Notes

INTRODUCTION

1 Richard Arthur Preston, Canada’s RMC: A History of the Royal Military

College (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969). 2 Richard A. Preston, To Serve Canada: A History of the Royal Military College

Since the Second World War (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1991). 3 Preston, Canada’s RMC, 3.

1 POINTE MONTRÉAL

1 H.P. Biggar, ed., The Works of Samuel de Champlain, vol. 3 (Toronto:

Champlain Society, 1929), 62. 2 Biggar, ed., The Works of Samuel de Champlain, vol. 3, 82. 3 Edwin C. Guillet, Early Life in Upper Canada (Toronto: Ontario Publishing

Company, 1933), 9. 4 Nick Gromoff, Jacqueline Fisher, and Kenneth Curtis, “BbGc-ND2 Site.

Stage 4 Report Volume II: Prehistoric Component” (Kingston: CARF, July 1, 2008), 4. 5 Gromoff, Fisher, and Curtis, “BbGc-ND2 Site,” 4. 6 Gromoff, Fisher, and Curtis, “BbGc-ND2 Site,” 5. 7 G. Warrick, “The Aboriginal Population of Ontario in Late Prehistory,” in Before

Ontario: The Archaeology of a Province, eds. M.K. Munson and S.M. Jamieson (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2013), 62–63.

288 WARRIORS AND WARSHIPS

8 “B 7 Journal of Count Frontenac’s Voyage to Lake Ontario in 1673,” in

Royal Fort Frontenac (RFF), eds. R.A. Preston and L. Lamontagne (Toronto:

Champlain Society, 1958), 107. 9 J. Ross Robertson, Robertson’s Landmarks of Toronto, vol. 2 (Toronto: Evening

Telegram, 1896), 816. 10 Susan M. Bazely and Lindsay Dales, “Stage 3 and Stage 4 Archaeological

Assessment for Hewett Parking Lot Royal Military College Kingston,

Ontario” (Kingston: CARF, March 2010), 31. 11 Richard A. Preston, “Broad Pennants on Point Frederick,” Ontario History 50, no. 2 (Spring 1958): 82. 12 Isaac Weld, Travels Through the States of North America and the Provinces of

Upper and Lower Canada, During the Years 1795, 1796, and 1797, 4th ed., vol. 2 (London: John Stockdale, 1807), 75–76. 13 James Richardson, “Incidents in the Early History of the Settlements in the

Vicinity of Lake Ontario,” Ontario History, undated. 14 John Howison, Sketches of Upper Canada, Domestic, Local, and Characteristic:

To Which Are Added, Practical Details for the Information of Emigrants of Every

Class; and Some Recollections of the United States of America (Edinburgh: G. &

W.B. Whittaker, 1821), 50. 15 H.C. Burleigh, Forgotten Leaves of Local History: Kingston (Kingston: Brown & Martin, 1973), 170. 16 “D 30 An Account of a Naval Engagement Between a Small French Bark and the Iroquois Army Near the Fort of Frontenac, Called Cataraqui by Father

Lamberville, S.J.,” in RFF, eds. R.A. Preston and L. Lamontagne (Toronto:

Champlain Society, 1958), 164–69. 17 James A. Roy, Kingston: The King’s Town (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1952), 14. 18 William Canniff, The Settlement of Upper Canada (Toronto: Dudley and

Burns, 1869), 415–16. 19 Stephen Leacock, ed., Lahontan’s Voyages (Ottawa: Graphic Publishers, 1932), 52–54. 20 Probably Point Frederick. 21 Shallow water south of Point Frederick. 22 “D 30 An Account of a Naval Engagement,” 165–69. 23 “D 42 Copy of Letter from Denonville to Valrennes,” in RFF, eds. R.A.

Preston and L. Lamontagne (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1958), 176.

Notes

24 The area behind Pointe Montréal was Navy Bay. 25 Don Bamford, Freshwater Heritage: A History of Sail on the Great Lakes, 1670–1918 (Toronto: Natural Heritage, 2007), 31–33. 26 Canniff Haight, Country Life in Canada Fifty Years Ago: Personal Recollections and Reminiscences of a Sexagenarian (Toronto: Hunter, Rose, 1885), 236. 27 Percy J. Robinson, Toronto During the French Regime (Toronto: University of

Toronto Press, 1965), 177–81. 28 M. Pouchot, Captain Pouchot Who Constructed Entrenchments Around Fort

Frontenac in 1755 and Was There Again in 1756, 1755, 1755, De L’Isle

Collection JJ 751, Archives Nationale. 29 M. Pouchot, Memoir upon the Late War in North America Between the French and English, 1755–60, trans. F.B. Hough, vol. 1 (Roxbury, MA: W. Elliot

Woodward, 1866), 45–46. 30 “G 4 La Pause’s Observations and Notes on Fort Frontenac,” in RFF, eds. R.A.

Preston and L. Lamontagne (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1958), 250–53. 31 Robertson, Robertson’s Landmarks of Toronto, vol. 2, 818. 32 It had likely been built by Pouchot the year before and marks 1755 as the beginning of a military presence on Point Frederick. 33 “G 4 La Pause’s Observations and Notes on Fort Frontenac,” 250. 34 “G 7 State of Our Naval Forces on Lake Ontario,” in RFF, eds. R.A. Preston and L. Lamontagne (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1958), 254–55. 35 Robertson, Robertson’s Landmarks of Toronto, vol. 3, 90. 36 Yvon Desloges, “Laforce, René-Hippolyte,” in Dictionary of Canadian

Biography, biographi.ca/en/bio/laforce_rene_hippolyte_5E.html. 37 Robertson, Robertson’s Landmarks of Toronto, vol. 3, 88–90. 38 J. Bradstreet, An Impartial Account of Lt. Col. Bradstreet’s Expedition to Fort

Frontenac (Toronto: Rous and Mann, 1940), 21. 39 Robert J. Andrews, “John Bradstreet’s Raid: An Account of the Expedition

Mounted Against Fort Frontenac in August-September 1758,” Historic

Kingston 52 (2004): 20. 40 Canniff, The Settlement of Upper Canada, 416–18. 41 Robert J. Andrews, “Two Ships — Two Flags: The Outaouaise/Williamson and the Iroquoise/Anson on Lake Ontario, 1759–1761,” The Northern Mariner 14, no. 3 (July 2004): 42. 42 Andrews, “Two Ships — Two Flags,” 46.

289

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2 FINDING NAVY BAY

1 “A 1 Robert Rogers to Amherst,” in Kingston Before the War (KBTW), ed.

R.A. Preston (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1959), 3–4. 2 “A 10 Capt. Aubrey to Haldimand,” in KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston (Toronto:

Champlain Society, 1959), 12. 3 Dan Snow, Death or Victory: The Battle for Quebec and the Birth of Empire (London: Harper Press, 2009), 391. 4 Robert Malcomson, “‘Not Very Much Celebrated’: The Evolution and Nature of the Provincial Marine, 1755–1813,” The Northern Mariner 1 (January 2001): 30–31. 5 Robinson, Toronto During the French Regime, 180. 6 “A 14 Fraser to Haldimand,” in KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston (Toronto: Champlain

Society, 1959), 16. 7 A.G. Bradley, Lord Dorchester: The Makers of Canada (Toronto: Morang and

Company, 1907), 189. 8 Neil Patterson, “Sir Frederick Haldimand: Founder of Ontario, Founder of

Kingston,” Historic Kingston 21 (March 1973): 1. 9 Arthur Britton Smith, Legend of the Lake (Kingston: Quarry Press, 1997), 20–22. 10 “A 5 John Schank and Twiss to Haldimand,” in KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston, vol. 3 (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1959), 7–8. 11 “A 5 John Schank and Twiss to Haldimand,” vol. 3, 8. 12 Robinson, Toronto During the French Regime, 180. 13 Sarah K. Gibson, “Fort Haldimand’s Community on Carleton Island: The

Experience of a British Fort During the American Revolutionary War 1778–1783,” Historic Kingston 46 (1998): 7. 14 Malcomson, “Not Very Much Celebrated,” 29. 15 “A 13 Fraser to Haldimand,” in KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston (Toronto: Champlain

Society, 1959), 14. 16 Robinson, Toronto During the French Regime, 180. 17 Smith, Legend of the Lake, 76, 94, 124. 18 Smith, Legend of the Lake, 80. 19 Burleigh, Forgotten Leaves of Local History, 56. 20 Bradley, Lord Dorchester, 212–19. 21 John L. Ladell, They Left Their Mark (Toronto: Dundurn, 1993), 62–64.

Notes

22 Don W. Thomson, Men and Meridians: The History of Surveying and Mapping in Canada, vol. 1 (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer and Controller of Stationery, 1966), 219–20. 23 Patterson, “Sir Frederick Haldimand,” 5. 24 Thomson, Men and Meridians, vol. 1, 219. 25 “B 4 Maj. Samuel Holland to Haldimand,” in KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston, vol. 3 (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1959), 21–23. 26 Ladell, They Left Their Mark, 63. 27 “B 10 Holland to Haldimand,” July 23, 1783, in KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston, vol. 3 (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1959), 26–27. 28 “B 18 Ross to Haldimand,” September 3, 1783, in KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston, vol. 3 (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1959), 34–35. 29 Agnes Maule Machar, The Story of Old Kingston (Toronto: Musson, 1908), 84. 30 Mary B. Fryer, King’s Men (Toronto: Dundurn, 1980), 57. 31 “B 23 Ross to (Mathews?),” in KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston, vol. 3 (Toronto:

Champlain Society, 1959), 38. 32 Haight, Country Life in Canada Fifty Years Ago, 147. 33 “B 21 Haldimand to John Collins,” in KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston, vol. 3 (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1959), 36–37. 34 Dorothy Ross Geiger, “Ontario’s First Township,” Ontario Land Surveyor (Summer 2001): 18–22. 35 Thomson, Men and Meridians, vol. 1, 220. 36 Brian Osborne and Donald Swainson, Kingston: Building on the Past for the

Future (Kingston: Quarry Heritage Books, 2011), 19–21. 37 “B 18 Ross to Haldimand,” September 3, 1783, 34–35. 38 “B 22 Haldimand to Collins,” in KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston, vol. 3 (Toronto:

Champlain Society, 1959), 37. 39 R.A. Preston, ed. KBTW, vol. 3 (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1959), xlv. 40 Thomson, Men and Meridians, vol. 1, 223. 41 Geiger, “Ontario’s First Township,” 20. 42 “B 31 Ross to Haldimand,” in KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston, vol. 3 (Toronto:

Champlain Society, 1959), 43. 43 “B 33 Haldimand to Ross,” November 13, 1783, in KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston, vol. 3 (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1959), 45. 44 “E 8 Translation of the Journal of a Survey of Part of Lake Ontario … Done

291

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by ‘H. Laforce’ … and ‘Lewis Kotte’ …,” in KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston, vol. 3 (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1959), 144. 45 “D 3 Maj. John Ross’s ‘Report of the Several Works … Completed … During the Winter,’” in KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston, vol. 3 (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1959), 78. 46 Eileen Reid Marcil, The Charley-Man: A History of Wooden Shipbuilding at

Quebec 1763–1893 (Kingston: Quarry Press, n.d.), 44. 47 “D 3 Maj. John Ross’s ‘Report of the Several Works … Completed … During the Winter,’” 78. 48 “B 33 Haldimand to Ross,” November 13, 1783, 45. 49 Geiger, “Ontario’s First Township,” 20.

