Culminating Project by Dylan Howe

BOTTOMS UP _A Catalyst For Change In West Bottoms_

Kansas State University | CulminaĆ&#x;ng Project J. Dylan Howe | Fall 2014

_A Catalyst For Change In West Bottoms_

Project Team

Designer / Defender J. Dylan Howe

Professor Vibhavari Jani

Professional Reviewer Brandon Davis

Content Reviewers Jay Sibbitts

Peer Reviewers

Aaron Bisch Brianna Stevens Dylan Rupar

Contents

Introduction

Process |10 Goals and Objectives

|12

Research and Findings

|16

Analysis

|66

Evidence Based Approach

|82

Final Design Solution

|102

Appendices

Introduction

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Precious and unique benef it s accrue to those who regularly at tend third places and who value those forms of social intercourse found there. The leveling , primac y of conversation, cer taint y of meeting friends, looseness of s truc ture and eternal reign of the imp of fun all combine for and experience one cannot f ind elsewhere.â&#x20AC;? - Ray Oldenberg, The Great Good Place

PROJECT INTENT A large problem in our ci es today is urban decay. Throughout me, the development of highways and transporta on methods has caused the movement of the once “centralized” ci es to grow outwards, leaving parts of the city abandoned and le to rot. Kansas City is one of these places and in the West Bo oms area it has suﬀered severely. This is where my project takes root. The aim is to integrate informal public space into the urban fabric in an area in Kansas City, known as the “West Bo oms.” This area of the city, once a bustling hub of commerce and interac on has become the vic m of urban decay. A er an in-depth inves ga on of the urban fabric, the project sets its roots in the heart of West Bo oms in what was once the Perfec on Stove Company Building, a large open plan manufacturing and distribu on facility. On a more in mate scale, research will assist in developing a program to incorporate an urban brewpub and addi onal rent-able space into this building as an adap ve reuse project.

PROBLEM

RELEVANCY, BACKGROUND AND CONTRIBUTION “Urbanism is a lens through which to view and interpret the city. Urbanists a empt to understand how economic, poli cal, social, ecological and cultural characteris cs of place affect urban form and social life.” (Németh 2010) With this idea of urbanism established research has been gathered on the gravely affected area of West Bo oms in Kansas City, MO. A er me culous analyza on it is clear that what this area needs are integrated informal public spaces. As a means of comba ng these issues of urban decay and blithe currently, we as a society are relying on planners in the urbanism movement to develop urban fabrics which meet our fundamental needs. I argue that success stories are a rarity, for the efforts today are o en blind to their unintended shor alls. The current applica ons of urbanism have supported a lifestyle of material acquisi on and seeking a er comfort and pleasures to combat the stress caused by our busy lives. Unfortunately this breeds boredom, loneliness, aliena on and is o en costly. The true success stories show an inclusion of informal public spaces that act as restora ve “Third Places.” A number of rich precedents have been observed in Europe; the German biergarten, the Italian Piazza, the French Cafe. These precedents will inform and guide the design adding to the base of knowledge and create a solid pla orm that will birth the opportuni es for future design projects.

RESPONSE

WHY A BREWERY? With the intensifica on of the built environment in todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ci es on the rise, the responsibility of those directly involved in the design of buildings has grown beyond site-specific interests. The objec ve is evolving to be ever more crea ve and proac ve in the inves ga on and development of the place-making opportuni es that exist within the urban fabric. By forming a common vision, these opportuni es should aim to create a vibrant living street scape supported by en cing and engaging spaces that enhance the urban environment. With the abundance of opportuni es arising, there is a growing need for spaces that draw interest from a number of demographics. This project proposes that an urban brewery answers that call. If you look at the resurgence of cra beer, there is a component of the brewing and consuming process that s mulates the community through a common thread.

SOLUTION

Today there are many localized urbanism movements that are crea ng neo-neighborhoods. These neo-neighborhoods are reliant and self-sustained by the diversity of local businesses that not only meet the inhabitants needs but start build an iden ty for urban space.

EXECUTIVE STATEMENT The purpose of this project is to use interior space as a catalyst for revitaliza on on a mul tude of scales. In an inves ga on of adap ve reuse the designer argues that through place-making and the crea on of a “Third Place”, revitaliza on becomes a viable goal reaching beyond the walls of the building itself. The urban se ng in America today is aching for social spaces. Denese Neu summarizes Putnuam’s “Bowling Alone,” saying that in tandem with the decline of social spaces, the movement towards “New Urbanism” was occurring. She found that the successful cases were keystoned by businesses; mainly businesses that func on as true third spaces, mee ng commercial and social needs. Increasingly the local economies are realizing the value of cultural capital. It is in the rich history and iden ty of place that this cultural capital is created. In the “West Bo oms” neighborhood of Kansas City, an area that has fallen vic m to the phenomena of urban blithe, there is a tremendous poten al for development and revitaliza on. “West Bo oms” needs these third spaces to restore its vibrant history and to gain cultural and social capital. By tapping into this urban fabric the designer has the opportunity to eﬀect change not only in the local community but also on a social scale se ng precedent for other areas aﬀected by urban blithe.

APPLICATION

Process

PROGRAMMING

SCHEMATIC DESIGN

GENERATIVE INTENT

FINAL DESIGN

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

PHYSICAL NEEDS

DEFINING THE PROBLEM

WRITTEN/CONCEPTUAL NEEDS

RESEARCH

DESIGN PHASE

SYNTHESIS

Goals and Objectives

“Indeed we face the enormous task of making ‘ the mess that is urban America’ suitably hospitable to the requirement s of gregarious, social animals.” - Ray Oldenberg , The Great Good Place

FRAMEWORKS

REVITALIZATION

SUSTAINABILITY

COMMUNITY

PLACEMAKING

GOALS & OBJECTIVES

Use Interior Space As A Catalyst For Urbanism - Seamlessly integrate into the urban fabric - Embrace the rich history of the building and site

Consider Life Cycles on Mul ple Scales

Break Down Social Barriers and Build Community

- Use local grains for local brewing - Treat the building as adapƟve re-use

- Provide a variety of experiences for many demographics - Integrate community space into the program of spaces

Create A Memorable User Experience - Create rich and memorable branding on many scales - Use elements of “place aƩachment” methods

Research and Findings

â&#x20AC;&#x153;In the absence of informal public life, living becomes more expensive. Where the means and facilities for relaxation and leisure are not publicly shared, they become the objec t s of private ownership and consumption.â&#x20AC;? - Ray Oldenberg , The Great Good Place

INTRODUCTION

URBAN DECAY AND URBANISM

When designing interior spaces, designers are directly aﬀec ng the space and psychology on a very human scale, but for a project to be truly successful it must address issues on a number of scales. When thinking about interior space as a catalyst for revitaliza on on an urban scale there are a number of factors that play a key role in that process; the first being Urbanism as a prac ce in living sustainably and its response to the issue of urban decay. Revitaliza on becomes another focus, exploring the ideas of adap ve reuse and co-opera ve social systems. Psychology also starts to inform designers of what humans want and need, thus shedding light on the idea of the “third place” and crea ng informal public space. Finally is the idea of programing spaces that create iden ty and intrigue within a neighborhood in an eﬀort to draw interest and develop business. The following reviews will summarize and synthesize informa on that supports these ideas as a way of thinking and designing holis cally.

