultural ecosystem, thereby maintaining the carrying capacity for pests at a lower level than in a monoculture (single crop planting).

Also increases the possibility of beneficial insect habitat Sound Soil Fertility & Organic Matter Management: maintaining soil organic matter levels ideally between 3– 5%) will help maintain soil biological activity and diversity.

As well as some pest suppression.

Sound irrigation and Tillage Practices: Practices to retain essential plant nutrients, avoid soil erosion and compaction, and maintain desirable soil physical properties.

Native Plant and Farmscaping: Farmscaping is maintaining native plant associations in and around the farm. “Insectary Plants” such as sweet alyssum will serve to attract predatory enemies of agricultural pests or repel them as a physical barrier.

Trap Crops: Crops planted as companions or as borders to the desired crop either to lure beneficial insects in or to block undesirable insects out.

Companion planting marigolds with tomato’s

Row Covers: A fabric used to cover crops and protect them from pest as well as from sun burning and frosts.

Chapter 6: TYPES OF AGRICULTURE Agriculture in America Today: Prior to 1900, roughly 90% of the US population was involved in Agriculture. Today only 2% of Americans are involved in Agriculture, yet 15% of the American workforce is involved in the processing of food and fiber.

Today over 50% of farm owners are over 55 which Average Miles From Farm to Plate concerns many over the future of production in the country.

In 1935 there were 6 million farms employing roughly 127 million individuals. Today there are a little over 2.2 million farms employing approximately 1.2 million farmers.

During the 1960’s 1 farmer produced food for 26 people, today 1 farmer feeds 144. In 1900, the average farm size was 147 acres, today it is 441.

U.S. farmers produce 46% of the world’s soybeans, 41% of the world’s

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK corn, 20.5% of the world’s cotton and 13% of the world’s wheat.

In 2010, $115 billion worth of American agricultural products were exported around the world

Over 40% or 2.6 billion of the global population are farmers; making agriculture the largest labor group in the world.

Now you may be asking yourself what do all these figures mean?

What current trends are indicating is that farming in America is ageing and becoming more centralized with larger farms, less individuals, and higher costs due to mechanization, inputs such as seed, fertilizer, fuel and water. Which equates to the farmer taking home less money!

The challenges facing America today is the need for a new generation of farmers to take charge and offer communities food that is more local, healthier and affordable.

But things are changing…..

In 1994 there were 1,700 farmers markets in the US, now there are over 8,000. Local, organic vegetables and fruit is the fastest growing sector in agriculture today.

Currently there are roughly 107,000 local farmers which accounts for 5% of all agriculture and generates 4.8 billion dollars in the United States.

Figure: How your food dollar is broken down

Chapter 6: TYPES OF AGRICULTURE Organic vs. Conventional Agriculture Organic Agriculture: “Organic agriculture is an ecological production management system that promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity. It is based on organic methods to restore, maintain and enhance ecological harmony.”

Organic Ag’ is the fastest growing sector of food consumption. It pertains also to animal breeds, feeds, and not using Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO). Organic farmers do use sprays but they must be labeled organic. Normally any food or agriculture product certified organic will have this graphic on the label.

Prior to WWII, almost all farming in the USA was organic. Post war excess chemicals from the war effort were repurposed for agriculture use while mechanization and inputs were made more affordable.

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK Conventional Farming: Refers to a method of farming in which the use of GMO's, and non organic chemical pesticides- herbicides and fertilizers is allowed. Though productive, there is a lot of controversy surrounding the use of these chemicals and the side effects prevalent in our environment, health, and evolution of weeds & pests immune to the chemicals. 
 What is the intent of your Production system?

Both Feed People in the End.

Chapter 6 TYPES OF AGRICULTURE Sustainable Agriculture: A method of agriculture that attempts to ensure the profitability of farms while preserving the environment.

Permaculture: Designed in Australia by Bill Mollison it is an ecological design system for sustainability in all aspects of human endeavor. It teaches us how build natural homes, grow our own food, restore diminished landscapes and ecosystems, catch rainwater and build communities (permaculture institute) Based on the farmers observations of nature and mimicking its systems into production.

