VAICHARKI KE NIRMAN MAIN SANCHAR MADHYMON KI BHUMIKA: MAHILA UTAPIDAN KE VISHESH SANDARBH MAIN SAMAJ

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SRJHSEL/LATA KUMAR (515-527)

oSpkfjdh ds fuekZ.k esa lapkj ek/;eksa dh Hkwfedk % efgyk mRihM+u ds fo”ks’k lanHkZ esa lekt”kkL=h; fo”ys’k.k Mk0 yrk dqekj] ,lks0 izksQslj&lekt'kkL= 'k0ea0ik0 jkt0 LukrdksRrj efgyk egkfo|ky;] esjB

Abstract dPph cLrh esa jgus okyh 55 oihZ; deyk ckbZZ jke&lhrk dks Hkxoku ds #i esa rks tkurh gSa ysfdu jke&lhrk dh dFkk ls vufHkKrk izdV djrh gSaA lhrk eS;k ds lkFk D;k gqvk \ nzkSinh dh dgkuh D;k gS vkSj mfeZyk] vfgY;k] xka/kkjh tSlh ikSjkf.kd efgykvksa ds ckjs esa Hkh os dqN ugha tkurhaA dkyZ ekugkbe fdlh lewg dh ml fopkj iz.kkyh dks oSpkfjdh dgrs gSa] tks LokFkZc) gksrh gSA ekugkbe nks izdkj dh oSpkfjdh crkrs gSa & ,d] fof”k’V oSpkfjdh vkSj nwljh] lEiw.kZ oSpkfjdhA fof”k’V oSpkfjdh] fdlh ,d fof”k’V O;fDr dh fopkj/kkjk gksrh gS ftls lacaf/kr lewg dh ekU;rk fey tkrh gks ;k feyh gqbZ gksA tcfd laiw.kZ oSpkfjdh laiw.kZ lekt O;oLFkk dh eq[; fopkj/kkjk gksrh gS tks laiw.kZ ekU;rkvksa ;k uSfrdrk ds fu;e] ijEijkvksa rFkk #f<+;ksa bR;kfn ls lacaf/kr gksrh gS A lapkj ds lk/kuksa dk miHkksx djus okys vkSj muls oafpr O;fDr;ksa ds Kku vkSj fopkj/kkjk esa i;kZIr fHkUurk ns[kus dks feyrh gSA ;g fLFkfr rc vkSj Hkh T;knk izHkkoh gks tkrh gS tcfd lapkj lk/kuksa ds miHkksx u djus okys vf”kf{kr vkSj fu/kZu gksa vFkkZr mudh lkekftd&vkfFkZd izfLFkfr fuEu gksA efgyk mRihM+u ds lanHkZ esa fd, x, bl “kks/k ls bu rF;ksa dh iqf’V gksrh gS A dPph cLrh esa jgus okyh 55 oihZ; deyk ckbZZ jke&lhrk dks Hkxoku ds #i esa rks tkurh gSa ysfdu jke&lhrk dh dFkk ls vufHkKrk izdV djrh gSaA lhrk eS;k ds lkFk D;k gqvk \ nzkSinh dh JUNE-JULY, 2014. VOL. I/IV

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dgkuh D;k gS vkSj mfeZyk] vfgY;k] xka/kkjh tSlh ikSjkf.kd efgykvksa ds ckjs esa Hkh os dqN ugha tkurhaA ^^eSa dS tk.kwa \ eSa i<+h dksuhA** os tcko nsrh gSsaA efgyk mRihM+u laca/kh fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa ;Fkk ekj&ihV] xkyh&xykSt vkfn dks Hkh os viuh xjhch vkSj fu;fr ls tksM +dj ns[krh gSSa A ogha nwljh vksj 35 o’khZ; tkudh dgrh gSa fd ^eSa i<h&fy[kh dks u] ij Vh0oh0 esa lhrk eS;k vkSj nzkSinh dh dgk.kh ns[kwaA* ;g iwNs tkus ij fd dgkuh esa ,d vkSsjr ds #i esa lhrk vkSj nzkSinh us tks fd;k D;k og lgh Fkk \ os dgrh gSa fd *os rks Hkxoku ds vorkj Fks tks Hkh fd;k lgh gh fd;k gksxkA* nzkSinh dks tq, esa ikaMoksa }kjk gkj tkus dh ckr ij os dgrh gSa] ^ejn rks vkSjr ds fy, Hkxoku gksosA* lhrk }kjk jko.k dk oSHko Bqdjkdj jke dk bartkj djuk] va/ks ifr dk vuqdj.k dj xka/kkjh dk vka[kksa ij iVVh cka/kuk] fpRRkkSM + esa jkuh infeuh dk lkewfgd vkRenkg rFkk dqarh }kjk lw;Z iq= d.kZ dks xaxk esa cgk nsus tSlh lHkh fLFkfr;ksa dks os lgh Bgjkrh gSa] tcfd la;ksfxrk }kjk fd, x, izse fookg dks os vuqfpr ekurh gSa A mijksDr nksuksa vuqHko jktLFkku ds vtesj “kgj ds v/;;u ij vk/kkfjr gSaA ;|fi v/;;u dk fo’k; efgyk mRihM+u dk oSpkfjd vkSj oxkhZ; lan”kZ gS rFkkfi vuqHkoksa ls Li’V gksrk gS fd O;fDr;ksa ds fo”ks’kdj vf”kf{kr O;fDr;ksa ds lkaLd`frd Kku ds fu/kkZj.k esa jsfM;ks] Vh0oh0] baVjusV tSls lapkj ds lk/ku egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djrs gSaA lapkj ds ;s lk/ku u dsoy O;fDr ds Kku ds {ks= dks izHkkfor djrs gSa cfYd muds lkekftd O;ogkjksa ij Hkh viuk izHkko Mkyrs gSa tks fd Kku ds ek/;e ls fufeZr oSpkfjdh }kjk lapkfyr gksrs gSa A oSpkfjdh mPp #i esa O;ofLFkr iz.kkyhc) gksrh gS rFkk dqN ,d ;k vf/kd egRoiw.kZ ewY;ksa ds bnZfxnZ ,dhd`r gksrh gSA izR;sd oSpkfjdh dk ,d n`f’Vdks.k gksrk gSA ;g n`f’Vdks.k dqN uSfrd rFkk laKkukRed LFkkiukvksa ,oa vfHkerksa ls fufeZr gksrk gS tks fd fdlh ewrZ oLrq ;k fLFkfr ds ckjs esa gksA fopkj/kkjk yksxksa dks “kfDr”kkyh #i ls izHkkfor djrh gS rFkk mudks izsj.kk iznku djrh gSA bl lanHkZ esa nks izdkj ds O;fDr gksrs gSa& ,d] os tks fopkj/kkjk dks Li’V #i ls vkRelkr djrs gSaA nwljs] os tks ijks{k #i ls mlds izHkko esa gksrs gSa A dkyZ ekugkbe fdlh lewg dh ml fopkj iz.kkyh dks oSpkfjdh dgrs gSa] tks LokFkZc) gksrh gSA ekugkbe nks izdkj dh oSpkfjdh crkrs gSa & ,d] fof”k’V oSpkfjdh vkSj nwljh] lEiw.kZ oSpkfjdhA fof”k’V oSpkfjdh] fdlh ,d fof”k’V O;fDr dh fopkj/kkjk gksrh gS ftls lacaf/kr lewg dh ekU;rk JUNE-JULY, 2014. VOL. I/IV