3 THE KING’S DOCK YARD AT KINGSTON

1 “E 1 Draft of Instructions to Capt. Mann, Commanding Engineer,” in

KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1959), 132. 2 Gother Mann, “Report on Fortifications of Lake Ontario, December 6, 1788,”

CO 700/Canada 16, UK National Archives at Kew Gardens (TNA). 3 “E 7 Stuart to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel,” in KBTW, ed.

R.A. Preston, vol. 3 (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1959), 143. 4 Gother Mann, “Sketch of Kingston Harbour, 1788,” 1788, NMC 33881,

Library and Archives Canada (LAC). 5 “E 8 Translation of the Journal of a Survey of Part of Lake Ontario … Done by ‘H. Laforce’ … and ‘Lewis Kotte’ …,” 144. 6 Robinson, Toronto During the French Regime, 166. 7 K.R. Macpherson, “List of Vessels Employed on British Naval Service on the

Great Lakes,” Ontario History 55 (September 1963): 173–79. 8 Gother Mann, Map of Military Reserve with Reports of Soil Conditions (Kingston, Upper Canada, 1790), NMC 22422, LAC. 9 Smith, Legend of the Lake, 80. 10 “E 13 Bunbury to Le Maistre,” in KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston (Toronto:

Champlain Society, 1959), 147. 11 “E 8 Translation of the Journal of a Survey of Part of Lake Ontario … Done by ‘H. Laforce’ … and ‘Lewis Kotte’…,” 144. 12 “E 35 Ordnance Report, 1791,” in KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston, vol. 3 (Toronto:

Champlain Society, 1959), 174.

Notes

13 G.F.G. Stanley and R.A. Preston, “A Short History of Kingston as a Military and Naval Centre” (Kingston: RMC, 1950), 29. 14 “E 25 ‘Observations by Captain Gother … Respecting Point Frederick,’” in

KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1959), 158–59. 15 William Patterson, Lilacs and Limestone: An Illustrated History of Pittsburgh

Township 1787–1987 (Pittsburgh, ON: Pittsburgh Historical Society, 1989), 15. 16 John H. Grenville, “Across the Cataraqui River: A History of the Penny

Bridge,” Historic Kingston 43 (January 1995): 34. 17 H. Findlay, “E 28 Minutes of the Council of the Province of Quebec,” in

KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1959), 163–65. 18 W. Patterson, “Place and Purpose,” in Barriefield: Two Centuries of Village

Life, eds. R. Cardwell, B. Carr, and C. Sypnowich (Kingston: Quarry Press, 2015), 27. 19 P. Campbell, Travels in the Interior Inhabited Parts of North America in the

Years 1791 and 1792 (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1937), 143–46. 20 David William Smith and William Renwick Riddell, eds., “La Rochefoucauld-

Liancourt’s Travels in Canada 1795,” in Thirteenth Report of the Bureau of

Archives for the Province of Ontario (Toronto: Legislative Assembly of Ontario, 1917), 66. 21 Robinson, Toronto During the French Regime, 184. 22 Campbell, Travels in the Interior Inhabited Parts of North America, 147. 23 Grenville, “Across the Cataraqui River,” 36. 24 Machar, The Story of Old Kingston, 101.

4 SIMCOE AND DORCHESTER

1 J. Ross Robertson, ed., The Diary of Mrs. Simcoe (Toronto: William Briggs, 1911), 109. 2 George F.G. Stanley, “Kingston and the Defence of British North America,” in

To Preserve and Defend: Essays on Kingston in the Nineteenth Century, ed. Gerald

Tulchinsky (Montreal and London: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1976), 86. 3 Guillet, Early Life in Upper Canada, 448–49. 4 Marcil, The Charley-Man, 53. 5 Robertson, The Diary of Mrs. Simcoe, 120. 6 Robertson, The Diary of Mrs. Simcoe, 110.

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7 Thomas O’Leary, Canadian Letters: Description of a Tour Thro’ the Provinces of

Lower and Upper Canada, in the Course of the Years 1792 and ’93 (Montreal:

C.A. Marchand, 1912), 41. 8 “J.G. Simcoe to Henry Dundas,” November 4, 1792, in The Simcoe Papers (TSP), ed. E. Cruikshank, vol. 1, 5 vols. (Toronto: Ontario Publishing

Company, 1923), 246–49. 9 Robertson, Robertson’s Landmarks of Toronto, vol. 2, 822. 10 “From J.G. Simcoe to Lord Dorchester,” December 11, 1793, in TSP, ed. E.

Cruikshank, vol. 2, 5 vols. (Toronto: Ontario Publishing Company, 1924), 118–19. 11 “From Lord Dorchester to J.G. Simcoe,” January 27, 1794, in TSP, ed. E.

Cruikshank, vol. 2, 5 vols. (Toronto: Ontario Publishing Company, 1924), 136–37. 12 Henry Scadding, Toronto of Old (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1966), 325–31. 13 “From Lord Dorchester to J.G. Simcoe,” April 14, 1794, in TSP, ed. E.

Cruikshank, vol. 2 , 5 vols. (Toronto: Ontario Publishing Company, 1924), 202–04. 14 “G 6 Report of Lt. Alexander Bryce, Royal Engineers, July 29, 1794,” in

KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1959), 231–35. 15 “G 6 Report of Lt. Alexander Bryce, Royal Engineers,” 233. 16 “G 7 Simcoe to Dorchester,” September 5, 1794, in KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1959), 235–38. 17 Robertson, Robertson’s Landmarks of Toronto, vol. 2, 825. 18 “G 8 K. Chandler to Francis Le Maistre,” in KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1959), 238. 19 “From J.G. Simcoe to Lord Dorchester,” December 20, 1794, in TSP, ed. E.

Cruikshank, vol. 3 (Toronto: Ontario Historical Society, 1925), 234. 20 Robertson, The Diary of Mrs. Simcoe, 268–74. 21 Robertson, The Diary of Mrs. Simcoe, 275. 22 Robinson, Toronto During the French Regime, 184. 23 “From John Barnes to J.G. Simcoe,” November 5, 1795, in TSP, ed. E.

Cruikshank, vol. 4 (Toronto: Ontario Historical Society, 1925), 126–27. 24 William Renwick Riddell, The Life of John Graves Simcoe (Toronto:

McClelland & Stewart, 1926), 293–94. 25 Bradley, Lord Dorchester, 303.

Notes

5 THE PROVINCIAL MARINE

1 Guillet, Early Life in Upper Canada, 449. 2 Guillet, Early Life in Upper Canada, 451–52. 3 Weld, Travels Through the States of North America and the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, vol. 2, 285. 4 Smith and Riddell, “La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt’s Travels in Canada 1795,” 63–64. 5 Smith and Riddell, “La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt’s Travels in Canada 1795,” 67. 6 Steven Jarvis, “Narrative of Colonel Stephen Jarvis,” in Loyalist Narratives from Upper Canada, ed. James J. Talman (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1946), 234–35. 7 “F 24 Cartwright to Messrs James & Andrew Mcgill,” in KBTW, ed. R.A.

Preston (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1959), 210. 8 Brendan O’Brien, Speedy Justice (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992), 72. 9 “F23 Cartwright to Robert Hamilton,” in KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston, vol. 3 (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1959), 209. 10 Marcil, The Charley-Man, 161. 11 O’Brien, Speedy Justice, 78. 12 O’Brien, Speedy Justice, 78–80. 13 O’Brien, Speedy Justice, 79. 14 O’Brien, Speedy Justice, 79–80. 15 Malcomson, “Not Very Much Celebrated,” 31. 16 Robertson, Robertson’s Landmarks of Toronto, vol. 2, 827. 17 Colin Read, “Dennis, John,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, biographi. ca/en/bio/dennis_john_6E.html. 18 O’Brien, Speedy Justice, 78. 19 “E8 Launching of the Yacht Toronto, in The Town of York 1793–1812, ed.

Edith Firth (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1962), 147. 20 “G 13 Spencer to Green,” in KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston, vol. 3 (Toronto:

Champlain Society, 1959), 242–43. 21 “G 17 Smith to Green,” in KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston, vol. 3 (Toronto:

Champlain Society, 1959), 245. 22 Robertson, Robertson’s Landmarks of Toronto, vol. 2, 831.