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK

Biodynamics: Is a spiritual-ethical-ecological approach to agriculture. Biodynamics was first developed in the early 1920s based on the spiritual insights and practical suggestions of Dr. Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925). Biodynamic practitioners also strive to work in cooperation with the subtle influences of the cosmos on soil, plant and animal health.

Aquaponics & Hydroponics: These are methods of growing plants using mineral nutrient solutions, in water, without soil. Plants may be grown with their roots in mediums such as perlite, gravel, biochar, mineral wool, expanded clay pebbles or coconut husk. The productivity is high but the cost of inputs is expensive. Also soil gives flavor, some argue food is bland in these systems.

Aquaponics is similar but adds a fish tank into circulation for plant nutrition.

Pictured: My friend,

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK Archies Acres Veterans Sustainable Ag’ Training, San Diego

Chapter 7: BOTONY Although plants have grown on earth for billions of years; 10,000 years ago our ancestors unknowingly became the first botanist as they experimented by observation. They experimented with things that did not make them sick and herbs that relieved illness. In what today is modern day Iraq or referred to as “Mesopotamia or the Fertile Crescent” is considered as cradle of civilization and agriculture.

The map above depicts areas of original food productioncompared to today’s productive zones.

Botany or Plant Biology is the study of over 500,000 plants. Without the diversity of plants on Earth, there would be no oxygen, no cyclical water use, no food nor us. The particulars of the geo-politics and botany of plants would consume volumes of pages but for our use, we will simply focus on the tomato.

Tomato History: “Everyone has a tomato story” Traced initially back to Mexico/Central America and originally lethal, but by the time the conquistadors arrived in Meso- America they discovered tomato’s growing in Aztec gardens. Through botanists efforts spanning thousands of years toms are now delicious, readily available in countless varieties and a staple of nearly every culture on earth.

Tomato Sex Education: The anatomy of a plant is not complicated. In essence, their reproductive system is nearly identical to a human in both form and function.

The male parts are the anther,filament and pollen.

The female parts are the stigma, style, ovules and ovary.

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK

ORIGINS OF OUR COMMON FOOD CROPS TYPES OF PLANTS

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK CHAPTER 8: THE CHICKEN At Boys Grow our goal is to be good sheppard’s for a diversity of farm animals, however due to farm ownership restrictions, we limit this to the noble chicken. The chicken is a marvelous creature that benefits a farm/farmer with eggs, meat, valuable feathers, manure, and the ability to sanitize pastures, gardens, and yards by consuming bugs and ticks. Chickens are ancient and as widely spread and diverse as the tomato.

Who came first?

Caveman or Chicken?

The chicken is the descendant of the red jungle fowl of South East Asia. After intentional cross breeding, they were originally bred for cockfighting in India, Asia and Africa. To many cultures, roosters are a symbol of virility and renowned for their ferocious nature which explains why they are the closest living relative to the dinosaur T-Rex. Today chickens can be big business or family pets and any grower of these incredible creatures must be familiar with their anatomy, characteristics, diet and understanding of safely processing and storing their meat and eggs.

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK

Chapter 8: The Chicken Benefits of Free Range Hen Eggs • 1⁄3 less cholesterol • 1⁄4 less saturated fat • 2⁄3 more vitamin A • 2 X more omega-3 fatty acids • 3 X more vitamin E • 7 X more beta carotene Free-range eggs have 4-6 times more vitamin D than supermarket eggs!

Free-range eggs can lower cholesterol/blood pressure

Helpful Poultry Definitions • Chick- A baby chicken at the fluffy downy stage.

• Poult- Young poultry or fowl.

Basic Equipment for Raising Chickens Coop: Dry, dim, warm/cool, enclosed, 1 box per 4 chickens, fenced in run.

Coop Bedding: Straw, pine shavings, washed construction sand (keep clean) Water Cans: Clean h2o, keep full -heated for winter, lipped and enclosed to prevent contaminates, elevate off ground.

Feeder: Keep full, preferable to hang, enclosed and lipped.

Grit: Chickens use to digest food, keep separate from food. 2 types: Flint or Oyster Shell Grit Diatomaceous Earth: Used in layer box if chicken have mites

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK • • • •

• • •

Pullet- A young female chicken at least 20 weeks old which has begun to lay eggs but has not yet moulted.