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fey tkrh gks ;k feyh gqbZ gksA tcfd laiw.kZ oSpkfjdh laiw.kZ lekt O;oLFkk dh eq[; fopkj/kkjk gksrh gS tks laiw.kZ ekU;rkvksa ;k uSfrdrk ds fu;e] ijEijkvksa rFkk #f<+;ksa bR;kfn ls lacaf/kr gksrh gS A oLrqr% ukjh mRihM+u dfri; lkekftd folaxfr;ka ;k la;ksxtfur ?kVuk Hkj ugha gS] oju~ vius ewy#i esa ;g ges”kk gh fdlh u fdlh oSpkfjd n`f’Vdks.k vFkok fopkj/kkjk ls laiq’V gksrh jgh gSA rc oSpkfjdh pkgs iq#’k iz/kku lekt dh jgh gks] #<+ ijEijkoknh jgh gks vFkok vlekurkoknh jgh gksA lekt esa izHkkoiw.kZ #i ls O;kIr ;s lHkh fopkj/kkjk,as gh okLro esa ukjh mis{kk] ukjh mRihM+u vkSj ukjh “kks’k.k dh laiks’kd o laokgd jgh gSaA bu lHkh fopkj/kkjkvksa ds fojks/k Lo#i rFkk vU;kU; dkjdksa ds ifj.kkeLo#i ,d yEcs ,sfrgkfld Øe esa uohu fopkj/kkjkvksa ;Fkk] mnkjokn] lerkokn rFkk ukjhokn dk mn; gqvk tks fd izHkko”kkyh #i esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu ds izfr mUeq[k gSa vkSj ukjhxr mRihM+u] vR;kpkj rFkk “kks’k.k dk fojks/k u dsoy lS)kafrd #i esa dj jgh gSa] oju mls O;og`r djus ds fy, Hkh iz;Ru”khy gSasA bu lcds QyLo#i gkykafd efgykvksa dh vkfFkZd] lkekftd o ikfjokfjd fLFkfr esa ifjorZu vk;k gS ijarq fQj Hkh efgyk mRihM+u o izrkM+uk dh ?kVukvksa esa fujarj o`f) gh gqbZ gSA rc] D;k ,d fopkj/kkjk ds #i esa lekt esa izHkkoiw.kZ rjhds ls vHkh Hkh efgyk mRihM+u Lohd`r fd;k tk jgk gS vFkok uohu oSpkfjd ifjos”k esa ;g dqN u, Lo#iksa ds lkFk mHkjk gS vFkok blds ihNs dksbZ vU; dkjd lfØ; gSa \ ;g iz”u fopkj.kh; gS A tgka rd mRihM+u dk iz”u gS] “kkfCnd n`f’Vdks.k ls mRihM+u ;kfu OPPRESSION “kCn dk vFkZ gS] ,d O;fDr ds efLr’d o Hkkoukvksa dk neu rFkk nq%[k] nnZ] Dys”k vkSj vHkkX; }kjk ml ij ncko dh fLFkfr] ijs”kku djus ;k ihfM+r djus dh Hkkouk] vius v/khu ;k vkfJr ds lkFk vuqfpr o funZ;h O;ogkj] xyr o dBksj rjhds ls lRrk o “kfDr dk iz;ksx] cyiwoZd nckus ;k jksdus dh fØ;k rFkk ,d efgyk dk cyiwoZd mRihM+u vkfnA ijUrq ;gka iz”u dsoy mRihM++u dk u gksdj ^efgyk* mRihM+u dk gS] tks fd bl “kCn dks Lor% gh vusdkusd lkekftd vkSj lkaLd`frd vk;keksa ls tksM + nsrk gS D;ksafd ;gka mRihM+u ek= ,d efgyk dk ughsa oju~ lfn;ksa ls ihfMr] “kksf’kr vkSj viekfur ml oxZ dk gS ftls izkd`frd vkSj lkekftd O;oLFkk esa vfuok;Z gksus ds ckotwn f}rh; Lrj dk ekuk tkrk jgk gSA Qyr% fujarj lkekftd fu;ksZX;rkvksa] izrkM+ukvksa vkSj “kks’k.k dks lgu djrs jgus ds dkj.k os lHkh fLFkfr;ka] JUNE-JULY, 2014. VOL. I/IV