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23 “G 20 Mackenzie to Green,” in KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston (Toronto: Champlain

Society, 1959), 247. 24 “G23 Capt. Thomas Carnie to Green,” in KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston (Toronto:

Champlain Society, 1959), 250–51. 25 William Evans, “I 21 Proceedings of a Garrison Court Martial Held by Order of Captain Mackenzie …,” in KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston (Toronto: Champlain

Society, 1959), 362–63. 26 “G 22 Capt. R.H. Bruyères to Gother Mann,” in KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1959), 249–50. 27 Read, “Dennis, John,” biographi.ca/en/bio/dennis_john_6E.html. 28 O’Brien, Speedy Justice, 75. 29 O’Brien, Speedy Justice, 77. 30 O’Brien, Speedy Justice, 95. 31 Robertson, Robertson’s Landmarks of Toronto, vol. 2, 832. 32 O’Brien, Speedy Justice, 106. 33 O’Brien, Speedy Justice, 107. 34 “G 48 Pye’s Report on the Provincial Marine,” in KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1959), 270. 35 “Mossington Papers, 1804–1806 and 1814” (Naval Dockyard, Kingston, 1814), Fonds F 527, MS 263, Archives of Ontario (AO). 36 Susan Burnham Greeley, “Sketches of the Past,” in Loyalist Narratives from

Upper Canada, ed. James J. Talman (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1946), 98–99. 37 Marcil, The Charley-Man, 287. 38 Kingston Gazette, June 25, 1811. 39 “Mossington Papers, 1804–1806 and 1814.”

6 WAR AND THE PROVINCIAL MARINE

1 Jonathon Riley, A Matter of Honour: The Life, Campaigns and Generalship of

Isaac Brock (Montreal: Robin Brass Studio, 2011), 91–107. 2 Riley, A Matter of Honour, 78–79. 3 Malcomson, “Not Very Much Celebrated,” 32. 4 Riley, A Matter of Honour, 99. 5 Emily Cain, Ghost Ships: Hamilton and Scourge: Historical Treasures from the

War of 1812 (Toronto: Musson, 1983), 29–30.

Notes

6 Osborne and Swainson, Kingston, 48. 7 “G 41 Craig to Lord Castlereagh,” in KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston, vol. 3 (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1959), 265. 8 “G 39 Mackenzie to Halton,” in KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston, vol. 3 (Toronto:

Champlain Society, 1959), 262–63. 9 “G 40 Enclosure: Deposition of Andrew Denyke,” in KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston, vol. 3 (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1959), 263–64. 10 Riley, A Matter of Honour, 131. 11 “G 48 Pye’s Report on the Provincial Marine,” 270. 12 Riley, A Matter of Honour, 150. 13 Donald E. Graves, ed., The War of 1812 Journal of Lieutenant John Le Couteur, 104th Foot: Merry Hearts Make Light Days (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1993), 112. 14 “G 49 Capt. A. Gray to His Excellency,” in KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston, vol. 3 (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1959), 272. 15 Robertson, Robertson’s Landmarks of Toronto, vol. 2, 835. 16 “G 51 ‘Report upon the Expediency of Removing the Marine Establishment from Kingston to York …,’” in KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston, vol. 3 (Toronto:

Champlain Society, 1959), 274–75. 17 “G 52 Gen. Prévost to the Earl of Liverpool,” in KBTW, ed. R.A. Preston (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1959), 276. 18 Robert Malcomson, Capital in Flames: The American Attack on York, 1813 (Montreal: Robin Brass Studio, 2008), 70. 19 Canniff, The Settlement of Upper Canada, 552. 20 John W. Spurr, “The Kingston Gazette, the War of 1812, and Fortress

Kingston,” Historic Kingston 17 (January 1969): 17. 21 Spurr, “The Kingston Gazette, the War of 1812, and Fortress Kingston,” 19–20. 22 Kingston Gazette, July 24, 1811. 23 Spurr, “The Kingston Gazette, the War of 1812, and Fortress Kingston,” 22. 24 Roy, Kingston: The King’s Town, 83. 25 Marcil, The Charley-Man, 61. 26 This was the first of two vessels of this name located at Point Frederick. 27 Riley, A Matter of Honour, 182. 28 Read, “Dennis, John,” biographi.ca/en/bio/dennis_john_6E.html. 29 James Richardson, “Incidents in the Early History of the Settlements in the

Vicinity of Lake Ontario,” n.p.

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30 S.D. Mecredy, “Crisis Confounding Construction: The History of Point

Henry During the War of 1812,” Historic Kingston 33 (January 1985): 4–5. 31 Robert Malcomson, Lords of the Lake: The Naval War on Lake Ontario, 1812–1814, 1st ed. (Toronto: Robin Brass Studio, 2001), 31–34. 32 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 35. 33 Cain, Ghost Ships, 59–60. 34 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 33. 35 Riley, A Matter of Honour, 233. 36 Canniff, The Settlement of Upper Canada, 559. 37 Machar, The Story of Old Kingston, 115. 38 Riley, A Matter of Honour, 236. 39 Robertson, Robertson’s Landmarks of Toronto, vol. 2, 837. 40 Robertson, Robertson’s Landmarks of Toronto, vol. 2, 838. 41 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 48–49. 42 P. Finan, Journal of a Voyage to Quebec in the Year 1825, with Recollections of

Canada During the Late American War, in the Years 1812–13 (Newry, Ireland:

Alexander Peacock, 1828), 236. 43 Machar, The Story of Old Kingston, 116. 44 J. MacKay Hitsman, “Kingston and the War of 1812,” Historic Kingston 15 (January 1967): 52. 45 Finan, Journal of a Voyage to Quebec, 236–37. 46 Finan, Journal of a Voyage to Quebec, 238–39. 47 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 53. 48 Mecredy, “Crisis Confounding Construction,” 4. 49 Cain, Ghost Ships, 68. 50 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 53. 51 Kingston Gazette, November 17, 1812. 52 Cain, Ghost Ships, 70. 53 Finan, Journal of a Voyage to Quebec, 241.

7 ARRIVAL OF THE ROYAL NAVY

1 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 36. 2 Graves, The War of 1812 Journal of Lieutenant John Le Couteur, 114–15. 3 “Gray Letter,” December 3, 1812, RG 8 1 V.728 C-3243 p. 140, LAC. 4 Jonathon G. Coad, The Royal Dockyards 1690–1850 (Aldershot, England:

Gower, 1989), 3.

Notes

5 Marcil, The Charley-Man, 61. 6 “Gray Letter,” February 15, 1813, RG 8 I V.728 C-3243 p. 142, LAC. 7 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 61. 8 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 70. 9 Cain, Ghost Ships, 76. 10 Cain, Ghost Ships, 76. 11 Don Bamford and Paul Carroll, eds., Four Years on the Great Lakes, 1813–1816: The Journal of Lieutenant David Wingfield, Royal Navy (Toronto:

Natural Heritage, 2009), 71. 12 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 94. 13 Cain, Ghost Ships, 72. 14 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 94–95, 98–99. 15 T.L. Hubert Neilson, trans., Reminiscences of the War of 1812 (Captain Jacques

Viger) (Kingston: News Printing Company, 1895), 8. 16 Graves, The War of 1812 Journal of Lieutenant John Le Couteur, 145. 17 Mecredy, “Crisis Confounding Construction,” 5. 18 Graves, The War of 1812 Journal of Lieutenant John Le Couteur, 119. 19 Graves, The War of 1812 Journal of Lieutenant John Le Couteur, 112. 20 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 98. 21 Malcomson, Capital in Flames, 181, 394, 263. 22 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 108. 23 Hitsman, “Kingston and the War of 1812,” 57. 24 Graves, The War of 1812 Journal of Lieutenant John Le Couteur, 114–15. 25 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 112–14. 26 Christopher Amer, “Smaller Vessels Are of No Less Consequence,” in Coffins of the Brave: Lake Shipwrecks of the War of 1812, ed. Kevin J. Crisman (College

Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 2014), 221. 27 John W. Spurr, “Yeo, Sir James Lucas,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography, biographi.ca/en/bio/yeo_james_lucas_5E.html. 28 Thomas Malcomson, “Commodore Sir Edward W.C.R. Owen: Shaping the

British Naval Establishment on the Great Lakes in the Wake of the War of 1812,” The Northern Mariner 29, no. 1 (Spring 2019): 17. 29 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 209, 274. 30 Thomas Webster, Life of Rev. James Richardson, a Bishop of the Episcopal

Church in Canada (Toronto: J.B. Magurn, 1876), 44–45. 31 Margaret Angus, The Old Stones of Kingston (Toronto: University of Toronto

Press, 1966), 40.

299

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32 Nick Mika and Helma Mika, Mosaic of Kingston (Belleville, ON: Mika Silk

Screening, 1969), 17. 33 Kingston Chronicle and Gazette, January 30, 1841. 34 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 122. 35 Thomas Malcomson, “Muster Table of the Royal Navy’s Establishment on

Lake Ontario During the War of 1812,” The Northern Mariner 9, no. 2 (April 1999): 49. 36 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 123. 37 “Sole and Final Account of Captain R. O’Conor Between 25 April 1813 and 23 Nov. 1814, January 28, 1824,” AO 1/1831/558, TNA. 38 John W. Spurr, “Sir James Lucas Yeo, a Hero on the Lakes,” Historic Kingston 30 (January 1982): 35–37. 39 L.H. Irving, Officers of the British Forces in Canada During the War of 1812–15 (Welland, ON: Canadian Military Institute, 1908), 225–28. 40 John W. Spurr, “The Royal Navy’s Presence in Kingston, Part 1: 1813–1836,”

Historic Kingston 25 (March 1977): 67. 41 Malcomson, “Muster Table of the Royal Navy’s Establishment on Lake

Ontario During the War of 1812,” 49, 52, 64. 42 “Yeo to Prévost,” May 31, 1813, RG 8 1 v.729 C-3243, LAC. 43 Marcil, The Charley-Man, 61. 44 E.A. Cruikshank, “The Contest for the Command of Lake Ontario in 1812 and 1813,” in Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, vol. 10 (Ottawa:

Royal Society of Canada, 1916), 183. 45 Cruikshank, “The Contest for the Command of Lake Ontario in 1812 and 1813,” 184. 46 John R. Grodzinski, Defender of Canada: Sir George Prevost and the War of 1812 (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013), 111. 47 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 130. 48 Bamford and Carroll, Four Years on the Great Lakes, 62. 49 Graves, The War of 1812 Journal of Lieutenant John Le Couteur, 115. 50 Cruikshank, “The Contest for the Command of Lake Ontario in 1812 and 1813,” 186. 51 J.L. Benson, The Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812 (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1869), 612. 52 Graves, The War of 1812 Journal of Lieutenant John Le Couteur, 117. 53 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 139.

