The Crusader

THE CRUSADER

22 NOVEMBER 2019

The Crusader The most reliable newspaper in Seoul Foreign British School.

The Endless War

A WAR. A WAR that no one knew would come.

The true impact of Cambodia-2 So, would you send your vulnerable teenager to a horrendous place like this? A place where you get mentally and physically broken?

Kim So, a 56 year old survivor, says, ‘I worked digging graves and burying the dead bodies of prisoners when the Khmer Rouge cadre had killed them… What I cannot really forget is the voice of one girl screaming as they were beating and sexually torturing her.’ Find out more inside.

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SCIENCE

TECHNOLOGY

FOOD

Ferocious insect eaters in Cambodia

Adaptation and technology in Cambodia

The fierce fight of the doughs: Sourdough vs.

Yeast

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Religion in Cambodia.

Hinduism or Buddhism Behind the Scenes of Chocolate

The truth of the actual chocolate.

Find the truth and expand your knowledge.

THE CRUSADERS

22 NOVEMBER 2019

Are prisons and killing fields suitable for 13-year-old students?

-By Yunjeong Choi Kim So, a 56 year old survivor, says, ‘I worked digging graves and burying the dead bodies of prisoners when the Khmer Rouge cadre had killed them… What I cannot really forget is the voice of one girl screaming as they were beating and sexually torturing her.’

So, would you send your vulnerable teenager to a horrendous place like this? A place where you get mentally and physically broken?

Adolescence on average, starts from age 9 to age 15, so our Year 9 students are in the middle of these two integers. ‘During the teen years,’ Dr. Hedaya, a clinical professor of psychiatry at the Georgetown University School of Medicine explains, ‘the teenager’s brain is being reshaped, and reconstructed.’ Teenagers that have started puberty have a different way of approaching sudden problems and solutions; they rashly make decisions, and their hormones convince them to take actions they would never take as an adult.’ Dr. Hedaya continues, ‘One of the important things to remember is that what a teen does and is exposed to during this critical time in life, has a large influence on the teen's future, because experience and current needs shape the pruning and sprouting process in the brain.’ Moreover, this evidence points out that visiting the prison and the killing fields would emotionally be a huge influence on our students, negatively and/or positively. Do the students, parents and teachers think that going to these traumatic, historical places was a good idea?

After all, the Year 9 students have lived a high-quality life without poverty, genocides and weapons. Whereas, according to the ‘World Population Review’, Cambodia has one of the lowest GDP per capita in 2019 (1,636 dollars), while the highest GDP per capita country (the United States of America) had a GDP per capita of 2

64,865 dollars. Furthermore, the TASSEL organization (a charity that funds Cambodian children to have a quality education) states that ‘82% of the population have no access to piped water’ and that ‘38%’ of Cambodian are left in inadequate care. So, was this trip a healthy and educational decision for the teachers to make? Were the 13-year-old students prepared for the brutal reality of Cambodia?

Chloe Han, a student in Year 9, says, ‘The prison and the killing fields was personally really disturbing. This experience could have caused trauma, and gave us a big impact to realize how rural Cambodia is, and how privileged we are occurring to Cambodian standards. Even if the hotels and food had a quality lower than South Korea, after visiting these places, we found out that we were lucky to even have this quality life in Cambodia.’

Gianna Park, another fellow traveller, contradicts, ‘I think visiting the prison and the killing fields was a good learning experience. Students should be aware of the past wars and victims to prevent the same situation in the future too.’ On the other hand, many other students agreed with Gianna, therefore tipping the scale of the negative to the positive side.

To go in more detail, the prison that Year 9 visited was one of the thousands of prisons in Cambodia. Called S21, this confinement held millions of prisoners, and was used for torturing, starving and mocking the few educated people of Cambodia. Nails were hit into prisoner’s throats to torment them and they were asked atrocious questions that were impossible to answer - which killed them if they didn’t reply. You were not allowed to cry, yell, or talk back to any of the guards - if you did, it was instant death. Even if you barely survived for months in this appalling prison, people were randomly chosen to be courted off on a truck to the Killing Fields, who never came back. Women and children were sexually raped, while the men were beaten, sometimes to death. Killing in the fields were done in various styles - hitting, slicing, impaling, cutting, and so many other gruesome details that could not be explained in words.