Urban Decay is o en described as the decay and deteriora on of an urban area due to neglect or age. There are a number of diﬀerent culprits that cause this decay on not only a physical level, but in a social, economic and environmental way as well. The problems with urban decay are inextricably linked to the issue of urban sprawl. There are a number of reasons that brought on the movement to urban sprawl. Through the development of highways and transporta on methods, like cars, the movement of the once “centralized” ci es started to grow outwards encompassing and conver ng farm lands to developed residen al areas. This naturally was a detriment to the environments and their local ecology as sprawling caused air and water pollu on, loss of agricultural land and a deple on of the landscape and wildlife systems. It has now become clear that on a physical level urban sprawl, which provided availability to single family dwellings and more room for living, has caused many problems.

As a result of all of that change there were some residual effects that played a key role in the decay and blight of urban areas. As the people who could afford vehicles and houses in the suburban sprawling areas moved away from city centers it began to create a strong economic and ethnic segrega on. As the money started to move from these areas, it caused a trickle-down effect where the local businesses started to suffer and had to move away to stay successful. The culmina on of the of these effects caused crime rates to rise, higher pollu on and a reduc on in parks and green space in the inner city accelera ng the process of urban decay. The response to these issues today is widely regarded as “urbanism” or “new urbanism” which is an urban design movement promo ng diverse and accessible neighborhoods that provide a sense of iden ty. Some of the goals outlined by the Congress for New Urbanism include crea ng neighborhoods that endure, meaning they respond for the need to be human scaled and walkable. By focusing on connec ons, transporta on and shared space, it starts to create the iden ty that neighborhoods are really longing for.

Fig. 19 1

As progressive as the New Urbanism movement is there are some who s ll see room for improvement. In her ar cle “New Urbanism- Progress towards Sustainable Urban Design,” Andrea E. Nelson (2010) ques ons the idea of urbanism today saying, “The most highly recognized New Urbanism developments are located in suburban or exurban areas and do not address land use and development paƩerns within the larger municipaliƟes and regions they inhabit.” Nelson argues that New Urbanism today is not prac cing holis cally; therefore it is not mee ng the inherent goals regarding sustainability on a physical and social level. New urbanism is founded on principles promo ng social and environmental sustainability. Sustainable urban design follows the no on that like forests, prairies and wetlands, ci es can be restora ve and replenishing by integra ng human pa erns with natural systems while championing place-making, uniqueness and con nuity. The framework this

creates underscores principles of accessibility,security,sociability,iden ty, diversity, robustness, regenera on, interconnec vity and adaptability as a means to sustainability. The shortcomings of New Urbanism, which is predominantly focused on urban livability and physical design characteris cs, comes in the lack of addressing the deeper, more fundamental problems regarding human consump on and the rela on to land use and development pa erns within the larger regions. She con nues, “Extending New Urbanism principles to embrace urban ecology, place-based economics, and social equity, as well as broader global concerns, and approaching urban form in an evolving organic way are essenƟal to embrace sustainable development. These findings suggest that sustainable urban design principles and techniques for promoƟng cultural, social, environmental, and economic sustainability may help New Urbanism developments to be a more holisƟc approach to the integraƟon of sustainable development in urban form.”

ADAPTIVE REUSE AND CO-OPS New Urbanism happens on a number of scales generally set in the city planning and master planning world of design. When that vision starts to become realized in an area of urban decay one of the strong methods for keeping the culture and iden ty of place is the adap ve reuse of space. In the ar cle “Pa na of the city” the author states, “PaƟna is fundamental for the percepƟon of the value of being old because it points to the percepƟon of the passage of Ɵme and to the idea of aging and decay.” He discusses how the aging and decay happens on two scales, the scale of the city and the scale of place. In the final sec on of the ar cle he plays with the no ons of permanence and transforma on as a driver of the revitaliza on process. He suggests when intervening into older areas that the designer appreciates and celebrates the inherent iden ty already present. An adap ve reuse project is a direct answer to that call (Zanche , 2006).

Fig. 21 2

Adap ve reuse is an important and necessary step in the process of evolving our ci es. It plays a pivotal part in conserving and restoring buildings that may be at the end of their useful life, but not their physical life. “Breathing new life into exis ng building carries with it environmental and social benefits and helps to retain our na onal heritage… a focus on economic factors alone has contributed to destruc on of buildings well short of their physical lives.” (Li-yin, 2010) One consistent challenge in designing adap ve reuse programs, especially for smaller local businesses, is programing for the spaces. O en these buildings that are being revitalized are being adapted from larger footprint, industrial style buildings. This provides the perfect opportunity for the integra on of coopera ves to strengthen sustainability of the program on a social and economic level. The idea of coopera ves (co-ops) has found success in areas stricken with urban decay. This has manifested itself in many ar st co-ops. These ar sts will come to these spaces and use them as their

studios while spli ng the already low cost for the area. “Coopera ves are easy to form, solve many prac cal problems and are all over… live/work spaces, on the other hand, require city coopera on, investment and a lot of planning…” says Ponnekan (2010).

THIRD PLACE The theory of the “third place” draws from Kaplan’s A en on Restora ve Theory (ART) and Oldenburg’s Third Place discourse. Kaplan’s theory explains the way spaces that do not require direct a en on but only indirect a en on start to create restora ve environments that reduce mental fa gue. In Jillian Sweeney’s “The Role of Third Places in Reduc on of Mental Fa gue” she outlines the call to “explore the holis c role of place beyond the func onal,” and argues that social support in commercial third places creates a sense of loyalty and commitment to that place. This begins what is a symbio c rela onship between employee and customer. Third Places oﬀer a neutral ground ac ng as a leveler, transcending class structures.

