Landscape Portfolio_ Elephant and Castle Urban Forest_Duanjuan Li_2012

URBAN FOREST

Totur: Steve Terry, Saruhan Mosler, Tim Waterman

Dissertation- Comprehensive Design Project

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ECOLOCIAL DESIGN

URBAN ECOLOGY

Elephant and Castle Urban Forest

Location: Elephant and Castle, Southwark, London SE17.

Design Rationale: Sustainable Drainage System (SuDS); ecological design; urban agriculture, and sustainable living systems

Design Concept: Trees as a metaphor for memory Size: 1.26 hectare Site Context Originally, Elephant and Castle was founded as two prosperous villages, Walworth and Newington, surrounded by market gardens, ¿HOGV DQG RSHQ PDUVKODQG 7KH VLWH LV VLWXDWHG ZLWKLQ (OHSKDQW DQG &DVWOH ZKLFK LV GRPLQDWHG E\ URDGV WKH $ DQG $ 7KHVH URDGV VHUYH WKH WUDI¿F ÀRZ ERWK ORFDO DQG LQWHUQDWLRQDO The pre-existing 1970’s housing estate- The Heygate Estate once provided approximately 1200 residential units within several apartment buildings of up to 12 stores in height. The Heygate Estate was designed to offer a utopian ideal where communal OLYLQJ SURYLGHG D VRFLDO KXE IRU WKRVH ZKR EHFDPH WKH ¿UVW WR EHQH¿W IURP WKH SRVW ZDU ZHOIDUH VWDWH +RZHYHU GXH WR D UDQJH RI DUFKLWHFWXUH DQG VSDWLDO ÀDZV OHDGLQJ WR SRRU VHFXULW\ ORZ HQHUJ\ HI¿FLHQF\ DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO LVVXHV WKH +H\JDWH (VWDWH LV QRZ under demolition.

Design Goal: The initial aims for the comprehensive design project ‘Eco-city’ strategy, which is about rebuilding cities and towns on ecological principles for the long term sustainability, cultural vitality and health of earth’s biosphere, example of an inbuilt model of ‘Eco city in Tianjin, China’. The ecological design theory continually drives the design philosophy and goal which is to concern the citizen LQ HYHU\ FRPPXQLW\ LQ HYHU\ FLW\ WRZQ DQG YLOODJH LV VLJQLÂżFDQW ZKLFK LQYROYHG LQ IRUPXODWLRQ DQG UHDOL]DWLRQ RI QHZ ODQG XVH and transportation policies and practises, preserving agricultural lands and open space, and retrieving natural habitat (Ecocity builders, 2011).

Ecological Design Based on the knowledge and interest of ecological design principle, this comprehensive design project was selected with consideration of regenerative urban context in mind. An urban forest in London Elephant and Castle, it currently under the 1.5billion regeneration project, the site provides a great opportunity to explore the new approach on how ecological design can apply to urban forest regeneration sustainable with cultural identity?

Beyond ‘Sustainablity’ The ecological design goes beyond what is ‘sustainable’ aiming not only to maintain status for future generation, but to improve upon the biological integrity of existing conditions. It spires to generate resilience in the face of inevitable future environmental disturbances, leading a dynamic stability to both human and non-human communities. Especially, ecological design offers opportunities to enrich biodiversity work with natural process, stimulate natural systems to become self-sustaining and regenerative resources for continued use of human and other species.

Site Analysis

Site Issues:

Diagrams

Light availability: Within the proposed masterplan, a range of tower block housing is proposed range to 24meter to 111 meter in height.

Between these 11 courtyard gardens, the planned houses shade will limit sunlight levels for garden, and wind tunnel effect may occur.

Green spaces

Transportation

Creating green space networks to form an ecological green corridor across London

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Pedestrian routes

Cycle routes

User friend pedestrian route that helps to improve a walk able and safe neighborhood

New cycle routes through the site, to promote a more safe and convenience environment for cyclist.

Views

Stormwater collection

Using both existing and proposed avenues of trees to frame the views that represent the landscape character

Sustainable Drainage System design that collect surface water runoff and purify the water to be used on the site.