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O;ogkj vkSj fØ;k,a] tks fd mRihM+u dks ifjHkkf’kr dj ldrh Fkha] ukjh ds izfr lekt lEer vkSj oSs/k BgjkbZ xbaZ rFkk efgykvksa ds lanHkZ esa os O;kogkfjd] uSfrd rFkk izkd`frd ?kksf’kr dj nh xbZa A oLrqr% ySafxd vlekurk] cykRdkj] ;kSu&”kks’k.k] efgyk&gR;k] vigj.k] vxqokbZ] dU;kHkzw.k o f”k”kqgR;k] NsM+[kkuh] ekjihV] ekufld izrkM+uk rFkk vU; vusdkusd lkekftd vkfFkZd fu;ksZX;rk,a ;Fkk cky&fookg] fo/kok fookg fu’ks/k rFkk oS/kO; thou dh fu;ksZX;rk,a] inkZ izFkk] L=h vf”k{kk] lEifRr esa mRrjkf/kdkj ls oapu] lkekftd vogsyuk] lrh izFkk rFkk L=h dks lEifRr ekuuk vkfn dks efgyk mRihM+u ds fofo/k Lo#iksa ds #i esa foosfpr fd;k tk ldrk gSA fdarq buesa ls vusdksa fLFkfr;ksa ;Fkk NsM[kkuh] ekjihV] L=h dks lEifRr ekuuk] oS/kO; thou dh fu;ksZX;rk,a] inkZ izFkk] L=h vf”k{kk] lEifRr esa mRrjkf/kdkj ls oapu vkfn dks vR;Ur lgt] LokHkfod o izkd`frd var%laca/k vkSj var%fØ;k ds #i esa Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSa rFkk LFkkfir O;oLFkk ds vuqdwy o fgrkFkZ crkrs gq, mlds LFkkf;Ro dk leFkZu fd;k tkrk gSaA fofo/k ,sfrgkfld ?kVukØe o lkfgfR;d foospu bl rF; dh iqf’V djrs gSa A #f<+oknh vkSj iq#"k izHkqRooknh fopkj/kkjk us bl feFkd dks tUe fn;k gS fd efgykvksa dk mRihM+u okLro esa izkd`frd gSA mudk dFku gS fd efgyk,a tSfod #i ls iq#"kksa ls fuEu gSa] os iq#"kksa ls de cqf)thoh gksrh gSa vkSj dqN fo”ks"k dk;ksZa dks djus dh {kerk efgykvksa esa iq#"kksa ls de gksrh gSA fdarq okLro esa bl ckr ds dksbZ izek.k ugha gSa fd efgyk,a iq#"kksa ls fuEu gSaA ;s rF; iq#"k iz/kku lekt }kjk Fkksik x;k gSA ekDlZoknh fopkj/kkjk ds vuqlkj] efgykvksa ds mRihM+u dh tM+sa lekt ds fofHkUu oxksZa ds foHkktu esa lekfgr gSaA efgykvksa ds mRihM+u ds fy, iq#"k&ekfyd dk;ksZa dk oxhZdj.k iq#"k ,oa efgykvksa esa bl izdkj djrs gSa fd efgykvksa }kjk fd, x, dk;Z dk HkRrk de gksrk gSA okLro esa efgyk mRihM+u ,d cgqvk;keh o fofo/k i{kh; fLFkfr gS ftldks ifjHkkf’kr djus rFkk mldk fo”ys’k.k djus ds fy, lewg] leqnk; rFkk {ks= dh lkaLd`frd o lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ka] mlds ,sfrgkfld lanHkksZa] LFkkfir o ekU; oS/kkfud O;oLFkk] Lohd`r oSpkfjd O;oLFkk rFkk uohu ifjorZukUeq[kh fopkj/kkjkvksa] mRihfM+r O;fDr ds oS;fDrd n`f’Vdks.k o vk;keksa rFkk mRihM+u dk le;] LFkku o izR;{k O;ogkj vkSj mlds ifj.kkeksa dks le>uk vR;ar vko”;d gSA bu lHkh fcUnqvksa] i{kksa ;k vk;keksa dh foospuk ds i”pkr~ gh ;g fu/kkZj.k djuk vf/kd lgt] LokHkkfod o JUNE-JULY, 2014. VOL. I/IV

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lR; ds fudV gksxk fd fdlh O;fDr] O;fDr;ksa vFkok lewg }kjk L=h ;k fL=;ksa ds izf r fd;k x;k O;ogkj oLrqr% mRihM+u gh gS vkSj ;g mRihM+u eq[;r% bl rF; ls egRoiw.kZ #i ls izHkkfor gS fd mRihfM+r O;fDr efgyk ;k efgyk,sa gSa rFkk bl vk/kkj ij muds lkFk fd;k x;k O;ogkj mfpr o LoHkkfod gS mijksDr foospuk efgyk mRihM+u dh oSpkfjdh ij izdk”k Mkyrh gSA oSpkfjdh fuekZ.k ds lg;ksxh rRoksa esa orZeku vk/kqfud lekt esa lapkj ek/;eksa dh Hkwfedk dks udkjk ugha tk ldrkA lapkj ek/;e lh/ks rkSj ij ekuoh; laosxksa dks izHkkfor djrs gSa tks fd oSpkfjdh fuekZ.k ds lanHkZ esa egRoiw.kZ gSaA tSlk fd eSDl “ksyj dgrs gsa fd laLd`fr] Hkk’kk vkSj iztkfr ds laØ e.k ls fopkjksa esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA bldk izeq[k dkj.k ;g gS fd fopkjksa dk lac/k laosxkRed lajpuk ls gksrk gS vkSj O;ogkfjd Lrj ij Hkk’kk] laLd`fr lHkh dk vk/kkj laosx gS A “ksyj }kjk bafxr bu laosxks dks vk/kqfud lekt esa Kku ds izlkj ds ek/;e ls lapkj ds lk/ku gh eq[;r% izHkkfor djrs