It must be a playful environment that encourages conversa on. It is when spaces start to embrace these quali es that the consumers really start to indulge crea ng the “regulars.” (2010) The concept of Third Place is focused on the idea of restora ve environments and natural s muli. Recent environmental psychological research reports that archetypical restora ve environments include three proper es (Han, 2007). The three proper es focus on being away, which provides people with a relief from everyday life, fascina on, which refers to a spaces natural draw and its ability to hold a person’s a en on. Finally the third property, coherence, suggests that the richness of place is easily understood to the point that it clearly is discernible from other aspects of a person’s life (Sweeney, 2010).

Fig. 23 3

BEER AND BREWING

Beer has a very rich and deep history da ng back to ancient Egypt and beyond. The consistency and taste of beer has changed a lot over me but the role beer has played in development of place and the importance regarding community has withstood the test of me. Beer was a strong player in the development of agriculture and domes ca on. In the early days of agriculture it became clear, the benefits of bread and beer as compared to other foods. Beer was o en safer than the available water sources at that me, it was more caloric and also was revered for its mood altering quali es.

Another thing Neu points out is just how well a brewpub fits into the urban planning aspect. As far as integra ng into the urban fabric, it is an ideal situa on as they are generally locally owned, provide a locally produced product and serve as economic anchors. She men ons that in the last 25 years the owners of these establishments have framed themselves to be ac vists in preserving both history and cultural aspects of the beer world and the neighborhood.

The planning community has become increasingly aware of the value of local economies and the role local businesses play in that development (Neu, 2012). Denese Neu is a planning professional who also loves cra beer. She is convinced through her in-depth research she has started to see a trend where the local brewpub has acted as a social and economic catalyst. She talks in detail on how this idea of a brewpub is an ideal situa on for a â&#x20AC;&#x153;third space.â&#x20AC;?

The culmina on of the ideas reviewed here begin to inform a truly holis c design approach. An approach that understands the physical, cogni ve, social, economic and environmental needs on all scales. By understanding these concepts on the scale of city and the scale of place, one is posi oned in a way to create a successful project that is also sustainably responsible in a larger sense.

CONCLUSION

Fig. 25 4

Design Theories

“ Upon an urban landsc ape increasingl y hos tile to and devoid of informal gathering places , one may encounter people rather pathetic all y tr y ing to f ind some spot in w hich to relax and enjoy each other ’s company.” - Ray Oldenberg , The Great Good Place

THIRD PLACE THEORY In its essence, “Third Place Theory” explains of the restora ve environments that have been inten onally integrated into the into the informal public spaces of the urban fabric. Unknowingly third places have always been a part of our lives as the places we spend me, outside of work or home. The role of third places in our lives today, however, has taken on a much more prominent role. No longer just a casual hangout, they have now become ingrained into our everyday lifestyles. For some, namely the “Crea ve Class” (knowledge workers, intellectuals and ar sts), the third place has become an asset one cannot live without. Another aspect that is somewhat unique about third place in regards to place making is that it has the ability to cross all genera ons allowing for more inclusion. S ll the significance lies in the extent that third places have become part of our everyday lives. People with access to their third place of choice will inevitably gravitate toward those places.

Once understood, the aspects of third place can be applied in place making eﬀorts to catalyze an influx of talent to drive economic prosperity. When discussing what characteris cs create ideal third places we must refer back to Oldenburg’s “The Great Good Place.” He outlines that a third place should represent a personal experience, not necessarily on an individual basis but overall, requiring a variety of op ons. These spaces must fulfill an individual need, whether it is social, crea ve or focused on well-being it needs to aﬀord for a variety of needs. Similar to home and work these places are important in defining who we are and what we do. It’s no longer just “Jane the lawyer”, but with third places as defining elements as well it becomes “Jane the president of the Homebrew commi ee.” These places should be personally func onal to us. There must be a need for the place and it must always be there when we need it.

It is obvious that in planning communi es of the future we must consider third places as an integrated feature as they are vital to the growth and prosperity of place.

HOME

WORK

3 THIRD PLACE

ATTENTION RESTORATION THEORY This theory focuses on the unique ability of natural spaces to provide profound restora ve eﬀects on the human brain’s ability to focus. Kaplan and Kaplan theorize that there are two types of a en on: voluntary and involuntary. In contrast to involuntary a en on which is nearly eﬀortless, voluntary a en on requires a lot of focus and energy. A en on is usually restored through sleep, but it can also be restored during waking hours when a person’s involuntary a en on becomes highly engaged, essen ally giving direct a en on a breather. Kaplan and his collaborators found that nature is especially conducive to our involuntary engagement.

Fig. 5

ARCHETYPAL PHENOMENOLOGY Thiis-Evenson aims to create an archetypal typology that helps in the inves ga on of phenomena as it relates to the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s iden ty. A large focus of Thiis-Evensonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s work looks at how floor, wall and roof express insideness and outsideness through mo on, weight and substance. He then developed a vocabulary of mo fs that provide certain characteris cs to a building. One theme that I will be inves ga ng and applying is the Breadth theme which gives a horizontal sense to the building and generally has a ver cal tripar on. This tripar on is comprised of a domina ng central field and two side fields. This mo f is theorized to increase communica on between inside and outside and emphasizes the public nature of the building.

Fig. 6

PLACE ATTACHMENT THEORY This theory refers to the bonds between people and place, also known as topophilia. The emphasis in place a achment puts an emphasis on the pedestrian, and the ac va on of the senses. Successful place making has a mix of uses and maintains both consistency (through branding and iden ty) and uniqueness (through experience)Awareness of the place history also intensifies place a achment, and conversely those who are a ached to a space are more interested in learning about its history. A study done by Lewicka (2005) showed that people a ached to a place expressed more interest in the placeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s past and in their own roots than people with fewer emo onal bonds.

Fig. 7

HOME BREWING Less of a design theory, more of an experiment, myself and one other colleague have taken our research to the next level by ge ng our hands dirty in the process of home brewing. It is only through this experience the process of brewing can truly be understood. A er doing a number of visits to local breweries and asking ques ons about the opera ons, then experimen ng ourselves, we have gained a grander knowledge and an apprecia on for the science involved and the precision in ming, planning and execu on.

Design Trends

â&#x20AC;&#x153; Where third places remain vital i n t h e l i v e s o f p e o p l e t o d a y, i t i s far more because they are prolif ic than prominent... The proliferation of smaller es tablishment s kept them at the human scale and available to all in the face of increasing urbanization.â&#x20AC;? - Ray Oldenberg , The Great Good Place

BAR AND DINING TRENDS Fig. 8

Although there are a lot of aspects in interior design that are timeless and classic, every year new trends arrive on the scene trying to innovate and push things in a new direction. One of these trends brings a focus onto environmentally friendly practices. This includes everything from sourcing the materials to the water consumption. A hot trend for some time now this trend has been embraced by local restaurant owners and patrons. Industrial interiors have been another popular trend. Gaining inspiration from the hottest bars in cities like New York, natural brick, exposed structure and clever detailing can give that industrial look that is so desired these days.