Notes

54 Spurr, “The Kingston Gazette, the War of 1812, and Fortress Kingston,” 22. 55 Bamford and Carroll, Four Years on the Great Lakes, 68. 56 Cruikshank, “The Contest for the Command of Lake Ontario in 1812 and 1813,” 186–88. 57 Cruikshank, “The Contest for the Command of Lake Ontario in 1812 and 1813,” 189–90. 58 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 153. 59 Cruikshank, “The Contest for the Command of Lake Ontario in 1812 and 1813,” 192–95. 60 Jonathan Moore, “Frontier Frigates and a Three-Decker: Wrecks of the Royal

Navy’s Lake Ontario Squadron,” in Coffins of the Brave: Lake Shipwrecks of the War of 1812, ed. Kevin J. Crisman (College Station, TX: Texas A&M

University Press, 2014), 189. 61 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 159. 62 Cruikshank, “The Contest for the Command of Lake Ontario in 1812 and 1813,” 192–93. 63 Cruikshank, “The Contest for the Command of Lake Ontario in 1812 and 1813,” 193. 64 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 160–61.

8 BUILDING A ROYAL NAVY DOCKYARD

1 “Darroch to Freer,” October 11, 1813, in Documentary History of the

Campaigns on the Niagara Frontier [DHC] in 1812–14: Part IV, ed. E.A.

Cruikshank, vol. 8, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune Office, 1907), 51–52. 2 E.T. Ford, “Admiralty to the Principal Officers of the Ordnance,” March 21, 1838, WO44/34, pp. 243–56, TNA. 3 A Plan of His Majesty’s Naval Yard Kingston, Point Frederick, Upper Canada,

America, in the Year 1815 (Royal Navy, 1815), 193 Ael, UK Hydrographic

Office, map. 4 “Sole and Final Account of Captain R. O’Conor Between 25 April 1813 and 23 Nov. 1814,” AO 1/1831/558, TNA. 5 Spurr, “The Kingston Gazette, the War of 1812, and Fortress Kingston,” 23. 6 “O’Conor to Freer,” September 3, 1813, RG 8 I V.730 C-3243 p. 121, LAC. 7 Susan M. Bazely and Nick Gromoff, “BbGc-43 — ND2 Site. Stage 4 Report

Volume 1: Executive Summary” (Kingston: CARF, November 2008), 46.

301

302 WARRIORS AND WARSHIPS

8 Joseph Bevir, Short Account of the Life and Dying Speech of Joseph Bevir (Kingston: S. Miles, 1819), 24. 9 Greeley, “Sketches of the Past,” 104–05. 10 Bazely and Gromoff, “BbGc-43 — ND2 Site. Stage 4 Report Volume 1:

Executive Summary,” 3. 11 Bevir, Short Account of the Life and Dying Speech of Joseph Bevir, 23–32. 12 E. Smith, “Plan of Kingston,” 1817, CO700 Canada 78, TNA. 13 “Sole and Final Account of Captain R. O’Conor Between 25 April 1813 and 23 Nov. 1814.” 14 Alan Taylor, The Civil War of 1812: American Citizens, British Subjects, Irish

Rebels, and Indian Allies (New York: Vantage Books, 2011), 290–91. 15 Bazely and Gromoff, “BbGc-43 — ND2 Site. Stage 4 Report Volume 1:

Executive Summary,” 49. 16 Kingston Gazette, December 14, 1814. 17 Gareth A. Newfield, “Naval Medical Operations at Kingston During the War of 1812,” Canadian Military History 18, no. 1 (2009): 39. 18 “Naval Hospital Kingston Upper Canada Salary Lists 1813 to 1817,” October 29, 1813, ADM 102/467, TNA. 19 The schooner Prince Regent was renamed the General Beresford in May 1813, not to be confused with a second Prince Regent, launched the following year. 20 Newfield, “Naval Medical Operations at Kingston During the War of 1812,” 40. 21 “Naval Hospital Kingston Upper Canada Salary Lists 1813 to 1817.” 22 Newfield, “Naval Medical Operations at Kingston During the War of 1812,” 39.

9 THE DEFENCE OF KINGSTON

1 Mecredy, “Crisis Confounding Construction,” 7. 2 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 178–83. 3 “Wilkinson to the Secretary of War,” August 21, 1813, in DHC in the Year 1813, Part III, ed. E.A. Cruikshank, vol. 7, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune

Office, 1905), 45–46. 4 “Wilkinson to the Secretary of War,” August 26, 1813, in DHC in the Year 1813, Part III, ed. E.A. Cruikshank, vol. 7, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune

Office, 1905), 75.

Notes

5 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 184. 6 Cruikshank, “The Contest for the Command of Lake Ontario in 1812 and 1813,” 203. 7 “Wilkinson to Secretary of War,” August 30, 1813, in DHC in the Year 1813,

Part III, ed. E.A. Cruikshank, vol. 7, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune Office, 1905), 88. 8 Cruikshank, “The Contest for the Command of Lake Ontario in 1812 and 1813,” 204. 9 “Secretary of War to Wilkinson,” September 6, 1813, in DHC in the Year 1813, Part III, ed. E.A. Cruikshank, vol. 7, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune

Office, 1905), 106. 10 “Proctor to De Rottenburg,” September 12, 1813, in DHC in the Year 1813,

Part III, ed. E.A. Cruikshank, vol. 7, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune Office, 1905), 120. 11 E. Baynes, “General Order September 14, 1813,” in DHC in the Year 1813,

Part III, ed. E.A. Cruikshank, vol. 7, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune Office, 1905), 129. 12 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 194. 13 “Wilkinson to Secretary of War,” September 20, 1813, in DHC in the Year 1813, Part III, ed. E.A. Cruikshank, vol. 7, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune

Office, 1905), 150–51. 14 “Secretary of War to Wilkinson,” September 22, 1813, in DHC in the Year 1813, Part III, ed. E.A. Cruikshank, vol. 7, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune

Office, 1905), 163. 15 “Wilkinson to Secretary of War,” September 27, 1813, in DHC in the Year 1813, Part III, ed. E.A. Cruikshank, vol. 7, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune

Office, 1905), 168–69. 16 “De Rottenburg to Prévost,” September 28, 1813, in DHC in the Year 1813,

Part III, ed. E.A. Cruikshank, vol. 7, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune Office, 1905), 172–73. 17 Robert Williamson, “The Burlington Races Revisited: A Revised Analysis of an 1813 Naval Battle for Supremacy on Lake Ontario,” Canadian Military

History 8, no. 4 (August 1999): 7. 18 “De Rottenburg to Prévost,” September 28, 1813, 172–73. 19 “Yeo to Warren,” September 29, 1813,” in DHC in the Year 1813, Part III, vol. 7, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune Office, 1905), 175–76.

303

304 WARRIORS AND WARSHIPS

20 Cruikshank, “The Contest for the Command of Lake Ontario in 1812 and 1813,” 213. 21 “De Rottenburg to Prévost,” October 3, 1813, in DHC in the Year 1813, Part

III, ed. E.A. Cruikshank, vol. 7, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune Office, 1905), 192. 22 Cruikshank, “The Contest for the Command of Lake Ontario in 1812 and 1813,” 213. 23 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 209–10. 24 Henry Charles Cary, “Engineering Empire: The Evolution of Fort Henry,

Kingston, Upper Canada, as a Case Study in Colonial Defence Strategy and

Tactics, 1812–1845” (Ph.D. diss., Royal Military College, 2013, Kingston,

ON), 123–24. 25 “Darroch to Prévost,” n.d., in DHC in the Year 1813, Part III, ed. E.A.

Cruikshank, vol. 7, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune Office, 1905), 193. 26 Cary, “Engineering Empire,” 143. 27 “Broomhead to Merritt,” October 9, 1813, in DHC in the Year 1813, Part III, ed. E.A. Cruikshank, vol. 7, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune Office, 1905), 215. 28 Coad, The Royal Dockyards 1690–1850, 84. 29 Graves, The War of 1812 Journal of Lieutenant John Le Couteur, 112–13. 30 Bob Garcia, “The British Military Facilities on Point Henry Circa 1815 to 1870” (Kingston: Parks Canada, January 2006), 26. 31 Plan of the Battery at Point Frederick Shewing the Manner in Which It Is Proposed to Reform and Enclose It in the Rear with a Loopholed Wall and Fortified Guard

House as Recommended in the Report of the Engineer Commissioners (Inspector

General of Fortifications, 1827), Map Collection, TNA. 32 G.R. Dolan, “The Past and Present Fortifications at Kingston,” Ontario

Historical Society: Papers and Records 12 (1914): 76. 33 “From the Journal of the Secretary of War,” in DHC in the Year 1813, Part

III, ed. E.A. Cruikshank, vol. 7, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune Office, 1905), 198. 34 “Chauncey to Wilkinson,” October 9, 1813, in DHC in the Year 1813, Part

III, ed. E.A. Cruikshank, vol. 7, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune Office, 1905), 216–17. 35 Unattributed, “Kingston Gazette,” in DHC in the Year 1813, Part IV, ed. E.A.

Cruikshank, vol. 8, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune Office, 1907), 43.

Notes

36 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 216. 37 “De Rottenburg to Prévost,” October 15, 1813, in DHC in the Year 1813, Part

IV, ed. E.A. Cruikshank, vol. 8, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune Office, 1907), 67. 38 “De Rottenburg to Prévost,” November 11, 1813, in DHC in the Year 1813,

Part IV, ed. E.A. Cruikshank, vol. 8, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune Office, 1907), 151. 39 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 231. 40 “Letter from Officer in the Army,” October 26, 1813, in DHC in the Year 1813, Part IV, ed. E.A. Cruikshank, vol. 8, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune

Office, 1907), 95–96. 41 “Chauncey to Secretary of Navy,” October 30, 1813, in DHC in the Year 1813,

Part IV, ed. E.A. Cruikshank, vol. 8, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune Office, 1907), 104–07. 42 Donald E. Graves, Field of Glory: The Battle of Crysler’s Farm, 1813 (Toronto:

Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 136. 43 “Chauncey to Secretary of Navy,” November 25, 1813, in DHC in the Year 1813, Part IV, ed. E.A. Cruikshank, vol. 8, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune

Office, n.d.), 234. 44 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 227.