Cockerel- Immature male chickens of less than a year's age.

Rooster- Sometimes called a 'Cock' is an adult male chicken over a year old.

Hen- Female chicken that has begun to lay eggs or is over 12 weeks of age.

Hens do not need roosters to make eggs, but to make more chicks a rooster must fertilize the hen.

Layer- A chicken that lays eggs.

Bantam- A small variety of chicken or miniature breeds.

Standard Poultry- The American standard, official breed standard for poultry in North America

Suggested Chicken Feed: Chickens are omnivores and eat about anything, it is highly recommended to purchase store bought seed to regulate nutrition.

Starter Feed Day 1-8 Weeks: (Chicks) 20% Protein, pellets or crumbles, if coop is clean likely they will not need medicated feed.

Grower Feed 8-18 Weeks: (Teenager) 16-18% Protein, pellets or crumbles Do not feed layer feed prior to 18 weeks it contains calcium and can cause illness or death.

Layer Feed After 18 Weeks: (Adults) 16-18% Protein, mash, pellets or crumbles contains calcium helpful for egg development. If deficient in calcium their bones will deteriorate Scratch: Contents vary but usually is cracked corn or grains useful for extra carbohydrates and should be used sparingly. Best used in winter months to accommodate for body heat Crushed Oyster Shells: Useful to supplement calcium deficiency Treats: It’s best not to spoil your chickens but items such as meal worms, maggots, table scraps, vegetables, or icky things like frogs, mice (not poisoned) are delightful for your girls

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK Chapter 9: BEE’S Without question, bees are essential to managing a viable vegetable farm. Not only is their honey delicious, healthy and profitable.

Bees are essential in pollinating the flowers of your fruit and vegetables.

Bee for Biology: Bees live in complex societies that can number 10’s of thousands per hive. The majority of the hives consist of unfertile females called workers. The minority population of the colony are males called drones. The strongest males mate with the queen; afterwards the

workers drive them from the hive.

ESSENTIAL EQUIPMENT Foundation: Foundation is what the bees will use to build honey The queen bee is the only reproductively combs. viable and though the worker bees Bees: You can order beesfemale by mail, local beekeepers or if experienced her, she has no influence over enough capture arevere swarm….Its fun!! the hive. Every bee has a Protective gear:decisions A full suit of is recommended with vail purpose and hers is to lay up to 1,500 eggs Gloves: Simple latex dishwashing gloves can suffice. per will day.calm the bees before you check on them or Smoker: A smoker harvest honey.

A single worker bee creates 1/12 of a teaspoon of honey in their life span.

Bees communicate by movement, pheromones and sharing food

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK

Chapter 9: Bees The Collapse of an Empire: Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD): Since 1869 there have been many names given to the numerous outbreaks of mass disappearances of both feral and captive colonies. But in 2006 many bee keepers reported a 30-90% colony loss which ranked as the highest historical rate and the name CCD was given.

CCD is present in nearlly all 50 states. Today 1/3 of all bees in the US are gone.

Why Bees are Important Bees are reponsible for $15 billion in increased crop value, 1/3 of all meals are directly or indirectly benefited by bees. There are over 1 million colonies equating to billions of bees who are shipped around the country to pollinate essential foods we eat everyday.

How to Identify CCD: 1.

Look for a major or complete desertion of the colony by all adult bees over a short period. This may be hours or days.

2. Look for bees. If bees have been killed by something toxic or by something in the hive, they will still be present, but dead.

3. Check for the Queen, she will often be present but with a greatly reduced amount of workers 4. Uncapped brood, bee’s will not leave a hive without unborn 5. If CCD occurred robber bee colonies will not take over, also look for an unusual time delay before wax moths appear Why CCD Occurs?

As it stands scientists are still trying to understand why CCD occurs, though there is no one single culprit, many factors are to blame. Here are some theories. And I boldly underline….THEORIES 1. Exhaustion: Commercial bees are shipped seasonally all over the US, many suspect bees are simply overworked and pick up diseases in their weakend state.