Fig. 9

Urban street dining is all the rage. Bleeding out onto the sidewalk and urban area has brought these hospitality spaces to life. By activating the ground plane, passersby are constantly being enticed by what lies beyond those doors. It also lets the users become part of the intense activity of the urban environment around them.

Fig. 5, 6 Fig. 3710

BEER TRENDS In Lauren Buzzeoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s article on the top beer trends in 2014, she outlines that there are six main trends that are currently taking place in the beer world. The first trend touches on the abundance of hops that are being developed. Currently there are around 200 different types of hops sold commercially, an increase of 75% from just a few decades ago. It is also reported that 100 new types of hops are in development currently. The next two trends focus on flavor trends. In the recent past there has been a strong market for IPAs and other high IBU (International Bitterness Unit) beers, however it seems that there is a movement back towards the historically favored ales and lighter beers. Sour beers are also on the upswing.

Fig. 11

Nano-breweries and craft breweries are another trend that is occurring, in large part to the recent boom in craft brewing. Often originated by home-brewers these nano-breweries make small, unique batches and serve locally. The people want BBD or bigger, better, distribution. With the demand on the rise ancient, preventive regulations are being changed or removed to make craft beers more accessible for all. With craft breweries in every state and, on average, most Americans living within 10 miles of a brewery or brewpub, thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s never been a better time to embrace your local craft beer scene. (2014)

CRAFT BREWERIES BY STATE

Fig. 3912

IDENTITY AND PLACEMAKING A large part of forming the iden ty of a place is focused around branding. Place branding is a process that enhances the image and reputa on of a place through the development of a brand iden ty that is comprehensive. The overall aim is to make the place stand out and contribute to the sustainable development of a place. The fact that so many people now view the world through a window the size of a phone screen has created a perceivable shi in logo design. It used to be that icons had to be kept extremely simple: Now, as a rule, logos must be as well, but that doesn’t mean boring. Designers con nue to push back and evolve the meaning of “simple.”

Fig. 13

That logos have to be scalable has always been understood. However, our percep on of “small” has changed, in some cases “ ny” is being rather generous. Dimension and detail are necessarily removed so that these logos read properly on mobile screens. Designs have become more and more flat. Surfaces are plain and defined by mono-weight lines. Flat facets, mo on lines, mono crest, le er stacks, hand type, dazzle, geo-wires, trans menagerie, waves and hexagons are just a few of the main logo movements trending today. (Gardner, 2014)

Fig. 4114

Precedent Studies

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Industrialization separated the place of work from the place of residence, making it remote in dis tance, moralit y and spirit from family life. What we now call third place exis ted long before this separation, and so our term is a concession to the sweeping ef fec t s of the Industrial Revolution and it s division into private and public spheres.â&#x20AC;? - Ray Oldenberg, The Great Good Place

BANG BREWERY

STRUCTURE

PROGRAM

This Midwestern brewing company was the first of its kind. The husband and wife team were one of the first groups to establish a 100% organic brewery. With a small budget and a keen eye the couple put together a pallet of simple honest materials to create a truly beau ful space.

While keeping the goal in mind to provide a high ra on of volume to exterior surface area, the clients chose a purpose-built grain bin. Not only did it achieve a desirable ra o, but it saved on building costs and was a direct response to the vernacular of the loca on.

The program of this space is in direct response to the func onal process of brewing. It has a circular organiza on that allows for the process of beer to happen around the edge of the interior and puts the bar right in the center of the ac on. It allows for brewing, fermen ng, and processing of the beer.

MATERIALITY

URBAN CONTEXT

With a strong sensibility of the environmental impact that their building would have, the clients decided to focus on energy and material conserva on. This lead to the use of concrete, metal, reclaimed wood and insulated glass as the main material drivers.

Located in St. Paul Minnesota, this small brewpub plants its roots right in the heart of an industrial part of the city. They have strategically placed themselves in an area where there are a number of businesses that may frequent this spot as a happy hour getaway.

Architect

Alchemy Architects

Loca on

St. Paul, Minnesota

Area

1,300

Fig. 15-18 45

DISTRICT 6 MICRO BREWERY

STRUCTURE

PROGRAM

“It’s all in the making.” The mantra behind this magnificent micro brewery, has become their concept from beer to building. By bringing in the experts these clients have created a beau ful restaurant that doubles as a fully func onal micro brewery.

This renova on dealt li le with overall structural considera ons. It did however address the construc on on a smaller interior scale crea ng screens and overhead planes.

MATERIALITY

URBAN CONTEXT

As reflected in the name, the restaurant features six dis nct areas including a brew tank area, an outdoor area (since the weather is nice year round), an alfresco zone, a front kitchen and public and private dining rooms. Each space takes on a design of its own but the design is cohesive overall by crea ng a familiar pale e of materials.

In this renova on the designers drew the colors from the bronze hues of the beers and the brew tanks in which they reside. The use of warm woods and brick create a vibrant space drawing you in from the street. Exposed ceilings and textured overhead planes give the space an industrial feel as if the users were part of the brewing process.

Located in Bangalore, India in the midst of a hospitality district, this design finds its home at the bo om of the Sheraton Hotel. The generous budget allowed for the crea on of a beau ful space that caters to the surrounding area.

Architect Loca on Area

M-style Bangalore, India N/A

Fig. 19-22 47

DOGFISH HEAD BREWERY

STRUCTURE

PROGRAM

Dogfish Head started its journey as a small brewpub in 1995 with the goal to bring original beer, food and music to the area in Delaware where they were located. A er their beer grew in popularity, they decided to build this brewery to grow their prac ce by 30 mes.

The structural focus here was primarily func onal. The use of open frame web joists and steel columns gives the space an open feel allowing for op mal natural ligh ng. The integra on of LEDs into the steel beams is also an innova ve feature in this space.

This project integrates the eﬃcient and straight-forward use of material water and energy in an eﬀort to match the sustainable goals that the company holds close to their hearts.

MATERIALITY

URBAN CONTEXT

Local and salvaged materials were u lized to create the cladding and furniture for this addi on. The use of lite wood and metal creates a contemporary space that is natural and invi ng. The use of steel also creates the steam-punk tree house in the front lawn.

Off the beaten path in Milton, Delaware, this addi on was a response to a request for addi onal office and lab space. The exis ng brewery occupied 100,000 sq . Making it one of, if not the biggest, building in this small town 10 miles off of the Atlan c Coast.

