GRØN DYST 2015 Book of abstracts

Student conference on sustainability, the environment and climate technology. June 26, 2015

CONTENT Programme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Welcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Maps

.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Case story 1: The disposable waste bin - DropBucket. . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Case story 2: Green Challenge turned my career plans upside down. . . 10 Case story 3: Plastic brick wins worldwide fame. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Green Challenge 2014. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Judging panels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Presentation formats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Criteria for project evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Legend info. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Acknowledgements.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Abstracts Bachelor level course/project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Bachelor final assignment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Master level course/project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Master thesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

3

PROGRAMME 9.30 - 10.00 REGISTRATION FOR JUDGES

10.00 - 10.15 WELCOME BY THE MINISTER OF THE ENVIRONMENT KIRSTEN BROSBØL

10.40 -12.30 JUDGING THE PROJECTS

12.30 -13.30 LUNCH

13.30 -15.15 JUDGING THE PROJECTS

15.15 -16.15 RECEPTION, (DELIBERATION)

15.45 -16.15 ENTERTAINMENT

16.15 -17.00 AWARD CEREMONY WITH LAURA STORM, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR FOR SUSTAINIA

17:30 -20.00 BBQ I GRØNNEGÅRDEN WITH DJ

20.30 -21.45 DÚNÉ CONCERT IN THE OTICON HALL

4

WELCOME

Dear participant, Welcome to DTU and to the Green Challenge (GRØN DYST) Student Conference.

Climate change, deteriorating ecosystems, decreasing biodiversity, poverty, and a continuously growing population are among the global challenges that may have catastrophic implications for humanity. To reverse this development the world needs new and innovative technical solutions, and creative engineers who will play a pivotal role in the transition towards a sustainable society.

At DTU we take our commitments very seriously which is why the University incorporates sustainability, environmental issues, and climate technology as fundamental aspects in all of our engineering programmes and our research.

The Green Challenge Student Conference is an annual and unique opportunity for

Martin E. Vigild Dean of Undergraduate Studies and Student Affairs, Chairman of GRØN DYST executive committee

participating DTU and international partner universities students to present their projects to their peers and professors as well as invited guest and DTU alumni.

This year, 138 green projects are competing for the Green Challenge prize money. These projects represent months of hard work and are the innovative students from DTU and from a number of DTU’s partner universities and alliances: KAIST, NTNU, Aalto University, TUM, CBS and KU. We are thrilled to welcome you to DTU. We are also delighted that Kirsten Brosbøl, Danish Minister for the Environment has agreed to open the Green Challenge student conference 2015.

Welcome to a day of discovery and eyeopening sustainable solutions to global challenges.

Martin P. Bendsøe Dean of Graduate Studies and International Affairs

5

GROUND FLOOR, DTU LIBRARY

26 18

41 84

62

66

110

9

81

57

68

76

17

94

53

74

77

106 10 A

83

6 7

135

4

131

86

21

126

95

60

137

136 128

134 123

45

93

37

98

111

69 36 92 39

2

96 102

115

Transport Managing transition Process optimization

6

15

SECOND FLOOR, DTU LIBRARY

33 43

56

104

63

35 48

59

119

70

138

82

55

85

10 103

89

124

19

101

116

130 34

107

127

24

100

65 108 117

133 42

1

51

121

132

64

90

118

122 52

5

28

16

78

80

29

11

3

73 129

88

58

54

112 87

105 97 32 31 30 25 91 72 13 109 99 79 61 23

75

44 22 8

67 125 114 113

47

50 49 46 40 38

20

14

12 120 71 27

Buildings and cities Water Process optimization Energy from wind, sun, water and other Food and Health Waste & recycling

7

THE DISPOSABLE WASTE BIN

- DROPBUCKET Every year, the public sector spends millions on waste removal when various events have taken place across Denmark.

This encouraged two DTU students back in 2012 to develop the concept which today is known as DropBucket.

DropBucket is simply a disposable waste bin. The waste bin is made of recycled corrugated cardboard lined with a thin plastic membrane on the inside. It is designed in a way to prevent it from tipping over in windy weather. The waste bin is extremely light, which means that one person can easily carry five folded DropBuckets. When a DropBucket is filled with waste, you can throw away both the waste and the bin. The waste bin is foldable, making it easy to transport the bin and quickly arrange it wherever and whenever the need arises. ”It was just an idea I had which developed into a semester project, but we never expected it to grow into a business. Nevertheless, our professor said that it had significant innovative value”, says Heiða Gunnarsdóttir Nolsøe.

The project formed part of the Green Challenge 2012 student conference as a Bachelor course project, and even though Heiða Gunnarsdóttir Nolsøe and Marie Stampe Berggreen did not win any prizes at that particular conference, the project has made considerable progress since then.

The first prototype was tested at Roskilde Festival 2013. Since then, the waste bin has been used at 42 events in Denmark and the Faroe Islands, for instance during the Faroese national holidays. Furthermore, it has been sold to elementary schools where children have been given the task of painting pictures on it to get ideas for how to separate waste, but it has also been used in connection with high school Friday bars.

Today – three years after its inception—Heiða

8

and Marie are running a business in which the Faroese investment company Royndin invested over DKK 1 million in spring 2014. ”The investment means that we can take some chances and further develop the product. For instance, we are working on a miniature version of the waste bin which can be used for barbecues in the park, among other things,” says Heiða Gunnarsdóttir Nolsøe. The aim is to introduce DropBucket in the rest of Scandinavia and Europe.

At the end of 2014, Heiða Gunnarsdóttir Nolsøe and Marie Stampe Berggreen finally won an award for their DropBucket concept – the ’IVÆKSTprisen’ award for ’Female Entrepreneur(s) of the Year’. IVÆKSTprisen contains different categories and generally aims to honour the

role models in the Danish business community.

Winning the IVÆKSTprisen is not only a matter of key figures, but also the ability to deliver a good story. In 2015 they have received the international design award Red Dot. Why ’concept’?

The project is a very good example of the ’concept’ category in the Green Challenge competition. Even though DropBucket was not a fully developed product when it was presented at Green Challenge, it was a prototype which was more or less ready to be launched. ”Everyone can participate in Green Challenge – even first-year students. It was a fun day, and we gained useful experience.” – Heiða Gunnarsdóttir Nolsøe and Marie Stampe Berggreen.

9

GREEN CHALLENGE TURNED MY CAREER “I actually thought that I was going to find myself a regular job when I finished my BSc in Engineering,” says Morten T. Egholm. “But all the positive response I received in connection with my Green Challenge projects really motivated me to develop the concept of visual nudging together with Theis Jensen, who is also a DTU student.”

Lessons learned from Green Challenge ”The most important thing I have learned is that if I had only participated in the ordinary teaching activities, I wouldn’t have had the same level of success,” says Morten.

10

”It is extremely important to embrace some of the challenges that you meet as a student at DTU. This is where you get the chance to actually demonstrate your academic competencies and be inspired by other students. You gain real-life

N OD

entitled ’Visual Nudging Behaviour’. In addition, he won second prize in the ’Bachelor course idea’ category with his idea for how people can track their own energy consumption.

▲

experience with interdisciplinary projects focusing on innovation and sustainability.”

Morten Egholm won first prize in the ’Bachelor course concept’ category together with his fellow student Bekim Maksuti. The project is

W

PLANS UPSIDE

11

Teaching new potential Green Challenge participants ”I also teach an interdisciplinary innovation course at DTU. The students have lots of good ideas which we test and further develop. For instance, we often apply Rapid Prototyping in our work, which is a method designed to quickly test whether the technical idea can actually be realized. The course paves the way for participation in Green Challenge 2015 based on the projects which the students have been working on during the semester.”

PLASTIC BRICK WINS WORLDWIDE FAME

Lise Fuglsang Vestergaard's MSc thesis basically deals with waste management in Indian village areas. The aim of the thesis was to demonstrate how to solve waste problems by involving entire villages. It is a major issue that the residents of many poor Indian villages burn all their waste, including plastic, or dump it into the open. Among other things, the waste management problems have led to an increasing number of lung disease cases in the villages. ”I assumed that adding some value to plastic waste would motivate the village residents to collect plastic, which would reduce the waste problem significantly,” says Lise and continues: ”So I developed a prototype of a brick for which I reused soft plastic waste by remelting it in an oven.

I managed to produce a solid brick which was capable of withstanding tremendous pressure.”

It was this plastic brick prototype which Lise decided to present at Green Challenge. In this

12

way, she would bring attention to a single component which the panel of judges, like Lise herself, might believe could offer considerable potential. And they did. Lise took home first prize in the ’concept’ category for MSc theses. ”Winning first prize in Green Challenge really motivated me to continue my waste project in which the plastic brick constituted one of the key elements in solving waste problems in Indian villages,” says Lise.

Self-confidence and contact to professionals ”There were two important factors during my period of study which made me change my career plans, one of them being the interdisciplinary course SME Innovation and Entrepreneurship.

The course opened up a new world and created new possibilities. The other important factor was participating in the Green Challenge student conference in June 2014,” says Morten. ”The fact that I won two prizes was a major boost and motivated me to continue working on my visual

nudging project. The idea for Konduto was also a result of the visual nudging project.”

Using crowdfunding to return to India ”I initially focused on demonstrating the actual technique that I used to produce bricks out of soft plastic waste. I had only produced a few bricks using a normal oven, which is not very useful in an Indian village. The basic idea is, of course, that the villagers must be able to the produce plastic bricks themselves,” says Lise.

trade journals, newspapers, and the radio were expressing a strong interest in her plastic bricks.

It all started with the Technologist science magazine writing an article about Lise’s plastic bricks, which was published in November. The article received a great deal of attention, also because the online network AXA People Protectors chose to share it on Facebook, where it got 24,000 ’likes’ and was shared more than 3,000 times without Lise having anything to do with it.

”So I had to go back to the village in India where I had previously been working on the project,” says Lise.

During autumn, Lise started collecting money for the trip to India via crowdfunding. Crowdfunding is a way of funding a project or a good idea by raising money through your network. Instead of applying for funds, e.g. from local authorities, Lise presented her idea on a crowdfunding platform where her network, including friends, family, colleagues and anyone else who was interested, could support the project financially. The Danish trade union IDA also supported Lise by exhibiting her project at a Culture Night event. ”I was able to collect enough money to go to India in November where we tested whether it would be possible to use a solar powered barbecue to melt the soft plastic into bricks, which it was,” says Lise. ”My boyfriend has also become involved in the project, so he came along and started making a film together with the villagers about the waste problems.”

The plastic brick goes worldwide While Lise was working on further developing the plastic bricks in India, the social media,

”Green Challenge boosted my confidence, and I got in contact with industry professionals via the panels of judges to which I presented my two projects,” says Morten. ”It was also great meeting other students from entirely different study programmes at DTU. This gave me even more interdisciplinary ideas.

”Suddenly, I was contacted by BBC WorldScience Radio who interviewed me for a radio programme. All the global attention made me even more convinced that my project was important to many people. There was also an article about me in the Indian Times,” says Lise.

Moving on ”The current challenge is to continue the project and implement it as an actual solution to the waste problem in India,” says Lise. ”InnoAid, which is the NGO that I work with, has recently developed a project where the production of plastic bricks constitutes one of the elements.”

The project is entitled Waste Sustainable Handling (WASH). Because it is now an official InnoAid project, two new students from DTU have joined the project, while Lise has become a member of the board of InnoAid. ”When I participated in Green Challenge in 2014, I had the chance to present my project to a panel of critical judges. My project was put to the test, and I was motivated to continue working on the project even after earning my MSc in Engineering,” says Lise.

13

14

Green Challenge

15

LUNCH AND BBQ LUNCH: TIME:

FROM 13.00 TO 14.00

PLACE: 1ST FLOOR - DTU LIBRARY MENU: SANDWICH

BBQ: TIME:

FROM 18.00 TO 20.00

PLACE: GRØNNEGÅRDEN MENU: BURGER

CHICKEN BREAST FILET

GRILLED SAUSAGE

MIXED SALAD

VEGETARIAN ALTERNATIVES WILL BE AVAILABLE

BEER OR SOFT DRINKS

JUDGING PANELS PANEL 1

PANEL 2

PANEL 3

Simon Borkenfelt Associate Awapatent

Kristine Garde Deputy Head of Innovation Scion DTU

Susanne Krawack Chief consultant Concito

Jakob Engel-Schmidt Member of Parliament Venstre

Sofia Osmani Mayor, Lyngby Konservativ

Alona Armstrong Faculty Member Lancaster University

Søren Salomo Head of Department DTU Management

Christine Nellemann Head of Department DTU Food

John Clausen Head of Studies DTU Diplom

Lotte Bjerregaard Jensen Head of Studies DTU Civil Engineering

Trine Hagerup Student and member of the acedemic counsil

Johan Alexander Rindmar Student

Jane Hvolbæk Nielsen Head of Department DTU Physics

Rasmus Reinhold Paulsen Programme Director DTU Compute

Niels Skak Bossen Student

17

JUDGING PANELS PANEL 4

PANEL 5

PANEL 6

Henning Jørgensen Vice President, Product Development HARDI INTERNATIONAL A/S

Thomas Kristian Kristensen Treasurer and Board Member Geoforum

Connie Enghus International Market Intelligence Manager Rockwool international

Young-sam Ma Ambassador Republic of Korea

Simon Pihl Sørensen Deputy Mayor, Lyngby Socialdemokratiet

Mette Hjermind Dencker Member of Parliament Dansk Folkeparti

Jens-Peter Lynov Head of Department DTU Nutech

Per Goltermann Chairman of the board of studies DTU Civil Engineering

Henrik Carlsen Head of Department DTU Mechanical Engineering

Stig Wedel Head of Studies DTU Chemical Engineering

Caroline P. Baron Programme Director National Food Institute

Henning Skriver Head of Studies DTU Space

Alexander Flemming Greve af Rosenborg Student

Frederik Villebro Student

Asger Gade Andersen Student

18

JUDGING PANELS PANEL 7

PANEL 8

PANEL 9

Nickolass Bitsch Schack Team Leader, TS Household Care Technology Hub Novozymes

Henrik Poulsen Head of Department, Energy and Industrial Safety Force Technology

John Åge Lazar Managing Director Alfa Laval

Bodil Holmgreen Kornbek City Councillor, Lyngby Socialdemokratiet

Dorthe la Cour City Councillor, Lyngby Venstre

Stine Rahbek Pedersen City Councillor, Ballerup Enhedslisten

Christian Thune Jacobsen Head of Department DTU Adgangskursus

Michael A. E. Andersen Deputy Head of Department DTU Electrical Engineering

Anker Degn Jensen Chairman of the board of studies DTU Chemical Engineering

Mads Peter Schreiber Head of Studies DTU Diplom

Christian Rønne Head of Studies DTU Civil Engineering

Lars Bogø Jensen Head of Studies DTU Food

Jacob Hellum Nielsen Student

Victoria Rapson Student

Charlotte Hauervig-Jørgensen Student

19

JUDGING PANELS PANEL 10

PANEL 11

Hans Peter Dueholm FSS Nordic Architect team leader Distinguished Engineer IBM

Michelangelo Dall'Ora Process engineer – Engineering Production Haldor Topsoe A/S

Steve (Sung Tae) Ahn Director KAIST

PANEL 12

Michael Nielsen Prinicipal Engineering Manager Microsoft

Isabell Nemeth Dr.-Ing. Technische Universität München

Katherine Richardson Professor Head of Sustainability Science Center University of Copenhagen

Rasmus Larsen Head of Department DTU Compute

Lars-Ulrik Aaen Andersen Head of Department DTU Photonics

Rolf Henrik Berg Professor Nanotechnology and innovation DTU Nanotech

Lasse Engbo Christiansen Head of Studies DTU Compute

Irene Kouskoumvekaki Head of Studies DTU System Biology

Klaus Topholm Head of Studies DTU Diplom

Andreas Aabo Student and former 3rd place winner of GREEN CHALLENGE

Niels Mathiesen Skødt Student and Boardmember of Polyteknisk Forening

Hans Henrik Halvbjorn Student

20

JUDGING PANELS PANEL 13

PANEL 14

PANEL 15

Lone Dybdal Nilsson Director Novozymes

Morten Christensen Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Elincon

Tina Sejersgård Fanø VP Business Operations EMA Novozymes

Per Stig Møller Member of Parliament Konservativ

Helge Vagn Jacobsen Member of Parliament Radikale Venstre

Christian Poll Parlimentary Candidate Alternativet

Hanne Østergaard Jarmer Head of Department DTU System Biologi

Erik V. Thomsen Chairman of the board of studies DTU Nanotech

Lisbeth Lindbo Chairman of the board of studies DTU Diplom

Per Boelskifte Head of Studies DTU Mechanical Engineering

Nicolas von Solms Head of Studies DTU Chemical Engineering

Joachim Holbøll Head of Studies DTU Electrical Engineering

Thomas Østergaard PhD. student and former 2nd place winner of GREEN CHALLENGE

Peter Grønborg Student and Boardmember of Polyteknisk Forening

Ida Marie Valentin Christiansen Student and former 2nd place winner of GREEN CHALLENGE

21

JUDGING PANELS PANEL 16

PANEL 17

PANEL 18

Lasse Toft Director, Construction & Civil Works Balslev

Peter B. Lange Executive IT-Architect IBM

Morten Osted Partner Mio Management

Eyvind Vesselbo Member of Parliament Venstre

Søren P Rasmussen City Councillor, Lyngby Venstre

Er Meng Hwa Vice President (International Affairs) NTU

Simon W. Lie Rectors Staff for Innovation NTNU

Peter Hjuler Jensen Deputy Head of Department DTU Wind Energy

Anne Hauch Chairman of the board of studies DTU Energy

Morten Hartvig Hansen Head of Studies DTU Wind Energy

Jesper Larsen Head of Studies DTU Management

Michael Kai Petersen Head of Studies DTU Compute

Christian Breinbjerg Student

Karl Otto Villemoes Student and former second place winner of GREEN CHALLENGE

Caroline Mosbech Student and former winner of GREEN CHALLENGE

22

JUDGING PANELS PANEL 19

PANEL 21

Martin Oestberg General Manager, Chemicals R&D Haldor Topsoe A/S

Britta L. Nissen Afdelingsleder, CPH Asset Management CPH Airport

Morten Hjorth Nielsen Innovation Manager, Technical Operation Maersk Drilling

Philip John Binning Head of Education DTU Environment

Søren Linderoth Head of Department DTU Energy

Jaana Sorvari Assosiate professor Aalto University

Allan Larsen Chairman of the board of studies DTU Transport

Lars Dittmann Chairman of the board of studies DTU Fotonik

Marja Koski Head of Studies DTU Aqua

Lars Maack Head of Studies DTU Diplom

Jacob Kronbak Head of Studies DTU Transport

Martin O. L. Hansen Head of Studies DTU Wind Energy

Bekim Maksuti Former winner of GREEN CHALLENGE

Morten Egholm Former winner of GREEN CHALLENGE

Rune Lundbeck Andersen Student and Boardmember of Polyteknisk Forening

23

JUDGING PANELS PANEL 22

Jeppe Bruus Member of Parliament Socialdemokratiet

Jens Christian Andersen Chairman of the board of studies DTU Electro

Henrik Lehrmann Christiansen Head of Studies DTU Photonics

Poul Andersen Associate professor DTU Mechanical Engineering

Ida Videcrantz Student and Boardmember of Polyteknisk Forening

24

PRESENTATION FORMATS Various modes of presentation are available to the Green Challenge participants. They have twhen doing the presentation of their projects: Poster/laptop presentation The poster presentation allows students to present their work in text and graphics in a persuasive way to passers-by. Unlike the fast pace of a slide show or verbal presentation, a poster presentation allows viewers to study and restudy the information and discuss it with the students one on one.

A laptop presentation addresses a smaller audience, typically three to six persons, gathered around the laptop. This allows viewers to discuss the project and results in a small group or even one on one.

Free style presentation This presentation format allows students to present their projects and the results in any way other way than the above mentioned. Anything goes. It could be a shout out, a theater performance, an exhibition of artifacts, a video show – you name it!

25

CRITERIA FOR PROJECT EVALUATION The panels of judges evaluate the projects in accordance with the following criteria: • Is the project well-structured and clearly communicated?

Is there a clear thread running throughout the presentation, does the presentation stay within the allotted time frame, is there cohesion between the visual and oral presentation and is the message clear.

• To what extent is the project likely to have a positive environmental or energy impact?

Does the project demonstrate the extent of the environmental benefit and whether it is realistically feasible? We recommend using methods to support the probability of a positive environmental or energy impact.

26

• To what extent is the project technically applicable and likely to be realized?

Is the project realizable and can it be implemented within a reasonable time frame? How probable is it that the technology can be applied in the desired manner?

• To what extent is it visionary and/or innovative?

Is the project innovative? Are the findings surprising?

The projects are evaluated on a scale from 1-10.

1 is the lowest grade and 10 is the highest grade. Total score is calculated by adding the individual score from the four criteria. Regardless the score a project cannot receive a Green Challenge prize unless it includes sustainability, the environment or climate technology.

LEGEND INFO Level

Category

Project themes

Bachelor Level Course / Project

Idea

Buildings and cities

Bachelor Final Assignment

Concept

Energy from wind, sun, water and other

Master Level Course / Project

Food and Health

Master Thesis

Process optimization

Presentation format

Transport

Free Style

Waste & recycling

Laptop

Water

Poster

Managing transition

27

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Steering Committee Dean of undergraduate studies, Martin Vigild (president) Senior Vice President, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Marianne Thellersen Director, Jørgen Jensen Director, Jacob Fritz Hansen Head of Communications, Tine Kjær Hassager Reference Committee Associate Professor, Kristian Mølhave (DTU Nanotech) Associate Professor, Stig Irving Olsen (DTU Management) Associate Professor, Lasse Engbo Christiansen (DTU Compute) Professor, Rasmus Fehrmann (DTU Kemi) Director of Center for Bachelor of Engineering Studies, Lars D. Christoffersen Head of Department, Lars-Ulrik Aaen Andersen (DTU Fotonik) Academic Officer, Mette Haagen Marcussen (DTU Systembiologi) Representative from PF, Trine Hagerup and Rune L Andersen Student Henrik Mikkelsen Student, Nanna Cecilie Egede Andersen Student, Maria Annel

A special thanks to Associate Professors Stig Irving Olsen and Kristian Mølhave for categorizing all the abstracts.

28

ABSTRACTS

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE/ PROJECT/IDEA

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

1

AIR SEPARATION – THE POTENTIAL OF PURE OXYGEN AND NITROGEN A. N. Seeger, J. M. Sandager, L. S. Niemann and M. Grønning DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

IDEA

The atmospheric air contains roughly 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen and 1% Argon. The air can be separated through multiple methods. Each of the gases has a bigger potential in a pure form - in particular the pure oxygen is very beneficial.

Pure oxygen gives the possibility to achieve very high temperatures in combustion. It also has usage in hospitals operating rooms, rocket fuel and other types of technologies such as the Siemens AG garbage sorting.

The air separation leaves a very beneficial pure oxygen product, but also almost pure Nitrogen. Previously air separation have been done for the use of pure oxygen leaving more or less out the 78 % nitrogen and 1 % Argon. We will look into how pure nitrogen can function as energy preservation in the source of a work in an engine or turbine.

THEORY

POSTER

In Denmark more than 30 % percent of the energy, we use are harvested from windmills.

Wind is an unstable source of energy leaving surplus in windy periods and other periods generating no energy whatsoever. In periods of energy surplus the energy is typically sold underpriced to “get rid off it” so overload doesn't happen.

We figured pure nitrogen from air-separation processes could function as storage of energy.

Compressing the gas in periods of energy surplus and realizing the gas through turbines and/or pistons in periods of energy demand. In other words compressed nitrogen could functions as a battery.

METHODS

ENERGY FROM WIND, SUN, WATER & OTHER

There exist various techniques to separate the gases from atmospheric air. The last twenty years has improved the membrane technology for gas separation. Progress, providing an alternative to the existing conventional separation processes such as cryogenic distillation and pressure swing adsorption.

CONCLUSION

We will throughout the 3-week project in June 2015 test out the potential work of compressed nitrogen. We throughout thermodynamics calculations determine the net work output versus the energy required to compress the nitrogen and thereby determine the efficiency of compressed nitrogen as a type of energy storage.

30

The CO2 Tree 1

2

Louise Thorup , Morten Lundberg and Ninna F. H. Hansen

2

1

2

INTRODUCTION

Process and Innovation, DTU Diplom Construction and Infrastructure, DTU Diplom

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

2

According to the DTU, the students are being educated to have a sustainable mindset. A survey shows that several of the students on the DTU Diplom doesn’t know a single of the sustainable austerity measures of the DTU Diplom and that several students doesn’t think of sustainability on a daily basis.

THEORY

IDEA

Nudging is a method that concerns changing the way people behave by using indirect suggestions and positively reinforces these suggestions. Nudging is about influencing people to make the "right" decisions, which in this case contribute to the individual user of DTU Diplom and their surroundings.

METHODS

The CO2 Tree is a visualization of the energy consumption at the DTU Diplom, its purpose being intuitively and by the help of nudging to change the users behavior and attitude towards sustainability. The CO2 Tree is a graphic tree that is shown on screens around the school informing people of the energy consumption at DTU Diplom.

The tree is to be the common frame and platform of sustainability. It will in time make sure that nobody doubts the actions and the opinion that DTU Diplom has regarding sustainability.

POSTER

CONCLUSION

The CO2 Three is not only a visualization of the energy consumption at DTU Diplom, but just as importantly a platform to inform the users of recent campaigns and achievements.

This product greatly focuses on social sustainability and in time, will nudge the users to think a little more about theirvconsumption. Studies have shown that this type of nudging will reduce the energy consumption between 4 and 25%.

MANAGING TRANSITION

Nudging the students at DTU Diplom to think about sustainability in their everyday life, will result in engineers who bring this mindset with them after they leave DTU. Which are bringing DTU closer to fulfilling its goal of educating students to have a sustainable mindset.

The CO2 Tree is not restricted to DTU Diplom, this platform can be implemented on any number of buildings, anywhere from family homes to large institutions and commercial buildings.

31

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

3

Structure and Optical Characterization of Earth Abundant Cu2MSn(S,Se)4 layer for Thin Film Solar Cell 1

LIE Stener 1

NTU Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

INTRODUCTION

IDEA

Cu2MSnS4 (where M = Ni, Mn, and Mg) thin films were successfully fabricated on Molybdenum-coated glass by chemical spray pyrolysis (CSP) technique. The precursor used was a mixture of metal ion Chlorides and Thiourea with fixed ratio. The pyrolysis was o done in atmospheric condition with hotplate temperature 450 C. This was followed by a o selenization process with temperature 520 C for 12 minutes. Investigation on the crystal structure and optical properties were done to act as premises to select the compound to focus for fabricating thin film solar cells. The result showed Cu2MnSn(S,Se)4 is more promising owing to its crystallinity, purity and low band gap. Following that, a study on selenization temperature dependency was done to study its effect on the crystal structure, o o o band gap and J-V Curve with three different temperatures, 460 C, 500 C and 540 C. The result shows a better crystallinity, lower band gap and higher efficiency for higher temperature. The efficiency achieved was around 0.0001%.

PURPOSE OF WORK

LAPTOP

The aim is to develop CMTS as an alternative from CZTS for thin film solar cell by substituting zinc with other bivalent metal, with a simple and green method of spray pyrolysis. Zinc’s role in the CZTS structure is overlapping with Copper, thus it limits and complicates the process to obtain a good working CZTS. The chemical spray pyrolysis method involves no toxic or organic materials and suitable for large scale and mass production in ambient conditions. Crystal Structure and Optical Properties characterization were done to select the best and viable alternative. Study in selenization temperature was aimed to find the best temperature to gain better result in terms of properties and efficiency.

METHOD

Copper chloride dihydrate (CuCl2·2H2O), tin chloride dehydrate (SnCl2·2H2O), Thiourea (SC(NH₂)₂) and Nickel (II) Chloride (NiCl2.6H2O) / Manganese (II) Chloride (MnCl2.4H2O) / Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2.6H2O) were dissolved into 160 ml water. The solutions were o sprayed into Molybdenum-coated glass with N2 as carrier gas at 450 C, constant pressure of 4 bar and spray rate of 3ml/min. Selenization was conducted under Ar protected for 12 min.

The investigation of the crystal structure and optical properties were done by characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Ultraviolet-visible light Spectroscopy (UV-Vis) and Raman Scattering Spectroscopy. Device Fabrication was done through deposition of CdS by Chemical Bath Deposition and TCO by magnetron sputtering. The measurement of J-V Curve was done using Solar Simulator

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS -

32

Cu2MnSn(S,Se)4 samples provide better result in terms of crystallinity and purity.

The higher selenization temperature on Cu0MnSn(S,Se)4 shows better crystallinity and smaller band gap As the temperature increases the device’s efficiency increases with the highest O efficiency of 0.0001% at 540 C selenization temperature.

GREEN MOBILITY IN LYNGBY Mie Drejer, Jacob Thurnhuber and Sofie Kongsted DTU Civil Engineering/DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

PROBLEM STATEMENT

IDEA

The municipality of Lyngby has visions to attract more visitors and create more life in the centre of Lyngby. These visions include a densification of Lyngby, and the creating of attractive pedestrian environments in connection with the new light rail. The car traffic in the centre of Lyngby already puts a lot of pressure on the infrastructure, and it might grow, if growth continues.

Furthermore, the shop owners and the municipality fears that reductions to the accessibility for cars, could lower the income of the shops and have consequences for the trade life in general. Given the conflicting visions and concerns, a dedicated effort is required to develop balancing strategies.

The purpose of this subject is to study the different traffic- and behaviour patterns of the visitors in Lyngby, and to suggest strategies, which will focus on the improvement of the traffic problem in the centre of Lyngby. The study will cater for both the visitors and green mobility.

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

4

APPROACH

To approach the problem a study in form of a questionnaire will give an account on the customer’s behaviour in the matter of transport and shopping. It will end in a thorough analysis of the parking opportunities and the overall effects of green mobility. The effects of both fewer and more expensive parking lots, better parking opportunities for bicycles and in general better circumstances for the users of green- and public transport.

Furthermore, the study will consider the new light rail and the effects it will have on Lyngby’s traffic and shopping opportunities.

POSTER

RESULTS

The results of the questionnaire will give a picture of how visitors/shoppers behave and what their preferences towards transport are. The results can guide future decisions, e.g. if it is possible to change the customers' behaviours with the visions about green transport, and what impact this could have on patronage and turnover. According to previous studies cyclists spent less money every time they shop, but may instead shop more often. That is why it is necessary to meet a wider costumer surface and urge the customers of Lyngby to find a greener way to make their shopping.

REFERENCES

TRANSPORT

Københavns Kommune 2012, Indkøb og transportvaner I København, Center for Trafik, København.

33

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

5

Materials and Device Characteristics of Methyl Ammonium Lead Iodide and Caesium Tin Iodide Absorbers for Perovskite Solar Cells N. F. Jamaludin NTU Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University

INTRODUCTION

Despite the high efficiencies attained by perovskite based solar cells, the presence of lead in the best performing cells to date has proven to be the greatest drawback to the implementation of this technology. Attempts to replace lead with tin thus far has led to instability issues associated with hydrolysis and phase transitions.

IDEA

THEORY

The recent report of Cs2SnI6’s successful incorporation as a hole transporter in a solid-state dye sensitized solar cell has piqued interest towards its viability as an absorber layer. Some of the key advantages associated with the use of Cs2SnI6 as an absorber includes its air and moisture stability enabling ambient processing, ambipolar charge transport properties and high optical absorption.

METHODS

This paper aims to; synthesise and characterise CH3NH3PbI3 and Cs2SnI6 thin films, investigate and compare their opto-electronic properties as well as fabricate and analyse their device characteristics in a bid to assess Cs2SnI6 suitability as a substitute for CH3NH3PbI3.

ENERGY FROM WIND, SUN, WATER & OTHER

POSTER

RESULTS

TGA measurements revealed thermal stabilities of up to 200°C for both materials, resulting in a trade-off between higher crystallinity and material decomposition. Despite the high absorption exhibited, significantly lower efficiencies were recorded for Cs2SnI6 based devices. This was attributed to the band misalignment at the TiO2/Cs2SnI6 interface coupled with poor surface coverage and loading into the TiO2 scaffold, leading to inefficient charge transfer and large contribution by parasitic resistances. Presence of traps further suffered JSC and VOC and in turn deteriorated the device performance. On the other hand, steep efficiencies shown in CH3NH3PbI3, stemmed from the high JSC and VOC values linked to low exciton binding energies, small effective carrier masses, low defect density and high absorbance afforded by the perovskite crystal.

