Exhibit Catalogue
Viking Worship
Amulets Amulets and Cult Objects from the Viking Age
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Viking Worship
Table of Contents Introduction – 3 Odin – 4 Magic and Sorcery – 5
Exhibit Catalogue This catalogue accompanies the museum exhibit Viking Worship: Amulets and Cult Objects from the
The Afterlife: Valkyries – 6
Viking Age. The catalogue provides an introduction on amulets and their function in Viking society, and
Christian Influence – 7
summarizes the information about each object. There
Thor’s Hammer: Mjölnir – 8
image and textual sources can be found in the
Thor, Wind, and the Sea – 9
are limited to southern Sweden and the Baltic Sea
Appendix: Maps – 10 Bibliography: Text – 13 Bibliography: Images – 17 2
are reference maps in the appendix, and both the bibliography at the back. The artifacts in this exhibit region, including the islands of Öland and Gotland, with only two exceptions (from Iceland). They are by no means comprehensive in scope, but represent a few key themes in Viking worship.
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Viking Worship
Introduction Amulets, Cult Objects, and Worship in the Viking Age In various societies throughout history,
purposes. Amulets representing
amulets were believed to hold
different gods or goddesses may have
supernatural power. They could bring
also been associated with specific cults;
luck, prevent disease, or bring misfortune
there were cults of Thor, Odin, and
to others. Much of their power in Viking
Freyja, for example. Special amulets
society was tied to the natural world:
were sometimes passed down from
whether it was Freyr bringing fertility to
generation to generation, or an
the farmland, or Thor causing favourable
individual could be buried with their
sailing winds. Viking amulets often took
personal amulets. Amulets and other
the form of miniature images of the gods,
cult objects are often found at ‘central
or symbols of these gods. Odin, Thor, and
places’, or cult sites that functioned as
Freyr were popular amulets, as were
religious centres, where Vikings
Thor’s hammers and, eventually, the
performed worship and sacrifice.
Christian cross. Other symbols were
Amulets that are worn on the body may
associated with the goddess Freyja and a
have had a specific purpose, usually
type of magic called seiðr (see page 5).
associated with traits of the god it
Amulets were meant to be small and
represents; for example, the figure of
portable, so they could fit in one’s pouch,
Odin may have summoned wisdom,
shirt, or on a piece of jewellery.
magic, poetry, battle, or death. There was also the belief that images of gods or goddesses could be animated, or
Spells or incantations were often used in
come to life, through the use of magic –
conjunction with amulets when attempting
at least in the sense that they could
to use them actively for magical
affect the world around them. 3
Viking Worship Odin This bronze figurine (top) was found in a cremation grave in Ekhammar, Kungsängen. In the right hand the figure holds a sword and in the left hand he is holding two spears. The headdress he is wearing has two horns that are joined together. Both of the horns end in a bird’s head. This figurine has been interpreted by scholars as representing either a male priest of the cult of Odin or the god Odin himself. This interpretation comes from the two birds depicted above the man’s head, Odin had two raven helpers named Huginn and Muninn. In Norse mythology, Odin is a god of many things including wisdom, war and the dead. Found alongside this figurine was another figure of a man holding and biting a coiled snake while dressed like an animal. This small bronze figurine (bottom) was found in a grave located in Lindby, Sweden. The statue is thought to represent Odin because it is intentionally missing its right eye, which Odin is said to have given up for Wisdom. Figurines like this one have been tied to pagan cultic beliefs, and it is thought that they could have been carried like amulets by members of Viking society for divine protection. There have been several other small bronze figurines of gods found in graves across Scandinavia, though amulets referencing Odin and Thor tend to be the most common. As Odin is said to be the patron god of nobles and higher ranking members of Viking society it is likely that this figurine once belonged to someone of social importance or good standing.
Did You Know?
This figurine is unlike other depictions of
Odin in that it is missing any reference to ravens, spears, or Odin’s eight-legged horse Sleipnir.
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Viking Worship
Magic and Sorcery
Seiðr is a form of magic through which supernatural beings could be contacted, and persuaded to bring good or bad luck to a community, oneself, or one’s enemies. Usually female, the Völva was a sorceress who would use this magic to see into the future. Their tools included staffs, amulets or charms, and possibly drugs like cannabis and henbane. They were richly dressed, often wearing furs, exotic jewellery, and gold or silver embroidery. Seiðr could also be used to heal the sick, for love charms, or to affect the outcome of battle. This amber pendant was found in the area of Grölingbo, Gotland. It is located in Sweden on the South end of the Island closer to the East side. This typically female pendant allows us to determine the artifact was most likely found in a female grave or at a site where females occupied the land. The bowler chair shape of the pendant can be interpreted as a symbol of a ruler's throne, which suggests the owner of the pendant or the owner of the grave, is of higher rank or status. This pendant could potentially symbolize the throne of a Völva (a woman who could predict the future through trance) due to the chair‘s Kubstol or bowler chair shape. This pendant could also explain a wealthy owner due to Viking homes possessing little furniture while only the wealthy were able to afford an abundance of furniture and the space needed for it. Gotland was a trade point that may have hosted trade fairs at regular intervals implying that the origin of this specific pendant is difficult to determine.