Trees: There are 447 mature Platanus x acerifolia (London plane tree) s on site and forms an ‘Urban Forest’. These are extremely important resource to be kept, not only for their environmental EHQHÂżW EXW DOVR FXOWXUDO DQG ORFDO LGHQWLWLHV IRU WKH UHPDLQLQJ and new residents. The mature London plane trees will also cast shadow in leaf on the site and reduce should amount shade on the site and reduce light levels, therefore the removal of some of the mature trees of the site to introduce more light to the site as well as adding other species tree to improve ecological values.

Elephant and Castle Shopping Centre

Local Retails shops

BSc (Hon) Landscape and Garden Design

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Heygate Estate Residents Victory Primary School

Neighbourhood residents

User groups: A mixture of user groups that need to be considered throughout WKH GHVLJQ SURFHVV ZKHUH DOO XVHUV VKRXOG EHQHÂżW IURP WKH design, i.e. economic growth, social connection and health and wellbeing environment. The heavy usage of the site will affect the plant selections and increase the maintenance loads.

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Context and Concept design development Duan Juan Li

Design Aspiration “Trees, our mute companions, lo looming through the winter mist fro from the side of the road, lit for a moment in passing by the car’s headlamps: Ash and Oak, Chestnutand Yew; witnesses, huge mild beings who suffer the consequence of sharing our planet and cannot move away from any evil we subject them to, whose slient absolution hides the scars of our sins, who always forgive-yet still assume the attributes of judges, not victims�.

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of varying scale and character accommodate a range of uses and activities that will be

Fainlight’s poem interpret trees as wise and trusty living organisms, they witness landscapes and people growing and changing through time. The inspirational concept of this project is using ‘The Tree’ as a metaphor to represent past, present and future. The tree illustrates time and space, changing with the seasons and as an indicator of climate. They make a contribution to people, environment and landscape character. The existing plane trees are strongly linked with local people who have grown alongside these trees, and are part of their memory. By enhancing the existing tree structure to become an ecologically diverse urban forest where a range of trees and other plant layers combine with water.

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attractive through the changing seasons. Any trees removed from the site will be reused on the site, as seats or sculptural elements, to prolong the tree’s longevity in a different way.

The Living System

Creating for a vibrant sustainable community which reconnects the existing community, a place create by community for community.

Concept Development

Elephant and Castle Progression

Past

No vegetation

London plane trees within private space

BSc (Hon) Landscape and Garden Design

Duan Juan Li

Present

Future

Reconnecting local street tree networks

Elephant and castle’s society and economy was thriving during 1970s and 1980s

The Heygate Estate: 1970s failed utopian ideal communities.

Reclaiming a new sustainable landscape and thriving communities.

Poor green amenity and living conditions

447 London Plane trees form as urban forest patches.

A cohesive landscape meets the environmental social and economical needs.

Initial Sketch Design

Concept to Form

1

The forms was generated from the concept- ‘ The Living System’, the idea of tree grows from the past, present to future, the expression of prolong the tree’s longevity in a different way drive the design from the beginning.

The initial design form was inspired by London plane tree’s three key FRPSRQHQWV 6HHG /HDYHV DQG ÀRZHU

Market Square

Working from the concept form that replicated the essence of the London plane trees on the site, the more architectural form also considered within the design process to communicate the idea across with clarity. The form is testing against the spatial, environmental and physiological factors.

2

Open Space

Design Considerations: Sustainability: ‡

Local neighbourhood and food growing

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Glassland and biodiversity

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Minimise inputs of materials and energy

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Maximise outputs of renewable and reuseable resources

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Rainwater haresting

Leisure space

Social Environment:

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Foster the sense of ownership and stewardship

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by using plane tree as fabric of the communites.

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Wide range of recreational and educational

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spaces for community gathering

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User friendly and easy access circulation routes

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Job opportunities and increase local economy

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BSc (Hon) Landscape and Garden Design

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Ecological approaches: ‡

Creating Eco-corridor

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Rainwater harvesting

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Intergration of urban agriculture

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Existing tree retaintion

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Use of local and Reused materials

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Native plantings

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Naturalistic Space

Productive Space

Form Development to Sketch Design

Reclaim the harmony in Heygate Estate via connecting the trees

Pre-existing trees connections that represent the historical

Human movements and tree connections merged into one

The architectural approaches to this form where it replicate and

and celebrate the prestigious existence.

settlement of Heygate Estate.

cohesive circulation throughout the site.

intersecting the 70s Modernism Heygate Estate structure.