CONCLUSION

Optimising film properties and identification of more suitable electron/hole transporting layers will aid in improving device performance. Gaining deeper understanding of the trap formation mechanism and kinetics would enable the synthesis of trap-free Cs2SnI6. Issue of band misalignment and ineffective charge transfer can be rectified by substituting TiO2 photo-anode with ZnO or PCBM. Through optimisation of material characteristics, this will pave the way to a new generation of lead-free, stable yet efficient solar cells.

34

Retrofitting a Panamax-class container vessel for Liquified Natural Gas operation along the Northern Sea Route E. Randa-Boldt and M.Y. Pilskog DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

6

To meet the increasing demand for high-volume short-transit transportation of containerized goods between East Asia and northern Europe with the existing container vessel fleet, the utilization of an alternative sea route – the Northern Sea Route (NSR) – is proposed. This solution is to be combined with the retrofitting of current-generation green technologies for further reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

THE SOLUTION

IDEA

The Northern Sea Route runs along the north coast of Russia, and has previously been inaccessible for commercial shipping due to the arctic icecap. Global warming has, however, caused the icecap to retreat to such a degree that this route may be used a feasible route of commercial transportation. Using this alternative, as opposed to the southern route through the Suez Canal (SR), the travel distance between Rotterdam and Shanghai is reduced by approximately 45%, from 22,000 to 12,000 km.

Traditionally, container ships have been built to meet requirements imposed by the infrastructure of their intended service routes. Hence, a substantial share of the current container fleet tonnage is built to meet the dimensional requirements of the Panama Canal, which has a width limit of 32.31 m (Panamax). These ships are typically built relatively narrow and tall, compromising the maneuverability of the ships.

FREE STYLE

Currently, the Panama Canal is being expanded to be able to service larger ships (55 m wide), with expected completion in 2016, making the Panamax segment of container vessels less attractive. Retrofitting these outdated vessels to fulfill the ice-class requirements of escorted operations along the NSR is therefore suggested as a business opportunity with significant potential. Additionally, retrofitting the vessels to be able to use Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), which will both reduce the environmental impact of the transportation work and lower the operational costs, should be considered.

CONCLUSION

SR (HFO) NSR (LNG) Difference

FOC 1020 474 546

CO2 3201 1303 1898

SOx 55 0 55

NOX 91 4 87

PM 8.0 0.1 7.9

Reduction

54%

60%

100%

96%

99%

TRANSPORT

Modeling the rerouting of a LNG-capable container vessel along the NSR compared to the standard SR has lead to a significant reduction of greenhouse gases and fuel consumption (Table 1), as well as shorter turnaround times. These effects are seen both as a result of the shortened travel distance as well as the implementation of LNG-technology.

Table 1: Comparing the effects of retrofitting and route change, values in t/trip.

35

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

7

Shark skin used for minimizing drag forces E.C. Jensen and T.E.B. Smitshuysen DTU physics, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

The project is created in collaboration with DTU physics, which has provided the necessary equipment. The idea is to optimize surfaces with inspiration from a sharks skin, which is not smooth, but covered in microscopic denticles that create a reduction in the drag forces when the shark swims. With this inspiration it is the plan to be able to implement this type of surface on ships, airplanes and vehicles to improve the hydro- and aero dynamics in order to lower fuel consumption significantly.

IDEA

Common for all projects up until now has been that the flow over a rough surface is turbulent and very difficult to analyze and simulate. Instead of the unsolvable properties of flow dynamics this project is simply focused on analyzing the properties of sharkskin in order to create a simple model with the desired properties.

POSTER

Figure: SEM pictures of the skin of a small-spotted catshark.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The sharkskin has been analyzed graphically with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the flow with micro particle image velocimetry (micro-PIV). Micro-PIV flow chambers were uniquely developed in PDMS to measure the flow over a single one-by-one mm skin sample at a time.

With SEM the main properties were found. The micro-PIV results have not yet been analyzed and can’t be presented in this abstract.

CONCLUSION

TRANSPORT

The main result of the project has been to manufacture a proper experimental setup.

An ideal surface has not yet been found and the microstructures cannot be produced and implemented as it is. It is therefore desired to do further research on finding an optimal surface structure and fabricate these shark skin denticles on desired surfaces.

36

THE GREEN DELIGHT K. Isberg and M. Gottschalck-Andersen DTU Electrical Power. Technical University of Denmark

THE IDEA

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

8

Small breweries have a massive energy and resource waste during the cooling procedure as part of the brewing process. It must be possible to do it in a more environmental friendly way and also to collect as much as possible of the invested heat energy. It’s a minority of the small breweries that actually try to recover some of the invested energy. It is simply not affordable for them due to the big investment of the energy recovering installations.

IDEA

THE METHOD

POSTER

A heat exchanger and two insulated tanks makes it possible to have a high temperature tank for continued brewing and a medium temperature tank for the rest of the heated water for jobs like cleaning. The heated water should be used in as many ways as possible before it goes into the sewer.

The cooling process is optimized with a cold water reservoir which is cooled in advance. The cooled water is used for the heat energy transportation from the beer to the hot water tank.

After the hot water tank it goes to the medium temperature tank and then back to the cooling tank. The cooling of the cold water reservoir is done by the same method used in a refrigerator which we imagine is powered by solar panels or wind turbines.

The water waste is then minimized and since it requires a lot of energy to produce clean drinking water, a reduction in water waste equals a reduction of the energy consumption.

Tiny breweries which produce beers only once a week could face a problem with keeping the temperature in the hot water tank up for a whole week to use it for the next portion of beer. In this case they could skip having a hot water tank for continuous brewing and only use the hot water for cleaning.

THE PROSPECTS

FOOD AND HEALTH

The main concern for a small brewery is the price of this investment. All of the components needed exist on the market today. The next step is to make the brewers realize it and perhaps cause a change the attitude around brewers At Polyteknisk Bryghus at DTU Diplom we are going to try this idea as soon as our new brewery tanks are assembled. The goal is to brew 100l as green as possible in 2015.

37

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

9

VERSATILE CELL FACTORIES FOR SUTAINABLE BIOPROCESSES M. Workman Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark

ABSTRACT

IDEA

The utilization of an increasingly diverse range of cheap waste substrates will be an ongoing challenge for the bio-based economy, where the mobilization of nutrients from a variety of waste products will be necessary for realization of biosustainability on an industrial scale.

Bioprocesses utilizing traditionally applied cell factories (such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae) are generally based on a limited range of substrates (mainly glucose). However, a wider diversity in substrate range is highly desirable in developing biorefinery scenarios where feed-stocks containing combinations of carbon sources are typically employed. In addition to plant biomass hydrolysates, glycerol is of interest here, being available in amounts relevant for industrial scale bioprocesses due to increased production of biodiesel.

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

LAPTOP

Yarrowia lipolytica is a versatile yeast in terms of its substrate utilization range and broad product spectrum which includes lipids, organic acids and polyols. The metabolism displayed by Y. lipolytica is dependent on growth and medium conditions and bioprocesses can be designed dependent on the available substrate and desired product. Y. lipolytica has several advantages compared to typically applied cell factories, such as favourable growth rates on alternative carbon sources (e.g. pentose sugars, glycerol) and a lack of carbon catabolite repression which can hamper the parallel consumption of different carbon sources in mixed substrates resulting in lengthened bioprocess times. This presentation will demonstrate the value of this yeast for the bioconversion of sustainable substrates using mannitol production as an example.

38

Water splitting in energy provision: Resolving the origin of the unprecedentedly high activity of nonnoble nanostructured oxide systems Lukas Spanier

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

10

Department of Physics, Technische Universität Mßnchen

Summary This project aims to contribute to further investigate the source of the high activity towards the O2 evolution reaction of recently reported non-noble metal oxide electrocatalytic systems, such as (Ba0.5Pr0.5)CoO3-x.

IDEA

Idea

Efficient electrocatalysis for the future provision of renewable energy is dependent on the ability to develop active and stable electrode surfaces capable to generate gaseous products. For instance, water splitting in electrolysers, which is central in the hydrogen economy concept, results in the formation of gaseous H 2 and O2. Most importantly, generation of oxygen takes place at rather extreme conditions where only few classes of oxide/perovskite materials demonstrate long-term stability. Taking into account that the majority of the energy losses in electrolysers are due to the slow kinetics of the anodic reaction, the development of better electrode catalytic materials is of decisive importance for the future hydrogen economy.

WATER

FREE STYLE

Goal of this work is exploring the reasons and conditions of the superior electrocatalytic properties for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) of recently reported non-noble metal oxide electrocatalytic systems. These systems include for instance (Ba0.5Pr0.5)CoO3-x and MnO2-x in contact with alkaline aqueous solutions [Ref1] and H 2O/ionic liquid mixtures, respectively. Specifically, the following key aspects will be considered: (a) the influence of the oxide cluster size on the activity, selectivity and stability of the aforementioned state-ofthe-art electrocatalysts in the two mentioned electrolytes, (b) the role of interactions between electrodes and nanostructured electrocatalysts for the observed activity, and (c) the impact of surface morphology, electrode and electrolyte composition on the formation of the electrocatalytic layer. The expected results will contribute to further understanding of factors governing the highest ever reported activity towards the anodic reaction under harsh conditions of H2O electrolysis and open new opportunities in preparation of (Ba 0.5Pr0.5)CoO3and MnO2-x- based (or similar) systems for practical applications, i.e. for x(photo)electrochemical water splitting.

39

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

10 A

Lead free ultrasonic transducers Author to be announced DTU Nanotech Ultrasonic transducers are used in many different applications. In the field of medical imaging, ultrasonic transducers are a key component of the ultrasonic imaging scanners.

These transducers are today made using the piezoelectric material PZT which contains lead. However, for environmental reasons, the use of lead is a problem when the transducers are disposed.

IDEA

A lead free alternative is therefore attractive and one way to produce lead free transducers is to use micro machined ultrasonic transducers made in silicon, the second most abundant element on the earth.

This project will explore the fabrication such devices. In these transducers silicon dioxide is a key material and the properties of the devices depends critically on the electrical properties of this material.

Silicon dioxide is widely used in many different electronic components due to its excellent electrical properties. However, when making silicon dioxide the quality of the oxide depends on the processing conditions.

In this project we will investigate the electrical properties of the oxides that can be made in the DANCHIP cleanroom.

We use these oxides as a central part of capacitive micro machined ultrasonic transducers and the oxide has to be able to withstand high voltages. Often, the devices work with an applied bias of 200 Volts.

POSTER

In this project we will * Grow oxides in the furnaces at DTU Danchip * Make MOS capacitors * Perform electrical characterization * Determine the oxide quality To perform the characterisation we will use a brand new state-of-the-art measurement system that we have just received. This system can measure very small currents and as part of the project we will build the needed measurement setups.

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

This characterisation is an important step in the development of the lead free ultrasonic transducers.

40

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE/ PROJECT/ CONCEPT

41

Advanced Hydrokinetic Power – Freestream Gliders Jordan Balanko Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Canada Whereas traditional hydropower projects captures energy by creating hydraulic head, or gravitational potential, via a dam or diversion, hydrokinetic power generators operate by harnessing energy directly from the flow of rivers. Freestream gliders are a new technology that operate on this principle, flying through the river to generate base-load electricity in a non-invasive, ecologically friendly, and scalable manner.

ENERGY FROM WIND, SUN, WATER & OTHER

LAPTOP

CONCEPT

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

11

42

Bottled water Authors to be determined1, 2 1

DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark 2 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

12

INTRODUCTION

CONCEPT

In the bachelor course 42340 “Sustainability in engineering solutions”, students apply simple tools to environmental assessment of products and solutions in their life cycle. They apply methods and tools for the development of environmentally improved products and solutions in their project work, where they also consider social and management aspects of sustainability. The theme of the course is “the sustainable campus” and projects are defined by and carried out in cooperation with DTU Campus service.

In this project the use of bottled water at DTU will be investigated. DTU sells bottled water and use it for meetings etc. The labelling serves as a marketing for DTU. However, tap water could be used for meeting etc. Is the environmental impact of bottled water high and could an alternative solution be better environmentally?

METHODS

The method is a stepwise approach to include environmental thinking in product development and is based on “Environmental improvement through product development – a guide” (McAloone and Bey, 2009), supplemented by more detailed literature on environmental assessment and on sustainability management.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

POSTER

The project investigates the current solutions at campus in terms of their most significant environmental impacts and their causes. It presents new approaches to deliver the solutions, assess the potential environmental improvements, the economic costs, and the potential challenges in implementing the solution.

REFERENCES

WASTE & RECYCLING

McAloone, T. C., & Bey, N. (2009). Environmental improvement through product development: A guide. Copenhagen: Danish Environmental Protection Agency.

43

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

13

Ceilings in DTU buildings Authors to be determined1, 2 1

DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark 2 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

CONCEPT

In the bachelor course 42340 “Sustainability in engineering solutions”, students apply simple tools to environmental assessment of products and solutions in their life cycle. They apply methods and tools for the development of environmentally improved products and solutions in their project work, where they also consider social and management aspects of sustainability. The theme of the course is “the sustainable campus” and projects are defined by and carried out in cooperation with DTU Campus service.

This project examines different solutions for renovating ceilings at DTU in terms of their environmental impacts throughout the life cycle and identifies the best solution seen from an environmental perspective.

METHODS

The method is a stepwise approach to include environmental thinking in product development and is based on “Environmental improvement through product development – a guide” (McAloone and Bey, 2009), supplemented by more detailed literature on environmental assessment and on sustainability management.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

POSTER

The project investigates the current solutions at campus in terms of their most significant environmental impacts and their causes. It presents new approaches to deliver the solutions, assess the potential environmental improvements, the economic costs, and the potential challenges in implementing the solution.

REFERENCES

BUILDINGS AND CITIES

McAloone, T. C., & Bey, N. (2009). Environmental improvement through product development: A guide. Copenhagen: Danish Environmental Protection Agency.

44

Clean water from atmospheric air F. Arenfeldt, F. T. Hansen, L. Poulsen, M. S. Blumenfelt, N. Brocks and V. H. Strebøl DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

14

INTRODUCTION

CONCEPT

The increasing population in the world challenges our water resources. The UN predicts that the population will increase from todays 6.6 billion to 9 billion by 2030. About 40 % of the world’s population live with water scarcity today. By 2030 this will increase to about two thirds. In addition to water scarcity it can be problematic to get clean water in some communities. Dirty water is followed by diseases such as cholera and typhus, which if not treated properly is deadly. This project focuses on extracting water from air and hereby be able to provide clean drinking water to people without sufficient water supply. This has successfully been achieved in for example Lima, where a huge billboard provides clean drinking water to the area. The wish is to create a similar product but on a smaller scale so that the product can be used in a normal household, which needs approximately 25 liters of clean water per day for drinking and cooking.

THEORY

FREE STYLE

The air contains a lot of water. On cold mornings this is evident by the dew forming on grass and windows. The project will take advantage of this unexploited water resource. By using a dehumidifier the atmospheric air can be condensed into water and later on this can be filtered into clean and safe drinking water. The idea is to analyze and optimize a dehumidifier so that it will extract as much water as possible for the smallest amount of energy, but not necessarily dehumidify the air efficiently.

METHODS

On a normal dehumidifier it will be tested how much water can be extracted from the air and how much energy this will cost. During these tests various parameters, such as humidity, temperature, pressure and energy consumption, will be measured. An optimization of the dehumidifier will then be investigated. Will it be possible to extract even more water by changing various parameters? Such as temperature of the refrigerant or the speed of the fan. These different scenarios will be simulated in EES by using methods known from thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and heat transfer. This will help identify the optimum of how to achieve as much water as possible for the minimum amount of energy.

CONCLUSION

FOOD AND HEALTH

The project is still ongoing and will end shortly before GREEN CHALLENGE. By the time of the conference results from the project will be presented.

45

Clever Usages S. W. Cronberg DTU Process & Innovation, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

Every year, all homeowners receive a bill from their electricity and water companies, where they can see their total consumption. This bill compares to your total consumption for the past year. The bill does not tell why you spent more or less than the previous year.

Therefore, you do not know where your spending are, and if you change your routines, you either have to continuous note your consumption down, or wait a whole year before you can see if your changed behavior actually equals savings.

Energistyrelsen has calculated that a family of two adults and two children on average will spend 20% of their total electricity bill on washing clothes.

CONCEPT

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

15

What if you as a consumer would know exactly which wash program you should choose to save the most energy?

The goal of this project is limited to measuring the washing machine programs and find the most energy efficient, but the desire is to measure the main monitor for both electricity, water and gas.

THEORY

If you could see your spending every day and even every minute, you as a consumer would know where your usage is, and thus be prepared to change your behavior.

Once I have collected data on each program, it is simple to convert it to DKK as the average 3 Dane find easier to relate to the crowns above kWh and m .

POSTER

METHODS

I have chosen to use a nonintrusive way to collect the necessary data. The method measures the pulses for a given LED, in this case 3200 impulses per kWh and that connects to the washing machine. At the same time, I put a water meter on the washing machines tap, which counts every time I have spent a liter of water.

Collected data is sent to a database where I convert from kWh to DKK, because the average Dane cannot relate to the 1 kWh is a lot or not.

CONCLUSION MANAGING TRANSITION

The result of the collected data showed that the wash program which was called "PowerSave" was the most expensive, which I previously had used almost every time. If I changed the program to "Super Eco" I would reduce my energy consumption by about 80%.

What if you could save on your bills and the energy just by switching a program?

46

Design of a test rig for full magnetic suspension M. M. Eronen, M.H. Aarestrup, M.H. Kristensen, M. E. Andersen, and T.T. Paulsen 1DTU

Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

16

CONCEPT

Full magnetic suspension is obtained by active magnetic bearings (AMBs) an application which from an environmental point of view is very interesting as it is one of two vital parts utilized in Flywheel Energy Storage Systems (FESS).

Figure 1 Example of Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS)

POSTER

The principle is to store energy as rotational speed in rotors enclosed in vacuum chambers and levitated in magnetic fields to get rid of windage- and mechanical friction respectively.

The flywheel technology has been known for centuries, and for the last 20 years extensive research have been put into FESS but due to flywheel material strength and the bearing issues the technology is still waiting for its final break through.

PROJECT

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

In this project our team has been designing, manufacturing, programming and testing a test rig made to showcase the principle of full magnetic suspensions used in magnetic bearings.

The goal is to speed up the process of applying the systems in the industry. Our supervisor Dr. Ilmar Santos teaches vibrations, machine dynamics and linear control design, and in those classes he needed a test rig to explain the applications of the theory. The students will get a practical approach to the theory and hopefully that will spark their interest in solving the problems stated in the introduction.

Other applications include: Kinetic energy recovery systems, Maglev trains, AMBs for compressor and turbomachinery.

47

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

LAPTOP

CONCEPT

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

17

48

TRANSPORT

POSTER

CONCEPT

49

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

18

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

19

Drives for maintenance tools in the green areas Authors to be determined1, 2 1

DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark 2 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

CONCEPT

In the bachelor course 42340 “Sustainability in engineering solutions”, students apply simple tools to environmental assessment of products and solutions in their life cycle. They apply methods and tools for the development of environmentally improved products and solutions in their project work, where they also consider social and management aspects of sustainability. The theme of the course is “the sustainable campus” and projects are defined by and carried out in cooperation with DTU Campus service.

The green areas at campus requires continuous maintenance. Different tools, e.g. leaf blowers, are used to a large extent. But there a variety of different types of drives, e.g. gasoline or electric and which of them performs best form different perspectives.

METHODS

The method is a stepwise approach to include environmental thinking in product development and is based on “Environmental improvement through product development – a guide” (McAloone and Bey, 2009), supplemented by more detailed literature on environmental assessment and on sustainability management.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

POSTER

The project investigates the current solutions at campus in terms of their most significant environmental impacts and their causes. It presents new approaches to deliver the solutions, assess the potential environmental improvements, the economic costs, and the potential challenges in implementing the solution.

REFERENCES

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

McAloone, T. C., & Bey, N. (2009). Environmental improvement through product development: A guide. Copenhagen: Danish Environmental Protection Agency.

50

DTU waste targets Authors to be determined1, 2 1

DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark 2 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

20

INTRODUCTION

CONCEPT

In the bachelor course 42340 “Sustainability in engineering solutions”, students apply simple tools to environmental assessment of products and solutions in their life cycle. They apply methods and tools for the development of environmentally improved products and solutions in their project work, where they also consider social and management aspects of sustainability. The theme of the course is “the sustainable campus” and projects are defined by and carried out in cooperation with DTU Campus service.

DTU have a number of targets for reduction of waste and for optimization of waste handling at DTU. This project will suggest different options for reaching the targets and assess the potential environmental benefits of these options.

METHODS

The method is a stepwise approach to include environmental thinking in product development and is based on “Environmental improvement through product development – a guide” (McAloone and Bey, 2009), supplemented by more detailed literature on environmental assessment and on sustainability management.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

POSTER

The project investigates the current solutions at campus in terms of their most significant environmental impacts and their causes. It presents new approaches to deliver the solutions, assess the potential environmental improvements, the economic costs, and the potential challenges in implementing the solution.

REFERENCES

WASTE & RECYCLING

McAloone, T. C., & Bey, N. (2009). Environmental improvement through product development: A guide. Copenhagen: Danish Environmental Protection Agency.

51

EcoTreeTool - Choosing a Green Future for Packaging L. Daugaard, N. Funk, E. Lüthgens, F. Fruelund, S. Dybdal, and M. Bahrenscheer DTU Design and Innovation, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

EcoTreeTool is developed in collaboration with Coop and SuperBrugsen. This concept is a ‘product/service system’ that seeks to minimize the environmental impact inherited from the packaging of househeld goods that runs through Coop, out to the consumers and ends up at a disposal facility. The core idea of the concept is to create ‘an environmental friendly decision tree’ to be used in the sales department of Coop. EcoTreeTool should assist the department in choosing the packaging with the smallest carbon footprint. EcoTreeTool looks past the package of the individual good and focuses on its functional properties - therefore it can be compared with many others to see if there is a greener solution on the marked. Most of the energy used during the life of different packaging is in the extraction and production phase - why we want to make sure that the ‘greenest’ materials are chosen in the first place, and by doing this, removing the chance of improper handling and sorting of the trash by the consumer. By finding packaging solutions that use less or more environmental friendly materials, Coop has the opportunity to choose the packaging that is most beneficial for both the business and the environment. Our vision for implementing EcoTreeTool is to create a platform for positive change where all types of packaging is present so Coop can choose the ‘greenest’ packaging - but also allows companies to see if there is a greener way for satisfying their functional needs for packing goods on the marked. Thus making ecofriendliness a competitive parameter.

CONCEPT

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

21

THEORY

FREE STYLE

EcoTreeTool is a product of the course Product/Service-Systems (41050) and is developed based on the philosophy ‘People, Profit, Planet’ where the concept has to be beneficial for all of the three.

METHODS

MANAGING TRANSITION

A life time assessment (LCA) was made for four types of packaging containing the same amount of tomato sauce. This exemplification shows that different materials can used for satisfying the same functional needs - with different environmental output. Metal and glass had the worst CO2-footprint. No data was available for what packaging was present in the stores of Coop. So we collected it ourselves in SuperBrugsen - making a record of what packaging materials present in the store, what mass it had, if it had sorting information, how it should be stored, and its functional properties. A before and after LCA was made and a A Business Model Canvas for the concept was made. A rough draft for changing from metal and glass to TetraPak was made based on the collected data.

RESULTS

The result of the project was an estimate that Coop could reduce their carbon footprint with a factor 3,3 by changing from glas and metal packaging to TetraPak where it’s possible - a reduction of 179 ton of CO2 per store per year. This should result in savings for Coop because of less used materials. The consumers benefits from having less trash to throw out.

52

Endoscopic Virtual Trainer M. Lillethorup, A. K. Steffensen, K. Schjødt-Hansen, and J. J. Pallisgaard DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

CONCEPT

From 2014 and onwards the number of endoscopic procedures in Denmark will increase as a result of a new screening program for detecting Colorectal cancer. This will increase the number of screenings, which will require more training of doctors. Training of unexperienced endoscopists is done by having an experienced endoscopist correcting any mistakes. This way of training is time consuming and expensive. We propose a different approach minimizing interference of a human trainer by utilizing the Microsoft Kinect to track the body and give feedback to the user. A game like application is therefore implemented in Unity to help train endoscopists. This will increase the quality of the screening programs and more important the number of available doctors, thus saving important resources.

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

22

METHODS

When performing an endoscopic procedure, the pose of the endoscopist is important. The different body parts are tracked utilizing a Microsoft Kinect. Determining whether a pose is good or bad is a typical two-class classification problem – Quadratic discriminant analysis is applied for this. The classification model will be trained on data provided by M.Sc. student at University of Copenhagen Mathilde Dyrholm Jensen in cooperation with Rigshospitalet.

When performing the procedure the user looks at a screen and gets feedback on his/hers posture during the procedure. During the procedure, if the user does something wrong, the application notifies the user by painting body parts red which deviates from a procedure done by an expert.

POSTER

RESULTS

The classification model is applied on a simulated dataset and the result is shown below:

Figure 1:

The classification model applied on a simulated data set. Notice that this is a projection from 3D to 2D, which results in some of the blue points not being in the yellow region as they should. We get an error rate in the classification of 0.8

FOOD AND HEALTH

CONCLUSION

Quadratic discriminant analysis seems appropriate on our simulated dataset, correctly classifying good and bad poses. However the data from experts has to be collected and examined to further develop the classification model. The application is still work in progress and has yet to be tested in a training environment.

53

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

23

Environmental optimization of DTU brewery Authors to be determined 1

1, 2

DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark 2 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

CONCEPT

In the bachelor course 42340 “Sustainability in engineering solutions”, students apply simple tools to environmental assessment of products and solutions in their life cycle. They apply methods and tools for the development of environmentally improved products and solutions in their project work, where they also consider social and management aspects of sustainability. The theme of the course is “the sustainable campus” and projects are defined by and carried out in cooperation with DTU Campus service.

This project will focus on the DTU brewery in order to understand where environmental impacts occur in the beer life cycle and how beer brewing can be optimized and where the processes can be optimized from an energy perspective.

METHODS

The method is a stepwise approach to include environmental thinking in product development and is based on “Environmental improvement through product development – a guide” (McAloone and Bey, 2009), supplemented by more detailed literature on environmental assessment and on sustainability management.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

POSTER

The project investigates the current solutions at campus in terms of their most significant environmental impacts and their causes. It presents new approaches to deliver the solutions, assess the potential environmental improvements, the economic costs, and the potential challenges in implementing the solution.

REFERENCES

FOOD AND HEALTH

McAloone, T. C., & Bey, N. (2009). Environmental improvement through product development: A guide. Copenhagen: Danish Environmental Protection Agency.

54

Evaporation-based Cooling Systems 1

H. Lam , and D. Boyadzhiev 1

2

School of Mechanical Engineering, Aalto University 2 School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

POSTER

CONCEPT

We live in an era of high speed – fast internet, fast food, fast cooling and fast heating. And in this desire for speed it is easy to forget that each step contributes to polluting the Earth.

Investigating specifically the problem of cooling, we stumbled upon a fridge made of clay, called Mitticool, the functioning of which does not require electricity but is instead achieved by the natural cooling effect of evaporation. We have carefully analyzed the applications of the technology in both the developing and developed nations, and have suggested innovations in its design and engineering to overcome its inherent weaknesses. Reverse innovation being the focus of the study, we have decided to concentrate on enhancing the use of this technology and have developed the concept of a Mitticool truck, both of which we hope will revolutionize the storage and transportation of fruits and vegetables worldwide. Not only do these have the potential to decrease food waste-level in developing countries due to the lack of cold storages and transportation but can also lower substantially the carbon footprint in developed countries.

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

24

55

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

25

Fiberoptics for networks at DTU Authors to be determined 1

1, 2

DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark 2 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

CONCEPT

In the bachelor course 42340 “Sustainability in engineering solutions”, students apply simple tools to environmental assessment of products and solutions in their life cycle. They apply methods and tools for the development of environmentally improved products and solutions in their project work, where they also consider social and management aspects of sustainability. The theme of the course is “the sustainable campus” and projects are defined by and carried out in cooperation with DTU Campus service.

In this project fiber optics as solution for networks in one building at DTU will be compared the traditional copper cable solution. There will be more active components like mini switches but copper is a scarce resource. Energy and operational expenses will be examined as well.

METHODS

The method is a stepwise approach to include environmental thinking in product development and is based on “Environmental improvement through product development – a guide” (McAloone and Bey, 2009), supplemented by more detailed literature on environmental assessment and on sustainability management.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION POSTER

The project investigates the current solutions at campus in terms of their most significant environmental impacts and their causes. It presents new approaches to deliver the solutions, assess the potential environmental improvements, the economic costs, and the potential challenges in implementing the solution.

REFERENCES

BUILDINGS AND CITIES

McAloone, T. C., & Bey, N. (2009). Environmental improvement through product development: A guide. Copenhagen: Danish Environmental Protection Agency.

56

Sustainable Green City Logistics utilizing Sharing Economy R. B. Poulsen and S.L. Søvsø DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

26

INTRODUCTION

CONCEPT

The world faces enormous problems when it comes to environmental issues. The transport in major cities plays a huge role in emission of greenhouse gasses. Congestion in these cities generates even more local air pollution, which causes health issues for the inhabitants.

Denmark and The Technical University of Denmark are pioneers in sustainable and green solutions. Denmark is a country where bicycles play a huge role in commuting, 41 % of Copenhageners biked to and from work in 2013. In many years a company in Denmark called “De Grønne Bude” (The Green Delivery Guys), has practiced transport of goods by bicycle.

There is a huge potential in utilizing the bicycle culture for other purposes than just personal transportation.

CONCEPT

POSTER

There is a growing trend for private consumers to use sharing economy services, like AirBnB, Uber and GoMore. By combining a sharing economy service with the bicycle culture, it is possible to solve some of the problems the major cities face.

The concept is a web-based service where private people and businesses can order a private cyclist to transport goods within the city. Every individual can sign up as a delivery person after being accepted. The person would be registered by the services he or she offers, such as size of the bag, carrier bicycle, normal bicycle etc. When registered as a deliverer one can be booked by companies or private persons to deliver goods. The deliverer is paid based on the distance when the goods are delivered. The payment will be wire transferred from the booker to the deliverer, and the service provider takes a percentage of the amount.

CONCLUSION

TRANSPORT

The vision for this concept is that it will reduce the congestion in major cities and thereby lower greenhouse gas emission and air pollution. Furthermore, this concept will hopefully also result in better mobility for companies and private persons. The companies will experience faster deliveries and lower costs, which will make the companies utilizing the service more competitive. This service will give private persons the opportunity to receive the goods they are not capable of getting themselves, especially the elderly and families who do not have time on a busy schedule.

57

WASTE & RECYCLING

LAPTOP

CONCEPT

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

27

58

Heat Recovery from District Heating Networks using Large Heat Pumps J. F. Rubio DTU Diplom, Technical University of Denmark

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

28

INTRODUCTION

CONCEPT

A district heating network is an effective way to distribute heat to end consumers. It is a wellproven technology delivering 60% of the heating needs in Denmark from more than 400 district heating plants. However, there is big room for improvement in their efficiencies.

Almost 40% of the energy produced in these plants is lost in the piping network and thus not sold. One of the major causes is the high temperature of the water in the Return Flow (RF), normally around 40°C, containing large amounts of energy unused.

THE IDEA Use large heat pumps to recover unused heat from the return water flow and increase the overall efficiency of district heating networks.

METHODS

The district heating network of the Svebølle Viskinge Fjernvarmeselskab has been studied to check the idea. The current network is supplied by a biomass boiler combined with a 2 10.000 m solar thermal installation and heat accumulation tanks, a similar configuration to many other plants in Denmark. Two large ammonia-based heat pumps connected to the return water flow are considered. They will supply two different areas accounting for around 35% of the network. The economic and environmental benefits have been analyzed.

RESULTS

CONCLUSIONS Heat pumps connected to the RF can improve the efficiency of district heating networks by recovering heat at a very competitive price. Using this configuration, heat pumps can help to meet both the energy-saving targets for district heating companies and the ambitious CO2reduction goals in Denmark. Moreover, heat pumps are the only feasible way to blend the heat and electricity networks into Smart Grids. This simple solution can bring us one step closer to Low Temperature District Heating and a more sustainable future, helping to transform renewable electrical power into heat.

59

ENERGY FROM WIND, SUN, WATER & OTHER

LAPTOP

Using large heat pumps to absorb heat accumulated in the RF, recovers unused heat by reducing the temperature of the RF. This brings many benefits to the district heating company, both economic and environmental. Specifically: − 40% of the heat lost recovered − 1.5 million kilograms of CO2 emissions reduced per year − 1.2 million DKK earned by selling energy savings to other companies − 190 DKK/MWh heat production price (lower than 210 DKK/MWh from biomass) − 15% efficiency increase in the condensing scrubber − 3% efficiency increase in the solar thermal plant

Improved Kayak Ergometer J. Friberg, N.B. Søndergaard, and C. Cornaby DTU Elektro, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

Ergometers are widely used in many different competitive fields, especially when it comes to watersports. Ergometers are used both for practice and tournaments, as they eliminate the need for water and gives a more controllable environment. In kayaking, ergometers use air or water to simulate resistance. These sources give an incomplete simulation of the act of kayaking, and as such there is room for improvement. Our design implements a generator and regulates the power through its windings to control the resistance experienced by the user. On top of that, the generator’s output could be used to charge electronic devices as a clean, sustainable source of alternative energy.