gSaA

ts0 ,p0 ehM Hkh dgrs gsa fd efLr’d dks le>us esa lapkj lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ gSaA os dgrs gSa fd ,slk ugha gS fd efLr’d ds }kjk lapkj gksrk gS vfirq efLr’d dh mRifRr lapkj ds ek/;e ls ,d lkekftd izfØ;k ;k vuqHko ds lanHkZ esa Hkko&ladsrksa ds lekxe }kjk gksrh gS A ehM dh mDr foospuk vFkkZr Kku ;k fopkj vFkok fparu izfØ;k dks orZeku esa lh/ks rkSj ij foKku vkSj izkS|ksfxdh ls lacaf/kr fd;s tkus dh izo`fRr c<+h gSA vc ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd ,d leqnk; ds yksxksa ds Kku dk Lrj vkSj lkspus fopkjus dh “kfDr ml leqnk; esa miyC/k foKku o izkS|ksfxdh ds lk/kuksa ij fuHkZj gS] bu lk/kuksa esa lapkj ds lk/ku ds #i esa jsfM;ks] Vsfyfotu vkSj dEI;wVj izeq[k gSAa lapkj ;k lEizs’k.k ds fy, vaxzsth esa Communication “kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA lapkj ds fy, lcls igyh vfuok;Zrk gS ek/;eA ek/;e ds vHkko esa ge viuh ckr dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd ugha igqapk ldrsA lapkj ds ek/;eksa ds #i esa ge i=&if=dkvksa] iqLrdksa] jsfM;ks] Vsyhfotu] dEI;wVj rFkk orZeku esa eYVhehfM;k@LekVZ Qksu dks tkurs gaSA vkt rduhfd fodkl ds pjeksRd’kZ ij lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh bl ewske ij igqap xbZ gS fd blds foLrkj ds fy, nqfu;ka Hkh NksVh yxus yxh gSA nwljs “kCnksa esa] lwpuk Økafr us iwjh nqfu;ka dks Xykscy foyst ds #i esa ifjofrZr dj fn;k gSA lwpuk txr dh bl Økafr esa VsyhQksu] QSDl] jsfM;ks] Vsyhfotu] dEI;wVj] eksckby Qksu] JUNE-JULY, 2014. VOL. I/IV

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eYVhehfM;k@LekVZ Qksu] VScyV] bVjusV] QksVks dkWfi;j] bZ&esy] ohfM;ks dkWy rFkk lks”ky ehfM;k tSls lk/kuksa o ek/;eksa dh egrh Hkwfedk gSA lapkj ds ;s vusdkusd lk/ku vkSj ek/;e u dsoy O;fDr dks lwpuk vkSj Kku miyC/k djkrs gSa oju~ O;fDr dh lksp vkSj fopkj/kkjk dks Hkh izHkkfor djrs gSaA izLrqr “kks/k izi= Hkh blh rF; dks izLrqr djrk gSA ;|fi “kks/k dk eq[; fo’k; *efgyk mRihMu dk oSpkfjd vkSj oxhZ; lan”kZ* gS rFkkfi rF;ksa ds fo”ys’k.k ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS oSpkfjdh ds fuekZ.k esa lapkj ds lk/kuksa dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA oxhZ; lan”kZ ds varxZr “kks/k esa lkekftd&vkfFkZd fHkUurk ij vk/kkfjr rhu oxksZa dh bdkb;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gS ftUgsa Øe”k% mPp] e/;e vkSj fuEu Øe fn;k x;k gSA lEiw.kZ v/;;u esa dqy rhu lkS bdkb;ka lfEefyr gSa ftudk p;u oxhZ; vk/kkj ij eq[;r% Lrfjr fun”kZu rFkk nSo fun”kZu i)fr ds }kjk fd;k x;k gSA laiw.kZ bdkb;ksa esa ls 50 bdkb;ka mPPk oxZ ls] 100 bdkb;ka e/;e oxZ ls rFkk 150 bdkb;ka fuEu oxZ ls lacaf/kr gSaA v/;;u esa 'kkfey izfrn”kZ dk laf{kIr fooj.k fuEu izdkj gS & izfrn”kZ esa lfEefyr

vf/kdka”k lwpuknkrk 31&40 o"kZ vk;qoxZ ds gSaA izfrn”kZ esa 'kkfey

vf/kdka”k lwpuknkrk ewy #i ls uxjh; {ks= ds fuoklh gSaA bldk eq[; dkj.k v/;;u dk iw.kZr;k uxjh; {ks= ls lEc) gksuk gSA v/;;u esa lfEefyr vf/kdka”k lwpuknkrk v/;;u dh xaHkhj izd`fr ds vuq#i fookfgr gSaA blesa “kkfey vf/kdk”ak lwpuknkrkvksa dh fookg dh vk;q 10&14 o"kZ vk;qoxZ gS] ftls eq[;r% fuEu oxZ esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA fookfgr lwpuknkrkvksa esa vf/kdka”k lwpuknkrkvksa dk fookg ifjokj }kjk fuf”pr@r; fd;k x;k gSA fun”kZ dh lkekftd izfLFkfr ds lanHkZ esa izkIr rF;ksa ds fo”ys"k.k ls Kkr gksrk gS fd vf/kdka”k lwpuknkrk fgUnw /keZ ls lacaf/kr gSaA v/;;u esa 'kkfey vf/kdka”k lwpuknkrk lkekU; tkfr ds gSaA ;|fi fuEu oxZ esa fiNM+h tkfr ds lwpuknkrkvksa dk izfr”kr lokZf/kd gSA izfrn”kZ esa lfEefyr vf/kdka”k lwpuknkrk vf”kf{kr gSa] tcfd f”kf{kr lwpuknkrkvksa esa vf/kdka”k Lukrd Lrj rd f”k{kk izkIr gSaA izfrn”kZ esa 'kkfey vf/kdka”k lwpuknkrk la;qDr ifjokj ls lacaf/kr gSaA fuEu oxZ esa ;g izo`fRr izeq[k gSA izfrn”kZ esa vf/kdka”k lwpuknkrkvksa ds ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dh la[;k 0&4 gSA gkykafd fuEu oxZ esa vf/kdka”k lwpuknkrkvksa ds ifjokj dh lnL; la[;k 12&16 lnL; gSA vf/kdka”k lwpuknkrkvksa ds ifjokj ds lHkh lnL; f'kf{kr gSa] gkykafd blesa fuEu oxZ ds lwpuknkrkvksa dk izfr”kr vR;ar lw{e gSA JUNE-JULY, 2014. VOL. I/IV