Form Development: The forms continuously developing from the concept -’Tree are essence of this landscape’. Trees planted in Heygate Estate in 1970s, was intended to form as a tree communities, which purify the air, noise and pollutions.

However due to the demolition of this regeneration project, many trees are due to be removed to allow the residential buildings to be built. The existing plane trees are strongly linked with local people who have grown alongside these trees, and are part of their memory. Reconnecting the tree Strategic and desire routes that connect to surrounding street networks.

communities by creating linkage between trees, frame view and focal points etc.

1

Initial site Functional diagram 2 1

Market Square Multifunctional spaces for both market trade and large and small retails to accommodate.

2

Open spaces Open lawn spaces for all; it is a transition

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point between market square and the

linkage, that creates physical elements to direct people through

forest edge.

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the site.

Forest Higher density trees and layer plantings are propose to form a urban woodland that encourage the biodiversity.

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Water SuDS systemwater collection and plant SXULÂżFDWLRQ RQ WKH VLWH WKDW DOORZV ZDWHU WR be reused and enjoyed.

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Urban agriculture Local growing activities and educational

Revised from the initial sketch design, where the functions of the spaces is highlighted.

programmes.

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Elephant and Castle Urban Forest Masterplan

Design Principles: 12

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Detail Area Plan

Design Visualisations

This scheme aims to create a sustainable forest plant community that contribute high ecological and aesthetic value.

Productive Landscape: Urban Orchard

Flora carpet The existing London plane tree has been retained its character and link to the past.

This young forest is design to improve the biodiversity and bring people closed to wild

BSc (Hon) Landscape and Garden Design

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nature within the urban context.

Living streets and Waterscape Sunset view from residential block overlooking the forest, high density of usage enlivens the space with encouraging social engagement with the landscape.

Planting Strategy

Winter Mist Autumn Profusion Summer Tapestries Spring Enchantment

Suggested Plant Lists: Anemone hupehensis Aquilegia canadensis Dicentra canadensis Geranium ‘Buxton Blue’ Hyacinthoides non-scripta Iris pseudacorus Liriope muscari Mertensia virginica Nepeta cataria Phlox stolonifera ‘Ariane’ Stylophorum diphyllum Tiarella cordifolia 7ULOOLXP JUDQGLÀRUXP Adiantum pedatum

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Matteuccia struthiopteris /LTXLGDPEDU VW\UDFLÀXD Prunus Padus Albertii

Forest Scenery

Elephant and Castle Urban Forest

Construction Detailing Report

Author: Duan Juan Li (98321696) Assignment Title: Assignment B- Hard and Soft Landscape Detaiiling Module Title: Detail Design Applications Module Code: H0460063 Tutor: Richard Romang Word count: 1500 Date: 11th May 2012

Contents

Introduction

Introduction

2

Project Overview

3

Construction Detail Sections

4

1-4 Vertical Detail 1 - General Applications - Design Context - Design Criteria - Technical Design & Specifications

5-7

1-4 Horizontal Detail 2 - General Applications - Design Context - Design Criteria - Technical Design & Specifications

8-10

1-4 Soft Landscape Detail 3 - General Applications - Design Context - Design Criteria - Technical Design & Specifications

11-13

Conculsion

14

Reference

14

Appendix 1-2

15-16

DUAN JUAN LI (98321696) Landscape and Garden Design

This report is aim to illustrate complex construction details within the landscape design project- Elephant and Castle Urban Forest. It’s delivering relevant construction details to industry standard, by committing a comprehensive background information research. The report will also demonstrate the response for selecting materials and details in relation to the context of a specific site. Each construction details will be critically analysed and evaluated precedents and use of selected material in producing effective designs, with a clear and communicating graphic presentation, that constructor can understand the plan with ease.