CONCEPT

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

29

THEORY

The current through a generators stator determine the resistance felt towards the turning of the rotating axis. The greater the resistance, the greater the amount of work that can be put into the generator, which gives for a greater output of power. Through the use of a custom built power regulator, we can control the resistance of the generator based on its output, meaning that gearing will be implicit, as it is with electrical cars. The power generated can be used to improve the simulation of kayaking, whilst charging a 12V battery.

METHODS

POSTER

An ergometer has been made available from Team Danmark, and it is on this that the generator will be installed. A working prototype will be available at the GRØN DYST student conference. A further advantage of the implementation is that it eliminates the need for expensive custom built flywheels for the ergometer, as the generator can make use of readily available mass produced cogwheels and generators built for cars, reducing the overall cost of the machine.

RESULT

From previous projects and existing technology, it has been ascertained that the intended project is very much within the scope of what is possible. Further tests will be conducted on the prototype once build.

ENERGY FROM WIND, SUN, WATER & OTHER

CONCLUSION

As there is a market for the improved ergometer and it gives a useful funnel for work put into it by the user, said improvement can and should be made. The prototype will function as a proof of concept and a staging platform for future improvements.

60

Inner walls at DTU Authors to be determined 1

1, 2

DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark 2 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

30

CONCEPT

In the bachelor course 42340 “Sustainability in engineering solutions”, students apply simple tools to environmental assessment of products and solutions in their life cycle. They apply methods and tools for the development of environmentally improved products and solutions in their project work, where they also consider social and management aspects of sustainability. The theme of the course is “the sustainable campus” and projects are defined by and carried out in cooperation with DTU Campus service.

DTU buildings are constantly changing resulting in moving of, and/or removal and building of new inner walls in the buildings. Where in this process is the highest environmental impacts and which solutions (e.g. plaster or brick) is the best from an environmental perspective.

METHODS

The method is a stepwise approach to include environmental thinking in product development and is based on “Environmental improvement through product development – a guide” (McAloone and Bey, 2009), supplemented by more detailed literature on environmental assessment and on sustainability management.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

POSTER

The project investigates the current solutions at campus in terms of their most significant environmental impacts and their causes. It presents new approaches to deliver the solutions, assess the potential environmental improvements, the economic costs, and the potential challenges in implementing the solution.

REFERENCES

BUILDINGS AND CITIES

McAloone, T. C., & Bey, N. (2009). Environmental improvement through product development: A guide. Copenhagen: Danish Environmental Protection Agency.

61

62

63

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

31

Insulation of buildings and installations Authors to be determined 1

1, 2

DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark 2 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

CONCEPT

In the bachelor course 42340 “Sustainability in engineering solutions”, students apply simple tools to environmental assessment of products and solutions in their life cycle. They apply methods and tools for the development of environmentally improved products and solutions in their project work, where they also consider social and management aspects of sustainability. The theme of the course is “the sustainable campus” and projects are defined by and carried out in cooperation with DTU Campus service.

In this project different types of insulation for buildings and for installations are examined. It will be assessed to what extent and with which types of insulation the economic and environmental benefits are largest.

METHODS

The method is a stepwise approach to include environmental thinking in product development and is based on “Environmental improvement through product development – a guide” (McAloone and Bey, 2009), supplemented by more detailed literature on environmental assessment and on sustainability management.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

POSTER

The project investigates the current solutions at campus in terms of their most significant environmental impacts and their causes. It presents new approaches to deliver the solutions, assess the potential environmental improvements, the economic costs, and the potential challenges in implementing the solution.

REFERENCES

BUILDINGS AND CITIES

McAloone, T. C., & Bey, N. (2009). Environmental improvement through product development: A guide. Copenhagen: Danish Environmental Protection Agency.

64

Insulation of climate shields Authors to be determined 1

1, 2

DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark 2 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

32

CONCEPT

In the bachelor course 42340 “Sustainability in engineering solutions”, students apply simple tools to environmental assessment of products and solutions in their life cycle. They apply methods and tools for the development of environmentally improved products and solutions in their project work, where they also consider social and management aspects of sustainability. The theme of the course is “the sustainable campus” and projects are defined by and carried out in cooperation with DTU Campus service.

Insulation of DTUs current building mass has to be performed in acceptable way both from an architectonic viewpoint and to live up energyclass 2015. Which solution are the best?

Should it be performed as a total renovation or piece by piece? Etc. This project will investigate different options.

METHODS

The method is a stepwise approach to include environmental thinking in product development and is based on “Environmental improvement through product development – a guide” (McAloone and Bey, 2009), supplemented by more detailed literature on environmental assessment and on sustainability management.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

POSTER

The project investigates the current solutions at campus in terms of their most significant environmental impacts and their causes. It presents new approaches to deliver the solutions, assess the potential environmental improvements, the economic costs, and the potential challenges in implementing the solution.

REFERENCES

BUILDINGS AND CITIES

McAloone, T. C., & Bey, N. (2009). Environmental improvement through product development: A guide. Copenhagen: Danish Environmental Protection Agency.

65

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

33

Laboratory ventilation Authors to be determined 1

1, 2

DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark 2 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

CONCEPT

In the bachelor course 42340 “Sustainability in engineering solutions”, students apply simple tools to environmental assessment of products and solutions in their life cycle. They apply methods and tools for the development of environmentally improved products and solutions in their project work, where they also consider social and management aspects of sustainability. The theme of the course is “the sustainable campus” and projects are defined by and carried out in cooperation with DTU Campus service.

Laboratory ventilation, especially hooded ventilation, constitute a very large energy consumption at DTU. What are the options to better control ventilation? What will it require in terms of equipment, maintenance etc.?

METHODS

The method is a stepwise approach to include environmental thinking in product development and is based on “Environmental improvement through product development – a guide” (McAloone and Bey, 2009), supplemented by more detailed literature on environmental assessment and on sustainability management.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

POSTER

The project investigates the current solutions at campus in terms of their most significant environmental impacts and their causes. It presents new approaches to deliver the solutions, assess the potential environmental improvements, the economic costs, and the potential challenges in implementing the solution.

REFERENCES

BUILDINGS AND CITIES

McAloone, T. C., & Bey, N. (2009). Environmental improvement through product development: A guide. Copenhagen: Danish Environmental Protection Agency.

66

Life time documentation of wind energy plants – Non-destructive testing methods for a life time evaluation of the support structure Nadine MiĂ&#x;berger Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Munich

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

34

Background:

CONCEPT

Wind turbines belong to one of the most dynamically overloaded systems.

That is why components of a wind turbine must be integrated from the design over production to operation in a holistic monitoring system.

For the maintenance of wind turbines entire and correct information is necessary.

Currently some maintenance optimizing approaches are being tested in the wind industry.

Nevertheless, the current existing solutions still have deficiencies.

Until now exists no methodology how maintenance concepts should be constructed, to minimize safety regulations and life cycle costs of a plant.

In order to provide a comprehensive monitoring it is necessary to establish life time documents of wind turbines.

Task:

67

ENERGY FROM WIND, SUN, WATER & OTHER

POSTER

The task of my project is to work out the functions and goals of life time documents and to explore damages, causes and consequences for the support structure.

The overall aim of the thesis is to investigate on the basis of an existing life time documentation of wind energy plants, which non-destructive testing methods are generally suitable for performing a technical life time evaluation of the support structure. Furthermore I need to identify all relevant physical quantities, which are relevant for the evaluation and all research methods, which are appropriate for the quantities detection. After an evaluation of all physical quantities and research methods, I will perform with one of these methods practical experiments. The following test results will be analyzed in the end and ranked in the context.

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

35

Lighting control Authors to be determined 1

1, 2

DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark 2 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

CONCEPT

In the bachelor course 42340 “Sustainability in engineering solutions”, students apply simple tools to environmental assessment of products and solutions in their life cycle. They apply methods and tools for the development of environmentally improved products and solutions in their project work, where they also consider social and management aspects of sustainability. The theme of the course is “the sustainable campus” and projects are defined by and carried out in cooperation with DTU Campus service.

This project investigates to what extent lighting control have benefits, energy and/or environmentally. Modern LED lighting is rather efficient and it will be assessed whether the additional equipment, maintenance etc. is beneficial.

METHODS

The method is a stepwise approach to include environmental thinking in product development and is based on “Environmental improvement through product development – a guide” (McAloone and Bey, 2009), supplemented by more detailed literature on environmental assessment and on sustainability management.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

POSTER

The project investigates the current solutions at campus in terms of their most significant environmental impacts and their causes. It presents new approaches to deliver the solutions, assess the potential environmental improvements, the economic costs, and the potential challenges in implementing the solution.

REFERENCES

BUILDINGS AND CITIES

McAloone, T. C., & Bey, N. (2009). Environmental improvement through product development: A guide. Copenhagen: Danish Environmental Protection Agency.

68

Low volume low mass UHF GPS transceiver and applications 123

A. Rosenberg, 1

123

C. W. Sønnichsen and

123

H. E. Hansen

DTU Electro, Technical University of Denmark DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark 3 DTUsat, Technical University of Denmark

2

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

36

INTRODUCTION

CONCEPT

Tracking the migration patterns of cuckoos is currently unfeasible because of the tiny size of the bird and the long migration distance. A tracking system must not exceed 5 grams in weight and must have a range of 6000 km [1]. Developing these systems has historically been difficult and expensive. DTUsat implements a proposal for bird tracking using a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) RF-module and the DTUsat satellite. The system has applications for remote sensing in general, for example observation of the effects the technological development has on our planet. In order to monitor our footprint on the nature and quantify the changing natural phenomena such as the melting of the polar ice caps and changes in ocean currents, temperature, humidity and other measurable physical quantities small, portable, long-range wireless systems with great energy efficiency. A system with a small enough mass would allow the tracking of various animals, and the changes of their behavioral patterns as they are subjected to the changing climate. The latter is the primary scope of this project.

THEORY

METHODS

The transmitter module is developed through a repeated process design/redesign, prototype design and synthesis followed by field tests.

of

POSTER

Both the transmitter and receiver systems use a SX1272 LoRa™-based IC. The receiver is to be in orbit and consists of a cavity filter and a two-stage LNA. With a transmitter output power of 20 dBm and a required received power of only -157 dBm link budget calculations show a theoretical transmission distance easily in the range of low orbit satellites..

concept

RESULTS

Through basic feasibility tests we have gained experience with the basic operations of the system. We are able to precisely transmit and receive GPS locations at short ranges.

CONCLUSION

MANAGING TRANSITION

We are still in the process of obtaining tangible results. The testing will be completed before Grøn Dyst.

REFERENCES

[1] Thorup, K, Solving the mystery of bird migration: Tracking small birds from space, 2005, University of Copenhagen

69

Nature-Inspired and Energy Efficient Route Planning A. Schlichtkrull, J.B.S. Christensen, T. Feld, and T.B. Hansen DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

Cars are responsible for substantial CO2 emission worldwide. Computers can help solve this problem by computing shortest routes on maps. A good example of this is the popular Google Maps service. However, such services often require the order of the stops on the route to be fixed. By not enforcing an order on the stops, the route can be made shorter.

When, for instance, a furniture dealer has to deliver goods, the order of visiting the customers will often be unimportant. We present a prototype app that can make shorter and more energy efficient routes by allowing it to change the order of the stops. The app is aimed at private persons and small businesses. The app works by using a nature-inspired algorithm called Ant Colony Optimization.

CONCEPT

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

37

THEORY

The problem of finding the shortest path to visit a set of locations is known in the literature as the Traveling Salesperson Problem. It has been shown to be part of the class of NPcomplete problems for which no efficient and optimal algorithm has been found. This challenge can be overcome by allowing near optimal solutions. We use the nature-inspired algorithm called ant colony optimization. It works by simulating ants finding the shortest path from an ant colony to the food in their environment. When an ant walks from the colony to the food, it lays a trail of pheromones that attracts other ants. The idea is that when there are several alternative paths, the shorter ones will have their pheromones reinforced more often, as they take less time to traverse. Ants walk with a certain amount of randomness, which is modelled by a random number generator.

LAPTOP

METHODS

We have implemented a prototype of the app in the Java programming language. For the prototype, we made the simplification that the distance between locations can be calculated as the crow flies. We have tested the prototype on a publicly available problem instance consisting of 52 locations in Berlin. Finally, we compare the results produced by the prototype with the theoretical optimum.

RESULTS

For the test on the 52 locations in Berlin, our prototype was able to produce results very close to the theoretical optimum. In some cases, the simulated ants were even able to find the optimum route.

CONCLUSION TRANSPORT

We have developed a prototype of a nature inspired route planner app. Our prototype gives near optimal results and we therefore think that it has great potential for further development. With a good interface for computers, tablets and smart-phones, we think the app could be a viable solution for private persons and small businesses.

70

One-way tableware Authors to be determined 1

1, 2

DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark 2 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

38

CONCEPT

In the bachelor course 42340 “Sustainability in engineering solutions”, students apply simple tools to environmental assessment of products and solutions in their life cycle. They apply methods and tools for the development of environmentally improved products and solutions in their project work, where they also consider social and management aspects of sustainability. The theme of the course is “the sustainable campus” and projects are defined by and carried out in cooperation with DTU Campus service.

When DTU canteens deliver food for meetings etc. what is the environmentally best option for one-way tableware? Is plastic or cardboard better than dishwashing decentrally? Are there other options that are even better?

METHODS

The method is a stepwise approach to include environmental thinking in product development and is based on “Environmental improvement through product development – a guide” (McAloone and Bey, 2009), supplemented by more detailed literature on environmental assessment and on sustainability management.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

POSTER

The project investigates the current solutions at campus in terms of their most significant environmental impacts and their causes. It presents new approaches to deliver the solutions, assess the potential environmental improvements, the economic costs, and the potential challenges in implementing the solution.

REFERENCES

WASTE & RECYCLING

McAloone, T. C., & Bey, N. (2009). Environmental improvement through product development: A guide. Copenhagen: Danish Environmental Protection Agency.

71

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

39

Optimisation of DTU data bar service Authors to be determined 1

1, 2

DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark 2 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

CONCEPT

In the bachelor course 42340 “Sustainability in engineering solutions”, students apply simple tools to environmental assessment of products and solutions in their life cycle. They apply methods and tools for the development of environmentally improved products and solutions in their project work, where they also consider social and management aspects of sustainability. The theme of the course is “the sustainable campus” and projects are defined by and carried out in cooperation with DTU Campus service.

The DTU data bars are in principle available 24/7and there are many users, mostly students.

Equipments, both software and hardware must be maintained but are also, inherently, quickly outdated. What are the main environmental and energy optimisations options and which variables are available to potential optimization?

METHODS

The method is a stepwise approach to include environmental thinking in product development and is based on “Environmental improvement through product development – a guide” (McAloone and Bey, 2009), supplemented by more detailed literature on environmental assessment and on sustainability management.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION POSTER

The project investigates the current solutions at campus in terms of their most significant environmental impacts and their causes. It presents new approaches to deliver the solutions, assess the potential environmental improvements, the economic costs, and the potential challenges in implementing the solution.

REFERENCES

MANAGING TRANSITION

McAloone, T. C., & Bey, N. (2009). Environmental improvement through product development: A guide. Copenhagen: Danish Environmental Protection Agency.

72

Grøn Dyst Abstract For Posesystem Anis Ashfaq, Tobias Pedersen, Troels Kristensen, Vilhelm Pedersen DTU Diplom, Technical University of Denmark We want to embed a refund system for plastic bags in Denmark in which consumers can bring the plastic bags sold in supermarkets to a standard-build device inside the supermarkets and receive a refund in the same way they can with regular plastic bottles.

Currently there is no proper way to recycle the 450 million plastic bags sold in Denmark each year, which means that many bags are stored away or thrown in the trash. We consider this an unused potential, which could benefit both consumers and the environment - with our concept, plastic bags will be cheaper for the customer and more sustainable for the environment.

CONCEPT

First, we want to test our concept in a supermarket to gather data and find out if the concept could become a success. If so, we would expand to supermarkets all over Denmark by cooperating with franchises such as Coop or Dansk Supermarked and/or with Miljøstyrelsen.

Our refund machine would be developed by our team specifically for plastic bags and set up in every supermarket alongside the current refund machine. In terms of financing, our initial costs could be covered by sponsoring’s from DTU or Grøn Dyst. Otherwise, we would consider cooperating with franchises or providing ourselves.

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

40

WASTE & RECYCLING

POSTER

The concept is developed by four students from DTU in conjunction with a course in green entrepreneurship and our coming company will be called Dansk Plastpose-system.

73

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

41

GRØN DYST Abstract Guidelines for Authors A. Selcuk, M. D. Hedengran, M. Blixt and C. A. Flach DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

ABSTRACT

CONCEPT

The transport sector is one of the sectors that provide the greatest impact on the environment, air and noise pollution in cities and provide a large CO2 emissions.

Therefore it is important with a “sustainable development”, which is a development that simultaneously takes into account the environmental, social and economic dimensions of society.

Figure 1 - The 3 dimensions of sustainability

A solution will be a Smart City which integrates state of the art green technologies to create a city that is both sustainable and can deliver high living standards.

The Smart City can be defined as a city which makes it surplus into resources through its use of information and communication technologies combined with sustainable and environmentally friendly multiple solutions.

POSTER

In this project we will introduce a new ITS system that can positively contribute to increase mobility and thus to sustainable development.

TRANSPORT

The project will examine the possibility of a new ITS (Intelligent Transport System) in Copenhagen and how such a system can contribute to sustainability for the transport sector in the region. The concept will focus on environmental, social and economic dimensions of sustainability.

The new system must reduce congestion in the city and thereby reduce greenhouse gases emitted by vehicles.

The system will try to utilize the social link between people and perhaps use some form of shared vehicle concept.

All expenses in implementing this ITS will be estimated and will be compared to the value of the benefits.

74

Solar panels and solar heating Authors to be determined 1

1, 2

DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark 2 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

42

CONCEPT

In the bachelor course 42340 “Sustainability in engineering solutions”, students apply simple tools to environmental assessment of products and solutions in their life cycle. They apply methods and tools for the development of environmentally improved products and solutions in their project work, where they also consider social and management aspects of sustainability. The theme of the course is “the sustainable campus” and projects are defined by and carried out in cooperation with DTU Campus service.

DTU has a number of solar panels as well as solar heating systems. How are they running and can they be optimized in terms of their environmental impacts throughout the life cycle?

Should this solution be copied to other places at DTU, what is the business case?

METHODS

The method is a stepwise approach to include environmental thinking in product development and is based on “Environmental improvement through product development – a guide” (McAloone and Bey, 2009), supplemented by more detailed literature on environmental assessment and on sustainability management.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

POSTER

The project investigates the current solutions at campus in terms of their most significant environmental impacts and their causes. It presents new approaches to deliver the solutions, assess the potential environmental improvements, the economic costs, and the potential challenges in implementing the solution.

REFERENCES

75

ENERGY FROM WIND, SUN, WATER & OTHER

McAloone, T. C., & Bey, N. (2009). Environmental improvement through product development: A guide. Copenhagen: Danish Environmental Protection Agency.

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

43

Street lighting at campus Authors to be determined 1

1, 2

DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark 2 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

CONCEPT

In the bachelor course 42340 “Sustainability in engineering solutions”, students apply simple tools to environmental assessment of products and solutions in their life cycle. They apply methods and tools for the development of environmentally improved products and solutions in their project work, where they also consider social and management aspects of sustainability. The theme of the course is “the sustainable campus” and projects are defined by and carried out in cooperation with DTU Campus service.

This project aims to minimize the environmental impacts of street lighting at campus and will first investigate the current energy use and how it can be optimised. Social and security aspects plays an important role in this project.

METHODS

The method is a stepwise approach to include environmental thinking in product development and is based on “Environmental improvement through product development – a guide” (McAloone and Bey, 2009), supplemented by more detailed literature on environmental assessment and on sustainability management.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

POSTER

The project investigates the current solutions at campus in terms of their most significant environmental impacts and their causes. It presents new approaches to deliver the solutions, assess the potential environmental improvements, the economic costs, and the potential challenges in implementing the solution.

REFERENCES

BUILDINGS AND CITIES

McAloone, T. C., & Bey, N. (2009). Environmental improvement through product development: A guide. Copenhagen: Danish Environmental Protection Agency.

76

WASTE & RECYCLING

FREE STYLE

CONCEPT

77

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

44

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

45

SUPERMILEAGE: Ultra-Fuel Efficient Vehicles N. Q. Chu Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Canada

INTRODUCTION

No problem has ever rounded global leaders together quite like the global energy crisis. Oil geologists and analysts have forecasted impending global Peak Oil, a point at which the maximum rate of petroleum extraction is reached. A 2010 Oxford study states that by the year 2015, global oil demand will surpass oil supply, of which a global average of 61.7% is owing to transportation sector. Action can still be taken and one of the most commercially viable ways to do so is by transforming the world’s consumption of transport fuels.

CONCEPT

PROJECT

With this goal in mind, a group of UBC students have designed a series of ultra-energy efficient vehicle from the ground up: The Supermileage Mark prototypes.

Fuel efficiency in the vehicle is owing to the following four focal points of design: (1) Aerodynamic optimization (2) Weight minimization (3) Engine customization (4) Design for simplicity

LAPTOP

The first notable feature of the Mark VIII Prototype is its sleek and streamlined shell form. The team conducted extensive yarn tuft wind tunnel testing on scale foam models to visualize flow fields on the body contours. Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) analysis coupled with modeling software, allowed the team to manipulate the body shape and curvature for highest performing profiles. Driver configuration is designed in a feet first, semi prone position allowing for a small frontal area and further eliminating drag.

The bulk of the chassis base is constructed from 2” aircraft-grade aluminum honeycomb; selected for its high strength to weight ratio in bending. The 3-ply carbon fiber shell offers the same advantages in durability while being extremely lightweight.

Augmenting engine efficiency involved the sealing of air leaks in the manifold and insulation to assist with the internal combustion reaction. The engine is also retrofitted with a custom fuel injection system that mitigates fuel waste on intake walls by injecting directly at the intake valve for immediate vaporization.

CONCLUSION

TRANSPORT

Although, the Mark Prototype Series is not ready to hit the main street, it is a tangible look into the future of sustainable transportation. Technologies developed on the Mark Prototypes can also be extrapolated in industry practice. Above all else, the Mark Prototype Series serves to unlock fresh possibilities by defining new limits for what can be achieved with our earth’s treasured resources.

78

Take-away tableware Authors to be determined 1

1, 2

DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark 2 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

46

CONCEPT

In the bachelor course 42340 “Sustainability in engineering solutions”, students apply simple tools to environmental assessment of products and solutions in their life cycle. They apply methods and tools for the development of environmentally improved products and solutions in their project work, where they also consider social and management aspects of sustainability. The theme of the course is “the sustainable campus” and projects are defined by and carried out in cooperation with DTU Campus service.

Take away food bought in DTU canteens is currently sold in one-way combined packaging and tableware? What is the environmental issues of this solution? Which other solutions exists and which is the environmentally beneficial.

METHODS

The method is a stepwise approach to include environmental thinking in product development and is based on “Environmental improvement through product development – a guide” (McAloone and Bey, 2009), supplemented by more detailed literature on environmental assessment and on sustainability management.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

POSTER

The project investigates the current solutions at campus in terms of their most significant environmental impacts and their causes. It presents new approaches to deliver the solutions, assess the potential environmental improvements, the economic costs, and the potential challenges in implementing the solution.

REFERENCES

WASTE & RECYCLING

McAloone, T. C., & Bey, N. (2009). Environmental improvement through product development: A guide. Copenhagen: Danish Environmental Protection Agency.

79

Tapp (Water) D. Arrildsen, N. Thielemann, E. Svendsen, T. Skou DTU Process and Innovation, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION If people in Denmark become aware of how much pollution and energy one half litre bottle of mineral-water consumes, it would lead to a change in the way we provide us self with water when we are on the go. In 2012, Denmark alone consumed 139,5 million litres of bottled mineral water, which led to a total emission of 25,1 million kilos co2 just for the water. In comparison the same amount of tap water would lead out 900 times less co2, 25 million kilos to be exact. We need water regularly throughout the day, but when we are on the go it is not always possible to provide ourselves whit fresh water unless we buy a bottle, which often is very expensive. Our goal is to provide fresh, clean and free tap water for the Danes, they only have to buy our bottle.

CONCEPT

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

47

THEORY We believe that if people can save money, they will automatically go for a greener alternative, especially if it is cheaper. With Tapp’s new water solution where people buy their water bottle, use it for as long as they like and then deliver it back to be recycled, we can reduce our co2 emission by 105 gram every time the Tapp bottle is being reused. We have a theory that many people find it difficult to figure out how they can contribute in reducing co2 emission. With this in mind we are convinced that if people were made aware of how much pollution they just saved from getting out in the atmosphere every time they reused their bottle, it would lead to greater understanding of how they can contribute in lowering the co2 emission.

IDEA

FOOD AND HEALTH

FREE STYLE

The idea is to develop a service that will provide Denmark with fresh, clean and cold tap water for free, as long as they are using the Tapp water bottle. Automized water stands would be placed in minimarket around Denmark where it will read the integrated barcode underneath Tapp’s water bottle, fill it with exactly 0,5 litre of fresh and cold tap water. When the bottle has been used for what the costumer finds appropriate he or she simply returns the old bottle to be re-cycled, buy a new Tapp water bottle for around 15 kroner and then fill it up at the stands. The reason why the bottle is empty is that we want to reduce co2 emission everywhere we can, therefore all of the bottle will be delivered empty so that the amount of energy for transport is being reduced and instead of large industrial refrigerators to cool a certain amount of bottle, we only need to cool a couple of litres inside the isolated water-stand.

80

The Moss Paint C. R. SeibĂŚk DTU Process & Innovation, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

48

The Moss Paint is a living paint consisting of dried grinded moss and starch-based gel as adherence and fertilizing medium. It sprays on outside buildings and walls to grow a dense green carpet of breathing green moss, thus purifying the air we breath and beautifying the cities we live in. The value proposed to city inhabitants is literally a greener city, better air and mental health benefits. Not to mention the branding value of supersize CO2-negative logos of cities, organizations and companies.

CONCEPT

METHOD

The concept was developed during a semester project and three-week period. It is based on primary qualitative and secondary quantitative research, experiments, tests and prototypes.

Knowledge on the highly complex field of moss was obtained by interviews, observation and demonstrations by moss experts in different fields and with different approaches: Agricultural Optimal environment for moss growth and production.

Laboratorial Species, gene modification and fertilizing mediums.

Practical Typical use, growth on buildings and planting of moss.

For testing, different samples of moss paint was made and painted on walls of DTU. Different concepts of dispensers were developed to ensure a consistent and covering layer 2 of moss on walls measured by propagules/cm .

EMPIRICAL SUPPORT

POSTER

There is abundant empirical evidence in support of the beneficial impact of human exposure to nature and green environments, even if only in view (Hartig, T. et al. 2002). Mental health benefits include reduced stress and depression (Wood, C. et al. 2011).

It is evident that moss consumes CO2 through photosynthesis, however the exact CO2 consumption/m2 is not estimated and will depend on specie, humidity and sunlight exposure.

RESULTS

-

Moss can grow in dense layers on walls without other nutrition than sunlight.

Moss is harmless to building materials and CO2-negative.

Moss can be prepared, grinded and stored for years without dying, and start growing when exposed to moist and sunlight.

A spray gun with 2.0 mm cap and air compression can dispense the moss on walls 2 in a consistent layer of approximately 20 propagules/cm making painting of large surfaces easy.

BUILDINGS AND CITIES

-

CONCLUSION

Experiments, research and prototyping support the feasibility of growing a dense breathing moss layer on outdoor building surfaces, benefitting air purity, CO2-emissions, human wellbeing and city beautification. A business case of this environment positive-impact product is probable and further development will research optimum moss growth and CO2-absorbtion.

81

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

49

Refinement of a cigarette pack G. Dreves, C. G. Munzenmayer, H. Larsen, J. W. HolmsnĂŚs, O. Lund and Troels A. Nissen DTU Process & innovation, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

CONCEPT

In many years there has been an increase in cigarette butts littered onto streets, nature trails and beaches throughout the country. The increase was especially significant after an additional smoke law became effective in august 2007, that restricted smoking in establishments over 40m^2. Many initiated campaigns, with the focus of reducing cigarette associated litter, have seen the solutions as making people quit smoking. Our approach deviate from these by not focusing on the amount of smokers and cigarettes smoked, but more on the actual behavior and making sure the cigarette butts never land on the ground in the first place.

HYPOTHESIS

Through our research we have ascertained that smokers, being the suppliers of this littering, have a tendency to discard cigarette butts when not having an ashtray or garbage can inside his or her generel reach. The municipalities spends measurable resources on man-hours for manually collecting these cigarette butts and is in fact, given the comparison to the amount discarded on a daily basis, a very inefficient solution. These are the costs and environmental strains we will try to reduce.

Methods

POSTER

We have created a refinement of the existing packaging solution for 20 cigarettes.

Cigarettes are each placed in single sections and by extraction of a cigarette, free space is created and reserved for the ashtray functionality that awaits the finished smoked cigarette.

The embering cigarette butt can then be inserted from below into the empty compartment, which has a small bag, made of polyester film (BoPET), that will expand to the length of the butt. The ember is put out by a gel blister located in the small pocket’s top, made of vinegar and citric acid. These fluids reduce the release of smells to a minimum and the few smells that would elude will be kept isolated from the packages surrounding environment due to a rubber lid covering the bottom. When the package is full, it is simply thrown in the garbage can and the municipals will not need to collect them from the streets.

Conclusion

WASTE & RECYCLING

Our packaging solution will be more expensive both in production and milli person reserve (mPR) due to more material needed. But through a LCA on this refinement, we have estimated a reduced environmental impact, if just six or more cigarette butts were discarded in the pack - simply due to reduced need for street cleaning.

82

WaterCue E. Grande, R. Thude, and P. Mannerup DTU Proces & Innovation, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

CONCEPT

Most people do not know how much tap water is spent, when taking an 8-minute shower.

This might not seem like a problem of major concern at this moment, but as water resources are slowly getting scarcer globally, every drop counts. The typical solution to the problem is either reducing the flow rate by changing shower heads, or monitoring time by using a stopwatch. Neither of these methods are particularly effective (or unobtrusive), nor do they address the fact that we have to actively and consciously be aware of our actions as having a direct and often negative impact on the environment. This can be done by “nudging” the user towards an environmentally correct behaviour and this is exactly what we propose to do with the concept, which we are currently building a design for. What we have outlined is a design which can be integrated and signal visually, when a bath has reached the appropriate length.

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

50

THEORY

Why do we want to change people’s behaviour when taking baths in particular? The short answer is that you have to start somewhere, when you want to make visible the environmental impact of our everyday actions. And if you want to efficiently modify this behaviour in generations to come, it makes perfect sense to embed a nudging technique into personal hygiene, which is something that is learned at a very early age and then passed on. Nudging is a technique which has been used in several fields, and is well documented. It works by “pushing” the user towards an appropriate behaviour, but only by suggestion and not force.

POSTER

METHODS

The product we are designing works as a visual cue to the user, hence the name: “WaterCue”. It changes color immediately when a bath exceeds 5 minutes. It is made mainly from recycled plastic material, it does not operate on batteries or have any movings parts. It is designed to help you save, not tell how much is actually saved. You save - that’s it!

Today, the average bath takes around 8 minutes with a typical flow rate of 12L per minute, and by proposing to reduce this by at least 3 minutes for every bath, will effectively save 13.000 litres of drinking water a year pr. person. This is a conservative figure, and in some cases the reduction might be even larger. The energy used for heating up water results in a carbon footprint. We completed a simplified LCA to see how large this footprint would be in Copenhagen. The results only showed a rather small reduction in CO2 emissions.

CONCLUSION

WASTE & RECYCLING

We propose to test and document the achieved effects during the 3 week course period. By building a series of mock-ups and testing them in 20 households, we can measure the reduction in water usage. We will then follow up with questions regarding perceived changes in behaviour, and build our prototype / finished product based on these results.