So would you send your vulnerable teenager to a horrendous place like this? A place unforgotten that is filled with blood, sweat, and tears?

Well, our parents did and I am grateful that they did. Even though it was a brutal experience, the brutality ensured that we will never allow history to repeat itself.

And that was worth the risk.

“KIM So's Testimony.” TPO Cambodia, tpocambodia.org/kim-sos-testimony/.

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“GDP per Country.” GDP Ranked by Country 2019, worldpopulationreview.com/countries/countriesby-gdp/ #:~:targetText=As%20per%20World%20Bank%20estimates,the%20world%20GDP%20was%203.6%2 5.

“The Teenager's Brain.” Psychology Today, Sussex Publishers, www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/healthmatters/201006/the-teenagers-brain.

One of the buildings that kept the skulls of the dead from the genocide.

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THE CRUSADERS

22 NOVEMBER 2019

The Endless War -By Eliza Hutchin Imagine a war. A war that no one knew about. A war that you couldn’t stop. What would you do. Hide away and let other people die. Or would you be like the Vietnam soldiers and try to save them?

The Khmer Rouge was a brutal government that took control of Cambodia during the 1970s. They murdered innocents if they thought they were classified as suspicious. Pol Pot (the leader of this group) oversaw the deaths of an estimated one to two million people from starvation, overwork or execution.

“I’d rather kill an innocent by accident than let a spy go by accident.” - Pol Pot. Although Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge didn’t come to power until the mid-1970s, the roots of their takeover can be traced to the 1960s.

The Khmer Rouge reigned over Cambodia for 4 years from the 1960s to 1975 and during that time he killed 90% of teachers and doctors to get rid of the educated (the people that could stop them).

Almost immediately after taking power, the Khmer Rouge evacuated Phnom Penh and. 2.5 million residents were moved to the fields thinking a bomb would hit their home however it never did. During all this, Vietnam and America where bombing each other and unfortunately Cambodia was in between the two and often got hurt. Doctors, teachers and other professionals were stripped of their possessions and forced to work in the fields as part of a re-education process. Pol Pot believe in the old times where everyone was a farmer and traditional.

As I said, the Vietnamese were in a war during the time however the Vietnam soldiers found out what the Khmer Rouge were doing and they sent soldiers over to rescue the children who were getting tortured.

There was a mountain of clothes all piled up, left from the people the Khmer Rouge had killed so the mothers would leave their children under the clothes while they were killed so that the Vietnamese soldiers could come to rescue the children.

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Cambodia never recovered or forgot the trauma the Khmer Rouge caused them and still haven’t. The Khmer Rouge’s actions left scars in Cambodia that are still healing today for instance they separated families, left many uneducated and other horrible actions. .

After the trip Y9 had seen the places the Khmer Rouge used to torture their victims, we learnt how they did it and other information about them. I asked three students what stuck out the most to them or what surprised them: The first student said, “The magic tree stuck out to me the most because it was so inhuman to listen to lively music whilst committing murders.”

The magic tree was a place where they killed their victims however they covered up their screams by playing festive, happy music as loud as possible to hide their crimes. Unfortunately, this meant that the last thing they heard was music.

Another person said: “It was so surprising that that they would kill their own people. They weren't even a different country or different people they were their people.” The Khmer Rouge would kill anyone depending on if they thought you looked trustworthy, you had soft hands, you were educated and so forth.

The last person said: “S21. The pictures of the victims. The regulations in S21 were so unrealistic” S21 used to be a beautiful high school in Cambodia however when the Khmer Rouge came they turned it into a torcher place for their victims. The victims inside were locked away from the outside, all the widows were blocked and they were chained to a metal bar on the top of their cell, alone. There was also blood stains on the floor left from the prisoners.

Cambodia suffered greatly for something dreadful however every year the SFBS students and teachers help. For Week Without Walls year 9 went to help make paths out of cement for the school which helps children with no money.

The Tassel foundation was started by a former British school student Lauren Kang and every year we raise money to the people who need medicine, education and other resources.

You can raise awareness to others, help by participating in our school fundraisers or help to start one.