10 THE SHIPWRIGHTS’ WAR

1 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 230. 2 Marcil, The Charley-Man, 61. 3 E.A. Cruikshank, “The Contest for the Command of Lake Ontario in 1814,”

Ontario Historical Society 21 (1920): 3. 4 Moore, “Frontier Frigates and a Three-Decker,” 190. 5 Cruikshank, “The Contest for the Command of Lake Ontario in 1814,” 3. 6 Cruikshank, “The Contest for the Command of Lake Ontario in 1814,” 4. 7 “Chauncey to Secretary of Navy,” December 11, 1813, in DHC in the Year 1813, Part IV, ed. E.A. Cruikshank, vol. 8, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune

Office, n.d.), 265–66. 8 Cruikshank, “The Contest for the Command of Lake Ontario in 1814,” 5. 9 E.A. Cruikshank, DHC in 1812–14, Part IX, vol. 9, 9 vols. (Welland, ON:

Tribune Office, 1908), 51, 151.

305

306 WARRIORS AND WARSHIPS

10 Cruikshank, “The Contest for the Command of Lake Ontario in 1814,” 6. 11 Cruikshank, “The Contest for the Command of Lake Ontario in 1814,” 6. 12 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 236–37. 13 Bamford and Carroll, Four Years on the Great Lakes, 247. 14 T.R. Glover and D.D. Calvin, A Corner of the Empire: The Old Ontario Strand (Toronto: Macmillan Canada, 1937), 114. 15 Graves, The War of 1812 Journal of Lieutenant John Le Couteur, 151, 157. 16 Bamford and Carroll, Four Years on the Great Lakes, 61. 17 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 237. 18 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 231. 19 Cruikshank, “The Contest for the Command of Lake Ontario in 1814,” 12. 20 “Kingston Gazette,” February 22, 1814, in DHC in 1812-14, ed. E.A.

Cruikshank, vol. 9, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune Office, 1908), 116. 21 “Yeo to Prévost,” February 8, 1814, in DHC in 1812-14, ed. E.A. Cruikshank, vol. 9, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune Office, 1908), 170–71. 22 Cruikshank, “The Contest for the Command of Lake Ontario in 1814,” 12. 23 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 240. 24 John W. Spurr, “Robert Hall (1778–1818),” Historic Kingston 29 (January 1981): 10. 25 Spurr, “The Royal Navy’s Presence in Kingston, Part 1,” 66. 26 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 238–39. 27 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 261. 28 “Mossington Papers, 1804–1806 and 1814.” 29 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 259. 30 “Prévost to Drummond,” April 6, 1814, in DHC in 1812-14, ed. E.A.

Cruikshank, vol. 9, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune Office, 1908), 282. 31 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 242. 32 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 242. 33 “Drummond to Prévost,” April 15, 1814, in DHC in 1812–14, ed. E.A.

Cruikshank, vol. 9, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune Office, 1908), 295–96. 34 Graves, The War of 1812 Journal of Lieutenant John Le Couteur, 158. 35 Graves, The War of 1812 Journal of Lieutenant John Le Couteur, 158. 36 “O’Conor to Freer,” April 12, 1814, in DHC in 1812–14, ed. E.A. Cruikshank, vol. 9, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune Office, 1908), 290. 37 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 242–43. 38 Graves, The War of 1812 Journal of Lieutenant John Le Couteur, 160.

Notes

39 “Drummond to Prévost,” April 26, 1814, in DHC in 1812–14, ed. E.A.

Cruikshank, vol. 9, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune Office, 1908), 309. 40 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 266–67. 41 Graves, The War of 1812 Journal of Lieutenant John Le Couteur, 160. 42 Graves, The War of 1812 Journal of Lieutenant John Le Couteur, 160. 43 Cruikshank, “The Contest for the Command of Lake Ontario in 1814,” 24. 44 Cruikshank, “The Contest for the Command of Lake Ontario in 1814,” 25–26. 45 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 272–75. 46 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 282. 47 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 283. 48 J.R. Potts, “HMS Victory Began Her Service in 1765 and Continues as the

Oldest Commissioned Warship in the World Today, Serving Visitors as a

Floating Museum,” MilitaryFactory.com, October 16, 2020. 49 Potts, “HMS Victory Began Her Service in 1765.” 50 Cruikshank, “The Contest for the Command of Lake Ontario in 1814,” 61. 51 Graves, The War of 1812 Journal of Lieutenant John Le Couteur, 162. 52 “Mossington Papers, 1804–1806 and 1814.” 53 “List of Artificers,” July 28, 1814, RG 8 III A p. 67, LAC. 54 “Mossington Papers, 1804–1806 and 1814.” 55 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 289. 56 This may be the General Vincent built in 1812; other details unknown. 57 Cruikshank, “The Contest for the Command of Lake Ontario in 1814,” 39–40. 58 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 283. 59 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 293. 60 Bamford and Carroll, Four Years on the Great Lakes, 115. 61 Cruikshank, “The Contest for the Command of Lake Ontario in 1814,” 47. 62 Graves, The War of 1812 Journal of Lieutenant John Le Couteur, 171–72. 63 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 300. 64 Cruikshank, “The Contest for the Command of Lake Ontario in 1814,” 49. 65 Cruikshank, “The Contest for the Command of Lake Ontario in 1814,” 50. 66 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 309. 67 “Izard to Secretary of War,” October 16, 1814, in DHC in 1814, Part II, ed.

E.A. Cruikshank, vol. 2, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune Office, n.d.), 256. 68 Benson, The Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812, 845, 852.

307

308 WARRIORS AND WARSHIPS

69 Donald E. Graves, And All Their Glory Past (Montmagny, QC: Robin Brass

Studio, 2013), 280. 70 “Izard to Secretary of War,” October 16, 1814, 256. 71 “Drummond to Prévost,” October 18, 1814, in DHC in 1814, Part II, ed. E.A.

Cruikshank, vol. 2, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune Office, n.d.), 257. 72 Bamford and Carroll, Four Years on the Great Lakes, 121. 73 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 307–09. 74 Graves, And All Their Glory Past, 282–83. 75 “Mossington Papers, 1804–1806 and 1814.” 76 Graves, The War of 1812 Journal of Lieutenant John Le Couteur, 216. 77 “Mossington Papers, 1804–1806 and 1814.” 78 Spurr, “Robert Hall (1778–1818),” 10. 79 Spurr, “Robert Hall (1778–1818),” 10. 80 Graves, The War of 1812 Journal of Lieutenant John Le Couteur, 219.

11 THE WINTER OF ILLNESS AND DEATH

1 Coad, The Royal Dockyards 1690–1850, 293. 2 C.F. Vandeburgh, The Mariner’s Medical Guide (London: Baldwin, Cradock and Joy, 1819). 3 G.C. Goddard, “Genitourinary Medicine and Surgery in Nelson’s Navy,”

Postgraduate Medical Journal 81 (2005): 413–18. 4 Ford, “Admiralty to the Principal Officers of the Ordnance.” 5 Newfield, “Naval Medical Operations at Kingston During the War of 1812,” 39. 6 J. Harris, Chart of Kingston Harbour and the Entrance Thereto from Lake

Ontario (Kingston, Upper Canada, 1815), MPG 1/49, TNA. 7 “Yeo to Croker,” May 9, 1814, in DHC in 1812–14, ed. E.A. Cruikshank, vol. 9, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune Office, 1908), 342. 8 “Hospital Medical Books, Records and Pay Lists 1814–17,” December 31, 1814, ADM 102/466 and 468, TNA. 9 “Hospital Medical Books, Records and Pay Lists 1814–17.” 10 Newfield, “Naval Medical Operations at Kingston During the War of 1812,” 39–40. 11 “Hospital Medical Books, Records and Pay Lists 1814–17.” 12 “Women Paylist Records,” June 30, 1814, ADM 42, TNA.

Notes

13 Bevir, Short Account of the Life and Dying Speech of Joseph Bevir, 24. 14 Malcomson, “Commodore Sir Edward W.C.R. Owen,” 16. 15 Graves, The War of 1812 Journal of Lieutenant John Le Couteur, 219. 16 “Hospital Medical Books, Records and Pay Lists 1814–17.” 17 The diagnoses are not shown for most, probably because they did not have one. 18 Coad, The Royal Dockyards 1690–1850, 306. 19 Admiralty Note, “Burial Ground to Be Consecrated,” July 6, 1816, ADM 12/6, TNA. 20 K. David McLeod, “Report of Found Human Remains,” Contract #35725 (Kingston: Royal Military College, April 3, 2008).

12 AN UNCERTAIN PEACE

1 Cruikshank, “The Contest for the Command of Lake Ontario in 1814,” 56. 2 Richard Palmer, “The Great Warship That Waited and Waited,” Thousand

Islands Magazine, November 13, 2015, tilife.org/BackIssues/Archive/ tabid/393/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/1840/The-Great-Warship-That-

Waited-and-Waited.html. 3 “Deposition of Robert Christie, March 24, 1814,” in DHC in 1812–14, ed.

E.A. Cruikshank, vol. 9, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune Office, 1908), 256. 4 HMS St. Lawrence. 5 “Yeo to Prévost,” April 13, 1814, in DHC in 1812-14, vol. 9, 9 vols. (Welland,

ON: Tribune Office, 1908), 291. 6 Cruikshank, “The Contest for the Command of Lake Ontario in 1814,” 38. 7 Moore, “Frontier Frigates and a Three-Decker,” 194. 8 Timothy J. Abel, “Storr’s Harbor: Archeology of a War of 1812 Naval Shipyard on Lake Ontario,” The Bulletin: Journal of the New York State Archeological

Association 129 (2015): 22. 9 Abel, “Storr’s Harbor,” 21. 10 Palmer, “The Great Warship That Waited and Waited.” 11 Spurr, “Robert Hall (1778–1818),” 8–11. 12 Patterson, Lilacs and Limestone, 41. 13 Patterson, “Place and Purpose,” 28. 14 Kingston Gazette, February 18, 1812. 15 “Mossington Papers, 1804–1806 and 1814.”