The report have focused on research three construction areas indepth, where there will be analysd and justification their function, suitablity and aesthetic and environmental value: 1. Vertical Detail 2. Horizontal Detail 3. Soft Landscape Detail

2

Project Overview Phase 2: Hard Landscape Plan Project: Elephant and Castle Urban Forest Client: Lend Lease (Developer) Location: Heygate Estate, Elephant and Castle, Southwark Reference Number: W202012 Landscape Consultant: Ecoscape Studio The site dominated by roads that carry a lot of traffic from Europe and South London into the city centre, the site has designed to adapt SuDs (Sustainable urban Drainage system) to collect surface runoff and reuse the water on the site. Mixed use residential and commercial blocks have also proposed around the site thus consideration towards the suitability and functionality of materials are significant in both hard and soft landscaped areas. The overall material selection criteria will base on the hard wearing and long lasting, tolerance heavy pedestrian and cyclist usage, low maintenance, user and environmental friendly , as well as aesthetically pleasing.

Elephant and Castle urban forest ‘Phase 2 detailed plan’ (see figure 1),shows the sections lines (Figure 2 &3) that the three construction detail’s location on plan ant their surrounding context.

A1 B1

A B

Figure 1: Elephant and Castle urban forest phase 2 detail plan. The highlighted area on the plan has two section lines across, where the 3 types of detail construction detail will be evaluated in this report. Source: Li, 2012.

DUAN JUAN LI (98321696) Landscape and Garden Design

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Construction Detail Sections 1

A

A1 1-4 1 Vertical Detail The vertical detail: vertical Water rill, with natural rocks in between the pedestrian path to function as both physical and visual barrier. The vertical detail section will be analysed and evaluated in-depth in ‘NO:1.Vertical Detail’.

Figure 2 (above) and 3 (below): Section drawings of the site indicate the areas of contruction detailings. Source: Li, (2012).

2

B

1-4 2 Horizontal Detail The horizontal detail: Pedestrian Bridge meet the permeable paving with overflow water discharge pipe to control the risk of flooding. The horizontal detail section will be analysed and evaluated in-depth in ‘NO:2. Horizontal Detail’.

DUAN JUAN LI (98321696) Landscape and Garden Design

1-4 3 Soft Landscape Detail

B1

The soft landscape detail: woodland plants tolerant shade and damp conditions with seasonal interest. The soft landscape detail section will be analysed and evaluated in-depth in ‘NO:3. Soft Landscape Detail’.

4

1-4 1

Vertical Detail

General Applications: The general application of the vertical water rill, determined the materials and components that create the visual impact and safe to be install on the site. It will look at the materials that can complement the best for the design. It usually built as rigid structure as solid architecture pool in reinforced concrete(Figure 4) fibreglass reinforced plastic, natural stone, steel and masonry.

Concrete: Concrete is the most commonly used material used in the construction of many of the water features (figure 5). The concrete usually waterproofed mainly forms many of the features bases which house the features workings such as the pumps. Concrete is the best material for constructing the bases of the features due to its strength and durability. It can be formed into a variety of different shapes and sizes without losing it strength. Concrete itself is long lasting a will outlive the feature itself.

Figure 4: THE ALLURE OF RILLS, reinforce concrete architectural rill. Source:

Figure 5: Rain garden, 2012. Concrete Rill. Source:

Jillywelch, 2012.

Telegraphy, 2012.

Design Context: The design of the curved water rill with waterfall aims to create a formal feature that reflects the surrounding urban architectural environment. The water feature also designed to incorporate with SuDs system on the site, where rain and surface water will be collected and transport the central retention pond via swales, and release the water or celebrate this resource in a high aesthetic and practical way.

Safety Consideration: The design also considered the use of material, finishes and incorporation of ambient lighting sources, to meet both functional and conceptual purpose (figure 6,7). The safety contextual factors have also considered, the feature can be utilised both during the day and the evening. It used medium to large natural rocks next to the edge of the rill, which act as both visual and physical barriers.

Figure 6: Waterfall in urban context with lighting feature which added aesthetic

Figure 7. Urban Waterfall within enclosed environment

value to the landscape. Source: Innovation, 2012.

provided greater social interactions. Source: Improvement thouse, 2012.