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fun’kZ dh vkfFkZd izfLFkfr ds lanHkZ esa izkIr rF;ksa esa loZizFke lwpuknkrkvksa ds ifjokj dh vk; dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA blesa rhuksa oxksZa ds vk; Lrj fHkUu gSaA izFke mPp oxZ esa U;wure vk; 100001 #0 ekfld vkSj vf/kdre 1000000 #0 ekfld ls vf/kd gSA bl vk; oxZ esa lokZf/kd izfr’kr 200000 #0 ekfld ls vf/kd vk; okyksa dk gSA f}rh; e/;e oxZ esa U;wure vk; 20001 #0 ekfld vkSj vf/kdre 100000 #0 ekfld gSA blesa lokZf/kd izfr”kr 40001&60000 #0 ekfld vk; okyksa dk gSA tcfd r`rh; fuEu oxZ esa U;wure vk; 2000 #0 ekfld ls de vkSj vf/kdre 20000 #0 ekfld gSA blesa lokZf/kd izfr”kr 2000 #0 ekfld ls de vk; okyksa dk gS] tcfd 20000 #0 ekfld vk; okys lwpuknkrkvksa dh la[;k lokZf/kd U;wu gSA izfrn”kZ esa 'kkfey vf/kdka” k lwpuknkrkvksa ds ifjokj dh vk; dk eq[; lzksr O;olk; gSA izfrn”kZ esa 'kkfey vf/kdka”k lwpuknkrk fdlh u fdlh izdkj dh Hkwfe ds Lokehs gSaA gkykafd fuEu oxZ ds vf/kdka”k lwpuknkrkvksa ds ikl fdlh Hkh izdkj dh Hkwfe ugha gSA Hkwfe j[kus okys mPp o e/;e oxZ ds vf/kdka”k lwpuknkrk vkoklh; Hkwfe ds ekfyd gSa] tcfd fuEu oxZ esa Hkwfe j[kus okyksa esa vf/kdka”k flafpr@d`f"k ;ksX; Hkwfe ds ekfyd gSaA izfrn”kZ esa lfEefyr vf/kdka”k lwpuknkrkvksa ds futh vkokl gSA ysfdu vkokl dh HkkSfrd fLFkfr oxZ fu/kkZj.k esa vkokl dh Hkwfedk dks Li"V djrh gSA mPp oxZ esa lHkh lwpuknkrkvksa ds ikl iDds lqlfTtr vkokl gSa] e/;e oxZ esa vf/kdka”k ds ikl iDds lkekU; lfTtr vkokl gSa] tcfd fuEu oxZ esa vf/kdka”k lwpuknkrk >qXxh&>ksifM+;ksa esa jgrs gSa vkSj budk ,d cM+k izfr”kr iw.kZr% dPps edkuksa esa jgrk gS blh dks os futh vkokl ekurs gSaA “kks/k esa lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr ds vkadyu gsrq bdkb;ksa ds ikl miyC/k HkkSfrd lk/kuksa dks Hkh Kkr fd;k x;k gS ftlesa lapkj ds izeq[k lk/kuksa ¼lajpukRed #i esa jsfM;ks] Vsfyfotu] dEI;wVj rFkk eksckby vkSj izdk;kZRed #i esa fM”k@dscy rFkk baVjusV vkfn½ dh miyC/krk dks Hkh Kkr fd;k x;k gSA mPPk oxZ dh leLr bdkb;ka lapkj ds leLr lk/kuksa dk] ftuesa lajpukRed #i esa jaxhu@LekVZ Vh0oh0] ySiVki@VScysV] eYVhehfM;k@LekVZ Qksu rFkk izdk;kZRed #i esa dscy izlkj.k o vlhfer baVjusV dk] e/;e oxZ dh vf/kdka”k bdkb;ka lapkj ek/;eksa esa lajpukRed #i esa jaxhu Vh0oh0] dEI;wVj] eYVhehfM;k Qksu rFkk izdk;kZRed #i esa fM”k@dscy o lhfer baVjusV dk rFkk fuEu oxZ dh bdkb;kas esa ¼vf/kdka”k ds ikl dksbZ Hkh lk/ku miyC/k ugha gS½ dqN lajpukRed #i esa

JUNE-JULY, 2014. VOL. I/IV

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eq[;r% jsfM;ks dk o dqN lLrs Vh0oh0 vkSj eksckby dk rFkk izdk;kZRed #i esa dscy izlkj.k dk miHkksx djrh gSAa ifj.kke LiIV djrs gSa fd lapkj ds lk/kuksa dh miyC/krk vkSj vHkko dk ifj.kke bdkb;ksa dh oSpkfjd fLFkfr dks O;kid #i ls izHkkfor djrs gSa A efgyk mRihM+u ds lanHkZ esa lapkj ds lk/kuksa dk miHkksx djus okyh bdkb;ksa dh oSpkfjdh lapkj lk/kuksa dk miHkksx u djus okyh bdkb;ksa dh oSpkfjdh ls fHkUu ikbZ xbZ gS tks fd efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dks O;kid #i ls izHkkfor djrh gS A fu’d’kksZa ls LiIV gksrk gS fd mPp lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr okys oxZ ds lwpuknkrk tks fd lapkj ds mPp Lrjh; lk/kuksa ;Fkk dscy Vh0oh0] dEI;wVj vkSj baVjus V vkfn dk iz;ksx djrs gSa mPp f”kf{kr] vkfFkZd n`f’V ls laiUu vkSj vk/kqfud thou&”kSyh o uohu fopkj/kkjkvksa ds /kkjd gSaA ;|fi os vius ifjokj esa efgykvksa dk mRihM+u rFkk vius }kjk efgyk mRihM+u dh fLFkfr dks Lohdkj ugha djrs gSa rFkkfi os lekt esa efgykvksa ds izfr mRihM+u dh fLFkfr dks Lohdkjrs gSaA efgykvksa ds izfr fd, tkus okys fofo/k O;ogkjksa dks os u dsoy mRihM+d O;ogkj ds #i esa Lohdkj djrs gSa oju fofHkUu lkekftd #f<+;ksa] ijEijkvksa vkSj ekU;rkvksa dks Hkh efgyk mRihMu ls lanfHkZr djrs gSa A tcfd e/;e lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr okys oxZ ds lwpuknkrk efgykvksa dk eq[;r% “kkjhfjd vkSj dqN lanHkksZa esa ekufld rFkk vkfFkZd mRihMu dks rks Lohdkj djrs gSa rFkkfi lkekftd mRihMu dks os udkjrs gSaA efgykvksa ds lanHkZ esa cus fofHkUu lkekftd fu;eksa O;ogkjksa vkSj #f<+;ksa dks os lkekU; O;ogkj ds #i esa gh ns[krs gSa A tcfd fuEu lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr okys oxZ ds lwpuknkrk] tks vkfFkZd #i ls detksj] vf”kf{kr ;k vYif”kf{kr gSa] muesa vf/kdka”k efgyk mRihMu laca/kh fofo/k lkekftd fu;eksa O;ogkjksa vkSj #f<+;ksa dks “kks’k.k vkSj mRihM+u ds ctk; lkekU; lkekftd O;ogkjksa] fL=;ksa dh fu;fr vkSj xjhch ls tksM+rs gSaA tgka mPp vkSj e/;e oxZ ds lwpuknkrkvksa dh oSpkfjdh dks izHkkfor djus esa vU; dkjdksa dk Hkh ;ksxnku gS ogha

fuEu lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr okys oxZ esa lapkj ds lk/kuksa dk T;knk izHkko

ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA miyC/k rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij bldh foospuk laHko gSA fuEu lkekftd&vkfFkZd izfLFkfr esa yxHkx 7 izfr”kr lwpuknkrk Vh0oh0 dk] 3 izfr”kr Vh0oh0] jsfM;ks nksuksa dk vkSj yxHkx 20 izfr”kr dsoy jsfM;ks dk miHkksx djrs gSa] tcfd “ks’k 70 izfr”kr JUNE-JULY, 2014. VOL. I/IV

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lwpuknkrk fdlh Hkh lk/ku dk iz;ksx ughs djrs gSaA fuEu oxZ esa efgyk mRihMu dh oSpkfjdh ds lanHkZ esa lapkj ds lk/kuksa dk miHkksx djus okys vkSj lapkj ds lk/kuksa dk miHkksx u djus okys lwpuknkrkvksa dh fopkj/kkjk esa i;kZIr varj ns[kus dks feyrk gSA lapkj ds lk/kuksa dk miHkksx djus okys yxHkx 90 izfr”kr lwpuknkrk efgyk mRihMu dh fLFkfr;ksa ls ifjfpr gSaA efgykvksa ds lanHkZ esa fd, tkus okys fofHkUu O;ogkjksa dks os mRihMu ds #i esa Lohdkj djrs gSa vkSj eq[;r% “kkjhfjd mRihMu dks Lohdkj djrs gSaA ogha lapkj ds lk/kuksa dk miHkksx u djus okys 90 izfr”kr lwpuknkrk efgykvksa ds lanHkZ esa fd, tkus okys fofHkUu O;ogkjksa dks ,d lkekU; lkekftd fLFkfr] viuh fu;fr vkSj xjhch ds lanHkZ esa ns[krs gSa rFkk efgykvksa dh fuEu fLFkfr ds fy, ljdkj dks ftEesnkj Bgjkrs gSa ftuesa Hkwfe dk vHkko izeq[k gSA tgka lapkj ds lk/kuksa dk miHkksx djus okys vf/kdka”k lwpuknkrk L=h f”k{kk vkSj efgyk vf/kdkjksa ds ckjs esa tkx#d gSa rFkk viuh dU;k larkuksa dks f”k{kk fnykuk pkgrs gSaA ogha lapkj ds lk/kuksa dk miHkksx u djus okys] u rks L=h f”k{kk dh vko”;drk eglwl djrs gSa vkSj u gh LFkkfir O;oLFkk esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu ds ckjs esa lksprs gSaA efgyk vf/kdkjksa ds ckjs esa mudk er gSa fd iq#’k T;knk cqf)eku gksrs gSa blfy, lekt vkSj ifjokj esa fu.kZ; ysus dk dk;Z mUgha dk gSA fL=;ksa ds fy, rks iq#’kksa ds funsZ”kksa dk ikyu vkSj x`g dk;Z gh vPNk gSA lapkj ds lk/kuksa dk miHkksx djus okys yxHkx 70 lwpuknkrk efgyk mRihM+u ds dkj.kksa esa fL=;ksa dh fuEu fLFkfr] lkekftd jhfr&fjokt vkSj “kkjhfjd #i ls iq#’kksa ds rkdroj gksus dks izeq[k ekurs gSa tcfd lapkj ds lk/kuksa dk miHkksx u djus okys vf/kdka”k lwpuknkrk efgykvksa dh xyrh gksus rFkk ,slk gh gksrk vk;k gS] dks izeq[k dkj.k ekurs gSa A lekt esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr ds lanHkZ esa] lapkj ds lk/kuksa dk miHkksx djus okys vf/kdka”kr% lwpuknkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd efgykvksa dh fLFkfr [kjkc gSA iq#’kksa dks fn, tkus okys egÙo dks os iwjh rjg lgh ugha ekurs vkSj bls efgyk mRihM+u ds fy, ftEesnkj Hkh ekurs gSaA tcfd lapkj ds lk/kuksa dk miHkksx u djus okys vf/kdka”k lwpuknkrk lekt efgykvksa dh fuEu fLFkfr vkSj iq#’kksa ds izHkqRo ds ckjs esa dqN Hkh ugha dgrs vkSj ekurs gSa fd ,slk gh gksrk vk;k gS A lapkj ds lk/kuksa dk miHkksx djus okys vf/kdka”k lwpuknkrk mu ckrksa dks tkurs& lqurs gSa ftuesa efgykvksa dks Hkh egÙo fn;k tkrk gSA os bu ckrksa dh Hkh tkudkjh j[krs gSa fd tks dk;Z igys flQZ JUNE-JULY, 2014. VOL. I/IV