Cambodia’s story was a difficult one, however they doesn't mean it is over, help start a better story for a child in Cambodia.

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THE CRUSADERS

22 NOVEMBER 2019

Cambodia- Buddhism or Hinduism?

-By Dayeon Lee Were you ever curious about the different religions in the world? Which religion is practiced in Cambodia out of the numerous religions in the world? What do you think about Buddhism or Hinduism? Some gods and grand buildings and temples and big white elephants? Now listen up. This article will tell you more about the religion in Cambodia.

Cambodia’s current official religion is Buddhism.

The kind of Buddhism that is practiced in Cambodia is Theravada Buddhism. It is practiced by 96% of the population of Cambodia. The other part of the population practices other religions such as Islam, Christianity and Hinduism. Some of the population also practices animism which is a belief that every object, places and creatures are spiritual. Actually, there aren’t many Hindus in Cambodia currently even though Cambodia is the home of the largest Hindu temple, Angkor Wat. However, back in time, the main religion wasn’t Buddhism but it was actually Hinduism, which isn’t practiced by that many currently.

What is Theravada Buddhism? In Buddhism, there are two main types; Theravada and Mahayana. Mahayana Buddhism means “The Great Vehicle” and is practiced in central and east Asia such as Tibet, China, Korea, Mongolia, Taiwan, etc. Mahayana Buddhist focuses on the Bodhisattva path which is the path to enlightenment and to teach and help others. On the other hand, Theravada Buddhism means “Doctrine of Elders” and is practiced in South Asian countries such as Sri Lanka, Thailand, Laos, Myanmar and Cambodia. They focus on each individual’s enlightenment and they believe and follow their elders. The elders are more superior in Theravada Buddhism.

As mentioned, although Cambodia’s current official religion is Buddhism, Cambodia’s roots are from Hinduism. Hinduism in Cambodia is first seen during Funan Kingdom as early as the 2nd century. The religion was spread from India. After the Funan Kingdom, when the Khmer Empire(also known as Angkor Empire) 7

rose, Hinduism was still very strongly worshipped. It was also during the Khmer Empire that many of the grand temples were built such as Angkor Wat. It was built during the early 12th century during the reign of Suryavarman II. It is estimated that the construction took 30 years. Then during the rule of King Jayavarman VII, was a turning point of the religion of the Khmer Empire. King Jayavarman VII was a strong Buddhist.

Starting with sending his son to Sri Lanka to study Buddhism, the gradual turn towards Buddhism in Cambodia had begun.

A Few centuries later, under the control of the Khmer Rouge, any kind of religious practice was forbidden.

However, after the fall of the Khmer Rouge, Cambodia was free again and allowed for various religious practices.

Therefore, now, most of the population is Buddhist while other people practice other religions either like christianity or some other minor religion such as daoism(also known as Taoism) or Animism from their local community.

Well now, what do you think about Cambodia and its religion? Did this article tell you something new and changed your mind from the start? It probably did. In every country, like Cambodia, it has their very own fascinating history about their religion and culture.

Next time, maybe you can learn about another country’s culture and religion and spread the information to others.

Marissa. “A Brief History of Cambodia's Hindu Heritage.” Culture Trip, The Culture Trip, 9 Mar. 2017, theculturetrip.com/asia/cambodia/articles/a-brief-history-of-cambodias-hindu-heritage/.

Perkins, McKenzie. “Cambodia's Main Religions.” Learn Religions, Learn Religions, 29 June 2019, www.learnreligions.com/cambodia-religion-4628353.

Terrell, Shannon, et al. “Theravada Vs Mahayana Buddhism - What Are The Differences?” Mindvalley Blog, 8 Nov. 2019, blog.mindvalley.com/theravada-vs-mahayana/.

TourismCambodia.com. “Angkor Wat - 7th Wonder of the World - Angkor Archeological Park - Angkor Wat Guide - What to See in Cambodia - Cambodia Major Attractions: Tourism Cambodia.” Angkor Archeological Park - Angkor Wat Guide - What to See in Cambodia - Cambodia Major Attractions | Tourism Cambodia, www.tourismcambodia.com/attractions/angkor/angkor-wat.htm.

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THE CRUSADERS

22 NOVEMBER 2019

Great innovations and science in Cambodia!