DUAN JUAN LI (98321696) Landscape and Garden Design

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1-4 1

Vertical Detail

Design Criteria t Aesthetics: designed to maximise the visual effect of the flowing water, incorporate lighting system to create a visual impact and encourage the site usage during night time. Colour selections of material are design to create contrast and harmony to the overall design scheme (figure 8,9). t Function: it utilised as part of the SuDs system on the site, where water release into the retention pond and discharge the overflow of the water back to water rill. It retained part of the edge of the retention pond. It allow people to view the feature from different areas, and accessible for people to interact with the water with care. t Technical: Design requires the corporation on pump system where water will source from the underground water storage to supply consistent flows of water. Lighting installation will also be placed for its high aesthetic value. t Environmental: should be cause no pollution to the water and biodiversity or surrounding landscape. t Durability: the selection of materials is hardwearing and durable with an extensive lifespan. t Cost Effectiveness: a designed to be build curved reinforced concrete rill by Hy-Ten, Uk, where high quality material will be used and the cost will be higher for it’s value.

Figure 8. The Curved Waterfall act as visual attraction as well as part of SuDS system water circulations, where interaction between people, plant and water is created. Source: Li, (2012).

Figure 9: Case Study: A waterfall that forms part of San Francisco’s Yerba Buena Gardens illustrates one of the elements of urban nature. The curved waterfall provides a strong visual impact for public. Source: Core, (2012).

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1-4 1

Vertical Detail

information Source: Zimmermann, 2008.

Notes: t Detail 6. 450 x 450 x 45mm cop, Drivesett Tegula Walling, Colour Traditional (TR) coursed laying pattern Coping is Drivesett Tegula in random pattern with a natural finish. Please see attached Appendix 1 Manufacture specification. t Detail 19. Curved formed reinforced concrete rill (60,000x1, 000x180mm) (Dowel Bar Cradles, Code: EJC180) Please see Appendix 1.1 manufacture specification for material details. t Detail 22. Rainwater storage tank, please see Appendix 1.2 produce information.

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1-4 2

Horizontal Detail

General Application The pedestrian bridges are particularly eye-catching elements that they can enhance the landscape characters. The general application of pedestrian bridge built for pedestrians and cyclists in or around an open public space significantly influence it’s appearance, the materials for the structure are usually built from timber, steel, cast iron, concrete, glass, bronze and cut stone; and different type of bridge structure are design to meet it’s loading capacity and usage rates (figure 10).

The case study (figure 11): The Sackler Crossing that the material- granite cut stone, the durability, high quality finish, easy maintenance and the great aesthetic value, is achieving a high standard bridge design. The chosen materials for this pedestrian bridge are influence by it, for its outstanding design and durability.

Design Context:

Figure 10: Bridge types: The selected bridge to be used is Cantilever bridge,

Figure 11: The Sackler Crossing , Kew Garden. Source: Architecture,

where the substantial loads are evenly spread across the structure.

2012.

Source: Severn bridge visitor centre, 2012.

The design form of the bridge is replicating the pre-existing London plane tree arrangement, where the curved bridge reclaimed the ethic of the space (figure 13). The design consideration of this pedestrian bridge is based on its visual impression with surrounding landscape; the loading capacity and its soil type on the site; the weight of traffic and usage.

The bridge is designed as cantilever bridge, that build over the SuDS retention pond with height of less than 1.5 meter, where provides access from market square and retail area to the floral carpet. It is an important transition element of the site which pushes people from the busy atmosphere, to a space people can sit down, relax and connect to nature. Therefore the materials selection for the bridge is highly durable, visually pleasant and efficiently functions (figure 12).

DUAN JUAN LI (98321696) Landscape and Garden Design

Figure 13: Sketch Figure 12: Top view to the bridge across the site. Source: Li, 2012.

view of the bridge.

Source: Li, 2012.

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1-4 2

Horizontal Detail

Design Criteria t Function: High traffic pedestrian bridge. No vehicular traffic. Should enhance landscape and landscape views. The bridge is design to be user friendly for all. t

Environmental: Should not cause any pollution to the water or surrounding landscape to prevent plant/ animal deaths.

t Technical: Design must appear minimalistic; main beams, abutÂŹments and fixings should not be visually apparent. Lighting needs to be incorporated for use at night. t Cost Effectiveness: The construction of the design will be build and construct on the site via bridge engineer- Balfour Beatty and Buro Happold.