Architect

DIG SAU

Loca on

Milton, Delaware

Area

26,000 sq

Fig. 23-26 49

Client and User Considerations

â&#x20AC;&#x153; Belief in the signif icance of architec ture is premised on the notion that we are, for bet ter or for worse, dif ferent people in dif ferent places - and on the convic tion that is architec ture â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s task to render vivid to us w ho we mig ht ideall y be.â&#x20AC;? - Alain De Bot ton, The Architec ture of Happiness

CLIENT NEEDS The client will have the majority of the programma c needs in this project. That includes but is not limited to the space for all of the brewing equipment, chilling room, bar, kitchen, service quarters, indoor and outdoor dining and any parking spaces. Any op onal co-op space rental will need to be addressed as well. Beyond focusing on the basic needs it is important to consider the larger goals of the client. Revitaliza on, sustainability and community are all very important in this case and should be addressed in a holis c manner. To understand how to approach this we must understand the users and the way they interact in the space.

When focusing on revitaliza on it is important for the client to tackle an adap ve reuse project as a means of upcycling on a building scale. Not only is this responsible but it helps maintain a rich history of a building and if properly chosen can be a rac ve to the targeted user groups. Adap ve re-use itself is a form of sustainability but on a smaller scale the client wants to intervene to promote sustainable prac ces. Including bike racks to promote alternate means of transporta on. The inclusion of greenery and natural spaces not only creates a more desirable space but can start to achieve local farming needs directly related to the brewery. The client would eventually like to be cul va ng their own strain of yeast to cut on overhead and to emphasize the importance of local harves ng.

Community is the final aspect that the client finds truly integral. They want to include outdoor and indoor public spaces with a large community focus in order to draw people outside of peak hours. The owner wants this space to be a true third place providing for the informal needs of the inhabitants.

Fig. 5327

USER NEEDS Similar to the client the target user group is concerned with revitaliza on, sustainability and community. The users need to be revitalized. This third place needs to act as a truly regenera ve space allowing for stress relief through casual public interac on. The space needs to draw a en on but in such a way that it becomes subconscious and requires very li le of the user. Sustainable prac ces are what draw the users back me and me again. They will support a client that believes in similar movements. Bringing new life to an old building will peak interest in those using the space either coming there to celebrate the history of place or learning about it a er the fact due to the intriguing spaces itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s comprised of.

Again community plays a major role in the rela onships that will manifest here. People want to go where their friends go. The users want the op on to see someone they know or meet someone completely new on each visit to the space.

Fig. 5528

PROXEMICS Proxemics is the idea that body spacing and posture can directly effect levels of comfort for users in a space. Quali es In mate Personal Social Public When crea ng an inclusive space to break down social barriers it’s important to consider that different cultures maintain different standards of personal space. Comfortable personal distances depend not only on culture, but also the social situa on, gender, and individual preference. Realizing and recognizing these cultural differences improves cross-cultural understanding, and helps eliminate discomfort people may feel if the interpersonal distance is too large (“stand-offish”) or too small (intrusive).

Fig. 29

Fig. 30 57

1. INTIMATE SPACE

2. SINGLE HEIGHT SPACE

- Provides for acous c buďŹ&#x20AC;ering - Indicates private nature of the space - Provides for comfortable in mate or personal space

- Great for transi on spaces - Provides familiarity in proximity - Provides for comfortable social environment

3. DOUBLE HEIGHT SPACE

4. OPEN TO ABOVE

- Indicates hierarchal importance - Indicates the public nature of the space - Provides for a more acous cally ac ve space

Light, Color and Material

â&#x20AC;&#x153; Color does not add a pleas ant quali t y to desig n , i t reinforces i t .â&#x20AC;? - Pierre Bonnard

LIGHTING Ligh ng can transform a space. In this project ligh ng will prove to be vital as the building has limed exposure to natural ligh ng and will o en be used during the nigh me hours. Addi onally some parts of the brewing process have certain ligh ng restric on requirements so these will need to be addressed pragma cally. QUALITIES Unique Ligh ng Fixtures Incorporate All Ligh ng Types -Ambient -Task -Focal -Decora ve Use Warm Tones To Create a Desired EďŹ&#x20AC;ect

62 36 Fig.

Fig. 31

COLOR When crea ng environments that have a variety of users, one must account for the colors within the space. One successful measure is to use the idea of color harmony. It is necessary to consider a color scheme that reinforces the materiality of the space and the concept behind it. QUALITIES Warm Colors -Yellow: Yellow is so er than red or orange and is seen as sunny and cheerful. It’s a great color to li your spirits and when you live in a posi ve state you are well-equipped to combat stress Natural Colors -Green: Green res ul and quiet color. It’s a soothing color that invites harmonious feelings that can diﬀuse anxiety -Blue: Blue is tranquil, peaceful, and calm. This color has a tremendous stress management quality to it, making us feel cool and calm.

Fig. 6332

MATERIALS AND TEXTURES

QUALITIES

Por ons of the supplemental research for this project suggest that connec ons back to nature help in the restora ve process that is so integral in â&#x20AC;&#x153;place makingâ&#x20AC;? for third spaces. Therefore this space will focus on having mainly natural materials that stay true to that idea but also enhance the rawness of the building shell itself.

Exposed Brick -The building facades are made out of a beau ful brick. By preserving those quali es it will provide a unique aesthe c to the space that alludes to its rich history.

Visible Structure - Exposed structure is o en found in industrial se ngs as it reduces cost. In this project, the concrete Referring back to the trends of restaurant and bar design there is columns will be le exposed to celebrate a movement towards the industrial the structure. look and feel. With its origin as the Perfec on Stove Company Building this Celebrate Natural Materiality - Everything down to the space especially is poised to have the industrial essence. It is also located in a furniture will express the material in neighborhood that has a rich industrial which it was manufactured, li le to no history only strengthening the validity paint will be applied to objects in the space providing that natural essence. of the aesthe c.

Fig. 33

Fig. 34

Fig. 35

Fig. 6536

Site Analysis

“ We shape our buildings; thereaf ter they shape us.” - Wins ton Churchill

HISTORY

The West Bo oms, the original downtown Kansas City, was founded around the 1860s with the arrival of the railroads. The area was a hot spot for economic growth as it lies at the mee ng of two prominent rivers. Capitalizing on the industrial revolu on the rapid growth of the railroad industry allowed for the Livestock Exchange to be the Midwestern hub of ca le. As a result other smaller industries also flourished in the area.