-By Woochan Kim

! The hardships faced and techniques Cambodians used by Cambodians to make a road with no supplies Imagine the sun blazing against the thick fabric of your shirt, pants and hat. The pain you have to face by the sun will make you weak and horrified. Cambodia only has two seasons: The dry season and the rainy season. Obviously with the limited supplies in such a horrid place, it seems like you will never finish a road.

You are wrong!

There is concrete.

Concrete is made all over the world in many different areas, and the techniques people use to create concrete is different. Some add additional pebbles to create more amounts of it or rather to make it sturdier.

Some use saltwater instead of clean water because of its waste in money since water is precious in many developing countries.

Though cement is used worldwide, it is also important to know how it’s made and the science behind it.

Concrete is typically made with 3 main ingredients: cement, sand, and gravel.

The first material, cement, is the hardest part when making concrete as it needs an extremely hot temperature. Specifically, limestone and clay are heated in high temperatures, which are added with small amounts of minerals. Then, this mix is ground which creates a dry powder. Mixing the powder and proportional amounts of sand and gravel will create the last slimy substance that will gradually dry into concrete. Engineers can further strengthen concrete by adding steel rods.

These reinforcing bars are often called “rebar” for short.

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THE CRUSADERS

22 NOVEMBER 2019

2⃣ Ferocious insect eaters in Cambodia The hair sticks out as their legs stick to the leaves. It tries to be stealthy, making its way to the predator. But unfortunately, it is captured and inevitably, they suffer a death.

Who do you think it was that killed this vicious hunter?

It is us! Insect eating has spread into many different cultures. In Cambodia, 40 percent of the people are in profound poverty and malnutrition. According to Borgan Magazine, ”farmer Chin Kompheak in Meanchey district’s Prek Pra commune sells between 20 to 50 kilograms of crickets to locals every two months, earning him up to $125.” People would laugh at him for growing crickets, but it shows how much of a strong business it can create.

Nutrition facts about the insects in Cambodia are significantly healthy! All these insects which come from bad environments are unsafe. But when they are fed healthy diets, they are the best source of food.

Tarantulas: Though it is poisonous when first caught, if you were to deep fry it, it would come as an excellent snack! A single tarantula has a calorie of 332, 75 grams of carbs, 0 percent fat, and lastly 5 grams of protein.

Crickets: They have a calorie of 155, 5 grams of carbs, 5 grams of fat, and lastly 12 grams of protein.

Ants: calorie count of 33, 1 gram of carbs, 3 grams of fat, and finally 1 gram of protein Silkworms: They are really healthy! This is their nutrition: calorie count of 105, 2 grams of carbs, 6

grams of fat, and 11 grams of protein.

They are healthier than most of our diets. So, as you can see Cambodians as malnutrition it is the opposite and rather healthier than most people. Insect business is very successful in Cambodia, and according to farmer Chin Kompheak, insect farming increases the chance of farmers getting more intake daily.

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THE CRUSADERS

22 NOVEMBER 2019

The BTS of the chocolate industries -By Samuel Kim It was a satisfying experience with Mrs. Olivier during Week Without Walls making organic abusefree and child labor free foods. It was healthy and suitable for everyone who made the product, but not everything is like that. Typically, Hershey’s, Mars, and Nestlé, etc are not child labor free even though they say they don’t do it.

This is how chocolates are made in the real world. Chocolates are a product of cacao beans. Most of the cacao beans are produced in Africa. Western African countries, mostly Ghana and the Ivory Coast, supply more than 70% of the world’s cocoa. So many journalists exposed the chocolate industries using child labor and slavery, but still, some of them use child labor and slavery. Famous and big industries such as Hershey’s, Mars, and Nestlé were exposed by journalists as having the worst forms of child labor, human trafficking, and slavery.

The biggest problem here is that the workers only get paid about 2 dollars a day. When the journalists who went to expose the chocolate industry using child labor, interviewed them, they didn’t even know what chocolates are and what cocoa beans are even for.

There are still many child labor incidents happening in Africa, and most of the children working on cocoa farms are between the ages of 12 and 16, but reporters have found children as young as 5. Also, 40% of these children are girls, and some stay for a few months, while others end up working on cocoa farms through adulthood.