309

310 WARRIORS AND WARSHIPS

16 “Mossington Papers, 1804–1806 and 1814.” 17 Malcomson, “Commodore Sir Edward W.C.R. Owen,” 6. 18 Bamford and Carroll, Four Years on the Great Lakes, 122. 19 John Goudie, “Quebec Town Crier,” March 15, 1815, CN 301 S 253, ANQ. 20 Malcomson, Lords of the Lake, 317. 21 Spurr, “Sir James Lucas Yeo, a Hero on the Lakes,” 44. 22 Robertson, Robertson’s Landmarks of Toronto, vol. 6 (Toronto: Evening

Telegram, 1914), 376–77. 23 Malcomson, “Commodore Sir Edward W.C.R. Owen,” 4. 24 Malcomson, “Commodore Sir Edward W.C.R. Owen,” 9. 25 Moore, “Frontier Frigates and a Three-Decker,” 187. 26 Malcomson, “Commodore Sir Edward W.C.R. Owen,” 10. 27 Amer, “Smaller Vessels Are of No Less Consequence,” 223. 28 Malcomson, “Commodore Sir Edward W.C.R. Owen,” 14–15. 29 Spurr, “Robert Hall (1778–1818),” 11. 30 “Hall to Principle Officers,” June 24, 1815, ADM 106/1998, TNA. 31 Malcomson, “Commodore Sir Edward W.C.R. Owen,” 20. 32 Malcomson, “Commodore Sir Edward W.C.R. Owen,” 20. 33 A.T.E Vidal, W.F. Owen, H.L. Renny, and H.W. Bayfield, Plan of Kingston and Its Vicinity (Kingston Upper Canada: Royal Navy, June 16, 1816), B 718,

UK Hydrographic Office, map. 34 P.T. Nation, Contracts, Approved Tenders and Other Documents (Kingston:

RMC Massey Library, 1992), 2. 35 “Iron Shop,” December 23, 1815, RG 8 IIIA v7 p. 85, LAC. 36 Vidal, Owen, Renny, and Bayfield, Plan of Kingston and Its Vicinity. 37 A Plan of His Majesty’s Naval Yard Kingston, Point Frederick, Upper Canada,

America, map. 38 Vidal, Owen, Renny, and Bayfield, Plan of Kingston and Its Vicinity. 39 The name “Fort Henry” is first seen on a map dated June 1816. 40 Thomson, Men and Meridians, vol. 1, 187. 41 Ruth McKenzie, ed., Captain Bayfield’s Survey Journals 1829–1853, vol. 1 (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1984), xvi–xvii. 42 “Canada Peace Establishment,” June 24, 1815, ADM 106/1998, TNA. 43 Robin S. Harris and Terry G. Harris, eds., The Eldon House Diaries: Five

Women’s Views of the 19th Century (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1994), xxxv. 44 Taylor, The Civil War of 1812, 434.

Notes

45 “Laws Letter to Naval Board,” December 7, 1818, ADM 106/1998, TNA. 46 McKenzie, Captain Bayfield’s Survey Journals 1829–1853, vol. 1, xiii. 47 Harris and Harris, The Eldon House Diaries, xxxvi. 48 “Hospital Medical Books, Records and Pay Lists 1814–17.” 49 “Hospital Well,” November 16, 1815, RG 8 III A, LAC. 50 Moore, “Frontier Frigates and a Three-Decker,” 199. 51 Spurr, “The Royal Navy’s Presence in Kingston, Part 1,” 67, 70.

13 BUILDING FOR PERMANENCE

1 M. Dixon, Sketch of Point Frederick Showing in Yellow the Enclosures Made by the Navy Also the Situations of a New Building Intended as a Residence for the

Commissioner of the Yard (Quebec, December 10, 1815), MIKAN 4132047,

LAC. 2 Bazely and Gromoff, “BbGc-43 — ND2 Site. Stage 4 Report Volume 1:

Executive Summary,” 20. 3 J. Douglas Stewart and Ian E. Wilson, Heritage Kingston (Kingston: Agnes

Etherington Art Centre, 1973), 62. 4 “Owen to Laws,” January 12, 1816, RG 8 IIIA v8, LAC. 5 Robertson, Robertson’s Landmarks of Toronto, vol. 2, 845. 6 Bamford and Carroll, Four Years on the Great Lakes, 164–65. 7 Francis Hall, Travels in Canada and the United States in 1816 and 1817 (Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1818), 100–01. 8 Spurr, “Robert Hall (1778–1818),” 11. 9 Spurr, “Robert Hall (1778–1818),” 12. 10 T.L. Brock, “H.M. Dock Yard, Kingston: Under Commissioner Robert

Barrie, 1819–1834,” Historic Kingston 16 (January 1968): 7. 11 Spurr, “Robert Hall (1778–1818),” 11–12. 12 Kingston Gazette, March 28, 1817. 13 Spurr, “Robert Hall (1778–1818),” 13. 14 Kingston Gazette, December 14, 1816. 15 Robertson, Robertson’s Landmarks of Toronto, vol. 2, 845. 16 Amer, “Smaller Vessels Are of No Less Consequence,” 223. 17 Kingston Gazette, April 26, 1817. 18 Kingston Gazette, May 3, 1817. 19 “Wall Tenders,” May 2, 1817, RG 8 IIIA v17 p. 135, LAC.

311

312 WARRIORS AND WARSHIPS

20 Kingston Gazette, April 26, 1817. 21 “Gate Bell,” August 1, 1817, RG8 IIIA v64, LAC. 22 Smith, “Plan of Kingston.” 23 Kingston Gazette, March 28, 1817. 24 Garcia, “The British Military Facilities on Point Henry Circa 1815 to 1870,” 321. 25 Garcia, “The British Military Facilities on Point Henry Circa 1815 to 1870,” 304. 26 H.S. Boutell, “Is the Rush-Bagot Convention Immortal?” The North American

Review 173, no. 538 (September 1901): 334. 27 Brock, “H.M. Dock Yard, Kingston: Under Commissioner Robert Barrie, 1819–1834,” 12. 28 John M. Duncan, Travels Through Part of the United States and Canada in 1818 and 1819, vol. 2 (Glasgow: Hurst, Robinson and Company, London, 1823), 114. 29 Maurice D. Smith, “The Stone Frigate — Origin and Construction: A

Narrative Report for Parks Canada,” (Kingston: Parks Canada, October 2006), 35. 30 Smith, “Plan of Kingston.” 31 Smith, “The Stone Frigate — Origin and Construction,” 35. 32 E.W. Dunford, Plan of Kingston, Upper Canada (Kingston: Board of

Ordnance, May 17, 1824), NMC 16105, LAC. 33 Osborne and Swainson, Kingston: Building on the Past for the Future, 57. 34 Bazely and Gromoff, “BbGc-43 - ND2 Site. Stage 4 Report Volume 1:

Executive Summary,” 49. 35 Dunford, “Plan of Kingston, Upper Canada.” 36 I. Walpole, A Survey of the Ground to the Extent of 4000 Yards in the Vicinity of the Dockyard at Kingston Upper Canada as Ordered in the Summer of 1828 by the Committee of Which His Excellency Lieut. General Sir James Kent, G.C.B,

November 7, 1828, NMC 11380, LAC. 37 Robert Banks and Susan M. Bazely, “Reassessing the Origin and Early History of Two Royal Navy Buildings in Point Frederick,” Historic Kingston 68 (2018): 151. 38 Banks and Bazely, “Reassessing the Origin and Early History of Two Royal

Navy Buildings in Point Frederick,” 137–52.

Notes

14 MAINTAINING CAPABILITY

1 Spurr, “Robert Hall (1778–1818),” 13. 2 William Canniff, The Medical Profession in Upper Canada, 1783–1850:

An Historical Narrative with Original Documents Relating to the Profession,

Including Some Brief Biographies (Toronto: W. Briggs, 1894), 300. 3 “George Colls Posting,” n.d., 102/466, TNA. 4 “Hospital Medical Books, Records and Pay Lists 1814–17.” 5 Banks and Bazely, “Reassessing the Origin and Early History of Two Royal

Navy Buildings in Point Frederick,” 151. 6 “Death of Hall,” February 8, 1818, ADM 106/1998, TNA. 7 Spurr, “Robert Hall (1778–1818),” 14. 8 Vandeburgh, The Mariner’s Medical Guide, 90–91. 9 Spurr, “Robert Hall (1778–1818),” 13. 10 Howison, Sketches of Upper Canada, 40–41. 11 Howison, Sketches of Upper Canada, 44–45. 12 Smith, “The Stone Frigate — Origin and Construction,” 8. 13 Spurr, “The Royal Navy’s Presence in Kingston, Part 1,” 72. 14 Moore, “Frontier Frigates and a Three-Decker,” 199. 15 John Marshall, Royal Naval Biography; or, Memoirs of the Services of All the

Flag-Officers, Superannuated Rear-Admirals, Retired-Captains, Post-Captains, and Commanders, Whose Names Appeared on the Admiralty List of Sea Officers at the Commencement of the Present Year or Who Have Since Been Promoted (London: John Marshall Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1828), 720–35. 16 Spurr, “The Royal Navy’s Presence in Kingston, Part 1,” 72. 17 Maurice D. Smith, “Robert Barrie and the Construction of the ‘Stone Frigate’

Ontario,” Historic Kingston 57 (2009): 13–14. 18 Brock, “H.M. Dock Yard, Kingston,” 11. 19 Brock, “H.M. Dock Yard, Kingston,” 12. 20 Smith, “The Stone Frigate — Origin and Construction,” 35. 21 Kingston Chronicle and Gazette, October 19, 1833. 22 Jennifer McKendry, Architects Working in the Kingston Region 1820–1920 (Kingston, 2019), 43. 23 Smith, “Robert Barrie and the Construction of the ‘Stone Frigate’ Ontario,” 10–11.