2. Destruction of Habitat, inadequate access to healthy water 3. Disease, Pests, Mites 4. Pesticides

SAGE ADVICE BY LEGENDARY FARM MANAGER JIM LEAP UC Santa Cruz Generally Good Advice ∗ Find Niche Markets ∗ Be Creative in farming, managing,

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK and marketing practices ∗ Everything is about relationships! ∗ Actively cultivate support for the farm within the community Keys to Success ∗ Good Soil: Build healthy soils, you will have healthy crops ∗ Good Climate: Utilize all climatic conditions for advantage ∗ Right Varieties: Varieties make or break farms! Trial! Trial! Trial! ∗ Capital: Always helpful, but if limited be creative ∗ Supportive Community: Communities support projects they identify with ∗ Choose partners with complementary skills ∗ Market: Creativity, niches, diversity, reputation, know other farmers products ∗ Practical Experience: Understand individual abilities and farm appropriately ∗ Motivation: Let your interests and passions drive pursuits ∗ Access to Information: Know available resources, use technology to advantage ∗ Patience: Farming is a lifetime endeavor, learn from mistakes but know you’ll still die an apprentice ∗ Intuition: Do not ever let imagination ever be a limiting factor ∗ Innovation: Improvise, adapt and overcome; always a good creed Jim Leap’s Best Advice for 1st Year Farming “ Be patient, do not jump into too many things or the farm to quickly!!”

Systematic 1st Year Approach ∗ Create Beds: Find uniform bed shape and stick to it ∗ Irrigation: Understand hydrology of land and observe pests, weeds, and diseases ∗ Cover Crops: Improve soil, limit pest, weed, and disease pressures ∗ Work to Skill Level: Work accordingly to abilities, identify others with needed skills ∗ Diversify Production: Experiment with crops & animals, seek new markets-niches ∗ Appropriate Technology: Don’t purchase incorrect or unnecessary equipment ∗ Invest in Children: Children are future farmers-consumers & easier adapting to new ideas Essential Skills and Knowledge for Success ∗ Business Management ∗ Labor: Accounts for ½ of costs-cultivate loyal & knowledgeable workers ∗ Accounting: Save headaches hire a professional specializing in agriculture taxes ∗ Marketing: Understand the demand, the trends and the historical models ∗ Post Harvest Handling: Intimately know how to handle, store, and ship products ∗ Merchandising: Marketing is a skill and art-Maintain freshness, rotate, be attractive ∗ Customer Relations: Loyalty pays, customers will pay for quality and relationships ∗ Soil Science: A farm begin and ends with the soil, know it, understand it ∗ Fertility: Grow good soil, grow good crops ∗ Tillage: Using the right tool at right time is paramount ∗ Plant Science: Learn everything possible about the plants being grown ∗ Pests, Diseases, Weed Management: Spend 1st year focused on learning these locally ∗ Cultivate Variety: Reduce disease & pests impacts, reduce headaches, improve yield and profits ∗ Climatic Requirements: Know seasons & appropriate crops, varieties, and species ∗ Irrigation: Understand hydrology, climate, needs, appropriate technology ∗ Timing: Study growth cycles, nutritional-light requirements, and local climate Technical Knowledge Requirements, if you do not know it, find someone who does.

BOYS GROW FARMER HANDBOOK ∗

Build Relationships!

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Equipment Operation Mechanics Welding

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Electrical Plumbing Carpentry

In Brief, More Sage Advice ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗

Start Small Be Conservative Don’t Borrow if Avoidable Know market, plan accordingly Stick to standard bed configuration Plan Well Double Anticipated Expenses

∗ Reduce Anticipated Income by Half ∗ Keep Good Records ∗ Always Trial New Varieties ∗ Network with Farming Community * Never Plant large quantities without Known Market

Afterword by the Author There are many to thank for molding me into the human being I am today. My villagers, my mentors, my parents, friends and extended “farm’ily”. Without their inspiration, couches, and encouragement given over the years; who knows I might have been wealthy but working a job I hate.

Aside from the agricultural subjects enclosed in this handbook my only advice is follow your heart, suck the marrow out of your interests and let love guide your life.

Cedar Circle Farms, Vermont

My Village-Dan Saga, Niger-West Africa