This iron and bronze staff from the Viking Age was found in a grave located in Björko, Adelsö. Within the grave, a few horses and a lance were present, as well as the remains of two people seated on a chair. The chair is considered to be a symbol connected to the practice of magic, known as seiðr. This form of magic is associated with the goddess Freyja and was typically undertaken by Viking women, who were considered to be more adept at it than men. This suggests that one of the individuals in the grave was a female sorcerer who could predict the future, traditionally referred to as a völva which stems from the Old Norse word for “staff.” Burials containing staffs often have additional artifacts from foreign locations and of material value, indicating that the practice of seiðr was a lucrative role.
This amber cat figurine was found in the settlement area of the archaeological site of Birka, Sweden. Amber, often referred to as the “gold of the North,” was an expensive and high status material that would have been imported to Birka from Denmark or the south-eastern Baltic shores. In Norse mythology, cats were the goddess Freyja’s patron animal, and amber symbolized Freyja’s frozen tears. Thus, this particular figurine suggests strong links to this goddess. Freyja is associated with fertility and a feminine form of magic called Seidr. It is possible that this amber figurine acted as a talisman, most likely for a woman, as it was seen as unmanly for Viking men to be associated with Seidr. Cats were given to new brides as an important part of setting up a household, and so played a feminine related role outside of Norse mythology as well.
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Viking Worship The Afterlife: Valkyries The Valkyries were associated with the worship of Odin. When warriors were killed in battle, the Valkyries brought them to Valhalla. This pendant (far right, bottom right) is grouped with three other female pendants found in Öland, Sweden. The other pendants are also wearing long dresses and shawls, but this particular woman’s dress is belted and her hair is either pulled back or in a cap. This silver figure is interpreted as representing one of the Norse god Odin’s Valkyrie. Evidence for this is based on contemporary carvings and this pendant’s grave context. The Valkyrie are female mythological figures who served drinks to the warriors that ended up in Valhalla, a paradise reserved for warriors who died in battle. Valkyries were considered to be ‘corpse choosers’ and picked which warriors would be permitted into Valhalla. The drinking horn the Valkyrie is holding may represent the endless drink and food that she is supposed to supply to the warriors who are chosen. Their role in myth is represented as both good-spirited and cruel, though the idea of Valhalla is considered to be an aristocratic concept. This silver pendant (bottom left) is also thought to be a female Valkyrie, which means “chooser of the slain”. Another common name for Valkyries is fylgjur, which translates to “fetcher”. In Norse mythology, these spirits were responsible for taking the souls of departed warriors to Valholl, the sacred hall of Odin, in Valhalla. Valkyries are generally shown to wear long garments with intricate knotted hairstyles, and carry drinking horns for the dead as part of the ceremony allowing them to pass into Valhalla. Valkyrie pendants and imagery have been found through the 6th10th centuries.
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Viking Worship
Christian Influence
The Vikings converted to Christianity around the tenth and eleventh centuries, although it was a gradual process of cultural change. New Christian ideas were adopted, while old pagan beliefs were often retained – this led to syncretism, a combination or hybridization of both Christian and pagan ideals. For example, the Thor’s hammer with a Christian cross in the middle is an excellent visual representation of this process. Baptism was a requirement for Christianity, and the Norse term Hvítakristr, or White Christ, describes the white robes that a newly baptized convert would have worn. Local saints, who were martyred in the name of Christianity, became an integral part of the history of Scandinavia’s conversion.
This small bronze brooch was found with a collection of goods including a silver coin, three bronze bracteates, two oval shaped bronze brooches (similar in size to each other), an iron knife, and some fine linen fragments in a stonechambered grave near a church in
This small, ornate, ceramic egg is
This Thor's hammer pendant was found in
Gårdby, Öland, Sweden in 1844. The
decorated with a feather-like pattern and
Iceland during the Conversion Period,
grave was likely that of a woman due to
finished with a brown and yellow glaze.
which has led researchers to speculate as
the two oval shaped brooches found in
In the round end of the egg there is a
to the crafter's intent upon crafting the
the grave which were commonly used to
small hole and in the hollow interior there
item, as both the Thor's hammer and
secure the straps of the apron style
is a small, loose ball. Resurrection eggs
Christian cross motifs are evident. The
dresses many Viking women wore or to
were made in the Kiev region of Russia
pendant was cast in silver and it is of
pin together a shawl or cape. The Urnes
beginning in the early 11th century and
unique design, with the closest known
style of art found in the later Viking Age
were distributed throughout eastern
example being a hammer/cross of
is thought to have a Christian influence,
Germany, Poland, the Baltic and eastern
similar shape, but without the animal
symbolizing the fight between good and
Scandinavia (Gotland, Lund and
head which was found in a later Iron-age
evil. Although no specific animal is
particularly Sigtuna). These eggs are
burial mound at Huse in Romedal,
depicted, this brooch could symbolize
Christian symbols of Resurrection and
Hedemark, Norway. This pendant's rough
one animal such as a dragon or serpent,
their wide distribution can be seen as a
workmanship and off-set central cross
or two or more intertwined beasts
result of the spread of Christianity from
carving suggest that the craftsman was an
writhing against one another in a fight to
the east and into Scandinavia.
amateur.
freedom or death.