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24 Smith, “Robert Barrie and the Construction of the ‘Stone Frigate’ Ontario,” 16. 25 Kingston Chronicle, December 24, 1819. 26 Smith, “Robert Barrie and the Construction of the ‘Stone Frigate’ Ontario,” 18–20. 27 Richard Walkem, “Old Fortifications on Points Frederick and Henry,” Queen’s

Quarterly 5 (July 1897): 56. 28 Spurr, “The Royal Navy’s Presence in Kingston, Part 1,” 73. 29 Bernhard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Travels Through North America

During the Years 1825 and 1826 by His Highness, Bernhard, Duke of Saxe-

Weimar-Eisenach, vol. 1 (Philadelphia: Carey, Lea and Carey, 1828), 82–83, hathitrust.org. 30 Brock, “H.M. Dock Yard, Kingston: Under Commissioner Robert Barrie,” 7. 31 Plan Shewing Naval and War Department Property at Point Frederick as Set

Apart by the Crown in 1783 (Kingston: Royal Engineers, 1870). 32 Marshall, Royal Naval Biography; or, Memoirs of the Services of All the Flag-

Officers, 735. 33 Brock, “H.M. Dock Yard, Kingston: Under Commissioner Robert Barrie,” 7. 34 Brock, “H.M. Dock Yard, Kingston: Under Commissioner Robert Barrie,” 5–6. 35 Smith, “Robert Barrie and the Construction of the ‘Stone Frigate’ Ontario,” 22. 36 Osborne and Swainson, Kingston: Building on the Past for the Future, 64. 37 “Owen to Drummond,” January 5, 1816, RG 8 v 737 p. 12, LAC. 38 Bevir, Short Account of the Life and Dying Speech of Joseph Bevir. 39 Kingston Chronicle, April 19, 1822. 40 Brock, “H.M. Dock Yard, Kingston: Under Commissioner Robert Barrie,” 15. 41 Wallace Havelock Robb, “Charles Sangster: Canada’s and Kingston’s Poet,”

Historic Kingston 11 (March 1963): 30. 42 “Bonnycastle,” April 22, 1830, RG 8 II v31, LAC. 43 This version of the beginning of the school conflicts with another that has the school being founded in 1817 through voluntary subscription by officers and men of the naval yard. See Garcia, “The British Military Facilities on Point

Henry Circa 1815 to 1870,” 22. 44 F.P. Smith, “Early Schools in Kingston,” Historic Kingston 5 (October 1956): 28.

Notes

45 C. Cruikshank, Kingston CW. Relative Sketch Showing the Position of the

Several Works of Defence as Called by the Comm Roy Eng Min of 30 Sep 1848 on IGE Minute N4062 (Kingston CW: RE, 1849), MG13, WO55-883 p. 463,

LAC. 46 Susan M. Bazely et al., “The Naval Cottages Archaeological Excavation 1999

BbGc-43” (Kingston: CARF, December 2002), 12. 47 Bazely et al., “The Naval Cottages Archaeological Excavation 1999 BbGc-43,” 11–12. 48 Upper Canada Herald, June 4, 1822. 49 Susan M. Bazely, Shane Boyce, and Carrie Dunn, “The Naval Cottages and

Naval Hospital, Royal Naval Dockyard, Archaeological Excavation 2007” (Kingston: CARF, January 2009), 12. 50 Brock, “H.M. Dock Yard, Kingston: Under Commissioner Robert Barrie,” 12–13. 51 Amer, “Smaller Vessels Are of No Less Consequence,” 233. 52 Brock, “H.M. Dock Yard, Kingston: Under Commissioner Robert Barrie,” 8–9. 53 Jonathan Moore, “Another Look at the Fate of Kingston’s Warships,” Historic

Kingston 51 (2003): 16. 54 Robert Cardwell, Barb Carr, and Christine Sypnowich, Barriefield: Two

Centuries of Village Life (Kingston: Quarry Press, 2015), 175–78. 55 Brock, “H.M. Dock Yard, Kingston: Under Commissioner Robert Barrie,” 6. 56 Patterson, “Place and Purpose,” 29. 57 Brock, “Commodore Robert Barrie and His Family in Kingston, 1819–1834,”

Historic Kingston 23 (March 1975): 16. 58 Brock, “H.M. Dock Yard, Kingston: Under Commissioner Robert Barrie,” 15–16. 59 Brock, “H.M. Dock Yard, Kingston: Under Commissioner Robert Barrie,” 19. 60 Brock, “Commodore Robert Barrie and His Family in Kingston,” 3. 61 Brock, “Commodore Robert Barrie and His Family in Kingston,” 2. 62 Frederic Fitzgerald De Roos, “Personal Narrative of Travels in the United

States and Canada in 1826,” (London: William Harrison Ainsworth, 1827), 140–44.

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15 DECLINE

1 Spurr, “Sir James Lucas Yeo, a Hero on the Lakes,” 44. 2 Brock, “H.M. Dock Yard, Kingston: Under Commissioner Robert Barrie,” 5. 3 Basil Hall, Travels in North America in the Years 1827 and 1828, vol. 1 (Philadelphia: Carey, Lea and Carey, 1829), 183–89. 4 Spurr, “The Royal Navy’s Presence in Kingston, Part 1,” 74. 5 Robertson, Robertson’s Landmarks of Toronto, vol. 2, 855. 6 “Barrie to Julia,” July 2, 1829, Barrie Letters, RMC Archives. 7 George Head, Forest Scenes and Incidents in the Wilds of North America (London: John Murray, 1829), 171–72. 8 “Barrie to Julia,” July 2, 1829,” Barrie Letters. 9 Cardwell, Carr, and Sypnowich, Barriefield, 118. 10 W. Riddell, “‘Diary of Voyage from Scotland to Canada, in 1833,’ Toronto, 1932,” in Kingston! Oh Kingston! An Anthology, ed. Arthur Britton Smith (Kingston: Brown and Martin, 1987), 293. 11 “Mossington Papers, 1804–1806 and 1814.” 12 Spurr, “The Royal Navy’s Presence in Kingston, Part 1,” 75. 13 “Barrie to Dorothea Clayton,” October 4, 1830, Barrie Letters. 14 Spurr, “The Royal Navy’s Presence in Kingston, Part 1,” 75–76. 15 Cardwell, Carr, and Sypnowich, Barriefield, 121. 16 Brock, “Commodore Robert Barrie and His Family in Kingston,” 11. 17 Brock, “Commodore Robert Barrie and His Family in Kingston,” 11. 18 Brock, “Commodore Robert Barrie and His Family in Kingston,” 11–12. 19 Spurr, “The Royal Navy’s Presence in Kingston, Part 1,” 76. 20 Spurr, “The Royal Navy’s Presence in Kingston, Part 1,” 76. 21 Richard A. Preston, “The Fate of Kingston’s Warships,” Historic Kingston 1 (October 1952): 9–10. 22 Moore, “Frontier Frigates and a Three-Decker,” 199. 23 Roy, Kingston: The King’s Town, 153. 24 Preston, “The Fate of Kingston’s Warships,” 9–10. 25 Moore, “Frontier Frigates and a Three-Decker,” 210–11. 26 Preston, “The Fate of Kingston’s Warships,” 10. 27 Ford, “Admiralty to the Principal Officers of the Ordnance.” 28 Upper Canada Herald, July 27, 1832. 29 E.T. Coke, A Subaltern’s Furlough: Descriptive of Scenes in Various Parts of the

Notes

United States, Upper and Lower Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia,

During the Summer and Autumn of 1832 (London: Saunders and Otley, 1833), 320. 30 David M. Ludlum, Early American Hurricanes, 1492–1870 (Boston: American

Meteorological Society, 1963), 193. 31 Upper Canada Herald, October 23, 1833. 32 Boathouse No. 2, length 125 by 31 feet. 33 Kingston Chronicle and Gazette, October 19, 1833. 34 Moore, “Another Look at the Fate of Kingston’s Warships,” 18. 35 Moore, “Frontier Frigates and a Three-Decker,” 201.

16 CLOSING THE YARD

1 Vandeburgh, The Mariner’s Medical Guide, 118–19. 2 John W. Spurr, “The Town at Bay: Kingston and the Cholera, 1832 and 1834,” Historic Kingston 23 (March 1975): 24. 3 Richard H. Bonnycastle, The Canadas in 1841, vol. 2 (London: Henry

Colburn, 1841), 77. 4 Brock, “H.M. Dock Yard, Kingston: Under Commissioner Robert Barrie,” 14. 5 Spurr, “The Town at Bay: Kingston and the Cholera, 1832 and 1834,” 29–30. 6 Roy, Kingston: The King’s Town, 151. 7 W. Henry, “‘Trifles from My Port-Folio,’ VOL. 1, Quebec, 1839,” in Kingston!

Oh Kingston! An Anthology, ed. Arthur Britton Smith (Kingston: Brown and

Martin, 1987), 260–63. 8 W. Allen Fisher, The Genesis of Barrie: 1783–1858 (Barrie, ON: Author, 1987), 101. 9 Fisher, The Genesis of Barrie: 1783–1858, 51. 10 Spurr, “The Royal Navy’s Presence in Kingston, Part 1,” 76. 11 Brock, “Commodore Robert Barrie and His Family in Kingston,” 15. 12 Robertson, Robertson’s Landmarks of Toronto, vol. 2, 859. 13 Canniff, The Medical Profession in Upper Canada, 300. 14 Macpherson, “List of Vessels Employed on British Naval Service on the Great

Lakes.” 15 Brock, “Commodore Robert Barrie and His Family in Kingston,” 16. 16 Spurr, “The Royal Navy’s Presence in Kingston, Part 1,” 77. 17 Patterson, Lilacs and Limestone, 55–67.

317

318 WARRIORS AND WARSHIPS

18 Spurr, “The Town at Bay: Kingston and the Cholera, 1832 and 1834,” 31–32. 19 P. Shirreff, “‘A Tour Through North America,’ Edinburgh, 1835,” in Kingston!

Oh Kingston! An Anthology, ed. Arthur Britton Smith (Kingston: Brown and

Martin, 1987), 329–30. 20 W.A. Langton, ed., Early Days in Upper Canada: Letters of John Langton (Toronto: Macmillan Canada, 1926), 172. 21 Robertson, Robertson’s Landmarks of Toronto, vol. 2, 862. 22 Spurr, “The Royal Navy’s Presence in Kingston, Part 1,” 77. 23 Ford, “Admiralty to the Principal Officers of the Ordnance.” 24 Ford, “Admiralty to the Principal Officers of the Ordnance.” 25 W. Patterson, “John Bennet Marks,” in Barriefield: Two Centuries of Village

Life, eds. R. Cardwell, B. Carr, and C. Sypnowich (Kingston: Quarry Press, 2015), 112–15.