Therefore the bridge will be cost higher than others, but with higher quality structure finish. t Durability: The design is to be a contemporary landmark that engages the past and future of the site, therefore the materials must be durable for an extensive period of time. t Aesthetics: the outlook of the bridge are simple, clean, crisp aesthetic.

Bronze uprights have reflective qualities that are similar to water in sunglight. it has a repetative uniform materials are legible. Coherent design allows the structure to be read clearly within the landscape. Simple repetition of elements allows a different visual story to be read from various angles. Material choice is high quality and very contemporary. (figure 14).

DUAN JUAN LI (98321696) Landscape and Garden Design

Figure 14: The bridge bird side view to the site with surrounding context. Source: Li, 2012.

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1-4 2

Horizontal Detail

information Source: Zimmermann, 2008.

Notes: t Bridge detail is specified by sub-contractor. The section above show how the bridge should be installed on the site and how it emerges with the permeable paving. t Permeable paving should be build to specificated document, Please see appendix 2 Permeable Paving specification for material details.

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1-4 3

Soft Landscape Detail

General Application The planting in the landscape is adding the excitement and atmosphere to the environment, and it’s providing significant environmental value to our planet.

Plant health is affected by various different factors. The most significant of these are the availability of nutrients, soil conditions, climatic condition, and competition pressures arising between different plant species (Zimmermann, 2008).

Figure 15: Woodland scenery, forest planting style. Source: Junker,

Forest planting Forest planting is groups of plants that tolerant low light, nutrients level and plant competition. Succession is part of the establishment and development of plant communities that lead to the four layers of plant selections- The emergent layer; the Canopy; the understory and the forest floor (figure 15, 16,17).

K, 2007.

Figure 16: Forest Layers system plantings. Source: Li, 2012.

Design Context: The existing London planes trees on the site has form as forest patches that designed to be kept and extensively regenerate a new forest to improve the ecological value and biodiversity, by adding more native plants and wildlife beneficial plants.

The selection of planting is established upon the suitability, architectural forms, colour interests and ecological benefit. The arrangement of the plants should also be based on forest layer system, which it will present a overall naturalistic forest succession scheme. The soil of the site is heavy clay with PH 7, which it should be loosened by adding sand or compost and the topsoil should be improved by adding humus.

Figure 17: Forest carpet imagery. Source: Elliot, 1998.

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Soft Landscape Detail

Design Criteria t Function: Sustainable plant communities should minimise the plant competition within the space. It acts as buffer from traffic noise from surroundings. It provides a more pleasant space for people to enjoy. t Environmental: the soft landscape contributes immense amount of benefit to the urban environment, it reduce the pollution, provide food for birds and improved urban green infrastructure. t Technical: SuDS system that takes the excess water away and transport into the retention and reuse to irrigated the plants on the site. t Cost Effectiveness: local plant nursery supply where plants should takes less time to establish than plants source from foreign nation. It also helps the local business growth and reduces the transportation cost for the planting t Durability: All selected plants should be hardy and quick to established to the site, plants should be take care for the first planting year (to the maintenance plan) in order to ensure the establishment of the plants are successful. t Aesthetics: the seasonal colour interest plants provides year around interest to the overall scheme. The evergreen architecture form plants (i.e. Ferns and Evergreen shrubs) giving the consist look to the forest throughout.

Figure 18: Forest regeneration, combine the mature to the young with harmony. Source: Li, 2012.

Figure 19-21: Forest planting scheme, where it has year around interest. Source: Junker, 2007.

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Soft Landscape Detail 10 years growth Notes: t Depend on the size of the pot, all planting bed should be prepared with twice the depth of the container pot and 2/3 of the spread for the herbaceous and shrubs. t The tree pit should be prepared twice the spread on the ground, and stake support is required. The tree truck should be 1.3mter above the ground.

information Source: Zimmermann, 2008.