83

BACHELOR LEVEL COURSE / PROJECT

51

Low Price DIY type Wind Turbine for Developing Countries & Free Phone Charging Service 1

2

2

Kang-min Seon , Yea-un Kim , Dong-kwon Jang , Ye-ji Kim 2 , Da-won Jung 1

2

Aerospace Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 2 Ecodynamics Expedition Program, KIA motors & UNEP Korea

INTRODUCTION CONCEPT

In developing countries, people are restricted their activity time because of no light from blackout of electricity. The blackout is usually more than half days, and they cannot do any activities to produce goods in that time. There are some little solutions from appropriate technologies, such as a Liter of Light, supplies particular environment to do activities, but basically the people needs electric energy that can converted every ways they need to use.

THEORY & METHOD

To produce useful amount of energy from wind, the turbine is designed as horizontal axis type. And, blade design was aerodynamically optimized, and every parts are composed of frame structure without using any particular tools. The wind winder is composed of DIY kits from laser-cut plywood, aluminum pipes, magnets, and coils. To minimize the price and adapt local area, consumers have to build their own supporter and some minor parts by using local materials that can be found easily everywhere, such as lumber.

The wind winder project is currently proceeding, and the efficiency and stability is being improved more and more. Wind Winder Version 3.0 experimentally produced maximum 50W on the normal Korean and Nepali environmental conditions. The main theme of Wind Winder project is three below.

LAPTOP

-

Aerodynamically optimized efficient design Low-price to produce the products, minimize material cost and processing cost Easy to manufacture with hand, DIY system without using any tools or additional components

ENERGY FROM WIND, SUN, WATER & OTHER

RESULT & CONCLUSION

Wind Winder project is basically started from producing electricity for lighting and phone charging freely in developing countries. It will help people in developing countries expand activity time in night time, and it also supplies some amount of electric energies they need, such as radio and television. Wind winder project is applied in many ways in not only developing countries, but it can also be converted to free-electricity service. Phone charging service on the road or at middle of cities can help people solving their disconnection by battery problems. Also, designing low price and DIY system can be applied to other mechanical devices, such as bicycle and many furniture. It will make every people can repair and recycle every devices and it can also be used for educational purpose to understand the principle of many mechanical devices.

84

BACHELOR FINAL ASSIGNMENT/ IDEA

85

BACHELOR FINAL ASSIGNMENT

52

Tuning Opto-Electronic Properties of Lead-Free Perovskite CsSnI3 Solar Cells by Incorporation of BiI3 Y. F. Ng Nanyang Technological University

ABSTRACT

ENERGY FROM WIND, SUN, WATER & OTHER

POSTER

IDEA

Solar energy offers great potential in the drive to switch from conventional fossil fuel energy sources to clean, renewable and efficient ones. Third generation in perovskite photovoltaic technologies are highly promising due to low cost, ease of fabrication, and high efficiencies.

The toxicity of the lead element, however, motivated a new direction towards alternative lead-free perovskite materials. Caesium tin iodide (CsSnI3) serves as an attractive candidate due to its excellent optical features such as high absorption coefficient and favorable band gap. Past experimental results showed low photovoltage for this material, which could be due to high p-type carrier density even with the addition of tin fluoride (SnF2). Therefore, this research aims to modulate the opto-electronic properties of CsSnI3 through addition of bismuth iodide (BiI3). CsSnI3 was synthesized using a simple solution method with an addition of 20 mol% SnF2. Thereafter, different amounts (0 – 10 mol%) of BiI3 were added and the resultant sample solutions were deposited onto titania (TiO2) substrates via spincoating. The perovskite films were characterized and the devices were subsequently tested.

The results showed an increase in open-circuit voltage (VOC) to 0.211 V for the 5 mol% BiI3 added sample. This was supported by the high shunt and recombination resistance observed, which could be due to reduced recombination sites. Power conversion efficiencies of devices with BiI3 added, however, were relatively poor due to much lower photogenerated current. This could be ascribed to lower absorption coefficient and poorer film coverage, which led to lesser charge generation and collection. It was also noted that Bi was not successfully doped into the perovskite structure, but could have formed a separate amorphous phase. However, band gaps of Bi-containing samples remained unchanged and close to the original value of 1.3 eV, making them suitable absorber materials. Future work will then focus on improving the photocurrent of BiI3 added CsSnI3 by increasing the thickness of the perovskite layer or adding a dye such as N719 for enhanced light absorption and better device performance.

86

Improving biocatalytic membranes for broader and better applications E. H. Valente and L. M. Jørgensen DTU Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

BACHELOR FINAL ASSIGNMENT

53

INTRODUCTION

IDEA

Enzymes catalyze more than 5.000 biochemical reactions and provide efficient and low waste reactions. Due to enzymes specificity, selectivity and low energy use they are a green alternative to ordinary chemical catalyst or simply chemical reactions and are already used in a wide range of applications.

One of the applications is biocatalytic membranes where enzymes are immobilized on a membrane surface creating a selective bioreactor that runs under mild reaction conditions leading to a green process.

Immobilization of enzymes is a profitable process in regards to improving process economics by enabling reuse and providing enhanced robustness and overall productivity of the enzymes. Membranes are increasingly used as support for enzyme immobilization as this enables the integration of biocatalysis and separation by using the membranes in reactors.

Therefore an improvement of the biocatalytic membranes could both improve existing productions using biocatalytic membranes and also enable the production of some products to be made with biocatalytic membranes that could not be made before because of the instability of the enzymes.

THE PROJECT

POSTER

As an example the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase, ADH, could be an essential part of a environmental friendly process where CO2 is reduced to methanol, which is an alternative method for removing CO2 that also produces a useful end product. But ADH degrades too quickly for industrial applications and it is important to stabilize the enzyme in order to facilitate its application in bio-catalytic membranes.

In this project we seek to modify a simple cellulose membrane so that it accommodates the requirements for preserving the enzyme activity while keeping the rate of degradation low and simultaneously maintaining the permeability and selectivity of the membrane.

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

Using a well-known method for graft polymerization of monomers onto cellulose of the cellulose membranes and using this to improve immobilization by several immobilization techniques. The grafted monomer changes the properties of the surface and forms a protective layer where the enzymes are entrapped and/or covalently bound preventing leakage of enzyme. In this project the influence the specific monomers on enzyme stability and entrapment of ADH is investigated.

So far the grafting of the monomers has been confirmed, but the immobilization is still being researched.

The idea/concept will in the future make it possible to design better biocatalytic membranes with a broader range of enzymes.

87

BACHELOR FINAL ASSIGNMENT

54

Laser Doped Nanostructured Solar Cells J. N. Hansen and P. L. Moritzen DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

The global energy consumption demands increasingly effective energy sources available at low cost. The full potential of solar energy is far from reached, and by a novel type of solar cell a high efficiency cell can be obtained whilst reducing production costs compared to present technologies. Our solution is in the combination of three high tech features: Black Silicon, ALD passivation and laser doping. These technologies can eliminate cumbersome production steps used for conventional solar cells and are industrially scalable.

A NOVEL TYPE OF SOLAR CELL

ENERGY FROM WIND, SUN, WATER & OTHER

POSTER

IDEA

A crucial factor for the efficiency of the solar cell is to absorb as much light as possible. By having a front surface textured with “black silicon� nanostructures the reflectance can be as low as 0.1% compared to 6% in a typical commercially available cell. When light is absorbed in the solar cell, electrons are mobilized thus carrying a current. To isolate the electrons from the outer environment, the surface of the cell must be passivated. The technique known as ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition) makes it possible to cover the black silicon surface uniformly with a layer thickness on the nanometer scale. The dielectric material Al2O3 is used for passivation and at the same time it acts as the dopant source for the following laser doping process. For a high efficiency cell a selective emitter is desirable. This is a highly doped region right beneath the metal contacts on the front side which leads to a better conductivity of current. This can be done very efficiently by combination of laser doping and electroplating. The central concept of laser doping is rapidly melting the top layer of a silicon substrate whereon the dopant is present. Laser doping is precise, allows self-aligned metal contacts and has a lower thermal budget than conventional methods. By applying these key concepts to production of the cell a more efficient and less costly product can easily be realized.

Figure 1: Laser doping of nanostructured silicon enhances efficiency and lowers production cost of the solar cell

88

Phytoscreening for Chlorinated Ethenes to evaluate outflowing groundwater pollution to surface water C. B. Ottosen DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark

BACHELOR FINAL ASSIGNMENT

55

ABSTRACT

IDEA

With the water framework directive presented by EU in 2000, increased focus on pollution of ground- and surface water was introduced. Followed by a need for cheap and useful methods to investigate and screen water pollution, to get a better knowledge of the extent of a pollution. Phytoscreening is a relatively new method to evaluate contamination on a site, using that trees take up contaminants with water when transpiring. Tree cores can thus provide a picture of the underlying water pollution. Sampling tree cores is a cheaper and faster method than taking groundwater samples.

Previous studies using phytoscreening for chlorinated ethenes have mainly focused on tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE). A main aim in this project is to improve the method to evaluate on the degradation products, which are as hazardous as PCE and TCE. The location for the fieldwork is Grindsted Å in Southern Jutland, and the interesting aspect with this specific site is groundwater-surface water interaction. The method extension presented can however be used as a generalized method.

POSTER

Previous studies have examined the concentration distribution with height along and around the trunk in a given height. Also seasonal variation of concentrations in tree cores has been examined. These things are included in this project as well, but with additional focus on the hazardous degradation products. The experimental outline is illustrated in Figure 1, along with the generalizable knowledge provided by this project.

Figure 1: Process to improve phytoscreening as a method to screen for degradation products.

WATER

A significant result is that additional wood mass in a sample can lower the detection limit of the degradation product 1,2-dichloroethene. It is thus recommended to use this extension in future phytoscreening for this degradation product. Additional results are presented at GRØNDYST. Acknowledgement: Supervisors M. M. Broholm and V.K. Rønde.

89

BACHELOR FINAL ASSIGNMENT

56

Sustainability optimization of supporting structures in buildings S. C. Andersen DTU Civil Engineering/DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

One of the biggest sinners in terms of CO2 emissions is the building industry. The way we construct buildings today, is due to the environmental issues being challenged in this project. The building industry accounts for about 40% (Authority, n.d.) of the total energy consumptions in Denmark, and therefore it could be interesting and valuable to investigate how these emissions can be brought down.

IDEA

Construction materials applied for supporting structures in buildings are numerous, but in Denmark the most widely used material is concrete (Cain & Evang, 2014). The reasons for applying concrete are numerous, amongst other; great compressive strength, local resources and great self-weight, which helps increasing stability. In this study it is investigated what happens if the arguments for using concrete are challenged and some other criteria are included in the prioritization of materials for supporting structures

THEORY

POSTER

Initially sustainability relevant for supporting structures will be defined based on different views on sustainability and not at least my own interpretation and view. LCA will be applied for the assessment and quantification of the environmental performance of the supporting structures. The LCA will rely on the ReCiPe method, which is a life cycle impact assesment method where different category indicators at midpoint can be aggregated into a simplified set of indicators. The structural ability will be evaluated by comparing the amount of materials used when applying the same load to each element of the different materials.

METHOD

Separate structural elements made from different materials, including steel, wood, glass fiber composites and concrete, will be analyzed and compared considering both environmental performance and structural ability. A simplified price comparison will also be taken into account, since price has a considerable influence on the choice of construction materials.

RESULTS

Based on the environmental, structural and price assessments multi-criteria recommendations will be formulated. The purpose of the criteria are to facilitate selection of supporting structures based on a more diverse set of criteria than structural performance and price.

BUILDINGS AND CITIES

REFERENCES

AUTHORITY, D. B. (N.D.). CONSTRUCTION. HTTP://CSRGOV.DK/CONSTRUCTION

RETRIEVED

Cain, S. K., & Evang, S. (2014). Det der skal bĂŚre huset.

90

FEBRUARY

19,

2015,

FROM

Syngas fermentation - Growing bacteria on CO2 K. B. Falkenberg

ABSTRACT

DTU Biosustain, Technical University of Denmark

BACHELOR FINAL ASSIGNMENT

57

Currently an increasing number of initiatives are being implemented to decrease the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, carbon dioxide (CO2) in particular. Common for most green technologies, is the focus on decreasing the emissions of CO2, created in industrial processes. This often means changing to less efficient and more expensive alternatives of production.

IDEA

Now the tendency is changing from viewing the greenhouse gases as a pollutant, to instead utilizing them as a resource. This principle is conceptualized in the process called “syngas fermentation”.

Syngas fermentation utilizes a group of bacteria’s natural property to metabolize a gas mixture called syngas, consisting of CO2 and hydrogen (H2). Syngas can either be mixed by gas from different sources or synthesized by gasification of coal, biomass or organic waste, which makes it a cheap and sustainable resource.

POSTER

The bacteria utilized in syngas fermentation are called acetogens, which, when grown in a liquid environment, can fixate dissolved syngas and use it as substrate to create useful biochemicals. The most promising type of acetogens is called Moorella, and when grown on syngas as substrate, the un-engineered bacteria found in nature produce acetate, which can be converted to petrochemicals by chemical polymerization. Another possibility is using the acetate as building block for further metabolic conversion by engineering the Moorella bacteria or feeding the acetate to other bacteria, which in both instances could convert it to other biochemicals such as pharmaceuticals, food additives or biofuels.

Very little is known about these bacteria, and their sensitivity to oxygen and thermophilic nature creates an inherent challenge in studying and working with them in the laboratory.

Thus a lot of effort is put into researching and genetically enhancing these bacteria.

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

In my research with the Moorella bacteria, I study well-known biotechnological methods used in other organisms, in order to find potential analogs compatible with the Moorella bacteria. One of these methods is the β-galactosidase assay, which incorporates a gene in the bacteria, turning the bacteria blue when grown on plates containing a lactose-analog called X-gal. This can be used in molecular cloning, as a visual indication of whether or not DNA has successfully been incorporated into the cells, and thus a very convenient way of distinguishing a successful cloning product from other unsuccessful ones. The challenge being that the method has to be compatible with the oxygen-free environment, the organism and its optimal growth conditions at high temperatures. This and other advances in the field will hopefully lead to us being able to commercialize the bacteria as a green biocatalyst, turning otherwise harmful CO2 into useful fuels or pharmaceuticals.

91

BACHELOR FINAL ASSIGNMENT/ CONCEPT

92

Aesthetic solar cells T. Brekke and L. Stokbro DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

ABSTRACT

CONCEPT

To prevent global warming it is necessary to reduce the use of fossil fuels dramatically.

Buildings use more than 40% of the world's primary energy consumption and contribute to 24% of the emission of green house gasses worldwide. By implementing solar panels in building we could reduce these numbers. Today only 4% of Danish buildings use solar cells.

One of the reasons for this is that people does not perceive solar cells as an aesthetic contribution to buildings which we found out from talking with architects, solar cell companies, costumers and potential costumers of solar cells. It is difficult to integrate solar cells aesthetically in many types of buildings, and we have chosen to develop a concept for integrating solar cells in bigger facades. Three main challenges have been identified with today’s solar panels: 1. They all look the same with only blue and black colours, which only gives little design freedom for the architects 2. The surface of the panels is characterised by a certain pattern and have an eyecatching frame, which often is perceived as unattractive features. A homogenous surface and no visible frame would contribute to more aesthetic attractive solar panels.

3. Solar panels are often difficult to fit into a facade because they are produced in only few different sizes.

BACHELOR FINAL ASSIGNMENT

58

Figure 1: Facade with aesthetic solar modules and a single solar module (15x15cm)

93

ENERGY FROM WIND, SUN, WATER & OTHER

POSTER

The developed concept is a solar panel, which seeks to provide a solution to these challenges. The conceptual solar panel has a homogenous surface and will be in a range of different colours. This is made possible by using back contacted solar cells and having a back sheet that match the colour of the solar cell. The colour of each solar cell can be modified by manipulating the nanostructure. This is explored in collaboration with, DTU Nanotech, and it is examined how it will affect the efficiency of the solar cells. The solar panels will be modular, which means that each module consists of a single solar cell, which is assembled into bigger panels in the desired constellation. This will make it possible to adjust the panel sizes so they fit on many kinds of facades.

BACHELOR FINAL ASSIGNMENT

59

Sustainable Green City Logistics utilizing Sharing Economy R. B. Poulsen and S.L. Søvsø DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

CONCEPT

The world faces enormous problems when it comes to environmental issues. The transport in major cities plays a huge role in emission of greenhouse gasses. Congestion in these cities generates even more local air pollution, which causes health issues for the inhabitants.

Denmark and The Technical University of Denmark are pioneers in sustainable and green solutions. Denmark is a country where bicycles play a huge role in commuting, 41 % of Copenhageners biked to and from work in 2013. In many years a company in Denmark called “De Grønne Bude” (The Green Delivery Guys), has practiced transport of goods by bicycle.

There is a huge potential in utilizing the bicycle culture for other purposes than just personal transportation.

CONCEPT

POSTER

There is a growing trend for private consumers to use sharing economy services, like AirBnB, Uber and GoMore. By combining a sharing economy service with the bicycle culture, it is possible to solve some of the problems the major cities face.

The concept is a web-based service where private people and businesses can order a private cyclist to transport goods within the city. Every individual can sign up as a delivery person after being accepted. The person would be registered by the services he or she offers, such as size of the bag, carrier bicycle, normal bicycle etc. When registered as a deliverer one can be booked by companies or private persons to deliver goods. The deliverer is paid based on the distance when the goods are delivered. The payment will be wire transferred from the booker to the deliverer, and the service provider takes a percentage of the amount.

CONCLUSION

BUILDINGS AND CITIES

The vision for this concept is that it will reduce the congestion in major cities and thereby lower greenhouse gas emission and air pollution. Furthermore, this concept will hopefully also result in better mobility for companies and private persons. The companies will experience faster deliveries and lower costs, which will make the companies utilizing the service more competitive. This service will give private persons the opportunity to receive the goods they are not capable of getting themselves, especially the elderly and families who do not have time on a busy schedule.

94

Collective design - home automation 1

1

Johnni Mortensen , Daniel Svalling & Anders Teglgaard

2

1

2

DTU Electro, Technical University of Denmark International Marketing and Management, Copenhagen Business School

BACHELOR FINAL ASSIGNMENT

60

INTRODUCTION

This project revolves around home automation, which as a concept has existed for decades, but a field that has not yet reached its full potential mainly limited by systems stability and cost. Our project will strive to focus on these, by making the technology inexpensively available and easy for the “everyday people” and corporations by using simple intuitive design in an integrated platform running on stable technology.

We proudly introduce Collective design.

CONCEPT

CONCEPT

FREE STYLE

Collective design is a home automation system with endless possibilities. The solution for private consumers is based on a smartphone application and a wireless ultra low power system and a web platform for the corporations. The platform will provide a smarter way to use your home and your company. It will be individualised and easy to use. Simple and easy functionality for the private consumer and advanced extendible features for corporations all based on the same stable technology. So far we have three prototype elements to the Collective design targeted to be launched jointly: • Part one; The wireless controlled socket.

• Part two; The battery driven switch.

• Part three; The LED bulb.

All products are based on an integrated solution with the foundations in the wireless nRF24 chip which is very price competitive with nowadays WIFI chips. This chip allows stability through mesh networking capabilities. With a competitive market our focus is on making this green technology stable and inexpensively a natural part of the home. The vision for the project is to work in steps; First targeting lighting appliances and next step is focusing on smart heating with the entry point in intelligent thermostats.

Our design is easy to apply and the vision is to continually produce smart elements for the home so everything can be wireless controlled. Everything can be controlled from the app and from the switch, which is removable and set after individualised needs.

GREEN EMPOWERMENT

MANAGING TRANSITION

The Collective design will provide an effective energy use. Our technology have the opportunity to be used multiple places - only imagination sets the limits. The concept of the product line is to use only non-toxic and reusable parts. Production will consist of affordable elements and a simple design that nonetheless makes the system communication stable and easily applicable in different products. The Collective design will step by step make the home and company better equipped for saving power.

When a person leaves their home or company they often forget shutting off all lights and turn down the thermostats. This can now be handled automatically so a light is never on and the expensive heating can be lowered during the closed hours. This will lower the environmental impact of lighting and heating.

Further applications are possible e.g. has the wind turbine industry already shown interest in the product ensuring the function of safety lights inside and outside the wind turbine tubes.

The technology allows the central control centers for the wind turbines to asses lighting on location wirelessly and thus avoid operational hold ups.

This simple platform therefore allows great applicability in different products and yet we have a strong visionary focus on becoming the best in the most used and important areas. We envision a smarter greener future and we hope you will envision this with us.

95

Gluten Free Beer from Unmalted Oats D. S. Hansen, and M. Hansen Institute for Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark

ABSTRACT

Normally gluten free beer is produced either from cereals that are not native to the Danish climate, or by adding enzymes during malt based beer production, which destroys the gluten complex. A cereal that has been discussed lately, as a safe cereal for people suffering from either celiac disease or gluten intolerance is oats. Furthermore oats have a high resistance to most pests that can infest crops such as barley and wheat. Oats is also generally sold at lower prices than barley and wheat.

When producing a beer containing gluten, the cereals used in the process are malted to activate the production of enzymes. These enzymes are needed to break down the starch inside the endosperm into fermentable sugars. Malting is a costly procedure, both for the environment and economically. The cost of malted grains is close to four times higher than unmalted grains.

Another potential problem if malting grains which do not contain gluten, e.g. oats is the contamination with gluten from other grains. Since the malting takes place at the same production line, a thorough cleaning of the equipment must be done, to avoid gluten contamination. Which besides the environmental impact of malting itself, would further increase the carbon footprint, if one was aiming for a gluten free product.

Most breweries would find it difficult to produce a beer solely from oats as it does not contain husk, which makes it hard to separate the wort from the residual oats after mashing. The ÂŽ technology made available at DTU Brewery, together with the enzyme Ondea Pro (Novozymes, BagsvĂŚrd), yields the possibility of a 100 % unmalted oat beer.

The project has focused on the production of 3 different beers all showing potential as a gluten free alternative for the market. Our research indicates that a beer made, following our recipes, is gluten free and hereby, both a safer choice for people with gluten intolerance and celiac disease, and, as well, a greener choice.

FOOD AND HEALTH

POSTER

CONCEPT

BACHELOR FINAL ASSIGNMENT

61

96

Leitra velomobile design analysis and reconfiguration Y. K. A. Szankowski DTU Diplom, Technical University of Denmark

ABSTRACT

TRANSPORT

FREE STYLE

CONCEPT

Velomobiles are covered bicycles, typically of the recumbent (leaning seat) variety. The cover is both useful for weather protection, as well as an aerodynamic drag reducer. There are numerous designs available on the market, and they are particularly popular in Germany and Holland, where cycling infrastructure is most developed.

The Leitra velomobile is currently the only velomobile in production in Denmark, and is widely acknowledged as the first production velomobile. Leitra (which stands for “Let individuel Transport”) is a unique labour of love, produced and designed single handily by Carl Georg Rasmussen, a former DTH PhD since the early 80’s. It is also unique in that it is currently the only space-frame based, carbon leaf spring suspended, sub 30 kg velomobile.

The velomobile market, along with Leitra currently has a small niche, maintained by a cottage industry scale of operations. Together with the long development and production periods, velomobiles are a pricey commodity, with a typical range of 6000 to 9000 Euros per unit.

This project was closely developed with Carl G. Rasmussen of Leitra, with two general intentionsThe first is an analysis and documentation of the current production methods, major components (frame, leaf spring suspension, steering assembly) were modelled and analysed . The vehicle’s seat, which is made of carbon fibre, was 3-D scanned, for use in the models.

The second is a redesign effort of the chassis and suspension systems, with focused on both modernization of production methods and materials while addressing perceived shortcomings and improvements to the existing platform.

The result sought to create a vehicle which will have a broader market appeal by a creation of a base platform implementing cheaper materials in a simplified frame, with enhanced comfort and ease of usability, created by a fully adjustable rider positioning system. The project describes 3 potential platform expansions- the first is the base vehicle, the second is a pedalec (pedal electric cycle) class vehicle, with an assistance motor up to 25 km/h, the third is a vehicle in the small scooter category, with a motor to assist up to 45 km/h.

BACHELOR FINAL ASSIGNMENT

62

97

BACHELOR FINAL ASSIGNMENT

63

Microbial Drinking Water Quality in a Submerged Pond Sand Filter, Gosaba Village, India M. Øhlenschlæger DTU Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the efficiency of an innovatively designed submerged pond sand filter, in terms of microbial removal. The filter is aimed at providing purified drinking water based on a slow sand filtration method, thus reducing the occurrence of water-borne diseases in a rural Indian village. This type of filtration can be suitable for rural areas, as it requires e.g. no electricity, no chemicals, and can be built from local materials.

CONCEPT

Bacterial removal efficiency of the filter was 95 %, and the treated water contained 4±3 cfu/100ml faecal coliforms. Turbidity was visibly removed during treatment. Bacterial removal efficiency was slightly decreased in long pumping intervals compared to short term pumping. Though the treated water cannot be deemed perfectly safe by WHO standards of 0 cfu/100 ml the contamination is below the limit for rural areas of 10 cfu/100 ml, set by the globally recognized NGO WaterAid.

POSTER

Faecal coliform concentration (cfu/100 ml)

This modified filter is one of the best sources of drinkable water in the area and has been functioning with no maintenance for five years. It is considered an effective and sustainable treatment method, in a developing area where few other water sources are available.

Date

WATER

Figure 1: Bacterial concentration of raw pond water and treated water from the submerged pond sand filter of Gosaba, India (2014)

98

Nitric acid production from off-gases by green and sustainable catalysis A. J. Jacobsen and D. Nielsen DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark

BACHELOR FINAL ASSIGNMENT

64

ABSTRACT

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

POSTER

CONCEPT

Air pollution is a major concern with respect to global warming, public health and other environmental hazards. Furthermore, the combustion of fossil fuels is known to contribute significantly to global warming. These concerns have given rise to both increased need for sustainable flue gas cleaning methods and alternative CO2 neutral fuel resources.

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are gas species that form when burning fuels with air at high temperatures or when burning nitrogen-rich fuels like biomass or household waste. If these species are released to the environment, they contribute directly to the greenhouse effect and cause acid rain. The conventional way of removing NOx species is by selective catalytic reduction (SCR) with ammonia at temperatures around 300 째C. The catalysts used at power plants are toxic and harmful to the environment. Mobile units such as trucks and ships also emit NOx species. The ammonia source used is an aqueous solution of urea, since ammonia is more hazardous to transport and store. The use of chemicals to reduce NOx emissions causes challenges due to space requirements on these mobile units.

Studies have shown that ionic liquids (ILs) possess great absorption capacity of different gasses at low temperatures. Furthermore, some ILs absorb NOx with great selectivity and in the presence of air and water, the NOx species can be oxidized to nitric acid. The IL can be dispersed on a support material to reduce mass transport limitations, the so-called Supported Ionic Liquid-Phase (SILP) materials. These non-toxic materials can be used instead of the traditional catalysts. This method eliminates the use of additional chemicals and provide an economical enticement towards green flue gas cleaning. Furthermore, SILP materials has optimum absorption capacity at low temperatures below 100 째C, eliminating the need to reheat the flue gas and is energy efficient.

A dual reactor system has been proposed where the SILP catalysts are implemented in the reactors.(Riisager et al., 2014) The flue gas is let trough one reactor at 40 째C so that the NOx will be absorbed. When the SILP is saturated with NOx, an air flow is subsequently let trough the reactor at 130 째C in order to desorb nitric acid and let to stock. When the flows are switched, the other reactor will start absorbing NOx from the flue gas. With this dual reactor system, the waste (NOx) is continuously formed to a product of commercial value.

In order to improve the efficiency of the system, a preoxidation reactor could be added.

This reactor oxidize the lower NOx species to higher NOx species with another type of SILP material and therefore provides a significantly faster reaction in the dual reactor. This preoxidation step has been studied, showing great efficiency when utilizing solvent effects.

The preoxidation step could also be implemented in already existing processes, such as the fast SCR process.

The system, if implemented, can be of great advantage in waste incineration plants and when using biomass as fuel, where the traditional methods has limitations due to poisoning of the catalyst. On ships, which are major pollutants, the system could also be implemented.

The ships would then produce nitric acid at sea and sell this product when in port instead of having the need to buy chemicals.

Reference: Riisager, A., Mossin, S., Madsen, A. T., Kunov-Kruse, A. J., Thomassen, P., & Fehrmann, R. (2014). Combined oxidation and absorption of NOx by an ionic liquid tandem process (Patent application).

99

BACHELOR FINAL ASSIGNMENT CONCEPT FREE STYLE ENERGY FROM WIND, SUN, WATER & OTHER

65

Off-grid Egg Incubator S. S. Skjørten and M. J. Jørgensen DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

Since the construction of the Akosombo Dam in the Volta region of Ghana, the areas and banks downstream of the Volta River has suffered great agricultural damage. The small villages and local communities in these rural regions have a history of poverty and are so isolated that electricity has yet to reach them. Before the dams were constructed, the seasons created a natural rise of water level in the river during raining season, which dredged the surrounding lands. Thus, the minerals and nutrients in the soil was released and brought back into the farmland and another agricultural season could start. The river also contained a great amount of fish and oysters that local anglers were able to profit from and thereby creating jobs. An off-grid egg incubator would help and repair some of the loss.

In addition to the goal of developing a non-electric solution, we intend not to make the inhabitants dependent on modern an unavailable technology, hence not use solar cells and batteries.

CONCEPT

Incubators of different types are commonly seen in the modern world. Industrial incubators can hold thousands of eggs and hobby incubators can often hatch between 10 and 100 eggs, but common for both types is that they run on electricity. When electricity is not an option other ideas have to be been explored. This concepts consist of two parts; a compost pile in a large pvc barrel and an insulated incubator. Circulating water transfer the heat in the system. A compost pile normally generates temperatures between 50 and 70 degrees C, thus enough to heat the incubator to a stable temperature of 37,8 degrees C. Other features include a sledge inside the incubator to turn the eggs frequently and a simple way to control humidity.

PROSPECTS

With the incubator developed in this project one also has to consider implementation and the domestication process. We imagine that the incubator should be administered by a manager, but owned by a community, a group of families. When the families deliver ten eggs to be incubated, the manager receives one chicken in salary and the family redeems nine chickens. The incubator is developed to rural Ghana, but it could be used in every rural

100

Power and energy support of wind through IEC 61851 EV/EVSEs M. Kristiansen and C. Lund DTU Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

BACHELOR FINAL ASSIGNMENT

66

Wind power is becoming a larger part of the total energy production as Denmark strives to achieve its energy goals by 2050. Since wind is not a controllable source of energy such as a power factory is, it becomes increasingly important to use the energy when it is available.

Energy consumption follows approximately the same weekly pattern over the whole year and has a daily peak in the time interval 17:00-20:00, resulting in higher prices and more polluting energy production. Typically, a electrical vehicle (EV) owner will charge the car in this interval. It is not typically necessary for the car to charge at this time and it would therefore be desirable to move the charging to less congested hours. This could help prevent further increases in price and CO2 production.

CONCEPT

ABSTRACT

Based on the analyses, the algorithm has been designed to find the most optimal charging times, according to data, such as wind, consumption or CO2, while also providing some auxiliary services. User-friendliness has been focus throughout the project and implementation of deadline securities, ensure that the car is available and charged (if possible) when the owner plans to use it again. A minimum state of charge is also ensured in case of unplanned trips.

POSTER

This project seeks to design and implement an intelligent charging solution to charge an EV according to wind power production and energy consumption. To make intelligent EV integration a reality, it is necessary to understand the relevant areas of interest, which the program will affect or be affected by. Therefore, analysis of the connection between wind, consumption, price and CO2 have been conducted. Furthermore, we have investigated the energy system in order to understand how a synergistic relationship between the system and an EV can be approached. This research includes frequency behaviour, the day-ahead market and auxiliary services.

TRANSPORT

As expected, the project has shown, that using the algorithm results in significantly lower price per charge and a lower CO2 production per accumulated kilowatt-hour when compared to non-intelligent charging, without largely affecting the car’s primary function.

101

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/ PROJECT/IDEA

102

12 voltage houses!

C. Gro

BUILDINGS AND CITIES

LAPTOP

IDEA

Safe electrical energy and use the voltage of 12 V for houses!

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

67

103

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

POSTER

IDEA

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

68

104

Bright Urbanization Unfolding the potential between DTU and Lyngby 1

2

3

Jessica Linda Ruina , Martin Kaliszczuk , Søren Falk Thomsen and Tobias 1 Valentini 1

DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark DTU Traffic and Transportation, Technical University of Denmark 3 DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

2

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

69

How can the synergies between DTU and the local community be improved? - How is the interaction facilitated among citizens, companies and students?