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iq#’k djrs Fks os vc efgyk,a Hkh dj jgh gSa] tSls mPp f”k{kk] mPp in izkfIr] okgu pykuk] ethZ ls fookg] inkZ R;kx] fo/kok iqufoZokg] “kklu vkSj jktuhfr] ukSdjh vkSj O;olk; rFkk lkgliw.kZ dk;Z vkfn vkSj bUgsa efgykvksa ds fgr esa Hkh ekurs gSaA ogha lapkj ds lk/kuksa dk miHkksx u djus okys vf/kdka”k lwpuknkrkvksa dks ,sls dk;ksaZ dh tkudkjh csgn de gSa vkSj ;fn gS Hkh rks os buesa ls vf/kdka”k dks mfpr ugha ekurs A lapkj ds lk/kuksa dk miHkksx djus okys vf/kdka”k lwpuknkrk lhrk] nzkSinh] lkfo=h vkSj xka/kkjh tSlh ikSjkf.kd efgyk ik=ksa ls ifjfpr gSa vkSj mudh dgkfu;ksa ds ckjs esa dkQh dqN tkurs gSaA ;s tkudkjh izkIr gksus dk Js; os lapkj ds lk/kuksa jsfM;ks o Vh0oh0 ij vkus okys ikSjkf.kd o /kkfeZd dk;ZØeksa rFkk /kkjkokfgdksa dks nsrs gSaA lhrk] nzkSinh] lkfo=h] vfgY;k vkSj xka/kkjh tSlh efgyk ik=ksa rFkk jke] y{e.k] xkSre] d`’.k vkfn iq#’k ik=ksa }kjk of.kZr dk;ksaZ dks os mfpr ekurs gSa rFkk buls izsj.kk izkIr djrs gSa vkSj mUgsa lekt ds fgr esa ekurs gSaA tcfd la;ksfxrk }kjk i`Fohjkt pkSgku ls fd, x, izse fookg dks os vuqfpr ekurs gSaA blds foijhr lapkj ds lk/kuksa dk miHkksx u djus okys vf/kdka”k lwpuknkrk jke&d`’.k dks Hkxoku ds #i esa rks tkurs gSa] ij budh dgkfu;ks a ds ckjs esa cgqr de tkurs gSaA mPp oxZ esa vf/kdka'k lwpuknkrk }kjk lapkj ds lk/kuksa dk O;kid iz;ksx djus ds dkj.k os ukSdjh@O;olk; djus] jktuhfr esa fgLlk ysus vkSj vfo"dkj ;k [kkst djus ls vR;kpkjksa esa FkksM+h cgqr deh dks] tcfd 'ks"k vU; dk;ksZa ls vR;kpkjksa esa deh dks Lohdkj djrs gSaA e/;e oxZ esa vf/kdka'k lwpuknkrk ukSdjh ;k O;olk; djus] vk/kqfud@ethZ ds oL= iguus vkSj lsuk@iqfyl tSls {ks=ksa esa dke djus ls vR;kpkjksa esa deh dks rFkk inkZ@?kwa?kV dk R;kx djus vkSj laxfBr fojks/k ;k vkanksyu djus ls deh ugha vkus dks] tcfd 'ks"k dk;ksZa ls FkksM+k cgqr deh vkus dks Lohdkj djrs gSaA fuEu oxZ esa vf/kdka'k lwpuknkrk mPp f'k{kk] ukSdjh@O;olk; djus] jktuhfr esa fgLlk ysus] 'kkld in izkIr djus] a?kj ls ckgj fudyus vkSj ethZ ls fookg ;k iqufoZokg djus ls efgyk vR;kpkjksa esa deh dks] inkZ@?kwa?kV dk R;kx djus vkSj vk/kqfud@ethZ ds oL= iguus ls vR;kpkj esa deh ugha vkus dks] mPp in izkfIr ,oa laxfBr fojks/k@vkanksyu ls FkksM+h cgqr deh dks Lohdkj djrs gSaS] tcfd lsuk@iqfyl tSls {ks=ksa esa dk;Z djus] tksf[ke ;k lkgl ;qDr dk;Z djus vkSj vfo"dkj ;k

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[kkst djus ds ckjs esa dg ugha ldrs mRrj nsrs gSa] budh ;g lksp budh ijaijkoknh Kku dks gh izLrqr djrh gSA Hkkjrh; lekt esa fofHkUu ikSjkf.kd iqLrdksa] dgkfu;ksa] yksdxhrksa] /kkfeZd iqLrdksa vkfn esa of.kZr lhrk] lkfo=h] nzkSinh vkSj vuqlqb;k tSlh efgykvksa ds R;kx] lPpfj=rk vkSj ifrozrk vkfn xq.kksa dh dgkfu;ksa dks vf/kdka'k yksx tkurs gSaA vf/kdka'k efgyk lwpuknkrk buds ckjs esa tkudkjh ugha j[krh gSa] tcfd iq#"kksa }kjk lapkj lk/kuksa dk vf/kd iz;ksx djus ds dkj.k T;knkrj lwpuknkrk budh tkudkjh j[krs gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd mPp o e/;e nksuksa gh oxksZa esa vf/kdka'k lwpuknkrk bl dgkfu;ksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh j[krs gSa] lapkj lk/kuksa ds vHkko ds dkj.k fuEu oxZ esa vf/kdka'k lwpuknkrk bu dgkfu;ksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh ugha j[krs gSaA

buesa efgyk ik=ksa ds lkFk iq#"k ik=ksa

ds O;ogkj ds lanHkZ esa jke dk lhrk ij lansg dj] xHkZorh gksus ds ckotwn taxy esa Hkstus dks mfpr ugha ekuk tkrk gSA tgka efgyk,a bls fcydqy Hkh Lohdkj ugha djrh gSa] ogha iq#"kksa esa bls FkksM+k cgqr lgh ekuk tkrk gSA nwljh vksj mPp o e/;e oxZ Hkh bls Lohdkj ugha djrs gSa] tcfd fuEu oxZ esa bls FkksM+k cgqr Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSaA egkHkkjr dh dFkk ds vuqlkj ikaMoksa dk nzkSinh dks tq, esa oLrq dh rjg nkao ij yxkus dks Hkh vf/kdka'k yksx Lohdkj ugha djrs gSaA L=h&iq#"k nksuksa ds }kjk Hkh bls Lohdkj ugha fd;k x;k gSA oxhZ; vk/kkj ij vf/kdka'k mPp o e/;e oxZ bls lgh ugha ekurk gSa] ogha fuEu oxZ esa bls FkksM+k cgqr lgh ekuk x;k gSA jkek;.k egkdkO; ds vuqlkj jke dks ouokl gksus ij Hkzkr`HkfDr esa y{e.k dk iRuh mfeZyk dks NksMdj HkkbZ jke ds lkFk ou tkus dks yksx lgh ekurs gSaA tcfd bls lgh ekuus okyksa esa iq#"k oxZ izeq[k gSA gkykafd efgykoknh fopkj/kkjk ls ifjfpr gksus ds dkj.k mPp oxZ esa vf/kdka� k efgyk,a bls lgh ugh ekurh gSa] tcfd fopkj/kkjk ds vHkko esa fuEu oxksZa esa bls lgh ekuk tkrk gSaA blh rjg ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa esa fofHkUu efgyk ik=ksa }kjk fd, x, dk;ksZa esa jkek;.k xz aFk ds vuqlkj lhrk }kjk jko.k ds lq[k&oSHko dks Bqdjkdj jke dk bartkj djus dks gh yksx mfpr ekurs gSaA egkHkkjr egkdkO; ds vuqlkj nzkSinh }kjk dqarh ds Hkzeiw.kZ vkns'k ij muds ikapksa iq=ksa dks viuk ifr Lohdkj dj ysus dks vf/kdka'k yksxksa }kjk lgh ugha ekuk tkrk gSaA egkHkkjr egkdkO; esa ifr ds va/ks gksus ds dkj.k iRuh xka/kkjh dk viuh vka[kksa ij iVVh cka/k ysus dks yksx mfpr ekurs gSa] vkSj ifrozr /keZ ds pyrs bls efgykvksa ds fy, vkn'kZ ekurs gSa vkSj vke fL=;ksa ls Hkh buds vuqdj.k dh JUNE-JULY, 2014. VOL. I/IV