Reporters stated that a child’s workday begins around six in the morning and ends in the evening.

Some of the children use chainsaws to clear the forests, which is very dangerous. Other children climb the 11

cocoa trees to cut bean pods using a machete. These large, heavy, dangerous knives are the standard tools for children on cocoa farms. The bean pods they got are cut out with a knife, too. It took two people to put the container on their heads. And when you didn’t hurry, you were beaten by the farm owner. The international labor laws from UN forbid child labor, but Child labor that is happening in Africa has the worst forms of child labor right now.

If you have the money to spend more money on chocolate, you should buy chocolates that are child labor free. It costs 2 ~ 3 times more than regular cheap chocolate. They are more expensive, but no one loses money in the process of making chocolate, and its child labor free. You should know that even if it’s expensive IT IS THE REAL PRICE OF THE PRODUCT!!!. And the ones eating should be the ones paying.

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THE CRUSADERS

22 NOVEMBER 2019

The ďŹ erce ďŹ ght of the doughs Sourdough vs. Yeast -By Samuel Kim People 5000 years ago made sourdough and baked it to get bread. It takes a long time - as long as a week. The sourdough has microorganisms living inside it, so you always have to take good care of it and do the right things to make bread. Since people knew how to make bread with instant yeast since 1870, people used yeast more than sourdough.

They both are for making bread, but which one is much better for you?

Most of the people use instant yeast to make bread quickly because it saves more time.

However, sourdough has more nutrition or nutritional value, and people who eat the bread from it would digest it more easily. It has slower fermentation, allowing the sourdough to add Bvitamins, and it breaks down glutens that are hard to digest. People who have digestive problems and need more nutrition would have to eat sourdough bread.

This concludes that instant yeast takes way less time than sourdough. If you are a busy person, it would be perfect for you. Everybody has a busy job these days, and that's why there are a lot of people who eat quick yeast bread. Sourdough has a long process of making bread, but it has a lot of nutrition, and it is easier to digest, so it is imperative to a lot of people who need vitamins.

I would personally choose sourdough bread because, in my experience, when I ate the instant yeast bread, it was a bit hard to digest, so I needed my water. Though, when I ate the sourdough one, it digested well in my stomach. This is why I think sourdough bread is great for me and everyone.

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THE CRUSADERS

22 NOVEMBER 2019

Hours of hard working in Cambodia -By Dayeon Lee During our week long trip in Cambodia we had two full days of service at Kampong Cham, a region in Cambodia. As service, we split into 2 groups of 11 each and one group went to a local primary school and the other went to an after-school learning center. In both of the places, we made concrete to finish up either a pathway or a basketball court. We had different mixtures of sand, rocks and cement between the two groups. Our schedule was going in the morning, working, then going to lunch together, then coming back and working until around 4 o’clock.

My group went to the school to finish the basketball court. Our group of 11 was Chloe, Jennifer, Ianna, Irene, Rania, Eliza, Katy, Nick, Woochan, Tobby and me. We split up into two smaller groups by random and them mixed concrete at the same time so that we are more efficient and make two batches at a time. We made around a total of 12 batches on each day. Our mixture to make concrete was 18 buckets of sand, 18 buckets of rocks along with a bag of cement. We mixed the dry things first by moving the pile to the sides and coming back by shoveling. Then, we made a hole in the pile and added water in it like a volcano. After that, we mixed the whole mixture until it was runny and well mixed. Finally, we moved the batch over to the spot that we needed to fill and smooth it out. The final touches were made by the professional workers.

After finishing the basketball court, we still had more time, so we also continued to make a pathway that leads from the basketball court all the way to one of the buildings. In the pathway, there weren’t any foundation, so we had to move big and small rocks and place them on the path based with sand neatly like a puzzle. The big rocks bigger my face and the smaller ones were the size of my fist. After placing some rocks securely on the ground, we sprayed it with some water for the sand to get wet and then added the mixture of concrete in, then smoothed it.

Overall, this was quite a difficult service because of all the physical labor and the heat that everyone was not used to. However, I think that it was very rewarding to see for ourselves what we did and accomplished. Also, the children at the school looked very happy.

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