POSTER MANAGING TRANSITION

The main focus throughout the entire process has been to enhance the synergy between DTU and Lyngby. The plan is to develop the plot east of the highway next to DTU as a neighbourhood inspired by Silicon Valley where technology and innovation thrives. The Bright City is an area where R&D companies, education and housings are brought together in a sustainable and innovative way. Developing this area will be done by using the newest sustainable technologies and the green areas will be conserved and kept open for the public. Marketing of DTU activities in an open accessible test-site will attract new R&D companies, by sharing knowledge and knowhow to public. To create a flourishing neighbourhood it’s important to attract a diverse composition of inhabitants with a focus on attracting the “creative class”. Reaching out to this diverse group of people it is important to realise the different personas from the target groups. Target groups include students, families, professors as well as elderly. The Bright City contains a various range of facilities and social events that could fit to all of these personas and make them interact with each other. To reach the different target groups the project has to be advertised through different media such as a website, workshops, social media, posters, local, national and professional newspapers. To make the area interesting for the locals, different social events can be organised e.g. clothes-swapping events, market days, do-it-yourself-workshops and sport activities.

IDEA

As a solution to these questions a new development on the greenfield in Hjortekær, next to DTU and in proximity to Lyngby city center, is presented. The new area, Bright City, is developed as a sustainable hub for R&D companies, students and the inhabitants in Lyngby.

105

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

70

ChemFree – safe, efficient and environmentally friendly oil spill technology 1

2

2

S. E. Sørstrøm , A. G. Andersen , N. Heir and K. F. Nevland

2

1

2

SINTEF Materials & Chemistry NTNU School of Entrepreneurship, Norwegian University of Science and Technology

LAPTOP

IDEA

From 2003 to 2008 there occurred 2442 oil spills around the world. The largest marine oil spill in history was BP’s Macondo accident in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, which had a cleanup cost of USD 40 billions. An oil spill has adverse environmental consequences, both in the short and long term. Oil spill response (OSR) technology has not kept up with the rapid growth in the oil and shipping industries, with few innovations since the 1970’s. This has caused an urgent need for effective OSR technology that can ensure the safety of shipping and oil production.

ChemFree is a new chemical free concept for dispersing marine oil spills, called mechanical dispersion. The patented technology is based upon nature’s own way of degrading oil. Naturally occurring bacteria in the sea have no problem decomposing oil particles, but they are dependent on the dispersion of oil spills into tiny particles in order to perform this degradation. The same way you are able to cut metals by using water jets, it is possible to crush the oil into tiny particles using water. This is exactly what the ChemFree system performs by applying seawater with such a high pressure on the oil slick that it is dissolved to a proper format for natural biodegradation.

Today, marine oil spills are treated by pouring chemicals that dissolve the oil into the environment. This application of chemicals affects the environment, as well as having a limited window of opportunity ranging from a few hours to a couple of days before the oil is too weathered to treat. ChemFree is not limited by weathering of the oil, and this infinite window of opportunity allows our solution to treat more oil before it hits shore, which is extraordinary as the environmental damage and the cost of a cleanup operation is increased by hundredfolds if it does.

WATER

Inventor Stein Erik Sørstrøm, researcher at SINTEF who has over 30 years of experience from the OSR industry, leads the development of ChemFree. He is joined by three students from NTNU School of Entrepreneurship in commercializing the technology. The team has also established an experienced board of advisors with substantial knowledge from research, technology and business.

The development of ChemFree is based on four different R&D projects conducted by SINTEF, which has led to a proof of principle of the technology and a small-scale prototype.

The current results show that ChemFree is able to effectively disperse all types of fresh and weathered oils. The way forward is to scale the concept into an operational prototype, for which the team already has secured funding. The ChemFree technology have gotten customer funding through the Norwegian Clean Seas Association for Operating Companies (NOFO) programme Oljevern 2015, with a financial frame of 370.000 USD.

106

Degradation of PET Using Ionic Liquid 1,2

1,2

1,2

Yuan Chen , Xingxing Wang , Yingying Zhang , and Yaqin Zhang 1

1,2

Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing, China 2 DTU Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

71

The worldwide annual production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has reached 2,700 million tons currently. Due to the strong resistance to the microbes and atmosphere, the life cycle of PET can range from 16 to 48 years in nature environment. Based on environmental protection and economic benefits, the degradation of PET is critical. The current degradation methods of PET are mainly chemical degradation and biological degradation. This project aims to degrade PET with the method of alcoholysis (ethylene glycol) by a new kind of ionic liquid catalyst. The result will contain the comparison of the new catalyst with previous catalysts: the synthesis method, the amount of catalyst required, the degradation temperature, pressure and time, the conversion of PET and the selectivity of BHET.

IDEA

INTRODUCTION

METHOD

1. The synthesis of the catalyst: A +B +HNO3 +water→catalyst（Zn,W-containing ionic liquid catalyst） 2. The reaction of the degradation of PET

COOCH2CH2OH

CH2OHCH2

OOC

COO

CH2CH2

OH + (n-1) n

CH2OH catalyst CH2OH

n

LAPTOP

COOCH2CH2OH

In this reaction, ethylene glycol (EG) act as both the raw material and the product. It is found that the main product is bis-2,2,2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate (BHET) monomer, with little dimmer and trimer exist. The conversion of PET and the selectivity of BHET can be determined by the following equations: inital weight of PET - undepolymerized PET Conversion of PET = × 100% inital weight of PET moles of BHET Selectivity of BHET = × 100% moles of depolymerized PET units The reaction conditions including the amount of catalyst, the degradation temperature, pressure and time will be optimized through experiment.

The experimental data is not completed yet, but we have done most of the experiments. The current results are as follows: the optimum degradation time is 40 min, the optimum o degradation temperature is185 C, the optimum catalyst amount is 0.025g, with the convertion of PET is 100% and the selectivity of BHET is 84.34%.

CONCLUSION

The new ionic liquid catalyst can effectively degrade the waste PET into high pure monomer BHET under the relatively mild conditions compared with the previous ionic liquid catalysts.

107

WASTE & RECYCLING

CURRENT RESULTS

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

72

GRØN DYST Diabetic Retinopathy 1

Alexander. R. Johansen

1

DTU Mathematical Modelling and Compute, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

Thirty-nine million people in the world are blind, and the majority lost their sight due to curable and preventable diseases. But how do you test and treat people who live in remote areas, where expensive, bulky eye equipment is hard to come by? In March 2015 1 peekvision.org launched the world’s first 3D printable, $80 attachment that enables mobile phones to take pictures of the retina. However, medical examination is still costly and timeconsuming. I propose an algorithm using state of the art techniques to automatically identify diabetic retinopathy (world’s leading cause of blindness) in crude and noisy retina images.

IDEA

THEORY & METHODS 2

Since Krizhevsky’s breakthrough on building large neural networks for image recognition, an entire new field within artificial intelligence has developed. The algorithm proposed uses the most recent papers and setup within this field to handle the noisy nature of medical 3 pictures from mobile phones.

Results

The results are based on training models on the Kaggle challenge dataset from California 4 Healthcare Foundation . A physician’s accuracy is estimated to be at 0.78, my results so far has gotten up to 0.30 accuracy using a fairly small and simple network, with heavily down sampled images (originals are 3000x5000, mines are 256x256).

POSTER

Picture size 96x96 256x256 512x512

Very small(1 layer)

Small(2-3 layers

Medium(5-10 layers)

Large(20+)

0.09 0.142 n/a

0.153 0.301 n/a

n/a n/a n/a

n/a n/a n/a

Discussion

Table of accuracy

The heuristics within neural networks are to build large ones (like a brain, the bigger the better). As my network is still relatively small (building larger needs more processing power and time to fine tune). As the accuracy is still increasing when more complexity is added (image size and layers), the potential for reaching a better accuracy with larger neural networks is high.

Relation to environment

About 40-45% of diabetics have some stage of retinopathy, and as environmental chemicals 5 and toxics has proven a role in the development of diabetes , algorithms like mine could be a critical tool in preventing environmental related diseases. Especially as later stages of retinopathy is predominant in rural areas of economical weak countries.

FOOD AND HEALTH

1

Peek Vision - http://www.peekvision.org/ Krizhevsky et al. (2012) – ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks, http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~fritz/absps/imagenet.pdf 3 Stanford, Convolutional Neural Networks - http://cs231n.stanford.edu/ 4 Kaggle - https://www.kaggle.com/c/diabetic-retinopathy-detection 5 Thayer et al. (2012), Role of Environmental Chemicals in Diabetes and Obesity 2

108

Development of an industrial process to extract nucleotides from fungal fermentation waste Jonathan Paul Longden Engineering, The University of Lancaster

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

73

The extracted nucleotides can subsequently be quantified using spectrophotometric techniques, and if necessary, can be processed further using chromatographic methods to give a highly pure product to serve certain markets. The ambition of this project is to produce a saleable product from an unused resource, which currently undergoes extensive and costly treatment before being disposed of into local rivers. In turn, this could potentially create a new multi-million pound market in the UK and Europe, which may spread further afield to supply markets in the USA, and so reducing the reliance on global shipping of nucleotides from China to companies in the West. Additionally, a high-quality nucleotide product may also generate an import market into China.

109

FREE STYLE

The proposed method will be based on a common procedure used in molecular biology for the isolation of intact nucleic acids. The method is involves precipitating the nucleic acids using a specific concentration of an inorganic salt, in combination with an organic solvent.

This method exploits the differences in solubility between nucleotides and other biomolecules, so is able to selectively precipitate nucleic acids from a complex mixture of other biomolecules. Despite this procedure being almost routine, specific accounts of this method in literature vary significantly, including differences in type of salt, salt concentration, type of solvent, volume of solvent and addition of other components to increase yield.

Initially, each variant of these precipitation protocols will be applied to the fermentation waste to determine which is most effective in extracting nucleotides. The method may need some adaptation for several reasons, not least to ensure the yielded nucleotides are safe for human consumption, and produced in a cost-effective manner. The method must also be focussed toward high yield, be tailored to suit the unique composition of the starting material and suitable for isolating pure nucleotides, rather than intact nucleic acid strands. Similar methodologies are already used industrially for large-scale nucleotide production, but evaluation of these methods is necessary to determine their effectiveness for this specific application.

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

Nucleotides are small biomolecules that fulfil a plethora of intracellular functions, including acting as the subunits of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). Certain nucleotide forms are now widely used in the flavour, infant formula, pharmaceutical, animal feed and dietary supplement markets, as well as some use in academia. Most of the nucleotides that supply these markets are produced in China, which are then distributed internationally to suppliers in each market. Extraction of pure nucleotides from fermentation waste produced in the UK could provide a European production hub to potentially a supply a growing European and global market.

IDEA

A single UK facility supplies a large European market with a novel product, which is produced from large-scale fungal fermentation. This continuous fermentation process currently produces around 40,000 cubic meters of liquid waste per day, although this output is set to rise following proposed expansion of fermenter facilities, in response to increasing product demand. This liquid waste is currently disposed of via a complex multi-step effluent treatment process, before being discharged into local rivers. However, this waste has been shown to be rich in a number of valuable nutrients, chief among which are nucleotides.

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT IDEA

74

Development of Industrial Applicable Methods for Synthesis of Mesoporous Zeolite Catalysts Zahra N. Ali DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark Catalysis is a main tool towards a more sustainable chemical industry. A cleverly designed catalyst, allows important reactions to happen with less waste of precious resources, and a possible decrease in toxic reagents.

Zeolites are a widely used group of catalysts, which are crucial in today’s carbon-based chemical industry, e.g. production of medicine, fuel, and plastic. However, the inherent microporosity of zeolites results in an unacceptably slow diffusion of reactants and products inside the zeolite. This causes low activity, and a possible deactivation of the catalyst.

Many strategies to overcome this challenge have been proposed. None have however proved to be feasible for industrial application, as they require costly reagents or are time consuming.

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

POSTER

Here, we present a versatile method for the preparation of zeolites with an additional mesoporous system to overcome the mass transfer challenge. This is done using a cheap and readily available In situ generated carbon template. During the project, a method was developed to synthesize several types of different mesoporous zeolite catalysts. In addition, the materials where characterized, as well as tested in an industrial chemical reaction to fully evaluate the developed method.

110

LCA-Modeling of Waste Management System of DHL Relay Event in Copenhagen 1

C. W. Chew and U. Gaztelu 1

1

DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

75

The Copenhagen Municipality (Københavns Kommune) aims to improve the sustainability of large events. The DHL Relay event is used as a case study to examine the impacts of various waste handling methods. Using the LCA methodology, supported by the EASETECH model and data from Ecoinvent, three different waste management scenarios are examined and compared. In the baseline scenario all the waste is incinerated, scenario 2 includes waste sorting into 5 recyclable fractions: cardboard, paper, hard plastic, soft plastic and organic. It also introduces reusable cups and the delivery of the unopened food to homeless people. Finally, scenario 3 adds 5 more waste minimization initiatives to the proposals in scenario 2.

IDEA

INTRODUCTION

Goal & scope

Life cycle inventory

For the waste characterization, data obtained during the 2014 DHL Relay event was provided by the Copenhagen Municipality.

Uncertainty assessment

FREE STYLE

The functional unit is the management, treatment and minimization of the amount of waste generated (in kg) during the entire period (5 days) of this event by 5000 participants.

Collection, transport, treatment and disposal of the waste constitute the system’s boundaries. The secondary materials and energy produced in the system are considered as substitution for products with the same functions. The consequential approach is adopted.

The marginal electricity production is assumed to be coal-based power plants in Denmark, while the marginal district heating is assumed to be the average heat mix in Denmark. A general overview of various impact categories is given, with special attention on global warming potential, acidification, human toxicity, ecotoxicity and resources depletion.

An uncertainty assessment was implemented including a sensitivity analysis, a scenario analysis and an uncertainty propagation assessment.

The alternative scenarios (2 & 3) perform better in almost all the impact categories. The global outcome of the comparison between them remains unclear as there are still some uncertain parameters and assumptions modeled that could unbalance this comparison on both sides. The avoided production of food and other products proves to be the main contributor to the savings. Therefore all the waste minimization strategies are found to be optimal solutions and further application and innovation in this field is suggested. Recycling options proved to contribute to the savings as well, especially plastics recycling. The effect of heavy metals on the positive impact of the biogasification process is discussed. The weight of the waste transport is negligible in all the scenarios.

111

WASTE & RECYCLING

Results and discussion

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

76

Eco-friendly Production of Succinic Acid from Biofuel Waste Using a Consortium of Metabolic Engineered E.coli Strains R. Kirstrand DTU Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

POSTER

IDEA

In the search for decreasing our CO2 footprint, the compass often points towards biofuel as the Holy Grail. However, the biofuel production results in by-product formation which there is a need to dispose of. One of these major by-products is hemicellulose which is currently not value creating or usable in the industry or elsewhere. This idea presents a solution to this problem.

THEORY

The idea involves the use of a consortium of metabolic engineered E.coli strains for the ecofriendly production of succinic acid (and other acids) from biofuel waste, since this job cannot be done using only one strain. A compound such as succinic acid, which have world wide application ranging from food flavours to corrosion inhibitors, can be produced using genetically modified E.coli. Succinic acid is a bulk chemical with a global production rate of 30,000-50,000 tonnes per year and an estimated market of $180,000,000-450,000,000 per year. Today succinic acid is mainly produced by chemical synthesis with the use of fossil fuels. This project could be used not only to help the biofuel industry with its by-product waste problems, but also contribute to the succinic acid production industry with a green alternative. With the use of hemicellulose a problem arises, since no single organism, genetically modified or wild-type, has been found to efficiently utilize both glucose and xylose, the building blocks of hemicellulose, for growth or production of a single compound.

By using multiple organisms each strain can be genetically optimized to use solely one carbon source, hereby enabling a consortium of strains to utilize different carbon sources for the production of succinic acid. This requires advanced knowledge within fermentation technology and microbiology. In this case succinic acid is a very desirable compound to produce from a waste product, since it is fairly easy to produce in E.coli, and easy to recover and purify, while regulations are less strict for bulk chemicals than for biopharmaceuticals.

METHODS AND RESULTS

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

In this project a literature study has been conducted in order to establish knowledge regarding the genetic modifications needed and a cultivation strategy. Furthermore a tremendous amount of work has been put into the modelling of metabolic pathways and the genetic modifications to these, while also designing the fermentation strategy.

CONCLUSION

E.coli is a very suitable organism for this type of industrial application, since it is very easy to genetically modify, cheap to cultivate, and very well-known. Using genome scale metabolic modelling, advanced molecular biological tools and analysis methods, two strains can be developed and co-cultivated in the same fermentor, producing eco-friendly succinic acid from biofuel waste.

112

Evaluation of Metabolic Engineering Strategies for Production of a Large Panel of Chemicals Anne Sofie Lærke Hansen DTU Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark DTU Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

77

INTRODUCTION

Motivated by the possibilities that modern genome editing offers, metabolic engineers currently try to shift away from conventional practices of metabolic intuition, selection and random mutagenesis towards more rational engineering of microorganisms to turn them into high-yielding sustainable cell factories. In addition to adopting data driven approaches, mathematical models will play an essential part in this process.

IDEA

Microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi possess metabolic pathways that are essential to society – both now and in a future biobased society. Industrial biotechnology offers sustainable alternatives on how to produce bulk and speciality chemicals from renewable resources in contrast to today where the global chemical market is driven by petroleum feedstocks and synthetic chemistry.

APPROACH

In this project biochemical pathways to a large set of chemicals has been predicted using 1 the software CAMEO for the two common cell factories, the fungi Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker’s yeast) and the bacteria Escherichia coli.

POSTER

A genome-scale metabolic model summarizes and enables mathematical representation of the metabolism of an organism. Constraint-based modeling of genome-scale metabolism represents a powerful modeling framework, as it enables prediction of heterologous pathways from a universe of known bio-transformations and metabolic processes, estimation of maximum theoretical yields, and recommendations of suitable production hosts and media.

-

What are the maximum theoretical yields?

-

Are the predicted pathways biologically thermodynamically feasible?

-

How does the patent landscape look like and is there freedom to operate?

The project aims toward creating a scored and sorted list of chemicals that have a high potential of being sustainably produced, thus allowing metabolic engineers around the world to make informed decisions about which products to target.

1

“Computer-Aided Metabolic Engineering and Optimization” developed at the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability

113

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

The performance of the pathways has been/will be assessed from different perspectives:

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

78

Extraction of phenols from coal tar by Ionic liquids Chunping Qi, Haoyu Yao, Imran Khan, Tian Tian 1

Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing, China 2 DTU Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

IDEA

INTRODUCTION

Coal tar is usually found in the industry as a by-product of coal gasification or pyrolysis. It is an important source for producing fuel oil and chemicals, and consists of 10 wt% aromatics, 70 wt% hydrocarbons and 20 wt% phenolic compounds. In the production of fuel oil, it is necessary to remove the phenolic compounds from coal tar for following reasons: firstly, it can decrease the oxygen content in oil, thus increases the heat capacity. Secondly, removing the phenolic compounds before hydrogen treating process can reduce the consumption of hydrogen. Moreover, it decreases the acidity and corrosivity of the oil. For the phenols compounds, it is useful in organic chemical industry for producing phenolic resins, engineering plastics, medicines etc.

In our work, we focus on extracting the phenol compounds from the coal tar by Ionic liquid to get a cleaner tar oil and to extract the phenols in a greener way than the present methods available.

LAPTOP

METHOD

Firstly, we have created a model oil containing phenol and o-, m-, p-cresols (phenol compounds) in a mixture of hexane/toluene, to represent coal tar. The model oil was then mixed with ionic liquid in a conical flask for half an hour at room temperature under stirring.

A phase separation was observed and both phases were analyzed for chemical compositions. Afterwards the phenol was extracted from the ionic liquid, by using an extracting solvent of diethyl ether. The concentration of phenols was measured with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The experiments were performed several times with different ionic liquids. The best suitable ionic liquid was chosen based on the phenols concentration results. The ionic liquid was recycled to minimize waste and cost.

RESULTS

The results will be presented at the Green Challenge event in Denmark.

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

REFERENCES

Hou, Y., Ren, Y., Peng, W., Ren, S., & Wu, W. (2013). Separation of Phenols from Oil Using Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 52(50), 18071-18075. doi: 10.1021/ie403849g Meng, H., Ge, C.-T., Ren, N.-N., Ma, W.-Y., Lu, Y.-Z., & Li, C.-X. (2014). Complex Extraction of Phenol and Cresol from Model Coal Tar with Polyols, Ethanol Amines, and Ionic Liquids Thereof. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 53(1), 355-362. doi: 10.1021/ie402599d

114

Genetic algorithms in super light concrete design Timo Harboe Nielsen DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Super light concrete

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

79

IDEA

Concrete is the worlds most used building material, and it is estimated that the production of concrete is responsible for over 5% of the global CO2-emission. Recently, Kristian Dahl Hertz, professor at the Technical University of Denmark, invented a new concrete design technology, which has already been applied to several building projects. The technology won the ‘Cleantech Open Global Ideas Competition’. The ‘super light concrete’ design allows, not only impressive price reductions, but also more than 50% reduction in CO2emission compared to similar conventional concrete structures. The focus of this project is to optimize the technology even further using computational genetic algorithms.

Genetic algorithms

Nature has been adapting itself to changing environments since life began to form. Through reproduction, mutation and natural selection the next generation of species will be better suited for a specific environment than the previous. Computational genetic algorithms (GA) use this exact approach to find solutions to complex man-made problems. GA’s have been used in many fields, but within structural building design many optimization problems are solved by hand, using intuition and experience. Even though this method normally generates good results, it only includes a handful of possibilities. GA’s are able to generate and optimize an unlimited amount and the algorithm will simply return what it considers the best possible solution.

115

BUILDINGS AND CITIES

This project focuses on optimization of cross section properties of ‘super light concrete’ decks. The cross section design is geometrically more complex than conventional concrete cross sections; hence it is more difficult to optimize.

With use of GA’s it is possible to create thousands of different randomly generated cross sections; what can analogically be described as a first generation. The section properties, dimensions and constrains is the DNA of the cross section. The resulting environmental impact along with the mechanical properties and material usage determines the individual cross sections ability to reproduce. The next generation of cross sections is generated through reproduction of the previous generation. Weighted randomized mixing and mutation of the DNA pool is the core of the reproduction process. Each generation will be stronger than the previous.

This approach makes it possible to find an, with the given DNA structure, optimal solution for any structural load case. A maximal reduction of CO2 –emission and a minimal material usage can be approached.

The use of genetic algorithms in construction design is applicable in many design situations, and this is one example of many. The project will be conducted in the 3-week period of June 2015, and presented at the Green Challenge Conference.

LAPTOP

Genetic algorithms in super light concrete design

BUILDINGS AND CITIES

POSTER

IDEA

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

80

116

Production of β-poly (malic acid) by Microorganism with in situ Membrane Separation 1,2

1,2

1,2

1,2

Xiaotong Cao , Kai Feng , Lingli Ni , Jingyuan Zhang, 1

Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing, China 2 DTU Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

81

β-poly (malic acid) (PMLA) is a polymer with extensive biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. It can be used as the medicine carrier which has significant applications in targeted therapy, and can be used as tiny capsule materials, medical bio-materials, absorbent water materials and cosmetic products. PMLA is also considered as a novel environmental friendly material, because it can be easily degraded into malic acid which is a natural molecule and harmless. The current bottleneck for production of PMLA via microbial fermentation is how to improve the yield. In this project PMLA will be synthesized and separated in situ by membrane technology coupled with PMLA fermentation in order to improve its productivity.

IDEA

INTRODUCTION

METHODS

During the fermentation process of producing PMLA, the functionalized part is the metabolic pathways by Aureobasidium pullulans. However, a higher concentration of PMLA is not only harmful to cell growth, but inhibits a continuous production of PMLA. A possible approach to reduce inhibition effect is to separate part of PMLA in a fermenter. In this project, ultrafiltration membrane (UF) was coupled with fermentation to remove part of PMLA and to recycle the cells in retentate to fermenter to improve the productivity of PMLA during fermentation.

Figure 1 Schematic flowsheet for membrane in situ separation during PMLA fermentation

RESULTS

In a convertional batch cultivation, the final concentration of the produced PMLA is 43.12 g/L and the productivity is 0.74 g/L•h. While by repeated batch cultures with cell-recycle by in situ membrane separation, the yield and the productivity of PMLA are increased by 33.2%.

117

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

The fermentation was conducted by A. pullulans at 25 ℃ with repeated batch cultures in a sterile 7.5 L fermenter with a working volume of 4 L. The pH was maintained at 6.0. The initial glucose concentration was 190 g/L. When the fermentation reached the logarithmic growth phase, a membrane with 300kDa molecular weight cutoff was used to move the permeate containing high concentration of PMLA, while at the same time recycle the cells and add raw cultures to the fermenter to maintain a working volume of 4 L. The whole process was shown in Figure 1. The experiments were conducted at Institute of Process Engineering (IPE), China.

LAPTOP

EXPERIMENTS

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT IDEA POSTER

82

Reactive Barrier remediation of groundwater contaminated by Arsenic 1

1

1

1

DTU Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Arsenic is a metalloid element existing in different organic and inorganic compounds and recognized as highly poisonous for humans and ecosystems. It can be present naturally or due to anthropogenic activities such as pesticide production or wood impregnation.

To protect groundwater resources or to remediate contaminated sites, Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRB) are seen as a relatively cost efficient and effective in-situ method: The soil is typically excavated in the flowpath of the contaminated groundwater, and replaced by a permeable reactive material. The groundwater experiences chemical reactions while passing the barrier, so that most Arsenic is removed from the effluent. Iron is a cheap and effective material, widely used in PRBs, mostly as zero valent iron (ZVI) (1). The general underlying mechanism is the oxidation of ZVI to different positively iron compounds. The negative arsenic compounds are then attracted by the positively charged Iron and after sorbed and precipitated to higly stable compounds (2). An improved method is to use ZVI in combination with iron-tailored granular activated carbon (GAC). Iron rods out of ZVI provide a source for steady corroded iron products release, which adsorb arsenic. The iron-tailored GAC with high pore volume and surface area adsorbs arsenic as well as the oxidized iron from the ZVI rod with attached arsenic (3). For acid mine drainage, characterized by high concentration of Arsenic and low pH, a composite PRB encompassing organic matter (compost) combined with ZVI particles have also been tested. The biotic oxidation of the organic matter results in a sulfate reduction and precipitation of Metal-sulfide. Arsenic is therefore mitigated by direct precipitation and sorption (4). Finally a promising technology is Nanoscale zero valent iron (nZVI) due to its larger specific surface area and higher reactivity which can reduce the volume of the barrier and thus reduce the cost of excavation and installation of the barrier (1).

Although promising results have been reported, the number of full-scale experiences for arsenic removal by PRB is still relatively limited and the long-term effectiveness unknown.

Precipitation of other mineral phases in the PRBs, competition for the sorption sites with other compounds (phosphate, carbonate, silicate) and complex geochemistry conditions unique on site are challenges to account for when designing the barrier.

REFERENCES

WATER

1

C. J. Köppl , M.S. Vogt , G. G. Lemaire and X. Xiao

(1) Bundschuh, J., Holländer, H., and Ma, L. (2014). In-situ remediation of arseniccontaminated sites (pp.1-33).

(2) Lackovic, J. A., Nikolaidis, N. P., Dobbs, G. M. (2000) Inorganic Arsenic Removal by Zero-Valent Iron, Environmental Engineering Science, 17(1).

(3) Chen, W., Parette, R., Sheehan, W., Cannon, F. S., & Dempsey, F. S. (2007). Arsenic Removal With Iron-Tailored Activated Carbon Plus Zero-Valent Iron. WATER RESEARCH FOUNDATION and ARSENIC WATER TECHNOLOGY PARTNERSHIP (4) Gibert, O., de Pablo, J., Cortina, J.-L., & Ayora, C. (2010). In situ removal of arsenic from groundwater by using permeable reactive barriers of organic matter/limestone/zero-valent iron mixtures. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH, 32(4), 373–378.

118

The catalytic pyrolysis of lignin to benzene, toluene and xylene Zhaolin Fu, Yuanzheng Ge, Youna Shan, Yuanmei Song 1

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

83

Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing, China 2 DTU Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

With the depletion of the fossil resources, more and more attention has been paid to the development and utilization of biomass. As a kind of nature renewable resources, lignin consists of large amounts of aromatic compounds. It has become a research focus in producing chemicals such as benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) from lignin through catalytic pyrolysis.

THEORY

IDEA

INTRODUCTION

Lignin is a complex and cross linked polymer of phenolic monomers through the C-O-C and C-C bond and primarily comprised of: conifer alcohol, coumaryl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol.

Formation of BTX through catalytic cracking of lignin proceeds through lignin depolymerization followed by the dehydration, decarboxylation and decarbonylation process.

Gases co-produces in this process such as CH4, CO, H2O and H2.

The process for production of BTX from lignin is briefly described below. Lignin comes from the residue after ethanol fermentation. Five kinds of catalysts and the lignin particles with diameter smaller than 50Âľm are performing catalytically pyrolysed in the fixed-bed quartz reactor. The pyrolysis products are analyzed by Gas Chromatogram Mass Spectrum. The equipment is shown in Fig 1.

LAPTOP

METHODS

RESULT

From the appearance and the test results of the products, the lignin can produce bio-oil. The five catalysts have different performance in producing the BTX. The catalytic pyrolysis of lignin by ZSM-5 catalyst is a promising alternative to produce BTX.

119

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

Fig 1 the Experimental Schematic Diagram The N2 flows into the reactor as the reaction atmosphere and carry out the product which will get cooled by a two-step condensing. The liquid product finally gets collected in the bottom of the bottles.

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT IDEA

84

Transport Mobility Management A. Il’dutova, and T. Molich DTU Transport, Technical University of Denmark

Traffic congestion is a growing problem in urban areas all over the world. Traffic planners in city administration are usually dealing with this problem by deciding to construct new infrastructure or extending existing public transport network. However, this approach can lead to longer trip distances or even more trips pr. user. This is by experts called induced traffic. Another conventional option is land-use and infrastructure coordination which is implemented in the Copenhagen planning area as the principal of proximity to train stations for all intensive land uses. Mobility Management may be a new approach or tool that can help reduce the negative impacts of the traffic. The initiatives are either informing about transport alternatives or providing incentives for more sustainable transport. Green Mobility Management is already applied by many Danish municipalities.

POSTER

The Mobility Management initiatives can be in different categories such as public transportation, bike and pedestrian transportation, optimized use- and reduced need of transport. The initiatives help informing the traffic users about the alternative modes of transport, possibilities for attending a Green-driving course or suggest the possibilities for home working days, phone/video-meetings or carpooling.

The project analyzes data provided by Formel M project that has developed and applied Mobility Management initiatives in Danish workplaces (private companies, city halls and hospitals). We focus on 28 workplaces that participated in Formel M including before and after surveys of employees travel behaviors. The companies are all located in The Capital Region of Denmark. We analyze the so called “treatment effect” aiming to find out if the Formel M initiatives had an significant effect on the employees mode choice and thus the degree to which mobility management can be effective in shaping travel outcomes.

The results show that the effects of mobility management are higher for workplaces located far away from train stations (1,200 m) compared to the companies located close to a station (600 m). This indicates how mobility management can be supplementary to existing landuse/infrastructure coordination policies.

TRANSPORT

The causes of the treatment effect have also been investigated. It can be concluded that simple initiatives such as selling tickets for public transport at the workplace makes the possibility for using public transport among the employees higher. The durability of the ‘mobility management effect’ is an obvious question, but cannot be answered within the project.

120

Using an atomically thin carbon material as anticorrosive coating Martin Bjergfelt 1

1

DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

85

WATER

POSTER

The focus of anti-corrosive coatings used in industry is always to protect the coated material but never the environment in which it is used. The coatings that is used in some drinking water pipes are not bio-compatible and are potentially releasing heavy ions into the water which can cause allergic reactions and diseases. The pure, atomically flat carbon material graphene has recently shown great promise as a barrier against metal corrosion in biological environments. In this research proposal it is suggested that graphene should be investigated as an effective corrosion coating on various metals in aquatic milieu. The investigation includes experimentation of growing graphene directly on the metals by using Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD), testing the robustness of the adhesion between the metal and atomic carbon layers and last but not least to test the bio-compatibilty of the coating by measuring the release of particles into an aquatic environment.

IDEA

ABSTRACT

121

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

86

Using of sustainability label with mobile application for a more sustainable environment through diet change Clarence. W.J. Tan 1

1

Lancaster Environmental Centre, Lancaster University

INTRODUCTION

IDEA

Two challenges for public health and nutrition are climate change and obesity, based on the current consumption patterns of the UK population that did not meet dietary 1 recommendations . Despite agriculture causing environmental problems such as pollution and the loss of topsoil, environmental sustainability in the agricultural sector is linked to diet because half of the global grain production is consumed by livestock, limiting food supplies.

One method to improve diet and carbon footprint is to consume lower down the food chain.