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Conclusion This report demonstrates some complex construction details range from hard landscaping materials to planting materials. The first detailed section shows the transition between land and water, how water edge is retained for heavy pedestrian use. Additional services i.e. waters pump, lightings installation and how the design prevents the area from flood risk. The second detailed shows a cantilever bridge construction of the site and research from other case studies on how materials can complement the design idea in more practical way. The third section soft landscape detailing shows the importance of plant selection of their conditions (including soil, climatic condition, ph and hardiness), as well as how the initial preparation should be carry out to ensure a good plant health from start. Overall, to understand the construction detailing for each design should be considered at very early stage, in order to test the physic issue within the design.

DUAN JUAN LI (98321696) Landscape and Garden Design

Reference Zimmermann, A. (2011) Constructing landscape : materials, techniques, building elements. 2nd rev. edn. Basel; London: Birkh채user; Springer [distributor].

Figure List: Figure 1: Li. 2012. Construction drawings. [unpublished document] Writtle College, 10/05/2012.

Figure 2: Li. 2012. Construction drawings. [unpublished document] Writtle College, 10/05/2012.

Figure 3: Li. 2012. Construction drawings. [unpublished document] Writtle College, 10/05/2012.

Figure 4: Jillywelch, 2012. The allure of rills [www.document]http://jillywelch.wordpress.com/2011/11/24/ the-allure-of-rills/ (assessed 22/04/2012).

Figure 5: Rain garden, 2012. Concrete Rill. [www.document]http://www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/3343594/ Rain-gardens.html (assessed 22/04/2012).

Figure 6: Innovation. 2012. Night experience of urban waterfall. [www.document] http://tills-innovations. com/-c-94.html (assessed 10/05/2012).

Figure 7: Improvement thouse. 2012. Water feature. [www.document] http://improvementhouse.com/stainlesssteel-garden-water-features/. (assessed 10/05/2012).

Figure 8: Li. 2012. Construction drawings. [unpublished document] Writtle College, 10/05/2012.

Figure 9: Core. 2012. Waterfall in urban nature. [www.document] http://www.core.org.cn/OcwWeb/UrbanStudies-and-Planning/11-308JFall-2005/CourseHome/index.htm (assessed 10/05/2012).

Figure 10: Severn bridge visitor centre. 2012 Bridge types. [www.doument] http://www. severnbridgesvisitorcentre.org.uk/bridge_types.htm (assessed 11/05/2012).

Figure 11: Architecture. 2012. Sackler crossing.[www.document] http://www.architecture.com/Awards/ RIBAAwards/Winners2008/London/SacklerCrossing/SacklerCrossing.aspx (assessed 11/05/2012) Figure 12: Li. 2012.viusalisation drawings. [unpublished document] Writtle College, 10/05/2012.

Figure 13: Li. 2012. Construction drawings. [unpublished document] Writtle College, 10/05/2012.

Figure 14: Li. 2012. Construction drawings. [unpublished document] Writtle College, 10/05/2012.

Figure 15: Elliot, J. (1998) The Woodland Garden : A Guide to Shade-Loving Plants. Alpine Garden Society.

Figure 16: Junker, K. (2007) Gardening with woodland plants. Portland, Or: Timber.

Figure 17: Junker, K. (2007) Gardening with woodland plants. Portland, Or: Timber.

Figure 18: : Li. 2012.viusalisation drawings. [unpublished document] Writtle College, 10/05/2012. : Elliot, J. (1998) The Woodland Garden : A Guide to Shade-Loving Plants. Alpine Garden Society.

Figure 19: : Elliot, J. (1998) The Woodland Garden : A Guide to Shade-Loving Plants. Alpine Garden Society.

Figure 20: : Elliot, J. (1998) The Woodland Garden : A Guide to Shade-Loving Plants. Alpine Garden Society.

Figure 21: Elliot, J. (1998) The Woodland Garden : A Guide to Shade-Loving Plants. Alpine Garden Society.