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Viking Worship
Thor’s Hammer Mjölnir Pendants such as this one (left), in the shape of the god
These pendants (right) would have been worn by
Thor’s mythical war hammer Mjölnir, were a common
worshippers as a cult symbol, bringing them fortune
form of Viking jewellery. A powerful figure in Viking
and favour from Thor. Just as Christianity would create a
religion, Thor was worshipped as a protector of the
material culture within jewelry surrounding the cross,
worlds of gods and men. Thor was believed to fight
Thor’s hammer Mjölnir was a popular motif worn by
forces of evil such as giants and the world-serpent.
many during the Viking era (prior to their conversion to
This pendant is a particularly fine one crafted in silver,
Christianity). Though archaeological evidence suggests
but most were made of iron. Such miniature hammers
that these were very common in Eastern Sweden and
were made in Scandinavia as well as England even
Russian Viking states despite being rare in other parts
before the Viking Age, but they increased in popularity
of Northern Europe. There are also several theories that
in Scandinavia after the introduction of Christianity.
suggest that these pendants were a key part of certain
Archaeologists believe Norse pagans wore Thor’s
wedding rituals, involving the exchange of hammers in
hammer as a symbol of personal faith much like
the same way that we exchange rings today.
Christians wore the cross.
Did You Know? According to the mythology, Mjölnir was once stolen from Thor by a giant, and in order to retrieve it the god had to infiltrate a party by dressing as a woman.
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Viking Worship
Thor, Wind, and the Sea The Vikings believed that one of Thor’s powers was the ability to produce a wind by blowing into his beard. In one of the Icelandic sagas, a mere image of Thor is made to raise a wind against enemy ships. So it has been suggested that amulets of Thor grasping his beard were believed to hold the power to create favourable winds when sailing. Perhaps these amulets were taken on sea voyages, to will good sailing winds from the god Thor. In fact, this ‘windmagic’ was practiced using wind amulets in medieval Scandinavia and elsewhere.
Typically associated with the god Freyr, and fertility (with the large phallus), could this be Thor instead? It is similar to the others: the conical hat, seated pose with elbow on knee, and holding his beard…
This 10th-century figurine is
This figurine is known as the
This bronze figurine (far right) was found in 1904 on
made of walrus ivory, an exotic
Eyrarland Statue because it was
the ground of the farm Rällinge, in Sweden, either by
material that would have been
found on Eyrarland farm in
a farmer, or by a 12-year-old boy who sold it to the
imported from Iceland or
Iceland. It dates to about 1000 AD
farmer. The farmer later sold the statue to the
Greenland, as it was found in
and is made of bronze. It is said
Swedish Museum of National Antiquities. Because of
1936 in Lund, Sweden. It has
to represent Thor, again seated,
how it was discovered, the context (what it was found
been interpreted as a
but in this case he is holding his
with) is not known.
representation of Thor, seated
Thor’s Hammer while gripping
The figurine is believed to represent the Norse god
on a chair, with his elbows
his beard with both hands. This
Freyr, a god little known in the Anglo-Saxon world,
resting on his knees and both
Thor’s hammer has also been
but one who occupies a large part of the tales and
hands grasping his beard. On
compared to similar examples of
chronicles from Scandinavia. Freyr was a god of
the back of the object is a ring-
Christian crosses, so its meaning
fruitfulness. Sacrifices were often made to him at
and-dot pattern of Thor’s
is debated. He is wearing a
weddings, but this concept of fertility extended to
hammer. The figurine is naked,
conical hat or helmet, and is
nature as well; he was the patron god of the farmer.
and is either wearing a hat or
naked. The chair is armless, and
Particularly fertile fields were often named after him,
the lines on his head represent
has a low, tripartite back.
for example: “Freysakr”, meaning “Frey’s
hair.
Cornfield”. Many of these names still remain today.
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Appendix
Maps Baltic Sea Region (includes ﾃ僕and and Gotland)
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Viking Worship
Appendix
Maps Uppland, Sweden
Viking Worship
Sรถdermanland, Sweden
11
Appendix
Maps Östergötland, Sweden
12
Scania (Skåne), Sweden
Viking Worship
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baltic_Sea_map.png
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SverigesL%C3%A4n2007S%C3%B6dermanland.svg
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SverigesL%C3%A4n2007%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland.svg
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sverigekarta-Landskap_Sk%C3%A5ne.svg
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http://tannhauser3.wordpress.com/2012/12/19/a-fake-hnefatafl-king-and-a-re-examined-playing-piece/
Viking Worship
17
Exhibit Catalogue
Viking Worship
Amulets Amulets and Cult Objects from the Viking Age December 2013 Victoria, British Columbia Canada