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mEehn djrs gSaA ,sfrgkfld rF;ksa ds vuqlkj eqxy lsukvksa }kjk ijkftr gksus ij eqfLye vkØe.kdkfj;ksa ds Hk; ls fpRrkSM+ dh efgykvksa }kjk lkewfgd vkRenkg dj ysus dks yksx lgh ekurs gSa tcfd dUukSt dh jktdqekjh la;ksfxrk ds jktiwr jktk i`Fohjkt pkSgku ls viuh ethZ ls fookg dj ysus dks yksx xyr ekurs gSaA egkHkkjr dh ,d dFkk ds vuqlkj dqarh }kjk fookg iwoZ lw;Z ls mRiUu iq= d.kZ dks yksdykt ds Hk; ls xaxk esa cgk nsus dks vf/kdka'kr% lgh ekuk tkrk gSA lapkj lk/kuksa ds }kjk dFkk dk Kku gksus ds dkj.k vf/kdka”k lwpuknkrk bl ckjs esa viuh jk; izdV djrs gSaA fofHkUu ikSjkf.kd iqLrdksa] dgkfu;ksa] yksdxhrksa rFkk /kkfeZd iqLrdksa vkfn esa ;s dgs tkus fd efgykvksa dks ,slk djuk pkfg,] ,slk ugha djuk pkfg,] efgykvksa dks ,slk gksuk pkfg,] ,slk ugha gksuk pkfg,] ds dkj.k gh efgykvksa }kjk fofHkUu dk;Z&O;ogkj fd, tkus dks] yksx FkksM+k cgqr Lohdkj djrs gSaA tgka vf/kdka’k efgyk,a bls FkksM+k cgqr Lohdkj djrh gSa] ogh vf/kdka”k iq#"k bls iw.kZr;k Lohdkj djrs gSa A mPp o e/;e oxZ bls FkksM+k cgqr gh Lohdkj djrk gSa tcfd vf/kdka”k fuEu oxZ bls iw.kZr;k Lohdkj djrk gSA efgykvksa dh fuEu ,oa n;uh; fLFkfr cukus rFkk mu ij vR;kpkj o mRihM+u dks leFkZu nsus rFkk mUgsa cuk, j[kus esa bu ikSjkf.kd iqLrdksa] dgkfu;ksa] yksdxhrksa rFkk /kkfeZd iqLrdksa vkfn dh Hkwfedk dks eq[;r;k Lohdkj ugha fd;k tkrk gSaA efgyk vkSj iq#"k nksuksa esa gh vf/kdka'kr% bls Lohdkj ugha djrs gSaA ;|fi mPp oxZ esa eq[;r;k efgyk,a bls Lohdkj djrh gSa] e/;e oxZ esa efgyk,a bls FkksM+k cgqr Lohdkj djrh gSa] tcfd fuEu oxZ esa vf/kdka”k efgykvksa }kjk bls Lohdkj ugha fd;k tkrk gSA gkykafd mPp oxZ }kjk mijksDr dFkkvksa dks efgyk mRihM+u ds fy, mRrjnk;h ekuk tkrk gS] ysfdu e/;e o fuEu nksuksa gh oxksZa esa vf/kdka'kr% bls Lohdkj ugha fd;k tkrk gSA fofHkUu ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa] xhrksa vkSj iqLrdksa esa of.kZr O;ogkjksa ds dkj.k gh iq#"kksa dh izeq[krk dks cy feyk vkSj efgykvksa dh fuEu lkekftd fLFkfr dks lekt dh lgefr vkSj ekU;rk feyus dks yksx Lohdkj ugha djrs gSaA efgykvksa vkSj iq#"kksa esa Hkh vf/kdka'kr% bls Lohdkj ugha fd;k tkrk gSaA gkykafd mPp oxZ izLrqr rF; dks Lohdkj djrk gSa vkSj blesa efgyk,a izeq[k gS] tcfd e/;e o fuEu nksuksa gh oxksZa ds }kjk bls Lohdkj ugha fd;k tkrk gSA mijksDr leLr rF; Kku vkSj fopkj/kkjk ds fu/kkZj.k esa lapkj ds lk/kuksa dh miyC/krk vkSj iz;ksx dh Hkwfedk dks Li’V djrs gSAa JUNE-JULY, 2014. VOL. I/IV

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mijksDr leLr foospuk ls ;g Li’V gksrk gS fd lapkj ds vk/kqfud lk/ku u dsoy O;fDr ds Kku vkSj lwpukvksa esa o`f) djrs gSa oju Kku ds ek/;e ls mudh oSpkfjdh dk fuekZ.k Hkh djrs gSAa lapkj ds lk/kuksa dk miHkksx djus okys vkSj muls oafpr O;fDr;ksa ds Kku vkSj fopkj/kkjk esa i;kZIr fHkUurk ns[kus dks feyrh gSA ;g fLFkfr rc vkSj Hkh T;knk izHkkoh gks tkrh gS tcfd lapkj lk/kuksa ds miHkksx u djus okys vf”kf{kr vkSj fu/kZu gksa vFkkZr mudh lkekftd&vkfFkZd izfLFkfr fuEu gksA efgyk mRihM+u ds lanHkZ esa fd, x, bl “kks/k ls bu rF;ksa dh iqf’V gksrh gS A

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