The livestock sector contributes to 80% of total anthropogenic land use and 18% of the greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE). The consumption of less meat could reduce up to 2,700Mha of pasture and 100Mha of cropland, resulting in huge reduction of nitrous oxide and methane gas. In the UK, food consumption accounted for about 20–30% of total annual GHGE, mostly due to high consumption of meat and dairy products. Moreover, research has shown that barriers, such as the lack of understanding of sustainable diet and misinterpretation, could affect the alteration of dietary intakes.

FREE STYLE

IDEATION

The ideation of the sustainability label with ‘GOOD&FIT’ mobile application might be able to motivate consumers to select healthier and more environmental-friendly food products as well as to understand the environmental quality of the sustainability label. The sustainability label will consist of various criteria such as; amount of calories, dietary contents, carbon footprint, Fairtrade, organic and eco-friendly. With increasing trend in mobile application usage, the label would be presented in the form of a Quick Response (QR) code that could be captured by the camera function of any smartphone. Further information regarding the sustainability label would be presented in the application; such as reminding the user about the expiry date, which will reduce food wastage. Points system in relation to consuming healthier food products might be introduced to allow the users to compete amongst each other, leading towards a healthier and sustainable lifestyle through changes in behaviour.

MANAGING TRANSITION

INTERFACE OF THE GOOD&FIT MOBILE APPLICATION

REFERENCE 1

Macdiarmid, J. I., Kyle, J., Horgan, G. W., Loe, J., Fyfe, C., Johnstone, A. & Mcneill, G. (2012). Sustainable diets for the future: Can we contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by eating a healthy diet? Am J Clin Nutr, 96, 632-639.

122

Validation of the vibration behavior of a wind turbine supporting structure in field through combined measurement methods 1

1

1

Eliana Hernandez Meza , C.U. Grosse , R. Groschup , C.T. Geiss 2

References: 1

Observe'ER and Fondation Energies pour le Monde with the financial support of EDF. (2013). Worldwide electricity production of renewable energy sources. Stats and figures series.

2 Walter Witzel, Dieter Seifried. (2013). Renewable energy- The Facts. Pag.112.

3 AG Energiebilanzen e.V. 2013. Bruttostromerzeugung in Deutschland von 1990 bis 2013 nach Energieträgern.

4 European Wind Energy Association. (2009). The Economics of Wind Energy. Page 38.

123

LAPTOP

Introduction: 1 In 2012 Germany became the 4th largest producer of wind energy in the world due to the 2 Electricity Feed-in Act of 1990(StrEG) which offered feed-in tariffs for wind power . This led to a large amount of wind turbines being built, achieving in 2002 a total nominal power of 3 11.854 MW, a substantial increase from the 61 MW of nominal power produced 1990 . Wind 4 turbines have an operating life time of 20 years . In the coming years assessing of the integrity of the support structures of wind turbines will become necessary for allowing continued production in wind energy facilities with aging systems. The primary goal of this paper is to help develop more accurate vibration based Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems which are needed to warn of possible failure of the structure. Characterizing the vibration behavior of wind turbines with established measuring methods is of fundamental importance for the design of SHM-systems.

Methods: A model of a wind turbine structure was graphically designed using finite element methods.

Materials, geometry and support properties of the structure were approximated from results found in literature. The main focus of the model was to obtain eigenfrequency values of the wind turbine structure to have reference data for the in-situ measurements using three different non-destructive testing methods. Measurements were carried out during a two-day time period and in 3 different operational states of the wind turbine. The first state was during normal operation, the second while the wind turbine was off and the third state was during start up. Laser doppler vibrometer (LDV), seismometer and a fiber optic gyroscope (FOG) triad were the methods used to measure the wind turbine structure. The LDV measured displacement of the wind turbine tower from 18m to 30m distance, at the same time the seismometer measured velocity in same location. The foundation and the middle platform at approx. 120m high were measured using the seismometer and the FOG-Triad for velocity and rotation accordingly. The recorded data was measured in time domain, then transformed to the frequency domain using the fast Fourier transform for analysis.

Results and forecast: Preliminary results show that the LDV and the seismometer were able to find the eigenfrequency of the wind turbine in all positions and conditions measured. The FOG-Triad was only able to when the wind turbine was off, a clear signal of that Eigenfrequency was found. Further analysis of the data is ongoing. A comparison between measurement methods is expected to elucidate the optimal combination, guiding future investigations that will aid in the creation of a more realistic Structural Heath Monitoring System.

IDEA

Dept. of non-destructive testing, Technical University of Munich, Acentiss GmbH

ENERGY FROM WIND, SUN, WATER & OTHER

1

2

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

87

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/ PROJECT/ CONCEPT

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

88

Amorphous Coatings for Corrosion Protection in Demanding Environments C. Warm, A. Winiwarter, N. F. J. Johansen, and S. N. B. Villadsen DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

CONCEPT

INTRODUCTION

Each year, corrosion inflects damage resulting in costs between 3.1 and 3.5 % of a nations GDP [1]. Today, stainless steel is used in numerous places, including strongly corrosive environments e.g. chemical reactors. Stainless steel, however, is not necessarily well suited, with an expected lifetime down to 5-10 years in certain applications. Furthermore, with the restriction [2] on usage of hexavalent chromium the corrosion resistance of stainless steel is further troubled.

We therefore introduce a nano-engineered smart coating for metal substrates. This amorphous coating is tailored with transition metals to match the metal substrates, has excellent adhesion and superior corrosion resistance. Additionally, using an advanced aftertreatment of the surface a dynamic self-cleaning mechanism can be added.

The coating can be used on cast iron, which has somewhat the same physical properties as stainless steel, not regarding the corrosion resistance, but is much cheaper. Standard stainless steel is at least twice as expensive as cast iron, but the prices of the more corrosive resistant alloys are far higher. Therefore additional the cost of a surface treatment can be tolerated while still keeping the price of the cast iron product competitive.

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

LAPTOP

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

The surface treatment we provide requires elevated temperatures in order to create the bonding, and thus the process requires a fair amount of electrical power. Comparing with other surface treatments, however, this process does not need a controlled atmosphere including toxic or rare gasses, and the pre- and after-treatment can be performed simultaneously with the same equipment.

The materials is used, which is made from different kinds of minerals, nothing toxic, and the pre- and after-treatments are performed using different kinds of salts. All these materials are found pure in nature and are only reactive at the elevated temperature the process works at, thus, completely safe for the customer.

As with glass-products, the surface treatment can be completely recycled [3]. This is a mayor advantage when comparing to other surface treatment; there is no other, which can be recycled! To remove the amorphous coating, only a simple metalworking process (rolling) is required.

In conclusion, this surface treatment is rather green, with only the rather large energy consumption during firing as a weak spot. The ovens used, however, run on electricity, and thus can be environmental-friendly as well. In production, the ovens could be set to work during night-time and therefore use the electricity generated by wind turbine at off-peak times. When taking into account the longer expected lifetime, the surface treatment must said to be green.

REFERENCES

[1] https://www.nace.org/uploadedFiles/Publications/ccsupp.pdf [2] http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32011L0065 [3] http://www.gpi.org/recycling/glass-recycling-facts

126

Study of the oil residue from in-situ burning in the Arctic A. Pantelakis, G. Pantelide DTU Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

89

<C10 (%)

C10-C20 (%)

C20-C30 (%)

>C30 (%)

D.U.C. crude

14.8

46.2

24.5

14.5

D.U.C. residue GL

1.5

37.9

0.8

59.8

D.U.C. Sea water & Ice

0.5

5.3

23.2

70.9

D.U.C. residue LAB

0.2

12.5

44.2

43.1

D.U.C. Ice LAB

0.1

3.6

12.6

83.8

R.E.B.C.O. crude

18.4

46.2

24.1

11.3

R.E.B.C.O. residue GL

0.3

8.5

37.3

53.8

R.E.B.C.O. Sea water

0.3

5.2

37.9

56.7

R.E.B.C.O. Sea water & Ice

1.1

7.8

34.7

56.4

R.E.B.C.O. residue LAB

0.5

14.1

42.2

43.2

R.E.B.C.O. Ice LAB

0.3

12.0

47.1

40.6

POSTER

The possible oil production and the increase of ship traffic within the next years in Greenland could provoke an oil spill with serious environmental impacts. Therefore, effective remediation techniques have to be studied and one of these methods is in-situ burning. That is burning of the spilled oil, in case of an accident, on the water surface. The aim of this study was to determine the composition of the residue after burning, its properties and the efficiency of burning under Arctic conditions. In-situ burning experiments with two different types of crude oil and ice were performed in Greenland and at DTU fire-lab using a custombuilt set up. Gas chromatography analysis of residue samples was conducted as well as estimation of efficiency by weighing the remaining residue. The main results of this study were that almost all the light components of the oil were removed during the burning and that the efficiency of the outdoor experiments in Greenland was significantly increased compared to the indoor experiments. Also, the density of the burn residue was always lower than water, thus it did not sink and was easily collected, especially when burning with ice.

The results showed that in-situ burning can be considered an appropriate method for facing an oil spill in Arctic environment with great efficiency.

CONCEPT

ABSTRACT

WATER

Table 1: Composition of samples

127

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

POSTER

CONCEPT

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

90

128

FOOD AND HEALTH

POSTER

CONCEPT

129

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

91

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

92

BUSTAINABLE 1

2

F.A. Bohnes and C. Deuse 1

DTU Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark 2 DTU Architecture Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

CONCEPT

INTRODUCTION

A key aspect of sustainable development is the mobility: everywhere we are moving towards public transportation, and Lyngby is no exception. Even though the municipality is well deserved by busses, commuting is too often considered as an unpleasant activity, and the experience should be improved for people to give up their car. In particular, the waiting time is something that discourage people from taking the bus, especially in Denmark where it is raining in average every second day.

We need to change â&#x20AC;&#x153;waiting for the busâ&#x20AC;? from a necessary activity to an enjoyable and sustainable one. To this end, we propose a revamp of bus stops answering the three aspects of sustainable development, while creating a better user experience.

THEORY & METHODS

To determine what could be improved and how, a large survey has been handled among bus users in Lyngby: an investigation directly at the bus stops and an online survey have been conducted. In parallel, an on field study was realized to identify where bus stops were missing in Lyngby to prove the need for our project. Researches in the literature have been done: cost of a bus stop, how to finance it, feasibility of the proposed features, how to make them sustainable, etc. The last step was to design the revamp of the bus stops.

POSTER

RESULTS

Among others, the survey showed that majority of commuters do not find the bus stops accommodating. Half of them asked for better shelters, the most important features being protection against the weather and benches.

From the propositions emitted by the users, our researches, but also our own experience and ideas, we designed a new bus stop which would be: Eco-friendly: made with recycle materials and solar panel on the roof.

Comfortable: protection from the wind and rain.

Informative & interactive: clear indications and informative/interactive screens.

Instructive: advertisements about sustainability.

Social-inclusive & appropriable: benches and large space inside for disabled.

Adaptable: size of bus stop and type of screen adapted to the location.

To finance the project, a sponsorship program is proposed: local companies can provide materials or create a design in exchange for permanent advertisement.

MANAGING TRANSITION

CONCLUSION

The new bus stop design addresses social sustainability by increasing ridership, making the user experience better and more comfortable, and educating riders about environmental sustainability. The bus shelters themselves will be environmentally sustainable as they will be energy-positive thanks to the solar-panels and constructed out of recycled materials.

Finally it will be economically sustainable because each bus shelter will seek the sponsorship of an external company.

130

Caretraders 1

2

3

P. Bork , S. GenĂŠe , and R. Jradi 1

Copenhagen Business School LIFE, University of Copenhagen 3 DTU Informatics and Mathematical Modelling, Technical University of Denmark 2

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

93

At Caretraders, we believe everybody should have access to being part of the solution to the problem of climate change. Our products will serve the almost 300 million Europeans who are concerned about climate change, yet have only few climate friendly consumption options. By enabling businesses to compete for customers with their green profiles, we can shift the cost of going green from consumers to businesses and thereby overcome one of the great barriers to a greener economy. We are currently launching a climate certification for clothing retailers and developing our platform for lean and rapid scaling to further market segments and geographical regions.

THEORY

CONCEPT

INTRODUCTION

Our main hypothesis is that consumers will prefer a climate friendly product to an identical but not climate friendly product sold at the same price. Our second hypothesis is that retailers can and want to increase their market share by using the appeal of climate friendliness. If these hypotheses hold true, we can serve both needs by facilitating a transparent offsetting procedure and certification for retailers.

When a young mother enters a clothing store in Aarhus next month, the selection of dresses will be unchanged, but with one small addition: a voucher attached to each dress. The voucher gives her a small code for Caretraders.dk to verify that the storeowner has offset the exact dress she is holding in her hands. The mother will be satisfied by taking responsibility for the Earth she passes on to her children and the store owner will be proud to serve that intention before her competitors.

POSTER

METHODS

The European Union currently requires major industry to purchase one emission allowance for each ton of CO2 they emit during a given year from a limited pool of allowances. In daily auctions, the industry asks to buy between two and five times more allowances than are auctioned off, so by purchasing these allowances we can effectively force the industry to reduce emissions. Since the CO2 reductions are automatically distributed upon the entire industry, we get the cheapest CO2 reductions possible, with the reliability of a major transparent legal framework.

By decentralizing the decision to be climate friendly across many people, geographies and sectors of the business-to-consumer markets, we can attain considerable CO2 reductions.

131

MANAGING TRANSITION

CONCLUSION

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

94

CHARON Biotech 1

2

1

3

4

4

M. Minoia , L.L. Hefting , P Florysiak , G. Bifulco , H. Joshi and V. Adapa 1

2

CBS BBIP, Copenhagen Business School KU Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University 3 Emory Law School, USA 4 Georgia Institute of Technology, USA

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

LAPTOP

CONCEPT

What does CHARON mean? In Greek mythology, Charon is the ferryman who transports the souls from the world of the living to the world of the dead. Charon is paid by coins placed on the eyes or in the mouth of the dead person and if the fee is not paid the souls are destined to wander the shores for one hundred years. In analogy, we in CHARON Biotech would like to transport bio-molecules of our customerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s interest from inside the cell to the outside and thereby improve their production yield and reduce costs.

INTRODUCTION AND THEORY

CHARON Biotech provides an innovative technology that will increase yield and reduce cost of production for bio-molecule within the food and base chemical industry.

The competition in the chemical market globally is intensifying and companies are under increasing pressure to find new ways to create sustainable competitive advantage. Largescale production of bio-molecules depends on utilizing a genetically modified microorganism, but often the final product remains trapped within the cells. This often results in lot of waste that increases production cost and lowers yield. CHARON Biotech can solve this problem using a technology developed by Professor Hussam Hassan Nour-Eldin at University of Copenhagen. He has created a library of membrane transporters proteins, each of which can move specific molecules out of a cell making bio-molecules production more efficient. CHARON Biotech has identified two markets to entry: food ingredients and basic compounds used in cosmetic industry. Indeed, there is a global increase in use of synthetic biology in these domains, making these markets incredibly attractive.

COMPANYâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S STRUCTURE

CHARON Biotech was founded by three students associated with an entrepreneurship program established in collaboration among Copenhagen Business School, Denmark. Three former members of the team from Georgia Institute of Technology, USA and Emory Law School, USA, are now acting as consultant. The company has two external advisors: a scientific advisor, Prof. Nour-Eldin, and a business advisor, Richard diMonda.

The company has a dual business strategies: first is to provide services to companies by identifying the right transporter for their product, and second is to have an in house research to identify new transporters and license them to companies that have need for those transporters. The company will have three sources of revenues: fees for preliminary screening of the transporters, royalty from clients and royalty from transporters screened inhouse and licensed to companies. The company will be operational on grants for the first 3 years after which it will start making money.

132

Collective design - home automation 1

1

Johnni Mortensen , Daniel Svalling & Anders Teglgaard

2

1

2

DTU Electro, Technical University of Denmark International Marketing and Management, Copenhagen Business School

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

95

INTRODUCTION

GREEN EMPOWERMENT

The Collective design will provide an effective energy use. Our technology have the opportunity to be used multiple places - only imagination sets the limits. The concept of the product line is to use only non-toxic and reusable parts. Production will consist of affordable elements and a simple design that nonetheless makes the system communication stable and easily applicable in different products. The Collective design will step by step make the home and company better equipped for saving power.

When a person leaves their home or company they often forget shutting off all lights and turn down the thermostats. This can now be handled automatically so a light is never on and the expensive heating can be lowered during the closed hours. This will lower the environmental impact of lighting and heating.

Further applications are possible e.g. has the wind turbine industry already shown interest in the product ensuring the function of safety lights inside and outside the wind turbine tubes.

The technology allows the central control centers for the wind turbines to asses lighting on location wirelessly and thus avoid operational hold ups.

This simple platform therefore allows great applicability in different products and yet we have a strong visionary focus on becoming the best in the most used and important areas. We envision a smarter greener future and we hope you will envision this with us.

133

FREE STYLE

Collective design is a home automation system with endless possibilities. The solution for private consumers is based on a smartphone application and a wireless ultra low power system and a web platform for the corporations. The platform will provide a smarter way to use your home and your company. It will be individualised and easy to use. Simple and easy functionality for the private consumer and advanced extendible features for corporations all based on the same stable technology. So far we have three prototype elements to the Collective design targeted to be launched jointly: • Part one; The wireless controlled socket.

• Part two; The battery driven switch.

• Part three; The LED bulb.

All products are based on an integrated solution with the foundations in the wireless nRF24 chip which is very price competitive with nowadays WIFI chips. This chip allows stability through mesh networking capabilities. With a competitive market our focus is on making this green technology stable and inexpensively a natural part of the home. The vision for the project is to work in steps; First targeting lighting appliances and next step is focusing on smart heating with the entry point in intelligent thermostats.

Our design is easy to apply and the vision is to continually produce smart elements for the home so everything can be wireless controlled. Everything can be controlled from the app and from the switch, which is removable and set after individualised needs.

MANAGING TRANSITION

CONCEPT

CONCEPT

This project revolves around home automation, which as a concept has existed for decades, but a field that has not yet reached its full potential mainly limited by systems stability and cost. Our project will strive to focus on these, by making the technology inexpensively available and easy for the “everyday people” and corporations by using simple intuitive design in an integrated platform running on stable technology.

We proudly introduce Collective design.

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT CONCEPT FREE STYLE

96

Common Sense a Public Access Wireless Sensor Network for Environmental Monitoring Alondra Sofia Rodriguez Buelna DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark

In the past years there have been numerous environmental disasters some of which are the British Petroleum oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, the Fukushima nuclear disaster, the Gypsum pond leak in Finland, among others. In order to restore an ecosystems health it is necessary to constantly monitor its state, but monitoring programs are expensive, the U.S. alone has spent 1.5 billion USD, since 2009 in great lake restoration and since 1990 more than 15 billion dollars in river restoration but due to the lack of proper monitoring it is difficult to prove the success of these and many other environmental projects.

A common denominator in most environmental disasters is information discrepancy between the local government, the scientific community and the media. Through better monitoring of disasters we can achieve consensus, as well as better models of the affected ecosystem’s state and behavior. Thus making it easier to detect a canary in a coal mine.

Many of the natural reserves that researchers would like to get data from are in remote areas without internet access, thus making it difficult to constantly get data from a sensor.

As a solution we propose the use of Common Sense, a public access wireless sensor network that communicates through cellphone networks. To get access to the data what you need to do is as easy as sending an SMS to the sensor and wait for a reply. Each unit is packed with its own energy harvesting system, GPS and cellphone antenna and chip that allows it to function in most countries worldwide. By allowing each unit to harvest its own energy supply, sensors can gather data not only for months but years. Furthermore users will be able to combine a set of sensors (e.g. temperature sensors, geiger counters, current flow sensor, among others) to best suit their application’s needs. Each unit will be able to determine hostile environments, (e.g. if parameters exceed safe operating conditions or it’s being tampered with) and flush the data to an emergency contact, so the information won’t get lost. A map with the location of the Common Sense units as well as their contact information will be available online for everyone to access. All of these features will be easily accessible through a smartphone app, while remaining compatible with regular cellphones.

Help us improve environmental protection by using Common Sense.

REFERENCES

MANAGING TRANSITION

Mazzotti, F. J. (2007). Why do we need environmental monitoring for Everglades restoration? IFAS Publication Number WEC-241. Retrieved from http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/UW/UW28300.pdf Committee on a Systems Assessment of Marine Environmental Monitoring (1990).

Managing Troubled Waters: The Role of Marine Environmental Monitoring. United States: National Academies Press.

134

Delite Della Terra by Okuili ApS 1

3

2

2

S. S. Madsen , S. H. Witzansky , M. Lopera , J.A. Sevilla 1

2

DTU Food Technology, Technical University of Denmark DTU Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark 3 DTU Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

97

INTRODUCTION

CONCEPT

According the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, the meat in our diets lead to a release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere during its production. Producing the annual beef diet of the average American, emits as much greenhouse gasses as a car driven more than 1,800 miles. The beef production generates more than 100 times emissions than from producing mealworms [1][2]. Concerning this topic, our product was developed for the course Innovation in Future Food. We developed a product and a business plan for launching it to the market.

PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

POSTER

Our start-up, Okuili ApS, wants to increase the awareness and interest in eating insects as a food ingredient in Denmark. The strategy is making known dishes with insects as main ingredient, to introduce slowly the concept of eating insects. The Insects are of high nutritional value and consist of a high amount of protein. The first product, Delite Della Terra, has successfully been developed. Delite Della Terra is a tortellini-like, easy and fast to cook product. The dough is made of chickpeas flour whereas the stuffing is made of insects (mealworms), herbs, cheeses and mushrooms, see figure 1.

Figure 1: The product and the packaging for Delite Della Terra

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

The product was developed in the Food Department Laboratories. The proof of interest was tested with a survey to 174 potential consumers. The first variant with parsley was liked by 92 % of the consumers who tasted it; while, 79 % of the consumers liked the product with basil.

FOOD AND HEALTH

REFERENCES

[1] N. Fiala, “How meat contributes to global warming,” Scientific American, vol. 4, 2009.

[2] A. van Huis, J. Van Itterbeeck, H. Klunder, E. Mertens, A. Halloran, G. Muir, and P. Vantomme, “Edible insects: future prospects for food and feed security,” 2014.

135

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

98

DTU Tradeit 1

1

1

1

2

A. M. Eberhard , O. Ellinghousen , M. Gjøen , Kristensen , A. Badman and 3 L. O. N. Arstad 1

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark 2 DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark 3 DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

CONCEPT

All around new products are being bought while the old model still works. These used models should not go to waste. DTU Tradeit will give students at DTU a chance to save and earn some money and thereby prolonging the life cycle of the products.

DTU TRADEIT

DTU Tradeit consists of a Facebook group that is already launched. Here students can trade all kinds of necessities between themselves. It is intended to evolve into a shop, which is described later in the text. Every year students are coming and going at DTU. Both Danish and foreign students. They all need new products and necessities to get settled and make a home while studying at DTU. As a students you do not have a lot of money but you still need some necessities and other things that you just want to have.

POSTER

SURVEY

63 exchange and international students answered a survey that was send out as a part of the project. It was discovered that they bought many different necessities at a variety of trading platforms when arriving as a student at DTU. Some took more than 4 weeks to get settled in. The students also need to get rid of these necessities before they leave and hopefully get some of their money back. Some tries to sell their necessities, some are giving it away while others are throwing it out. A great opportunity is to bring the necessities from the students at one semester to the students at the next semester. Here the DTU Tradeit Shop comes into the picture.

DTU TRADEIT SHOP

MANAGING TRANSITION

The goal is that a DTU Tradeit Shop will be established on DTU Campus. Thereby the foreign students can go there and get their necessities quickly upon arrival and are able to get some of their money back when leaving by selling it back to the shop and making it available for the students the following semester. The shop will contain the most traded items while the rest can be traded in the Facebook group online. The plan it to get some resources through sponsorships and thereby having a constant stock at the high point of trading season.

136

1

2

SungHyun Hwang , TaeKwon Kang , HongJin Kim 1,2

2

Green Policy, Korea Advanced Institutes of Science and Technology

INTRODUCTION

As of the London Climate Agreement, all domestic construction projects starting from 2015 are subject to specific CO2 emission guidelines. Hence, of critical issue in the current field of architecture concerns the level of CO2 emissions reduction from construction activities. The single largest source of CO2 emission during construction is steel. Steel production is notorious for its CO2 emission in two ways. One, cokes is oxidized which generates an exorbitant amount of CO2. Two, steel mills generally consume large amounts of energy; they indirectly generate CO2 emissions. In the midst of the new to-be enforced law, England and several large European cities have implemented a reward and penalty system based on the level of CO2 emissions on all construction projects. For the Olympics, for instance, England recycled 83 tons of steel from illegal weaponries to build its stadiums. The resulting environmental benefit was a 40% reduction in CO2 emission. While the reduction itself was admirable, the limitation of the effort was that the fundamental structures were steel-based.

Amid the circumstances, this paper presents a method that dramatically reduces the use of steel, which directly translates into drastic reduction in CO2 emissions from construction activities.

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

Dual Geodesic Dome Stadium

CONCEPT

99

A dome is a geometric structure optimal for natural air circulation and ventilation for a large space. The geodesic dome, in particular, best exemplifies the economic and structural balance qualities of all dome types. This project applies a double geodesic space frame to reduce the steel demands of a dome stadium. Safety, function, economics, and environmental standards will be considered to the overall stadium architecture. The round surface of a dome enables the horizontal weight to be distributed equally across the entire structure. Naturally, the vertical weight is distributed across the frameâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s axis to the ground, enabling the optimization of the structural member, which results in less steel usage.

ETFE, ultra-light transparent plastic with high durability, high light transmittance, reduces the load received by the lower steel framework; with less structural materials used, there is less CO2 emissions. This project applies a three-layer ETFE to enhance thermal performance and automatic lighting control.

Midas Gen is used for the structural analysis. Regional site information and KBC2012 code is used to measure load case. Both static analysis and dynamic analysis are considered to provide a realistic structural analysis.

LAPTOP

METHODOLOGY

The dual geodesic dome stadium project will create an architectural blueprint for a safe, functional, economical, and environmentally-friendly dome structure. For one, the dual geodesic structure reduces carbon intensive steel demand. Two, the use of stand seats supported by the earth cuts down CO2 emission as no additional substructure is required.

By comparing between a dual and a single structure dome, we can estimate the environmental and construction costs. Lastly, a structural analysis of the project from its beginning to its end will enable the economic analysis of the workability and lifecycle of the dual geodesic dome stadium.

137

BUILDINGS AND CITIES

Expected Results

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

100

Eco Image Printing 1

Heonjun Park , Suzi Kim 1

2

Science and Technology Policy, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 2 School of Computing, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology

CONCEPT

INTRODUCTION

SPRANQ developed Ecofont in 2009. Ecofont has many tiny holes inside the character. It reduces the amount of ink by approximately 15 percent. It is based on the idea that ink do spread over the paper. So even though there are holes in them, it still looks plausible.

But as you might notice, there aren’t only characters on the paper. There are lots of images also. That’s why we start to think about Eco Image Printing. There were several tries to put the ‘ink-saving’ function on the printer. The result was not that much good. They just saved under 10 percent of ink, and even its visibility was not good. It’s because they just tried to decrease the resolution. However, our solution is saving more ink, with almost no decreasing of the resolution. So, here we introduce the vivid Eco Image printing which saves about 20% ink using geometry information of image.

THEORY

POSTER

Color printing uses the CMYK color model which is subtractive color model. CMYK refers to the four inks: Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black. Because color inks are only four kinds, the printer must use halftone and mix it on the paper.

Figure 1 Halftone of the original image (left) and reduced halftone of the original image (right)

METHODS

We suggest an application which helps to save the ink. The algorithm for Echo Image Printing is as followings.

1. Decompose image into 4 halftones: Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black.

2. Compute the geometrical distribution of each halftone.

3. Remove redundant vertex which is surrounded by color blocks. (Figure 1) 4. Synthesize the image or print halftones directly.

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

CONCLUSION

Whereas previous saving strategy saves under 10 percent of inks, user can save as much as they want through our suggestion. We defined 3x3 blocks on some region (figure 1). We can remove of ‘A’ block if there are enough blocks around it. And the degree of ‘enough’ depends on users tasty. For example, in Figure 3 user defines the degree over uses 44.4%.

In this time, the printer uses 16.7% ink less than before. Eco Image Printing saves ink efficiently. It reduces the cost of printing also. This could apply current printer system in your home or company by installing additional software. So it does not need initial cost at all.

Furthermore, it makes the ecosystem smile with users and the earth’s satisfaction.

138

M. Petersen

DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

BACKGROUND

The basic concept originates from fundamental principles of cooling physics, the energy consumption in an evaporation process. The device consists of an inner compartment covered with a constant wet material where the boundary layer is exposed to airflow thus removing the evaporated water forcing more evaporation hence extracting energy from the system, all in an insulated constellation.

Areas where conventional refrigeration is unavailable uses the evaporation principle as a cooling system and is essential for their livelihood. One may argue that most appliances for which this technology are implemented miss a few essential initiatives in certain aspects for optimally utilize the cooling effect, insulation of the system as a whole and boundary layer theory. Insulation minimize the impact from heat radiation of the sun and considering boundary layer theory one may argue that air flow speeds op the principle by removing the microscopic boundary layer increasing the rate of evaporation hence quicker energy extraction â&#x20AC;&#x201C; more cooling effect.

The main objective was to create a cooling concept with minimum energy consumption primarily for areas where cooling is difficult to sustainably establish energy wise. The initial thought is based on sustainable cooling of foods in collaboration with Roskilde Festival since this field is the biggest energy thief by far of the festival and is done so with their financial support.

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

Energy Consumption in an Evaporation Process

CONCEPT

101

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

The mechanism of evaporation process may be considered as an equilibrium. When the airflow removes the microscopic evaporated boundary layer it forces the generation of a new evaporation layer and the subsequent evaporation extracts energy from the inner compartment thus generating a cooling effect. Two other essential mechanisms are used in this concept, air pressure and capillary suction, for generating air flow and keeping the cloth material wet respectively. It means that the generation of air flow is the only energy consuming part in the concept, a small on that is.

POTENTIAL Conceptually, this cooling system has potential locally and globally. Locally, it may replace temporary high-energy consuming devices such as refrigerators for festivals and camping fields. Globally, it may optimize existing cooling systems or even enable substantial cooling in areas with limited or non-existing power supply.

POSTER

MECHANISM

139

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

102

Energy Saving Thermostat A. Nørballe and S. Friis DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

CONCEPT

A normal Dane spends more than a third of the year away from home and a third of the year sleeping, during which he or she is wasting energy when heating the home. By using an intelligent thermostat a yearly energy reduction of 9.5 GJ can be achieved. This roughly translates to a CO2 reduction of 311 kg and an energy bill cut of DKK1700. Thereby the consumer is able to make their home smarter and not only able to save a rather large amount of money but also reduce the overall environmental impact.

THE SMART HOME

Heating in Denmark is for the most part (63% of all households) supplied by fjernvarme (district heating) to household radiators, where a thermostat locally controls the heating.

Currently “old-school” bi-metallic thermostats dominate the Danish market. These thermostats can be hard to control and even more so if you want to save money and reduce the environmental impact. Some programmable thermostats exist but are not common, and somewhat difficult to use. We have developed a thermostat that is easy to control and learns and adapt to your behaviour. It will be able to take indoor climate advices into account, such as reduced heating while ventilating, optimise the radiators heating efficiency and integrate all the smart thermostats to heat most efficient.

FREE STYLE

How

The Energy Saving Thermostat works by communicating through WiFi and using sensors to detect activity. As such when one leaves the home it will notice, and when one goes on 2 vacation. Calculations show that a smart thermostat can reduce a normal 150m household’s yearly CO2 emissions by up to 311 kg and thereby reduce the energy bill yearly

by DKK1.700.

LCA Energy (MJ) CO2 (kg)

MANAGING TRANSITION

REFERENCES

Material 70.1 6.81

Production Use Disposal 1.72 -9420 0.15 0.13 -311 0.01 Table 1: LCA Table for the first year

Total (first year) -9350 -304

Fjernvarme. (n.d.). Fjernvarme. Retrieved 5 18, 2015, from Hvor mange har fjernvarme?: http://www.fjernvarme.info/Udbredelse-i-DK.261.aspx Seasonve. Varmen på rette sted. Svinninge: SEAS-NVE STRØMMEN. Styrelsen, E. (2015, 4 31). http://www.ens.dk. Retrieved 5 18, 2015, from Årlig energistatistik: http://www.ens.dk/info/tal-kort/statistik-nogletal/arlig-energistatistik Styrelsen, E. (2015, 3 11). Spar Energi Med Gode Vaner. Retrieved 5 18, 2015, from http://sparenergi.dk: http://sparenergi.dk/forbruger/varme/dit-varmeforbrug/energirigtige-vaner Virén, K. (2010, 12 20). hvor meget kan du spare ved at skrue ned for varmen foer du tager paa juleferie. Retrieved 05 18, 2015, from http://www.bolius.dk: http://www.bolius.dk/hvor-meget-kan-du-spare-ved-at-skrue-ned-for-varmen-foerdu-tager-paa-juleferie-14052/

140

Flowguard Business Concept 1

2

T. Petersen , A. Rousing , and J. Kjølbro 1

1

DTU Physics, Technical University of Denmark DTU Electro, Technical University of Denmark

2

INTRODUCTION

CONCEPT

Fume hoods are an important part of daily operations in all chemical laboratories. Using fume hoods remain an expensive process, and each hood have an average energy consumption equivalent to 3.5 households, approximately 33,000 DKK / year and annual CO2 emissions of 17 tons / year 2. By closing a hood when not in use, the annual energy 4 consumption of about 36,000 kWh3 will in average be reduced by 6.956 kWh ( Newtech), which corresponds to an annual saving of 6,358 DKK and a reduction of 3.3 tonnes of CO2 per fume hood.