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Appendix 1

Appendix 1.1

92

Complements Drivesett Tegula Block Paving beautifully, so perfect for your driveway wall

Products for Reinforced Concrete

Drivesett Tegula Walling, Traditional (TR) Coach House Hogsback Coping and Pier Cap, Heathland (HL)

Drivesett Tegula Walling, Cotswold (C) Heritage Coping, Yorkstone (Y) Installed by All Season’s Landscapes, Stockton-on-Tees

Drivesett Tegula Walling, Traditional (TR) coursed laying pattern Coping is Drivesett Tegula, Traditional (TR)

Bar Reinforcement Fabric Reinforcement Bamtec Slab Reinforcement Cold Reduced Wire Reinforcement Accessories Concrete Accessories

DUAN JUAN LI (98321696) Landscape and Garden Design

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Appendix 1.2

Appendix 2

Technical Details and Dimensions Tank Capacity

2,700 litre

3,750 litre

4,800 litre

6,500 litre

7,500 litre*

9,600 litre*

Length

2,080mm

2,280mm

2,280mm

2,390mm

Width

1,565mm

1,755mm

1,985mm

2,190mm

Height (including tank dome)

2,010mm

2,200mm

2,430mm

2,710mm

Height of tank dome

610mm

610mm

610mm

610mm

Internal ø of tank dome

800mm

800mm

800mm

800mm

Inlet depth

300mm

300mm

300mm

300mm

Weight

120kg

150kg

185kg

220kg

Groundwater

G Groundwater stable up to the middle of the tank** **If the ground water is above this please see details of our High Water Table System G Required earth covering of 800mm

13,000 litre*

*system comprises two underground tanks of equal size

*dimensions are for 2 x 3,750 litre tanks

*dimensions are for 2 x 4,800 litre tanks

*dimensions are for 2 x 6,500 litre tanks

Tank capacity

1,500 litre

3,000 litre

5,000 litre

7,500 litre

Length

2100mm

2450mm

2890mm

3600mm

Width

1250mm

2100mm

2300mm

2250mm

Height of tank shoulder

700mm

735mm

950mm

1250mm

Height of dome collar

315mm

315mm

315mm

315mm

ø inlet

650mm

650mm

650mm

650mm

ø tank dome

800mm

800mm

800mm

800mm

Weight

80kg

170kg

240kg

360kg

Groundwater - max immersion depth

700mm

735mm

950mm

1250mm

Pedestrian Loading Telescopic dome shaft with PP lid

Vehicle Loading Telescopic dome shaft with cast iron lid

Garden System

Home System

Mini pedestrian loading (supplied as standard) G Including PP cover with childproof lock G The tank is flush with the ground G For use with Home or Garden systems G Depth adjustable from 750mmâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;950mm earth covering above the tank G Can be titled by 5° G Colour: Grass green G Length: 360mm G H 388/< 77 G H 9?>/< 77 G */312> 51 G /312> 77

Maxi pedestrian loading (optional extra) G Including PP cover with childproof lock G The tank is flush with the ground G 9< ?=/ A3>2 97/ 9< +<./8 =C=>/7= G Depth adjustable from 750mmâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;1,050mm (Home & Garden)/950mm (HWT) earth covering above tank G Can be titled by 5° G Colour: Grass green G Length: 476mm G H 388/< 77 G H 9?>/< 77 G */312> 51 G /312> 77

Vehicle loading (optional extra) (HWT - Vehicle loading tank must be specified) G Class B cast iron cover G For use with Home or Garden systems G The tank is flush with the ground G Infinitely variable from 750mm-1,050mm earth covering over the tank G Length: 476mm G H 388/< 77 G Ă&#x2DC; outer: 850mm Filter G Filter integrated into the tank G 100% water yield G Inflow stilling system for controlling the water inflow G Overflow siphon and rodent guard G Spannfix pipe connection sleeve Filter G Self cleaning filter integrated into the tank G 95% water yield G Inflow stilling system for controlling the water inflow G Overflow siphon with rodent guard function G Spannfix pipe connection sleeve G Tank and filter overflow are connected to the sewer network with this filter package

Pump G Submerged suction pump G Floating water extraction unit G Water hose connection box G 10m pressure hose

Pump G Wall mounted within the property G Quiet running G Integrated dry running protection G Water supply control unit G Floating water extraction unit G DN 100 wall duct G 12m suction pipe - black and green G Dimensions 600 x 600 x 200mm

Any questions? Contact a member of our sales team | 0845 450 4818 | enquiries@wpl.co.uk

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