The first hit to the Historic West Bo oms was a devasta ng flood in 1903. The flood closed the Union Depot and many hotels. As the residents le the area it became a primarily industrial area housing major rail, agriculture, baking, trade, and livestock hubs.

In 1871 the stockyards were established along the Kansas Pacific and Missouri Pacific railroad tracks. Expanding from 13 to 55 acres in 1878 it soon was developed into one of the largest horse and mule markets in the country. Also in 1878 opened Kansas Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Union Depot (the largest building west of New York) which many believed to be excessive but the rapid expanse of the railroad connec ons overwhelmed the facility soon a er.

The 1990â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s brought a small revolu on to the area bring it new glory. A study done by Cydney Millstein led to the area becoming a historic district. The change in zoning would help allow for government funds to help preserve, protect, and repair many of the buildings in the area. One key point in the revitaliza on was the overwhelming need for investors to intervene to help preserve and these historical buildings and prevent them from being demolished.

In 1951 the stockyards closed a er another flood. As fast as the area grew it was le alone to rot. The area had been abandoned by the city.

Fig. 6937

LOCATION AND TOPOGRAPHY

Fig. 44

The loca on of the West Bo oms in Kansas City lies directly west of the current downtown area in Jackson County. At the mee ng of two rivers this area is shaped by the contours of the topography with two rivers as well as a steep eleva on change on the East side ac ng as borders. The topography of the area is rela vely flat in the West Bo oms resul ng in the infamous floods that ravished the area in the past. The eleva on on the opposite bank of the river climbs up above the flood plain and just to the Southeast of the site along Mulkey Square Park the eleva on increases steeply.

THE RIVERS The Missouri River to the North was the original source of discovery and development. It is a waterway that extends from Montana to Mississippi. It is wide, fast and known for its ever changing course. The Kansas River is smaller in reach and size and more stable in its course. However, there were repeated floods of the Kansas that devastated the West Bo oms un l the 50â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s when a massive flood control project was started. Even with these flood controls the threat of flooding s ll aďŹ&#x20AC;ects the mindset of the area. (KCDC, 2010)

HIGHWAYS AND SITE FLOW Largely dependent on vehicular transporta on the urban area of Kansas City has a pulsing and vibrant highway system. Two main roadways are directly effec ng the West Bo oms. The Louis and Clark Viaduct Bridge (Highway 24) and Interstate 670 both traverse across the area branching off in a number of different loca ons making the site quite accessible. As the main means of transporta on in Kansas City today is vehicular, there are future plans for a streetcar system, but a large por on will s ll only be accessible by car. The site is a complex system of streets and side streets crea ng a dynamic flow in the area. Replacing the dilapidated cablecar trestle on Twel h Street, the new double-deck, 2,300-foot long reinforced

Fig. 38

concrete viaduct provided the necessary direct link when it was completed in 1915. Designed by the renowned Kansas City firm of J. A. L. Waddell and John Lyle Harrington, and built by the Graff Construc on Co, Sea le, the unusual structure displays a prominent bowstring arch span and 45 girder spans masked as arches at the upper deck. As originally constructed, the upper deck provided a 30-foot roadway for vehicular traffic, a double-track electric railway on an independent right-of-way, and a single 5-foot sidewalk, while the lower deck provided a clear roadway for heavier commercial traffic.

Building Analysis

â&#x20AC;&#x153; What the panoramic view of the vital cit y fails to reveal is that the third realm of experience is as dis tinc t a place as home or of f ice. The informal public life only seems amorphous and scat tered; in realit y it is highl y focused.â&#x20AC;? - Ray Oldenberg , The Great Good Place

SETTING The Perfec on Stove Company Building is in Kansas City’s West Bo oms Industrial District, in the low lying flood plain at the nexus of the Missouri and Kansas Rivers. Approximately onehalf mile to the East lies the current downtown lying on top of a bluﬀ that separates them topographically. The surrounding blocks are saturated with other industrial buildings of the late 1800’s and early 1900’s. The aesthe c of the area is all very similar due to the shared u litarian func on and revival style architecture. The building stands at the Southeast corner of Union Ave. and Santa Fe St. It is bound on the North side by St. Louis Ave. Railroad tracks clip the Northwest corner of the block with mul ple lines flanking the site running North/South passing the original Union Depot. There is parking along the South

and East faces with an addi onal parking lot and loading area on the North side of the building. A two story brick building shares a wall with the building on the West side obscuring most of the West eleva on.

MULBERRY ST.

St. Louis Ave

W. 11TH ST.

SANTA FE ST.

UNION AVE.

EXTERIOR The primary eleva on (South) pivo ng sashes in the center. Each of is divided into three blocks. The first the rectangular openings has metal block at the west end projects slightly lintels and limestone sills. from the facade and terminates in a shaped parapet with a limestone cap. Brick pilasters with Terra-co a capitals and ver cal pendants are ar culated on each side of the single bay at the top center of the block. The pilasters rise all the way from the concrete base to the parapet. Cream colored terra co a blocks adorn the parapet above each pilaster. The single bay is slightly recessed in and framed treatment that terminates in a segmental arch above the third floor window. A brick soldier course forms the spandrels beneath the openings on each floor. The same cream colored blocks define each corner of the recessed brick frame and a turquoise terra co a diamond marks the center. Historic windows fill each opening. The windows have

INTEGRITY

INTERIOR

The Perfec on Stove Company has changed very li le since its construc on in 1919. S ll in its original loca on and form it compliments those surrounding buildings of similar style. The original design, materials and workmanship reflect the u litarian func on of the building and remain intact today. The building, much like the surrounding area, has a rich history and retains an the same feel as it did for the 40 years that it was in use by the Perfec on Stove Company.

The open interior space is indica ve of the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s previous life, func oning as a warehouse and regional distribu on center. Punctuated by round concrete columns with conical capitals the wide open spaces are comprised of exposed brick and exposed concrete ceilings . There are two staircases and one elevator providing for ver cal circula on. Both stairs span from the basement to the third floor.

Fig. 8139

EVIDENCE BASED SOLUTIONS

â&#x20AC;&#x153; Tr a d i t i o n a l l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h h e a l t h c a r e

archi te c ture, e v idence - b as e d desig n (EBD) is making inroads into being par t of the process for designing schools, of f ice spaces, hotels, res taurant s, museums, prisons and even residences. In shor t, EBD is when decisions about physical space are b a s e d o n re s ea rc h a n d d a t a .â&#x20AC;? - D a v i d W h i t e m y e r, T h e F u t u r e o f E v i d e n c e B a s e d D e s i g n

GENERATIVE INTENT

SOCIALITY

While inves ga ng poten al concept genera on, we dove into what we felt was most important about the spaces that would be within the space. A er many itera ons and conversa ons with my advisors it was decided that horizon was the underlying genera ve concept. As a result, there were a few points that presented themselves as vital to the projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s success; balance, sociality and variety.