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

103

FLOWGUARD CONCEPT Value Creation Flowguardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s product is an automatic closure mechanism which ensures that the hood is closed after use. Since the solution is modular, the product can be mounted on any existing fume hoods, which distinguishes the concept from existing solutions in the market. The basis is a concept of robust sensors and mechanisms that ensure a reliable solution.

If product and service are sold for 10,000 kr, the customer will have repaid the investments made already within two years. If any repayment plan agreed with the customer, the customer can save money from the very first electric bill. Besides from the obvious sparing of the environment, the costumer, especially large companies and universities, can brand themselves to be greener organizations.

FREE STYLE

Scaling Potential The amount of fume hoods in Denmark is estimated to be 15.000. Assuming a small market penetration rate of 10%, it amounts to a total of 1.500 units sold in Denmark. With a retail price of 10,000 kr this will generate a turnover of 15 million kr. While this is a good start, the market is not large enough in Denmark to make it a sustainable business. But if the concept is taken abroad, vast amounts of scaling is possible.

REFERENCES 4

BUILDINGS AND CITIES

Newtech, Final Report v10_peer reviewed.pdf, see http://newtechtm.com/html/literature.html

141

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

104

Greenhouse Optimization through Anti-Fogging PMMA N.K. Mandsberg DTU Nanotech (POLYMIC), Technical University of Denmark

MOTIVATION

CONCEPT

The population of the planet is reaching unsustainable levels as it faces shortage of resources like food. A major contributor to maintaining an adequate food production is the use of greenhouses, which for the U.S. has an annual production value of approximately $20 billion. An optimization in sunlight accessibility could increase the efficiency of this production significantly. A major problem faced by the greenhouse industry is fogging of the windows, causing a dramatic drop in sunlight transmission. Creation and implementation of anti-fogging windows would alleviate this problem, and thus result in more food per kg CO2!

Theory

Condensation of water on surfaces usually happens dropwise. This causes a significantly decrease in the surface transparency. However, strongly hydrophilic materials can exhibit changed properties, where immediate thin film creation is observed instead. This leads to a far more efficient transmittance of sunlight to the crops!

A widely used material for greenhouse windows is Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA).

PMMA has an intrinsic contact angle of ~70°, but is in itself not hydrophilic enough to enable this immediate thin film creation and cause anti-fogging behavior. Through texturing of the PMMA at nanoscale the apparent contact angle can be reduced, but currently not enough to enable anti-fogging properties. It calls for alternative methods, and recent investigations have showed the exciting possibility of further, albeit temporary, reduction of the contact angle using plasma treatment activation.

POSTER

Concept

Here presenting a 3-stage proposition towards the development of permanent anti-fogging PMMA surfaces to be used in greenhouse optimization.

1. Achieve temporary anti-fogging PMMA surfaces using nanotexturing and plasma activation.

2. Identify chemical additives mimicking the effect of plasma activation but tailoring permanent properties.

3. Upscale production through the technique of extrusion coating.

Methods

BUILDINGS AND CITIES

In this study the first step of activating PMMA surfaces with different nanotexturings were taken. This was accomplished using the plasma system ATTO produced by Diener. Different gasses, plasma pressures, and treatment durations were investigated tailoring a recipe minimizing the contact angle. The plasma activated surfaces were characterized using an Attension Theta Optical Tensiometer to measure the advancing and receding contact angles using the technique of inflation and deflation.

Conclusion

The investigation has identified a recipe for plasma activation of PMMA reducing the advancing water contact angle to <15°. The result anticipates the possibility of enabling immediate thin film creation during water condensation, and having anti-fogging properties.

Future determination of the critical contact angle defining the transition between fogging and anti-fogging behavior can guide choices of chemical additives towards permanent antifogging PMMA surfaces. It will help the greenhouse industry to mitigate food shortage!

142

1

D. Boyadzhiev , and H. Lam

2

1

2

Msc Electrical Engineering, Aalto University Bsc Mechanical Engineering, Aalto University

FOOD AND HEALTH

POSTER

We live in an era of speed â&#x20AC;&#x201C; fast internet, fast food, fast cooling and fast heating. And in this desire for speed in some processes we often forget that each step is contributing to polluting the Earth. Looking especially at the problem of cooling, we stumbled upon a fridge made of clay which does not need any electricity but is instead powered by moisture. We have analyzed the areas or sectors in both the developing and developed nations where it could fit in and has the possibility of being a super energy saver by taking the place of an intermediate cooler. Some innovations in the design, engineering, the marketing, the product placement and existing systems have been suggested to make the product a success and overcome its perceived and inherent weaknesses.

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

Innovative Uses of Alternate Refrigeration Systems

CONCEPT

105

143

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

106

Integrated process for biodiesel production K. J. M. Diaz1, A. Kravos2 and A. Charalampidis3 1

DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark 2 DTU Energy, Technical University of Denmark 3 DTU Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark

It has been taken into analysis the Central Denmark Region, Midtjylland and its renewable biofuel energy sources potential. The availability of pig and cattle manure, straw, whey and animal fat are a key asset that allows the production of bio-methane and bio-diesel.

Choosing a strategic location near the feed sources is of fundamental importance since the raw materialsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; cost is predominately dependent of the transportation expenses and by doing so it is also possible to minimize greenhouse gas emissions. In order to improve the sustainability of each process a double integration has been performed by linking the production of bio-diesel and bio-methane in a single plant. The first integration is the production of methanol through a two-step process involving the purification of the methane and its subsequent conversion to methanol. This alcohol is then used during the transesterification of the animal fat, by producing the bio-diesel. In this reaction glycerol is formed too as a byproduct. Glycerol is a versatile compound that can be used in a variety of chemical processes, but its availability is huge making its market price relatively low. The disposal of glycerol takes its price making this procedure non-viable and its transportation would greatly raise its price; therefore it has been decided to introduce a second integration in the whole system by using the glycerol as feed in the production of bio-methane. This second integration allowed to overcome the disposal of this byproduct and reduced its transportation costs and emissions to zero. Even the digestate which is the byproduct of the biogas production is used since it has better fertilizing properties than the manure from which derives; therefore it is sent back to the farmers who provide the feed. From a broader perspective it is possible to identify how the whole process embraces a closed loop sustainable procedure which has been designed to be as highly effective as possible in order to guarantee best performance and safeguard the environment for future generations.

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

POSTER

CONCEPT

ABSTRACT

144

Solutions for the Reduction of Oceanic Sediment Pollution in the Dredging Industry N.S. Sigurdarson and A.F.F. Christiansen DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

107

CONCEPT

INTRODUCTION

Dredging - the excavation of sediment, sand or rocks from beneath bodies of water such as rivers and oceans - is a global, â&#x201A;Ź 11bn industry. It is often conducted in connection with coastal and offshore construction projects, but also to keep sailing paths navigable.

Dredging can have an extremely negative impact on oceanic ecosystems, due to sediment 3 pollution. While the dredging industry reuses a large portion of the 9 billion m of matter it excavates every year, somewhere between 22-25 % of all dredged sediment is dumped offshore. Furthermore, a large portion of the matter excavated, is spilled directly into the ocean due to overflow in Dredging Hoppers. Sediment pollution from dredging has adverse long term effects, as the dumped sediment will remain in the water column for up to half a year. The small grains of sand cause harm to small organisms, results in deoxygenation, and disturbs the balance in marine ecosystems. As such, the dredging industry is strictly regulated, resulting in very high environmental costs, and sometimes even fines.

POSTER

Figure 1: Dredging overflow (left) in a Dredging Hopper and dredged sediment dumping (right) from a Split Barge Hopper

METHODS OF MITIGATION

By utilizing newly discovered fluid mechanical principles, two solutions have been developed. One drastically reduces overflow in dredging hoppers, while the other permanently prevents sediment dumped from split barges, from spreading in the water column. These solutions could be implemented on existing ships, and would reduce costs to such an extent, that they would in essence pay for themselves. The solutions are currently being patented by DTU, which is why the core functional principles behind the solutions cannot be disclosed as of yet. The expectation is however, that the solutions will be in place of the first dredging ships within a year.

Using the solutions developed, the industry could reduce overflow considerably, and completely remove the adverse effects of sediment dumping. Widespread use would result in lowered dredging costs, a healthier oceanic environment, lowered fuel consumption and ultimately cheaper offshore structure, such as wind turbines, bridges and power cables.

145

WATER

RESULTS AND PERSPECTIVES

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

108

New design tool for sustainable buildings D. R. Palasz DTU Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

CONCEPT

Buildings account for 40% of worldwide energy use. Furthermore, energy used during its lifetime causes as much as 90% of environmental impacts from buildings. By designing sustainable buildings with a holistic approach, it will have not only environmental benefits, but also economic and social benefits.

Several rating systems have been developed for sustainable (green) buildings, one of which is the German DGNB. Green building Denmark has established a Danish version of DGNB, which is currently the most commonly used certification program for green buildings in Denmark.

There is a big potential in developing and disseminating the certification program in order to optimize the process and make it more attractive to use. A new design tool could help illustrating the 61 categories better by showing which parameters could be changed, in order to optimize the sustainability of the building and to obtain the rating target.

METHODS

Development and potential

FREE STYLE

When designing sustainable buildings in relation to DGNB, a simple Excel sheet with tables is typically used to give points to the different categories based on previous calculations and assumptions.

The new sustainable design tool, which is also planned to be made in Excel, will contain a graphical overview of the obtained points in the different categories, which will give a better overview and give a sense of where to take measures. Categories, which can be improved, will be colored automatically depending on the obtained score and possible solutions will be shown next to it. The accuracy of the point score is shown next to categories and total score in order to get a sense of the outcome.

ENERGY FROM WIND, SUN, WATER & OTHER

In the long term it would also be possible to develop an app with the same functions as the excel sheet, which can be used on the road, in meetings etc. Furthermore, a software can be developed, which can suggest solutions by using a predefined database and the specification of requirements for the building. The software could communicate with BIMsoftware by using gbXML (the Green Building XML) and import necessary data.

The advantages of the new design tool is among other things: -Promote sustainable building -Optimize the process of sustainable design and thereby the building itself.

The tool is being developed in collaboration with EKJ consulting engineers and Green Building Council Denmark.

146

Nitric acid production from off-gases by green and sustainable catalysis A. J. Jacobsen and D. Nielsen DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

109

ABSTRACT

BUILDINGS AND CITIES

LAPTOP

Production of nitric acid by oxidation of NOx species in flue gas using Supported Ionic Liquid-Phase (SILP) materials as catalysts. The setup will contain a preoxidation reactor and a patented dual reactor system, where in one reactor NOx will be absorbed and in the other reactor nitric acid will be desorbed and passed to storage. This setup will therefore not only reduce NOx emissions without the use of chemicals and toxic catalysts, but also produce a product of commercial grade.

CONCEPT

Air pollution is a major concern with respect to global warming, public health and other environmental hazards. Furthermore, the combustion of fossil fuels is known to contribute significantly to global warming. These concerns have given rise to both increased need for sustainable flue gas cleaning methods and alternative CO2 neutral fuel resources.

147

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

110

Optimizing Energy Consumption and Operating Cost of Trains by the Use of Flywheels Alexander Rupp Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany

CONCEPT

INTRODUCTION

Considerable energy is dissipated in conventional braking systems of trains (Rupp, Baier, Mertiny, & Secanell, 2015). Significant amounts of energy could be saved if the kinetic energy was stored and applied again to propel the train (Rupp et al., 2015). Flywheel Energy Storage Systems (FESS) are suitable for this purpose, as they can provide sufficiently large energy and power capacity (Castelvecchi, 2007). Furthermore, carefully designed FESS may also result in lower operating cost due to reduced energy consumption. The objective of this project is to determine FESS parameters that yield optimal energy or cost savings.

METHODS

In a previous study, we have built a simulation model to analyze the benefits of hybridizing a train with FESS units (Rupp et al., 2015). The model estimates the energy consumption and operating cost of arbitrary train and FESS configurations. Based on this model, optimizations are performed here in order to maximize energy and cost savings of an exemplary train.

RESULTS

POSTER

The optimizations reveal feasible FESS parameters that are required for either maximum energy savings or cost savings. The results that correspond to these two objectives are different and suggest that there is a trade-off between optimum energy savings and optimum cost savings. However, the two objectives are not mutually exclusive. Hence, it is possible to obtain maximum cost savings along with substantial energy savings and vice versa.

CONCLUSIONS

This project optimizes the energy consumption and operating cost of trains by the use of FESS. The novelty of this approach is that costs of energy and FESS are simultaneously taken into account. The advantage is that not only the most energy efficient solution is found, but also the most cost effective one. The former might be interesting from an engineering point of view. However, the most cost effective solution may be even more important, as it is very attractive for a realization as it predicts not only considerable energy savings, but also maximum financial return.

Overall, this project can be seen as an example of how to reconcile economic incentives with ecological friendliness in order to achieve a solution that pays for itself and has a positive impact on the environment.

TRANSPORT

REFERENCES

Rupp, A., Baier, H., Mertiny, P., & Secanell, M. (2015). Analysis of a Flywheel Energy Storage System for Light Rail Transit. Manuscript submitted for publication.

Castelvecchi, D. (2007). Spinning into Control: Highâ&#x20AC;?tech reincarnations of an ancient way of storing energy. Science News, 171(20), 312-313.

148

Reducing the risk of failure of projects F. Krinn, L. Ahonen, N. Echterhoff, M. C. Rodríguez, and F. S. Rønning and I. Tange DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

PAPAYA DESIGN CONSULTANCY (PDC)

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

111

1

INTRODUCTION

Sometimes some of the most exciting projects do not deliver the expected results. This can generate feelings of failure or even reduce the motivation to continue working with a project.

That may emerge due to several factors. What is it, that makes a project fail? Is the assumption of errors occurring along the process management correct? Where is the problem located? Is it grounded in the process or in the expected outcome itself? Bringing project teams to that answer is what we are aiming at with our concept.

CONCEPT

PDC is an interdisciplinary team consisting of six ambitious DTU students with backgrounds in various disciplines. PDC aims at delivering holistic solutions for their clients. Making them capable of autonomous decisions and teaching them how to achieve their individual solution is the sustainable approach of the consultancy. In this way PDC is able to create added value for clients and their projects. PDC has been incorporated during DTU‘s spring term 2015.

PDC , proposes a sustainable conceptual solution that avoids or reduces the risk of failure of any project at the early stages. The game development is closely connected to an existing project conducted by UNICEF. In this case, the game has already been tested. Through different methods of analysis, such as N-Model analysis, casual loops diagrams, trade off curves or a process flow chart diagram, PDC proposes a new workshop concept aiming at awareness and anticipation of its users: The Coconut Banana Game.

COCONUT BANANA GAME (CBG)

FREE STYLE

WHAT IS THE CHALLENGE?

MANAGING TRANSITION

The CBG workshop is based on general theories and designed with a toolbox which takes the client by the hand in understanding their project holistic problems in a playful, informative and visual way.

Steps and tools inside the box, ensuring eye opening in the field of preliminary process, realization process and process improvement, are stakeholders mapping, needs, requirements, capabilities and limitations’ understanding. Finally, discussion and conclusion on current, ideal and transitional situations are needed. The last step of mapping the way towards the ideal solution, triggers thinking about change of management or policy in achieving the goals of the user on a longer time span.

149

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT CONCEPT

112

Solar thermal power plant hybridized with gas turbine and usage of waste heat in chemical industry Roberto Pili Technical University of Munich, During the last few decades, the demand of energy has increased drastically worldwide.

This is attributed particularly to the rapid industrialization of developing countries such as China and India. To meet this demand, new power plants are constructed, giving rise to huge volumes of greenhouse gas emissions as well as rapid depletion of fossil fuels.

Because of stress on fossil-fuels, their prices are always on the rise. To account for climatic change due to greenhouse gases as well as stress on limited fossil fuels reserves, a lot of focus is given to energy efficiency and renewable energy technology. Solar and wind energy technology are extremely environment friendly, however because of the intermittent nature of solar radiation and wind these technologies are often hybridized with a conventional power plant technology. This aids in better security of supply and better integration of the fluctuating renewables. In a thermal power plant, the concept of combined heat and power (CHP) is a highly promising concept, where the waste heat of power plant is used up for heating purposes.

ENERGY FROM WIND, SUN, WATER & OTHER

LAPTOP

The focus of this work is based on these two concepts, involving modelling of a solar thermal power plant hybridized with gas turbine and also usage of the waste heat from the gas turbine in a chemical industry.

The tasks involve selection of an appropriate site, gathering the solar data and demand requirements, designing and modelling the hybrid power plant. A design procedure for the solar field is discussed, taking help from EbsilonÂŽ and MATLAB software. The solar field is designed as such that the costs of the power plant with respect to a single gas turbine plant are reduced. After that, an analysis of the most suitable plant configuration and its behaviour at different load and source profiles is performed. Finally the heat transfer area of the waste heat recovery system and the total costs of the power plant are estimated.

The hybrid solution adopted is the shunt interconnection between the heated air from the solar tower and the air flowing through the combustion chamber. This choice resulted in a better solution for a highly partialised small size gas turbine. The turbine inlet temperature is in this way kept within the limits over the whole profiles, and the cycle thermal and fuel efficiency are higher. A by-pass stack is chosen to guarantee flexibility in the waste heat recovery system. The computations are run for different interest rates, heliostat costs and incentives (only for the solar contribution).

Preliminary computations showed that CO2 emissions can be reduced by at least one fifth in months of high solar radiation. Fuel consumption is reduced consequently up to one fourth.

The behaviour of the system is improved by a positive correlation between the heat demand at night, when no sun is shining and the turbine outlet temperature are higher, and the day, where the temperatures are limited by the solar field, leading to reduce flue gas losses and better energy utilization.

150

Spent Coffee Ground as an Alternative Energy Feedstock for Biodiesel Production Florence Yee-Lam Lee Lancaster University

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

113

Europe produces large amounts of spent coffee grounds (SCGs) which is a vast resource of oils (approximately 15%) and lignocellulosic material (approximately 80%). SCGs oils can be converted to biodiesel while lignocellulosic part can be used as energy source in the form of fuel pellets. At present, SCGs is discarded directly to the landfill as solid waste, without commercial value. Consequently, the use of these low-cost residues can have a significant effect on the economy and the environmental impact of biodiesel production.

CONCEPT

Introduction Spent coffee grounds contain approximately 15% oil that can be converted into similar amounts of biodiesel. The purpose of this Masters project is twofold: first, to develop the process for the extraction of oils from spent coffee grounds, and, second, to convert extracted oils to biodiesel.

Objectives of this project are: i) to develop the extraction of oils from SCGs; ii) to develop the conversion of triglycerides to biodiesel; and, iii) to characterize the produced biodiesel.

To achieve the objectives of the project, the work will be divided into three Tasks: Task 1: Extraction of oils (triglycerides) from spent coffee grounds Kinetics of extraction of oils from solid matrix (SCGs) have been studied as function of water content, temperature, particle size, the nature of solvent and its recovery rate.

The biodiesel production from the oils extracted in Task 1 will be performed in the presence of potassium hydroxide as catalysts. Influence of the following parameters on the reaction conversion and yield will be studied: reaction temperature, catalyst concentration, and methanol/oil molar ratio. Also, possibility to couple extraction and trasesterification in onepot process will be assessed.

Task 3: Characterization of the produced biodiesel

POSTER

Task 2: Conversion of triglycerides to biodiesel

The produced biodiesel will be characterized in accordance with the ASTM standards: viscosity, density, thermal and oxidation stabilities of the produced biodiesel, free fatty acid content and unsaturation.

This work will pave the way for developing methods for new ways of processing waste food rather than composting and anaerobic digestion. As such, the work will contribute to change the perception of waste as a problem. It should be perceived as a resource to produce valuable chemicals and biofuels.

151

WASTE & RECYCLING

This Master project aims to promote and increase focus on the topic of sustainability by generating energy from non-recyclable residues into useable fuel source, avoiding environmental concerns associated with disposal of by-products. Therefore, the project truly integrates sustainability and environment, themes relevant to the DTU Green Challenge.

The direct beneficiary of this research is an industrial partner associated with this project â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Biosel, biodiesel producer using waste vegetable oils with interest to expend feedstock.

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT CONCEPT

114

Structural Application of ash in concrete J. S. Andreasen, M. R. Iskau, J. S. Nissen, B. D. Olsen DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

Worldwide the production of cement causes 5% of the total CO2 emissions (WBCSD & IEA, 2010). This is a substantial amount for one single production, why it is desirable to lower the demand for cement. Cement is mostly used for concrete and is the adhesive component in concrete, why it also is responsible for main strength in the concrete. Some additives such as fly ash and microsilica does also provide strength for concrete. From this the idea rose to use sewage sludge ash (SSA), not only as an additive, but to replace a substantial amount of cement with SSA. SSA is a waste product, which for the time being is being deposited; as no better solution is known. If it is possible to use SSA to replace cement in concrete, it is, thus possible to reduce two environmental problems with one solution. Preceding projects has been made at DTU Civil Engineering, with investigations on mortar (concrete without a large fraction of stone) concerning: strength, chemical analysis, durability, workability etc.

However this project is the first to test the SSA in concrete. The aim is to see the effects on the load carrying capacity for two types of structural members used in the construction industry: Beams and columns.

METHODS

A reference concrete is designed, and from this two types of SSA-concretes are made, with respectively 25 and 50 mass-% cement replaced with SSA. A trial casting is made to make sure it is possible to cast the concrete in a satisfactorily way. In the data processing the two SSA concretes has been compared to the reference concrete. The two experiments performed are a beam test, where the loading is perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the beam, and a column test with loading parallel to the longitudinal direction. To get the strength properties of the concrete and reinforcement-steel a compression test for the concrete and a tensile test for steel are performed.

POSTER

RESULTS

The compression test for the concrete showed a loss in strength when increasing the amount of SSA. This was expected, and it is also what previous projects have shown. The beam and column tests also showed a decrease in bearing capacity, however this decrease is small relatively to the respective reference samples.

CONCLUSION

WASTE & RECYCLING

From this project it can be concluded that adding SSA to concrete is a possibility with regards to the bearing capacity of beams and columns. The capacity of the members is still sufficiently high to be used in real projects. The durability demand, in characteristic strength, for concrete in passive exposure classes is only 12MPa (Energistyrrelsen, 2011), which the rds 50% SSA concrete also fulfils. As about 2/3 of all concrete in Denmark is used in passive exposure class this gives a potential saving of CO2 of up to 1/3 of all cement related CO2 emissions corresponding to a reduction in CO2 emissions of 1.7 %.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Energistyrrelsen. (2011). DS-EN 1992-1-1DK NA2011. Dansk Standard.

WBCSD & IEA. (2010). Cement Technoilogy Roadmap 2009 - Carbonemissins reductions up to 2050. Paris: World Buisness Council for Sustainable Devolpment & International Engergy Angency.

152

STOP FOOD WASTE Sustainable Bike Design for Soup Kitchen A. K. Fliid

DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

ABSTRACT

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

115

MANAGING TRANSITION

The bike need to be redesigned to fit the organizations vision of being sustainable and green. This not only include the management of food waste but also the energy consumed when the food are heated up or cooled down during distribution. Throughout the project, the organization is analyzed to find ways to optimize the energy consumption according to the thermos dynamics. The casing on the bike will be redesigned to better fit the organization needs of cooling down the dishes. Cooling alternatives will be researched to be greener and still suitable for mobility. By June 2015 a functional prototype will be built by reused materials. The project aim to inspire others, to find greener alternatives both for food waste and energy consumption.

FREE STYLE

A non-profit organization tries to bring awareness about food waste to the Copenhageners.

By dumpster diving food or in other words collecting food from supermarket containers the organization cook healthy food, which they distribute free of charge or with a small donation.

The food is distributed via a special build Christiania bike.

CONCEPT

Food waste is generated in large amounts; in Denmark we waste 700.000 tons of eatable food every year. Increasing expectations to the standard of food - a knocked apple or a broken packaging are losing value. A hypersensitivity to expiry dates makes both companies and private households throw out food in almost perfect conditions. Expectations of never missing anything on the shelves leads to overproduction of food. The reasons are many why we create food waste, but one fact is burning â&#x20AC;&#x201C; we need to use our resources wisely while worldwide population and pollution is growing.

153

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT CONCEPT

116

Sustainable Design for Production of Dimethyl Carbonate from Ethylene Oxide, CO2 and MeOH 1

1

Erik Haastrup , Rishika Chatterjee , Nipun Garg 1

1

DTU Chemical Engineering

There is a growing awareness and research into how to mitigate the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Two attractive methods that can be applied in addressing this are, carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) (IPCC, 2005) where CO2 is captured at emission points, and deposited under a suitable geological formation, from whence it will not escape back into the atmosphere, or CO2 chemical utilization where CO2 is used as a raw material for producing a chemical compound. Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC) is an important bulk chemical because it is a viable substitute for methyl-tert butyl ether (MTBE) (F.M. Mei, 2009). DMC is traditionally produced through the reaction of phosgene with MeOH, which yields DMC and HCl. This method involves hazardous chemicals, and the product has high chlorine content.

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

POSTER

A more sustainable process for the production of DMC is proposed with CO2, ethylene oxide (EO) and methanol (MeOH) used as raw materials and ethylene glycol (EG) as the by-product. The production target is set at 100 kTons/year with a product purity of 99% (w/w). The reaction path synthesis chosen consists of two steps. In the first step, EO and CO2 react (at 110°C and 8 MPa) to produce ethylene carbonate (EC) and in the second step, ethylene carbonate and MeOH react (at 90°C and 0.3 MPa) to produce DMC and EG, both of which can be sold.

A description of the process is as follows. The first reactor outlet consists of EO, CO2 and EC. A flash separates as much of the CO2 as possible, and the rest of the stream is led into reactor 2, along with MeOH. The outlet stream of the second reactor contains EO, CO2, EC, EG, MeOH and DMC. First, a distillation column separates the EO and CO2 from the mixture, which is recycled into reactor 1. A second distillation column separates DMC and MeOH from EC and EG. Both these combinations form azeotropes. The DMC/MeOH azeotrope is broken using a large distillation column at high pressure, from which 99% of the DMC can be extracted.

The EG/EC stream is first cleaned of leftover MeOH. Then the most of the EC is distilled off. A membrane is hence used to separate the rest of the EC from the EG. The EC is recycled back into the second reactor, and the EG can be sold.

The process described here is used as the reference design, that is, the base case design which is evaluated for process improvement related to process integration (heat integration), process optimization and sustainable improvement.

First, an economic analysis is performed for identifying process limitations that are translated into design targets used for heat integration and process optimization. If these limitations are minimized the design targets are met. The design is then analyzed using a sustainability and LCA (Kalakul, 2014) analysis in order to further identify process limitations and other design targets related to sustainability.

154

Sustainable production of bio-butanol from wheat straw D. L. Kurz, R. Neerup and A. Lodberg DTU Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

117

ABSTRACT

To achieve a more sustainable design, a LCA analysis (Kalakul, Malakul, Siemanond, & Gani, 2014) is performed to identify further improvement targets related to sustainability.

These targets are met through the elimination and/or minimization of limitations in the process, identified from the sustainability analysis. The final design is a more sustainable, economic viable design. In this poster, the design method will be presented and the output from each step related to the production of bio-butanol will be given.

REFERENCES Ezeji, T., Qureshi, N., & Blaschek, H. P. (2007). Butanol production from agricultural residues: Impact of degradation products on Clostridium beijerinckii growth and butanol fermentation. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 97(6), 1460â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1469. doi:10.1002/bit Kalakul, S., Malakul, P., Siemanond, K., & Gani, R. (2014). Integration of life cycle assessment software with tools for economic and sustainability analyses and process simulation for sustainable process design. Journal of Cleaner Production, 71, 98â&#x20AC;&#x201C;109. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.01.022 Ranjan, A., & Moholkar, V. S. (2012). Biobutanol: science, engineering, and economics.

International Journal of Energy Research, 36(3), 277â&#x20AC;&#x201C;323. doi:10.1002/er.1948

155

POSTER

Using an economic analysis, targets are identified for process improvement related to heat integration and process optimization in order to reduce the process operating costs. The improvements up to this point are economic-based.

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

Using a systematic, hierarchal, 12 task approach for performing sustainable process design, a production process for bio-butanol utilizing wheat straw as raw material was designed and evaluated for producing 4,300 metric tons of bio-butanol (purity of 99.5 wt%) annually with a yield of 0.11 kg product per kilo of raw material. The reaction path considered for the production is the ABE fermentation with C. beijerinckii (Ezeji, Qureshi, & Blaschek, 2007).

Two commercially by-products, acetone and ethanol, are produced during the fermentation reaction. These by-products are of importance because they can be sold as a chemical solvent and as a biofuel respectively (Ranjan & Moholkar, 2012). The fermenter outlet consists of a multi-component mixture of butanol, acetone, ethanol, water and minor amounts of acids. First, acetone and ethanol are separated from the mixture using distillation; acetone is then further purified. Second, butanol is separated from the broth and purified using azeotropic distillation. This design is used as the base case design that is evaluated for further improvement.

CONCEPT

The usage of second-generation biomass is gaining more interest because it provides the opportunity to sustainably produce an important fuel using a bioprocess. Butanol is an important fuel because of its similar properties to gasoline and its higher energy density than ethanol. (Ranjan & Moholkar, 2012) The step towards bio-based processes and bio-based fuels is both important and advantageous due to the reduction in CO2 emissions and other greenhouse gasses that are emitted primarily from the combustion of fossil fuel.

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT CONCEPT

118

Sustainable cooling M. Petersen and A.K. Huntley DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

BACKGROUND

The basic concept originates from fundamental principles of cooling physics, the energy consumption in an evaporation process. The device consists of an inner compartment covered with a constant wet material where the boundary layer is exposed to airflow thus removing the evaporated water forcing more evaporation hence extracting energy from the system, all in an insulated constellation.

Areas where conventional refrigeration is unavailable uses the evaporation principle as a cooling system and is essential for their livelihood. One may argue that most appliances for which this technology are implemented miss a few essential initiatives in certain aspects for optimally utilize the cooling effect, insulation of the system as a whole and boundary layer theory. Insulation minimize the impact from heat radiation of the sun and considering boundary layer theory one may argue that air flow speeds op the principle by removing the microscopic boundary layer increasing the rate of evaporation hence quicker energy extraction â&#x20AC;&#x201C; more cooling effect.

The main objective was to create a cooling concept with minimum energy consumption primarily for areas where cooling is difficult to establish sustainably. The initial thought base on sustainable cooling of foods in collaboration with Roskilde Festival since this field is the biggest energy thief by far of the festival. The project is possible due to their financial support.

POSTER

CONCEPT MECHANISM

The mechanism of evaporation process may be considered as an equilibrium. When the airflow removes the microscopic evaporated boundary layer it forces the generation of a new evaporation layer and the subsequent evaporation extracts energy from the inner compartment thus generating a cooling effect. Two other essential mechanisms are used in this concept, air pressure and capillary suction, for generating air flow and keeping the cloth material wet respectively. It means that the generation of air flow is the only energy consuming part in the concept, a small on that is.

POTENTIAL

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

Conceptually, this cooling system has potential locally and globally. Locally, it may replace temporary high-energy consuming devices such as refrigerators for festivals and camping fields. Globally, it may optimize existing cooling systems or even enable substantial cooling in areas with limited or non-existing power supply.

156

Using Sunlight to Light Up Buildings – Learning from Developing Countries 1,4

K.S. Luck , A. Sharma 1

2,4

and T. Weßels

3,4

Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany 2 IIT Bombay, India 3 RWTH Aachen University, Germany 4 Aalto University, Finland

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

119

CONCEPT

INTRODUCTION

Looking at developing countries, several million people are living without any access to electricity. The initiative Liter of Light has the aim to light up their homes by using the sunlight. This initiative recycles PET bottles by filling them with water and installing them in the roofs, s.t. they act like light bulbs and distribute the sunlight inside the homes. Inspired from this idea, we want to use the sunlight to illuminate buildings all over the world.