17 RESURRECTION

1 John W. Spurr, “The Royal Navy’s Presence in Kingston, Part II: 1837–1853,”

Historic Kingston 26 (March 1978): 82. 2 Spurr, “The Royal Navy’s Presence in Kingston, Part II,” 83. 3 Spurr, “The Royal Navy’s Presence in Kingston, Part II,” 82–83. 4 Robert J. Andrews and Rosalyn Parker Art, eds., “A Troublesome Berth”: The

Journal of First Lieutenant Charles Allan Parker, Royal Marines: The Canada

Years, 1838–1840 (Kingston: Kingston Historical Society, 2009), 51–52. 5 Donald Graves, Guns Across the River: The Battle of the Windmill, 1838 (Robin

Brass Studio, 2013), 81. 6 Stanley and Preston, “A Short History of Kingston as a Military and Naval

Centre,” 17. 7 Spurr, “The Royal Navy’s Presence in Kingston, Part II,” 84–85. 8 Spurr, “The Royal Navy’s Presence in Kingston, Part II,” 84–86. 9 Andrews and Art, eds., “A Troublesome Berth, ” 54. 10 Stanley and Preston, “A Short History of Kingston as a Military and Naval

Centre,” 17. 11 Walkem, “Old Fortifications on Points Frederick and Henry,” 57. 12 James Ballingall, “Fifteen Months on Lake Ontario, Upper Canada in the

Years 1841–42” (Diary, Kingston, Ontario, 42 1841), 54–55, 2403 MF 876,

Queen’s University Archives (QUA).

Notes

13 Ford, “Admiralty to the Principal Officers of the Ordnance.” 14 Susan M. Bazely, “Provincial Marine to Royal Navy: Archaeological Evidence of the War of 1812 at Kingston’s Naval Dockyard,” Northeastern Historical

Archaeology 44 (2014): 37. 15 Spurr, “The Royal Navy’s Presence in Kingston, Part II,” 83. 16 Moore, “Frontier Frigates and a Three-Decker,” 204. 17 Moore, “Frontier Frigates and a Three-Decker,” 201. 18 Richard H. Bonnycastle, The Canadas in 1841, vol. 1 (London: Henry

Colburn, 1842), 113. 19 Ben Ford, “The Sunken Vessels of Chauncey and Yeo in Lake Ontario,”

Northeast Historical Archaeology 44, no. 8 (2015): 21. 20 Moore, “Another Look at the Fate of Kingston’s Warships,” 20. 21 “The Wreck in Navy Bay,” RMC Review (December 1935): 28. 22 Nadine Kopp, “The Influence of the War of 1812 on Great Lakes Shipping” (master’s thesis, East Carolina University, 2012), 163. 23 Graves, Guns Across the River, 80–83. 24 Andrews and Art, “A Troublesome Berth,” 63. 25 Andrews and Art, “A Troublesome Berth,” 63–64. 26 Patterson, Lilacs and Limestone, 28–30. 27 Graves, Guns Across the River, 177. 28 Graves, Guns Across the River, 137. 29 Graves, Guns Across the River, 276. 30 L.W. Miller, “‘Notes of an Exile to Van Dieman’s Land,’ Fredonia, New York, 1846,” in Kingston! Oh Kingston! An Anthology, ed. Arthur Britton Smith (Kingston: Brown and Martin, 1987), 310–11. 31 Graves, Guns Across the River, 209. 32 G.F.G Stanley, “The Battle of the Windmill,” Historic Kingston 3 (November 1954): 55. 33 Richard Gwyn, John A: The Man Who Made Us, vol. 1 (Random House, 2008), 52–53. 34 Burleigh, Forgotten Leaves of Local History, 116–17. 35 Burleigh, Forgotten Leaves of Local History, 117. 36 Other descriptions of this event differ. See Graves, Guns Across the River, 214. 37 Kingston Chronicle and Gazette, October 5, 1839. 38 Spurr, “The Royal Navy’s Presence in Kingston, Part II,” 92–93. 39 Robertson, Robertson’s Landmarks of Toronto, vol. 1, 533. 40 Spurr, “The Royal Navy’s Presence in Kingston, Part II,” 93.

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320 WARRIORS AND WARSHIPS

18 GARRISON LIFE IN THE AGE OF STEAM

1 Andrews and Art, “A Troublesome Berth,” 126. 2 Ballingall, “Fifteen Months on Lake Ontario.” 3 Kingston Chronicle and Gazette, January 5, 1839. 4 Andrews and Art, “A Troublesome Berth,” 126. 5 Andrews and Art, “A Troublesome Berth,” 127. 6 Andrews and Art, “A Troublesome Berth,” 127. 7 Andrews and Art, “A Troublesome Berth,” 129. 8 Spurr, “The Royal Navy’s Presence in Kingston, Part II,” 91. 9 Ballingall, “Fifteen Months on Lake Ontario,” 124–33. 10 Ballingall, “Fifteen Months on Lake Ontario,” 84, 116. 11 Bonnycastle, The Canadas in 1841, vol. 1, 110–11. 12 Brock, “Commodore Robert Barrie and His Family in Kingston,” 18. 13 James E. Alexander, L’Acadie: Or, Seven Years Explorations in British North

America, vol. 1 (London: Henry Colburn, 1849), 15. 14 Alexander, L’Acadie, vol. 1, 22. 15 Alexander, L’Acadie, vol. 1, 59–65. 16 Alexander, L’Acadie, vol. 1, 127–28. 17 Charles Dickens, “American Notes, London, 1846,” in Kingston! Oh Kingston!

An Anthology, ed. Arthur Britton Smith (Kingston: Brown and Martin, 1987), 348–49. 18 Kingston Chronicle and Gazette, May 25, 1842. 19 Part of the Harbour of Kingston Shewing the Position of the Shoals Adjacent to the Town (Board of Works, 1842), NMC 16821, LAC. 20 Spurr, “The Royal Navy’s Presence in Kingston, Part II,” 93. 21 W. Buckingham and G.W. Ross, The Hon. Alexander Mackenzie: His Life and

Times (Toronto: Rose, 1892), 98. 22 Richard Herbert Bray Carruthers-Zurowski, “William Bray, J.P., R.N. (1814–1882),” RCAF Blog, 2007. 23 The account of the event is based upon the June 1, 1843, Montreal Gazette article, which provides a full description of the issues, including legal precedent and its importance in terms of Canadian law. The full article has been made available by Walter Lewis through the Maritime History of the

Great Lakes website at images.maritimehistoryofthegreatlakes.ca. 24 Spurr, “The Royal Navy’s Presence in Kingston, Part II,” 93.

Notes

25 Spurr, “The Royal Navy’s Presence in Kingston, Part II,” 93. 26 J. Ross Robertson, Robertson’s Landmarks of Toronto, vol. 2, 879. 27 Machar, The Story of Old Kingston, 273. 28 Ivan J. Saunders, “A History of Martello Towers in the Defence of British

North America, 1796–1871,” in Canadian Historic Sites No. 15: Occasional

Papers in Archaeology and History (Parks Canada, 1976). 29 Buckingham and Ross, The Hon. Alexander Mackenzie, 103. 30 Banks and Bazely, “Reassessing the Origin and Early History of Two Royal

Navy Buildings in Point Frederick,” 151–52. 31 Kingston Chronicle and Gazette, September 16, 1846. 32 Spurr, “The Royal Navy’s Presence in Kingston, Part II,” 93. 33 Garcia, “The British Military Facilities on Point Henry Circa 1815 to 1870,” 304. 34 Cruikshank, Kingston CW. 35 Spurr, “The Royal Navy’s Presence in Kingston, Part II,” 93. 36 Spurr, “The Royal Navy’s Presence in Kingston, Part II,” 93–94.

19 ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT

1 Garcia, “The British Military Facilities on Point Henry Circa 1815 to 1870,” 3. 2 Garcia, “The British Military Facilities on Point Henry Circa 1815 to 1870,” 17. 3 H. Gram, Ordnance Map of Point Frederick (Kingston, September 25, 1852),

NMC 22437, LAC. 4 These conclusions were based on comparative reviews of maps and images. 5 Kingston, CW. Point Frederick. Plan of H.M. Dock Yard Shewing in Yellow the Portions of Stone Wall to Be Repaired and Boarded Fence to Be Removed (Kingston: Royal Engineers, September 29, 1854), LAC. 6 Garcia, “The British Military Facilities on Point Henry Circa 1815 to 1870,” 14. 7 Garcia, “The British Military Facilities on Point Henry Circa 1815 to 1870,” 242. 8 Machar, The Story of Old Kingston, 267. 9 Spurr, “The Royal Navy’s Presence in Kingston, Part II,” 94. 10 “Arrival of Gunboat St. Andrew,” Daily News, June 12, 1866, Maritime

History of the Great Lakes.

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322 WARRIORS AND WARSHIPS

11 Bazely, Boyce, and Dunn, “The Naval Cottages and Naval Hospital, Royal

Naval Dockyard,” 17–20. 12 Bazely, Boyce, and Dunn, “The Naval Cottages and Naval Hospital, Royal

Naval Dockyard,” 18, 23. 13 Machar, The Story of Old Kingston, 267–68. 14 Kingston Daily News, December 20, 1870. 15 Bazely, Boyce, and Dunn, “The Naval Cottages and Naval Hospital, Royal

Naval Dockyard,” 17. 16 Osborne and Swainson, Kingston: Building on the Past for the Future, 65. 17 According to Osborne and Swainson in Kingston: Building on the Past for the

Future (page 367), the gun continued to be fired when the militia occupied the fort. 18 Osborne and Swainson, Kingston: Building on the Past for the Future, 285. 19 Kingston Daily News, June 22, 1871. 20 Kingston Daily News, June 22, 1871. 21 Kingston Daily News, June 22, 1871 22 “Grand Military Ball,” Kingston Daily News, July 5, 1871. 23 Kingston Daily News, May 14, 1874.

20 LEGACY

1 British Whig, June 1, 1876. 2 Preston, Canada’s RMC, 42–43. 3 Osborne and Swainson, Kingston: Building on the Past for the Future, 288. 4 Preston, Canada’s RMC, 65–66. 5 Preston, Canada’s RMC, 34. 6 “Yeo to Croker,” May 9, 1814, in DHC in 1812–14, ed. E.A. Cruikshank, vol. 9, 9 vols. (Welland, ON: Tribune Office, 1908), 339–43. 7 Preston, Canada’s RMC, 292.