Sociality speaks to an instance of social intercourse or tendencies of individuals of communi es to assemble. Similarly to the collisions that happen at the horizon line where earth and sky are in a constant binding agreement evolving over me, people collide. It is these places that facilitate the casual collisions that keep individuals coming back. No one has complete control of the numerous meetcutes that take place daily. Everyone is a voyeur to the scene.

BALANCE VARIETY Balance is an essen al part of any personal restora on. Without balance a person can get lost in certain stresses or ailments caused by daily rou ne. The horizon is constantly suspended in an essen al balance between earth and sky allowing the human to become the mediator between earth and sky, mind, body and spirit.

Variety keeps things interes ng. It is the constantly changing earth and sky that draw the gaze of onlookers to the horizon throughout the day. It will be the same variety of experiences that keep patrons returning to the informal public spaces that we as designers start to form.

THE LOOM Good design aims to uniquely integrate components into an existing context in a way that is meaningful and understandable. Similarly the loom acts as a conduit for weaving and creating fabric; providing a framework on which to build a beautifully connected web always acting as one. The model presents an existing system of strings. It is within the context of the existing framework that the red string engages its linear expression, elegantly weaving itself, crafting layers to strengthen the whole. It expresses the focused intention of its mending. This is adaptive re-use.

CRAFT True craftsmanship is intimate. It provides a sense of trust and care; a human touch. Oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s craft becomes their way of life. A love of the process is evident. Craft communicates a focused intention and that the transformation takes time to manifest something beautiful. Pick me up! This model is meant to be experienced with multiple senses. Touch it, smell it. Let the piece tell you a story; a story of struggle and triumph. Let every grain read as a wrinkle on someones face. Let it reveal the process. Now let your hand interact and let your touch become the next chapter in its life.

HORIZON The horizon maintains an essential balance. Forever tying together earth and sky as it constantly transforms through light and time. It posses an inherent dualism; a breathing spirit through every rise and fall. Where do we fit among this landscape? How do we find balance? The model depicts the weight that the horizon holds and also how elegantly we as humans can fit into the balance it creates. The environments we conceive also have an ability to accept us into their balance. Transforming us, uplifting us and healing us.

Inhabitants; no owners. Voyeurs to the scene. Collisions of the earth and sky, A picture most serene.

Fig. 8940

Schematic Design

“ In most people’s vocabularies, design

m e a n s v e n e e r. I t ’ s i n t e r i o r d e c o r a t i n g . I t ’ s the fabric of the cur tains and the sofa. But to me, nothing could be fur ther from t h e m e a n i n g of d e sig n .” - Steve Jobs

SCHEME 1 Using the concept of Horizon, the design was pushed forward visi ng many itera ons. Scheme 1 focuses on the 4 main func ons planned around a central space. It is here that the open kitchen, brewery, bar and studio/stage become the most func onally and conceptually important aspects of the design. In this itera on the entry would be on the North side of the building providing for direct access through the garden space.

GARDEN

Experience

P O ELEVATOR S T A I R STORAGE/ COOLING

OPEN KITCHEN

MEETING

STUDIO

Passive Active

BAR

STAGE

Levels of Enclosure

STORAGE STORAGE

BREWERY

STAIR

Axis

SCHEME 2 The second scheme used a similar approach but instead of entering from the North the entry becomes more of a procession entering at the South where the entry is at ground level going up to a split level. The focus here is put much more intensely on the kitchen and brewery. This design is the start to using two very prominent axis for organiza on.

GARDEN

Experience

ELEVATOR S T A I R

M BAR

STORAGE/ COOLING

Passive Active

OPEN KITCHEN

BREWERY

STUDIO

ENTRY/ WAITING

STAIR

Levels of Enclosure

Public Semi-Private

STORAGE

Axis

SCHEME 3 In scheme three the approach was to oďŹ&#x20AC;er a variety of experiences. This is achieved by breaking up the space with the transparent brewery setup. This design also put the open kitchen in close proximity to the garden for sustainable harves ng. This op on provided two main entries for addi onal variety.

GARDEN

Experience

MEETING

ELEVATOR S T A I R STORAGE/ COOLING

OPEN KITCHEN

Passive Active

BREWERY

Levels of Enclosure

BAR

STUDIO

STAIR

Axis

Design Development

â&#x20AC;&#x153; In architec ture and interiors, as well

as fashion, there is an interac tion that is b o t h f u n c t i o n a l a n d a e s t h e t i c .â&#x20AC;? - Joseph Altuzarra

PLAN AND ALTERATIONS A er careful considera on of the feedback received on the schema c phase, it was decided that something was missing. The programming was ge ng there but the space was lacking dynamic. This ins gated some bold moves to open the building up to the street and to above. By intervening in the facade in areas previously used for loading docks it allowed for a be er connec on to the community and to the natural world. Through the inclusion of an atrium the brewpub starts to engage the other occupants on a social level as well. It also allows for natural light to penetrate into the space. In the plan the design focuses on the central space as a true third place. Arranged around the central atrium are the primary programma c elements. The intent of the organiza on is to really give the space to the people and to allow a variety of experiences

100

120' - 0"

18' - 3"

R 2' ADA 6"

R 2' AD - 6" A

20' - 0"

137' - 0"

101

LIGHTING Ligh ng is important for crea ng a variety of desirable experiences.

PRODUCTS

Fig. 41

102

Fig. 42

Fig. 43

Fig. 103 44

FURNITURE Furniture should reinforce the materiality and inten ons of the space in which it lives.

PRODUCTS

Fig. 45

104

Fig. 46

Fig. 47

Fig. 48 105

Final Design Solution

106

â&#x20AC;&#x153;A g rea t b uil ding mus t b e g in w i t h t h e

unmeasurable, mus t go through measurable means when it is being designed and in t h e e n d m u s t b e u n m e a s u r a b l e.â&#x20AC;? - Louis Kahn

107

108

1. EXISTING BUILDING SHELL

2. CREATE OPENINGS

The building, due to its previous func on as a manufacturing and distribu on center, has provided a very open floor plate but has li le connec on to the exterior and is lacking the ver cal connec on that is so elegantly expressed in the facade.

The first step in adap ng this building was to create openings that reach out and engage the streets cape. This allows for the buildings func on to reach beyond the bounds of its floor plate and helps in bringing in more natural light.