POSTER

USING SUNLIGHT – LEARNING FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

In many buildings, there is no possibility to install external windows in hallways. This poster is proposing a system which can be compared to the above described idea of light bottles to illuminate hallways in an energy efficient way.

Mirrors on the roof of the buildings are used to concentrate the sunlight and to focus it on the end of optical fibers. The fibers transport the sunlight from the roof to the hallways. To improve the overall environmental impact, recycled optical fibers might be used. However, the optical fibers can only act as point source of light. Therefore, pipes filled with water are installed at the ceiling of the hallways. The water inside the pipes will distribute and diffract the light from the optical fibers, s.t. they will act like luminescent tubes. In order to illuminate the complete hallway from the beginning to the end, refractive coatings are used to control the amount of light distributed along the whole distance. As refractive coatings, superhydrophobic surfaces can be applied as they establish an air film between the water and the walls of the pipes. With this air film, total internal reflection occurs minimizing the total loss of light.

When the sun is not shining bright enough or not at all, LEDs embedded in the pipes can be turned on to achieve the desired illumination of the hallways. This can be controlled by sensors adjusting the brightness of the LEDs automatically and according to whether someone is in the hallway or not. Since LEDs are also point sources, the water is used again to spread the light.

157

BUILDINGS AND CITIES

Conclusion

We presented an already implemented solution to illuminate houses in developing countries and a novel concept for illumination. Both concepts are based on natural sunlight.

The most outstanding advantage of the presented system is that it reduces the demand of energy needed for lighting significantly. As long as the sun is shining outside, there will be less need to use artificial light.

MASTER LEVEL COURSE/PROJECT

120

Waste-to-soap device 1

1

1

2

L.Silvioli , M. S. Piel , A. R. Stasińska , C. Calvera Plaza , 2 2 M. Gonzalez Garcia , J. A. Sevilla Moreno 1

2

DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark DTU Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

CONCEPT

INTRODUCTION

Every day each of us produces large amounts of waste. A part of it consists of vegetable oil waste, mainly produced during household and commercial activities related to food preparation. The improper handling and disposal of the so called used cooking oil (UCO) leads to environmental damages to groundwater and water bodies. It also increases the costs in water treatment plants and the risk of clogging sewage systems. According to the European project “RECOIL”, the amount of used domestic waste oil in European countries varies from 0.7 to 10 million tones/year. Although different initiatives are addressing this problem, an effective and definitive solution has not been yet proposed.

The work during the course of Chemical and Biochemical Product Design resulted in the development of a device’s prototype which could provide an innovative and valuable way to deal with this problem, in comfort at home.

THEORY

LAPTOP

The device helps the users to collect and recycle the UCO by transforming it into homemade soap. The operational principle is a quantitative chemical reaction, which gives no byproducts and runs under safe conditions. Apart from the collected UCO, the saponification reaction requires a lye solution, mild heating and stirring. Since the oil might contain impurities, a filtration system is required upstream. The reaction occurs in a saponification chamber and the obtained product is transferred to internal moulds for cooling and ageing.

METHODS

Interviews to potential customers from different countries were done to assess a real need for such a device and specify it according to customer’s desires. Experiments with UCO were carried out to determine the feasibility of the reaction and to optimize the reaction parameters. A prototype was modeled in SolidWorks to define the layout of the elements in the machine. An estimation of production costs, energy consumption of the device were performed and a market analysis.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

WASTE & RECYCLING

The project’s resulted in the design of an automated device which provides a potential solution to the problem of UCO disposal. The product would be affordable, compact and easy to use for everyone. With an energy consumption of a common house appliance, it produces a valuable, customizable output while providing an answer to the disposal issue.

158

MASTER THESIS

121

Experimental assessments to analyze performance of a full-scale BioDenipho WWTP and calibration of a BioDenipho process model 1

Zoi Liakopoulou and Lydia Otoo Amponsah 1

1

DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark

The wastewater characterization and fractionation process is a very important part in modelling wastewater treatment processes. With careful planning and strict adherence to standardized procedures for analysing wastewater (Quality control), it is possible to obtain high-quality, reliable data. In this project, we aim to perform an intensive measurement campaign at one of the largest wastewater treatment facilities in Denmark, Lynetten Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), standardised laboratory analyses to determine the quality of wastewater samples collected, influent characterization to convert obtained data into model-compatible parameters, and finally, calibration of the BioDenipho process model using the ASM 2d framework.

IDEA

INTRODUCTION

THEORY

Theories used will be based materials from the course 12131 Wastewater Biotechnology and also on relevant literature found.

Firstly, performance of a measurement campaign to collect needed input data for model calibration is currently ongoing. Standard methodologies, especially methods necessary for carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous fractionation will be used to determine wastewater quality. Then, based on data obtained, a calibration of the process model in use at the Lynetten WWTP, the BioDenipho Process model will be carried out.

Results

POSTER

Method

Results as of now are inconclusive.

CONCLUSION

WATER

By the end of July, the BioDenipho process model in use at Lynetten WWTP will be calibrated and ready to be used for future predictions and optimization of the performance of the plant.

159

MASTER THESIS /IDEA

160

161

ENERGY FROM WIND, SUN, WATER & OTHER

POSTER

IDEA

MASTER THESIS

122

TRANSPORT

LAPTOP

IDEA

MASTER THESIS

123

162

MASTER THESIS

124

Optimization of Climate Change Adaptation Projects L. L. Frellesen DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

If we want to take proactive measures towards climate changes, adaptation projects are a necessary precaution, and for these projects to be as efficient and successful as possible, a precise and realistic data basis is essential. The key ingredient in such climate change adaptation projects is the height model, where even small inaccuracies can lead to wrong predictions of the flooding extent.

IDEA

Over a third of all natural catastrophes are caused by floods, and with increased climate change the amount of natural disasters is expected to increase. The floods are not just causing material damage, but are also destroying natural reserves, and in some developing countries a good protection could be the difference between life and death.

THE PROBLEM

With modern day technology, e.g. drones, the amount of accurate height data is no longer a problem - quite the opposite actually. The extreme amount of data means that simulating a flood, in order to reveal where protection is needed, takes a very long time. For bigger areas, a simulation of the effects of extreme weather could take days and even months to complete, if the simulation program can even process the large amount of data. Thus a thinning of the data is a necessity in order to save lives and homes. The current thinning methods are unfortunately not well suited for processing the data in flood simulations, but a lot can be gained by focusing the initial work towards climate change adaptation projects.

I used a thinning algorithm that is focused on preserving topography necessary for realistic flood simulations, e.g. preserving the shape of a river or a dike. By combining this with specific optimization algorithms, I have been able to obtain a more accurate height model than the thinning algorithm traditionally used. Likewise I have tested my model against a traditional thinned model in flow simulations, which also gave more accurate and realistic results of a flood.

POSTER

METHODS

CONCLUSION

This project is done in cooperation with the company NIRAS, which is already deeply involved with these climate change adaptation projects. The results of this project is therefore very likely to make a real difference for future protection against extreme weather.

163

WATER

By combining the thinning and optimization algorithms used in my project, a more accurate and thinned height model is obtained, which is directly optimized towards climate change adaptation projects. Using these results in future projects could lead to better protection of human lives and natural reserves, and may very well save money and resources normally spend on projects based on inaccurate data that do not have the desired effect.

MASTER THESIS

125

Recycling of large permanent magnets T. B. S. Pedersen DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

THEORY

In order to make it possible to reuse the PM’s, a design has to be made on how to create these relatively large magnets with the unique feature of being renewable. The idea used in this project is to have a high segmentation of the large magnet. This is done to have the magnets as “flexible” as possible to be use in various generator designs since there are all kinds of PM generators on the market. And for these generators the size and shape of the magnets are rarely the same between different designs. With the high segmentation the magnets can be stacked close to any shape desired and then glued together and magnetized. In figure 1 a large magnet is seen together with the new design with high segmentation of magnets glued together. In the project the effects of the high segmentation are investigated in regards to the energy product generated from the magnets.

POSTER

IDEA

The increase of wind turbines as a viable electric energy source generates a high demand on rare earth material in order to create permanent magnet (PM) wind turbines. The difficulties with mining and separating the rare earth metals used to create PM’s leads to a high cost per kilogram. Therefore this project investigates the possibility to reuse the entire PM without having to destroy it first and adding some of it to the compound of a new batch of PM’s. The focus is on the technical aspect on creating the PM’s in such a way that makes them renewable for high end technical applications.

Figure 1: Illustration of magnet segmentation

WASTE & RECYCLING

METHODS

Throughout the project the electromagnetic equations are used but the actual calculation is done in simulations software because of the complexity of the equations. In order to validate the simulation models, a physical test setup has been made and the results from the simulations is compared to the results from the test setup. Also a technical investigation is made into the aspect of the available PM coatings in order to see the stress on the coating when subjecting it to high temperature for the later separations and demagnetization of the magnets that are glued together.

CONCLUSION

The project concludes on the effects of the high segmentation on large PM’s for use in PM generators and the strain on the PM coating when expose to elevated temperatures.

164

MASTER THESIS/ CONCEPT

165

MANAGING TRANSITION

FREE STYLE

CONCEPT

MASTER THESIS

126

166

MASTER THESIS

127

Surrogate modelling of coupled 1d-2d hydraulic model (MIKE FLOOD) C. Thrysøe and J. Toke DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark

POSTER WATER

Climate change will change future precipitation patterns causing more extreme and frequent rain events. If no adaption measures are done, the drainage systems will be overburdened, which will result in more severe flooding in urban areas. Hydrodynamic models, such as MIKE FLOOD, are commonly used to model when and where flooding will occur. This can then be applied in the urban planning for different adaptation measures or in real-time to optimize the system. However, the usage of these models is impeded due to large computational requirements of the models and these are therefore not suitable for real-time applications. To reduce the computational requirements, 1D-1D surrogate models are developed to replace large parts of a hydrodynamic model. Aaby and Viby catchments in Aarhus are used as a case study and the catchments are divided into compartments of surrogate models with varying size. Each compartment is described by its volume of water.

The model both contains a drainage and a surface unit for each compartment and water can be transferred between these two segments. The drainage compartments are developed and calibrated from the drainage model of Aarhus and modelled as linear reservoirs with backwater effects. The surface compartments are developed using GIS analysis and modelled as one large basin per compartment which is connected to the basin in the following compartment by semi physical flow routing. Transfer of water between compartments and between drainage and surface is controlled by mass balance to ensure conservation of mass in the system. The performance of the surrogate models are evaluated from: 1. model accuracy, 2. model stability and 3. computational time compared to the hydrodynamic model. It is concluded that it is possible to construct surrogate models for the Aarhus catchment with results that are comparable but not as detailed as the hydrodynamic model. The surrogate models are more stable allowing for larger time steps which also reduces the computational time significantly. Based on this it is concluded that the surrogate models are a good option in modeling real-time flooding.

CONCEPT

ABSTRACT

167

MASTER THESIS

128

Commuter’s power up an efficient pathway out K.D. Basto, D.S. Gonzalez, and C.J. Marchena MSc Sustainable Energy Technology, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven

CONCEPT

INTRODUCTION

[1]

To be called an innovation, according to some experts , an idea must involve application of information, imagination and deliver the initial idea in a useful product. The project will focus on taking advantage of the high amount of energy that flows daily through the people and direct that energy to a useful application that could make the day to day travels easier in a green way. For this challenge, a daily base solution is presented, for the commuters as a target group in the central station of a city where thousands of people walk across daily not only to take trains, but to eat, take a bus, or simply cross to the other side.

ABSTRACT

The idea consists in using the kinetic energy from the commuters. The intern hallways and stairs that lead to the platform will be covered with hi-tech tiles (made of piezoelectric materials) – designed to convert kinetic energy to electrical energy-.

The innovation of this project is on the use of the harvested energy; in order to obtain maximum efficiency on energy conversion we must organized the crowd movement as far as possible, however, human behavior on rush hour is coupled to a “free for all” situation.

In the nature ants are one of the best resource gathered and optimal transportation of the masses, this is achieved through use of clear information from specific signals. We based on that theory and propose:

POSTER

•

Use streamline the pathway in rush hours, LED sensors will be within the tiles with: (a) arrows indicating the direction in which the commuters should walk –back, forward, faster and slow.

Use of (b) colors: red and green indicating if it’s safe to jump in the train. These measurements will avoid the undesired collision with other pedestrians and make a more efficient mobilization through the station.

Another example of useful information is: , -e.g. “10 seconds for the train to Eindhoven to departure, if you are reading this you can make it”-. This message would be prompt right below the number of platform •

MANAGING TRANSITION

Technology behind the components •

Harvest energy tiles works based on piezoelectric effect, this is due to properties of ceramic materials that under stress generates an electric field which on certain arrange would conduct the current on specific way to gather it and rectify it.

•

Modern screens with low energy consumption: Use of high efficiency organic led technologies are suggest and will give the commuters a sustainable and high tech experience, giving them a pro-environment feeling.

REFERENCES

[1] Kline (1985). Research, Invention, Innovation and Production: Models and Reality.

168

MASTER THESIS

129

Continuous Pitch System for Vertical Axis Wind Turbines 1

B. H. Salka & I. Arduin

2

1

2

DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark DTU Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark

Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT) is a great alternative to the more advanced Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT) due to their simpler construction and independence of wind direction. However the VAWTâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s come with three major downsides: 1) They are unable to startup by themselves, 2) They are less efficient than HAWT, 3) The loads on the blades vary dramatically as the rotor rotates, causing rapid fatigue problems. During the spring semester of 2015 we have developed a concept for an electromechanical system that helps to solve all of these three problems. This is done by means of a pitch system for the rotor blades â&#x20AC;&#x201C; we call it the Continuous Pitch System (CPS) and plan to do a combined master thesis on this project.

CONCEPT

INTRODUCTION

CPS is meant to be implemented on VAWT with straight vertical blades, which is the default setup for VAWT. The purpose of the system is to continuously change the pitch of each individual blade as they rotate around the tower. When the pitch is changed, this changes the angle of attack of the wind, thus altering the direction and magnitude of the aerodynamic loads. This can be used to operate the turbine in three different modes: Startup mode: The blades are pitched in such a manner that the rotor torque is optimized at low rotor speeds (low tip speed ratio).

Maximum power mode: When the turbine is running at moderate wind speeds the blades are pitched to maximize electrical power output.

Minimum wear mode: At high wind speeds the blades are pitched in order to minimize the oscillating aerodynamic forces, and hence limiting structural fatigue.

Despite having multiple functions the system is actually mechanically quite simple and can even operate completely passively.

FREE STYLE

HOW IT WORKS

The initial testing of the system is done by purely using simulations. So far a simplified simulation has been done, using a much idealized uniform wind. This simulation showed very positive results, for example power increments of up to 60 %. Right now we are working on a vortex-code in order to make the aerodynamically simulations more realistic. After this step the plan is to design and build an actual scale-model prototype of a VAWT with CPS implemented, and then test this prototype in the field and in a wind tunnel.

PRELIMINARY CONCLUSION

Though still in the early development stages, the CPS project seems like a very promising concept with great potential to improve the efficiency, lifespan and versatility of VAWT. The development and testing of the prototype will greatly depend on the amount of funds available.

169

ENERGY FROM WIND, SUN, WATER & OTHER

METHODS OF TESTING

MASTER THESIS

130

Development of Alternative Diesel Oxidation Catalysts 1

Henrik Teglborg 2 2,3 Supervisors: Prof. Anker Degn Jensen , Prof. Weigang Lin , 2 2 Postdoc Martin Høj , PhD Thomas Klint Hansen 1

2

SDC – Sino Danish Center for Education and Research DTU – Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark 3 IPE – Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Emissions, smog and pollutants are under strict regulation worldwide, which requires the manufacturers of emitting equipment to take precautionary steps to meet emission regulation standards. For diesel engines, a series of catalytic units is used to treat the exhaust gas, see figure 1. An important unit in the diesel exhaust aftertreatment system is the Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC), which oxidizes CO and unburnt hydrocarbons to CO2.

The DOC is commonly a 1% platinum on aluminum oxide (1wt.% Pt/Al2O3), possibly with some Palladium. The use of noble metals makes the DOC an expensive aftertreatment component. An effective/efficient use of the noble metals is therefore important for the development of the DOC both in terms of effectiveness, economy and environmental aspect.

POSTER

CONCEPT

INTRODUCTION

1

Figure 1: An example of the standard diesel exhaust aftertreatment system1.

(R. M. Heck, R. J. Farrauto, and S. T. Gulati, Catalytic air pollution control: commercial technology. John Wiley & Sons, 2012.)

EXPERIMENTAL WORK

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

To get a better understanding on the effects of Pt dispersion, a series of 1 wt.% Pt/Al2O3 catalysts have been developed with varying Pt particle sizes to analyze the CO oxidation.

The catalysts were prepared by varying calcination atmosphere and/or subsequent aging with varied duration and temperature. The prepared catalysts were tested for CO oxidation in a gas flow reactor for varying temperatures and in humid environment.

RESULTS

Preliminary results show that lower dispersion (25%) can be achieved by using a pretreatment with higher temperatures (750°C) and longer exposure time (12-48 hours) in nitrogen gas. If higher dispersion is desired it is recommended to use lower temperatures (550°C) and using simulated atmosphere consisting of nitrogen, oxygen(10%) and water (3%). All versions obtained a desired full conversion from CO to CO2 with varying light-off temperatures favoring a high pretreatment temperature.

170

MASTER THESIS

Donkey Republic

131

A. Frederiksen Copenhagen Business School Donkey Republic is bike-share startup geared to improve mobility in urban areas. Using its proprietary smart lock, the company offers shared bikes (Donkeys) to commuters, urban residents and tourists in the palm of their hands.

Donkey Republic aims to provide a global service with a single global brand. It aims to achieve this by not only providing the technology to operate, but also the know-how and operational experience in procuring, maintaining and redistributing bicycles. We will manage each of these with utmost support of our IT platform and crowdsourcing and outsourcing to local partners where possible.

CONCEPT

The fundamental disruption Donkey Republic brings to the already ~1million large bike share market is financial sustainability without (public) subsidies and no need for permits from authorities to start operations. Donkey Republic focuses on bringing bike share back to basics and keep the cost of both the bikes and the sharing technology on the bikes to a minimum.

MANAGING TRANSITION

Users are able to find, reserve and rent bicycles via their Donkey App. They will use the same App and single registration for any city with Donkey operations (as with Uber). In order to sign up with Donkey Republic, users will download the free Donkey App to their smartphone. They will need to define payment method and agree to our terms of service.

One critical condition is that users will be penalized an amount which will be blocked on their payment card, if they do not return the bicycles.

Shops with service agreement will maintain donkey bikes. Redistribution of Donkeys will prioritize reliance on user community via incentives, and if this is not enough, will be outsourced to businesses that have idle capacity for moving bicycles around.

Donkey systems will grow globally via franchise operators. However, from customers point of view, the service standard and the brand providing the service does not change.

FREE STYLE

Donkey Republic offers simple, convenient and financially self-sustainable shared bikes. At the center of our solution is a smart lock that is mounted on Donkey bikes, which are operated by Donkey Apps.

171

MASTER THESIS

132

Enabling Sustainable Fish Farming Lasse Emil Johnsen and Michael Ă&#x2DC;lund DTU Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

AQUACULTURE PAINS AND CHALLENGES

POSTER

CONCEPT

The increase in global population will result in a significant increased demand for animal food sources. One of the most sustainable food sources comes from the Atlantic salmon, illustrated in Table 1.

Cows Chicken Feed conversion rate (kg feed/edible meat) 4-10 2,2 Carbon footprint (kg CO2/kg edible meat) 30 4,4 Water consumption (l/kg edible meat) 15.400 4.300 Table 1 - Environmental impact of food sources

Salmon 1,2 2,9 1.400

The aquaculture industry is facing several challenges with the current fish farming operations that are hampering expansion: Limited sheltered areas for sites cause bad water conditions and no opportunity for expansion Sea lice and diseases caused by bad water quality and fish density in the nets Contamination of water and sea floor due to stationary water Fish escapes cause legal fines of up to 20 mio. NOK Most of the issues could be overcome by relocating the sites to open sea, which would enable much cleaner, bigger and sustainable farming facilities, but unfortunately the stronger sea currents bring along a series of other issues: The load on equipment is significantly increased with greater risk of damage Repair of damaged equipment is more expensive in open sea Greater risk of more fish escaping due to damaged equipment Insurance policy dictates visual inspections of nets

SOLUTION

A novel polymer optical fiber sensor system will help overcome the issues of relocating to offshore fish farms. The novel sensor will be embedded in nets, moorings and top rings and will enable: Real time monitoring of stress, temperature and wear on the equipment Early warning functionality to prevent fish escape Documentation of equipment damages for insurance claims This solution will have significant climate impact by enabling production expansion of one of the most sustainable sources of animal protein. In addition, enabling relocation of fish farms also results in protection of the natural marine flora and the wild salmon.

STATUS

WATER

Pig 3 5,9 6.000

We are currently in dialogue with two market leading aquaculture equipment manufacturers.

Both companies believe that by utilizing these novel sensors they can offer significant value to their customers, fish farm operators, and solve their unaddressed challenges and pains.

At the moment no commercial sensor systems are capable of addressing these critical challenges and pains in the aquaculture industry.

172

173

ENERGY FROM WIND, SUN, WATER & OTHER

POSTER

CONCEPT

MASTER THESIS

133

MASTER THESIS

134

Green Light Optimal Speed Advisory for Cyclists (GLOSAC) C. G. Larsen DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark

LAPTOP

CONCEPT

INTRODUCTION

Copenhagen is one of the most cycle friendly cities in the world. The city use a lot of resources to build and change physical infrastructure to favour cyclists in the traffic. The main goal here is to get even more people to choose the bike over cars, trains and buses.

Reasons for doing that include reduced environmental impact and improved public health.

This project reverse the solution space and focus on what the cyclist can change instead of changing expensive road hardware. By informing the cyclist about the phases of the upcoming traffic lights so advise can be given about optimal speed to catch the next green light, the project aims to reduce travel time and/or effort and improve the biking experience in any city around the globe.

THEORY

Traffic lights can roughly be categorized in two groups 1. light is controlled by predefined programs and the current program is selected according to the day of week and time of day 2. light is traffic actuated so it is able to extend and alter the duration of phases as a result of input from sensors detecting queues, incoming buses, pedestrians, et cetera.

This project focus mainly on getting optimal speed recommendations on the first category of lights. This has never been done before, as these light are not controlled centrally and communication about phases and durations can not be done without major investments.

The next generation of second category lights will soon see APIs and the Municipality of Copenhagen is starting up a pilot project to investigate the potential with these light, but as the majority of lights is from the first category, these has to be connected to the GLOSAC system as well.

METHOD

The main component in realising the GLOSAC system is the cyclistâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mobile phones. The mobile phone acts as both sensors and as consumers to finally show the user the optimal speed informations. First iteration of the system take advantage of time tables handed out by the Municipality of Copenhagen. The second iteration investigate how well the system could scale to other cities only by letting users act as sensor and not relay on traffic light information from authorities. The task here is to auto detect traffic lights from movement pattern recognition on cyclists, learn the changing phases and synchronise these phases each day.

TRANSPORT

IMPACT

Preliminary field-tests show reduced travel speed on a training course. User studies show that cyclists have a perception of getting better through the traffic, thus enjoying their ride more. These effects of the GLOSAC system should hopefully make the old-fashioned bike a little smarter and contribute to the movement from motor vehicles towards pedal powered means of transport in any city - to the benefit of the environment and public health!

174

MASTER THESIS

135

Health effects as driver for the use of LEDs J. Hildebrandt & E. Opøien DTU Photonics, Technical University of Denmark

INTRODUCTION

LEDs are known to be the typical choice when you want energy efficient lighting. But in fact LEDs can provide much more than just energy savings - They can improve your life. The goal of this project is to use the health effects that can be achieved with LEDs as a Driver for public institutions and facilities to invest in new more sustainable LED light sources.

Several studies have recently proven that the light intensity and the color/hue of light greatly impact your health. And this is where the LEDs get into the picture, as they provide a perfect platform to precisely control these parameters.

It is specifically the blue light that is interesting, as it is proven that it is the most potent wavelength on the cells in the eye. By exposing your eye to blue light you will suppress your production of melatonin (sleep hormone) while stimulating your production of serotonin (“happiness” hormone”).

Below is a list of health and psychological effects that potentially can be achieved by conscious control and selection of your light source.

Prevention of depression (especially SAD) Increased of quality of sleep Increased short-term memory Increased learning Prevention of dementia

METHOD

To achieve the goal of this project, a literature study was made to map out the potential health effects of light. This was then combined with a user research to understand how the knowledge of the health effects could be leveraged to the needs from a specific user. A lamp design is then suggested to the chosen user that will contribute to an energy efficient and sustainable future, while fulfilling his health requirements.

LAPTOP

-

CONCEPT

THEORY

RESULTS

CONCLUSION

The goal was partly achieved, as the nursing home is considering further investments in energy efficient LED lighting with health effects.

175

MANAGING TRANSITION

Nursing homes was selected as the user, since they had the most benefits from the health effects. A concept and prototype was presented and approved by a nursing home to be tested for further trials.

MASTER THESIS

136

LCA on energy carriers for road transport in Denmark C. F. Brams and L. S.Skau DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark

CONCEPT

To decrease the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transport sector, the Renewable energy directive (Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009) sets a target for incorporation of 10% renewable fuels by 2020. In Denmark this is obtained by addition of biofuels to conventional petrol and diesel, making bioethanol and biodiesel increasingly important energy carriers. To quantify the environmental performance related to the production and use of these fuels, life cycle assessments (LCA) modelling tools are needed for best approximation.

This project builds two models in the LCA software EASETECH; one for production of bioethanol from wheat straw, and one for production of biodiesel from rapeseeds. The advantages of modelling biofuel production in EASETECH compared to SimaPro and GaBi, are that it is mass and energy balanced which enables the flows of substances and energy to be tracked all the way through the model. This also entails that the model automatically will recalculate the output if any change in substrate composition or process efficiencies are made. Compared to the other commercial softwares, this allows for greater transparency in the modelling, which is often a lacking quality in LCAs on biofuels.

LAPTOP

The biodiesel model, which apply production of dedicated energy crops, includes the impacts of indirect land use change (iLUC). This results in a more comprehensive and complete assessment, since iLUC is often not accounted for, but is a large contributor to GHG emissions.

Six scenarios are created for an LCA on the biofuels, as the co-products from the systems have different utilisation possibilities. The main processes and steps in the models that contribute to environmental savings and burdens are identified and evaluated. The environmental performance of the two energy carriers is compared to their fossil alternative, petrol and diesel. The overall assessment gives rise to rank the fuels as 1) production of 2nd generation bioethanol and 2) production of 1st generation biodiesel.

The outcome of the ranking was expected, due to the difference in classification of the substrates used i.e. energy crops for production of 1st generation biodiesel and waste crops for production of 2nd generation bioethanol.

TRANSPORT

The focus is on GHG gas savings, assessed in CO2-eq., but other impact categories in the LCA methodology shows burdens when producing the biofuels. However, as the political agenda is to lower the CO2-emissions and to curb global warming, this is a necessary tradeoff.

The production demand of bioethanol and biodiesel in 2020 is estimated to be 15 PJ in total.

13% of Denmarkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s arable land is needed to fulfil the demand for straw for bioethanol production and 6% correspondingly for cultivation of rape for biodiesel production. As wheat production currently occupies 25% of the arable land and rape cultivation occupies 6%, it is possible to reach the production of 15 PJ by use of Danish biomass.

176

MASTER THESIS

Promoting Environmental and Social Responsibility with Smartphones

137

A. Chr. Petersen DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark

With regards to the app itself, the features for a minimum viable product have been identified in cooperation with a series of relevant stakeholders. At this time of writing, several of the aforementioned features are implemented and once the last few things fall into place, testing will commence.

Other, non-technology, issues such as involving staff and convincing them of the benefits on their behalf, such as the potential of students helping clearing the tables, or simply that of being socially and environmentally responsible, are also being looked into.

While the scope of this project is contained to food wasted from events held at the Technical University of Denmark, the problem is, at its core, possibly also relevant in other similar contexts globally. Not only at other teaching institutions, but practically anywhere where attendees are provided food at various events. But again, this is not within the immediate scope of this project.

177

LAPTOP

The main challenge of the solution proposed, and what makes the problem technologically applicable, will be to conveniently, effectively and instantaneously invite the students to come and consume leftovers, the moment they are made available. The key to fulfilling these ambitions will be to develop a smartphone app with which hosts, or other staff at events, will announce the leftover meal opportunities. The students that are to be invited, must also have the app installed and will then receive notifications for such leftover meal opportunities that are relevant to their location and possibly other filters.

The need for instantaneousness comes mainly from the fact that such leftover meals are only available for a particular window of time. This time constraint comes not only from events usually having a fixed time at which they conclude, but also from regulatory constraints that specify for how long food will be safe to eat before spoiling. Such considerations also attest to the promise of a smartphone app being a well-suited starting point for the solution proposed, seeing as features for tracking time and managing who are invited are easily implemented â&#x20AC;&#x201C; just to name a few benefits.

MANAGING TRANSITION

Every day, various events are held at the Technical University of Denmark where food and drinks are served for the attendees. Due to difficulties in estimating how much food will be consumed at such events, secretaries, or other staff responsible for ordering the food, usually err on the side of caution and order a little too much, rather than a little too less. Due to regulatory constraints as well as issues of practicality and convenience, excess food from such event is often thrown out, ultimately resulting in significant amounts of food wasted.

This project proposes a potential solution to the issue of food wasted from such events, by simply inviting students, who are already in the immediate vicinity of events where leftovers would otherwise be thrown out, to come and consume those leftovers.

CONCEPT

ABSTRACT

MASTER THESIS

138

Shared Space in Public Real Estate through Service Design Sofie Krøigaard Smed DTU Management, Technical University of Denmark

CONCEPT

INTRODUCTION

Danish municipalities’ economy is under economical pressure, and at the same time a lot of the municipalities have a challenge with public real estate, which is not used in an efficient manner. These years, the Danish society focuses a lot on sustainability, which is reflected in the strategies and policies the municipalities run with. Many municipalities have never had a strategy for public real estate, and now that they are forced to address the issue due to economical pressure and sustainable goals, a lot of the municipalities do not have a method for addressing the issue.

METHOD

The project has followed a pilot project in Lundtofte to study an example on how shared space can be implemented in public estate to optimize the use of public real estate.

Lundtofte is a part of Lyngby-Taarbæk municipality in Denmark north from Copenhagen, and the pilot project looked at nine buildings and 12.660 m2 including a school at 7.120 m2.

During the project the municipality focused on public participation which they got a positive response on. The case study was analysed as a service design method with the four steps: 1. Observe and listen, 2. Develop scenarios, 3. Testing the new service, 4. Design briefing.

RESULTS

BUILDINGS AND CITIES

POSTER

The project in Lundtofte ended with a scenario, where up to five of the public buildings were to be sold and the municipality would then have a decrease of square meters in Lundtofte by up to 24 %.

CONCLUSION

The case study shows service design can be used for improving a service offered by a municipality within facilities management. The project end up presenting seven focus areas which will give a successful process for a municipality, which wish to use shares space in public real estate.

1. Strategy for public real estate in the municipality 2. The motivation for using shared space 3. What to share and how to share 4. The level of service – general or tailor-made 5. How to involve the citizens 6. Keep the public involved and informed throughout the length of the project 7. Observe and listen, scenarios, test and design briefing By using service design and following the seven focus areas, which uses shared space in public real estate, the use of the real estate will be optimized, thus the amount of estate can be decreased which will reflect in a decrease in the energy consumption and operational costs. Furthermore, shared space can support social responsibility by letting different groups of the society interact. It will result in an improved service which supports public participation in society and all together it will support the sustainable development in the municipality.

178

GREEN CHALLENGE COMMENTS

”It was interesting to be a part of the jury. As a student member of the jury I got an interesting look into green ideas in other study directions. We supported each other in regards to the voting and interviewing the Green Challenge participants. In general I remember the great atmosphere.”

Student – judge

”The general atmosphere was perfect, no real competition, a lot of fun with our project neighbour. The speeches were fun. Beers, barbecue and to spend time with people we met during the day.”

Student – Green Challenge participant

“The amount of outstanding and accomplished people participating and judging in the event was excellent, and inspired me with many new ideas and brought new friendships. That was the priceless reward of the event.”

Student – Green Challenge participant

Sustainability and climate change are high on the global agenda.

Engineers play a central part in a sustainable development of society.

Engineers from DTU can and must continue to contribute to the development of technological solutions that respond to the global challenges. Therefore DTU has initiated GRĂ&#x2DC;N DYST. www.groendyst.dtu.dk

Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej 1, Tel. 45 25 25 25, E-mail: dtu@dtu.dk, www.dtu.dk