3. VOIDS

4. OUTDOOR SPACES

By crea ng voids, an opportunity is created to express the strength of the organiza onal axes. Addi onally these voids in congruity with more contemporary addi ons start to shape the user experience through the crea on of processionals.

A dire need for this building and program to survive is to ac vate the ground plane by providing visual interest and outdoor spaces. This also provides an opportunity to intervene with addi ons of natural plan ngs or other vegeta on.

109

AXES Two crossing axes create the main organiza on on which the most important programma c elements lie. The main axis moves South to North with the secondary axis going East to West.

110

BIG IDEA The concept of third place puts a large focus on informality. To achieve that in this space the design provides for a central area in the very center that acts as the space ac va ng third place that is supported by many other casual collision areas. Central Third Place

Casual Collision Areas

111

Public Outdoor Space Central Programma c Elements Indoor Public Space Service / Parking

112

ZONING The theory of third place is all about informal public spaces. In this space there are four main zones that reinforce that idea and allow for many public zones both indoor and outdoor.

Dayligh ng Due to the fact that this was once a huge dull floor plan with no ver cal connec ons the atrium was included to add that connec on and to draw more natural sunlight into the space. The South and East walls also have windows that would allow for direct sunlight throughout the day.

113

PLAN AND ALTERATIONS A er another round of valuable feedback, the informal space seemed to be too formal s ll, so the focus shi ed to crea ng more informal gathering spaces. In the plan the design s ll focuses on the central space as a true third place. Arranged around the central atrium are the primary programma c elements. The intent of the organiza on is to really give the space to the people and to allow a variety of experiences. In a move to ac vate the space the center space is mainly standing space with two shuďŹ&#x201E;eboard tables and two smaller lounge areas. This way in peak hours when bands will be playing and people are interac ng it allows for an informal experience.

114

120' - 0"

18' - 3"

R2 'ADA 6"

R 2' AD - 6" A

20' - 0"

137' - 0"

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

R 2' ADA 6"

Perforated Screens To Emulate The Existing Column Structure Of The Existing Building Opportunities For Large Branding Intervention

R 2' AD

- 6" A

120' - 0"

Tree Plantings To Bring More Natural Elements To The Street Scape

Breadth Motif Is Used To Emphasize The Public Nature Of The Building And Strengthen Connection To The Outside

122 12 1 22

R 2' ADA 6"

R 2' AD - 6" A

120' - 0"

Feature Wall To Draw Visual Interest Into The Large Open Space

Perforated Screens Allows For Visual Screening On the Upper Floors As Well As A Place For Branding Or Projecting Televised Events

18' - 3"

20' - 0" 137' - 0"

Stage And Brewery

123

R 2' ADA 6"

Wood Louvers To Provide Material Warmth And Visual Interest As Well As Guard Rail Open Kitchen To Visually Activate The Adjacent Spaces

R 2' AD

- 6" A

120' - 0"

Varieties Of Seating Options For Various Experiences Including Lounge Areas

18' - 3"

20' - 0" 137' - 0"

Intimately Scaled Lighting Elements To Bring The Scale Down For The Engaged Users

12 124 1 24

R 2' ADA 6"

Large Tasting Bar For Testing And Distribution Of Locally Brewed Beer

R 2' AD - 6" A

Large Louvered Skylight For Ample Sunlight

120' - 0"

18' - 3"

20' - 0" 137' - 0"

125

R 2' ADA 6"

Perforated Screens Acting As A Backdrop To The Stage When Needed

R 2' AD

- 6" A

120' - 0"

Large Glass Doors To Open The Space To The Outside, Connecting With Nature

18' - 3"

20' - 0" 137' - 0"

Stage Acts As A Performance Or Exhibition Space Allowing For Various Functions And Ultimate Flexibility

126

R 2' ADA 6"

Wood Louvers Wrap Overhead Creating A More Intimate Environment

Small Tables Grouped Together Allow For Flexibility And A More Personable Scale

R 2' AD

- 6" A

120' - 0"

Informal Group Banquette Seating

18' - 3"

20' - 0" 137' - 0"

Unique Lighting Elements Are Custom To The Space Providing The Different Kinds Of Lighting Desirable For These Spaces

127

R 2' ADA 6"

Large Windows Along All Three Open Facades Allow For Maximum Natural Lighting

R 2' AD - 6" A

120' - 0"

Wood Louvers Wrap To Create A Trellis Structure Over The Porch

18' - 3"

20' - 0" 137' - 0"

Vegetation Used To Soften The Hard Scape Around The Building

128 12 1 28

R 2' ADA 6"

Perforated Screens To Provide Large Branding Opportunities Double Height Addition Houses The Main Brewing Equipment Putting It On Display

R 2' AD

- 6" A

120' - 0"

One Of Many Accessible Ramps For Inclusive Environments

18' - 3"

20' - 0" 137' - 0"

Breadth Motif Is Used To Emphasize The Public Nature Of The Building And Strengthen Connection To The Outside

129

Bibliography

Andrea E Nelson (2004) New urbanism – progress towards sustainable urban design?, Australian Planner, 41:2, 41-42, DOI: 10.1080/07293682.2004.9982350 Bang Brewing / Alchemy Architects. (2013, December 2). Retrieved December 18, 2014, from h p://www.archdaily.com/453313/bang-brewingalchemy-architects/ Buzzeo, L. (2014). Top Beer Trends of 2014. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2014, from h p://www.winemag.com/August-2014/Top-Beer-Trends-of-2014/index. php/slide/The-BBD/cpar cle/6 Christensen, K. (2003). “Bars and pubs,” encyclopedia of community. Great Barrington, Massachuse s: Berkshire Publishing Group. Christensen, K. (2003). The third place. Great Barrington, Massachuse s: Berkshire Publishing Group. Congress for New Urbanism. Learn About New Urbanism. (2011, January 1). Retrieved October 9, 2014. Cross, G. (n.a.) “Dining out,” encyclopedia of recrea on and leisure in America. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. District 6. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2014, from h p://www.thedistrict6.com/ Dogfish Head Brewery / DIGSAU. (2011, November 13). Retrieved December 18, 2014, from h p://www.archdaily.com/181577/dogfish-head-brewery-digsau/ Gardner, B. (2014) Logo Trends on LogoLounge.com. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2014, from h ps://www.logolounge.com/ar cle/2014logotrends#.VJMI_ l4AKA

130

Han, K.T. (2007). Responses to six major terrestrial biomes in terms of scenic beauty, preference, and restora veness. Environment and Behavior, 39, 529-556. How Do I Eliminate Stress with Color? (n.d.). Retrieved April 8, 2015, from h p://www.globalhealingcenter.com/stress-management/ stress-and-color Interna onal Building Code. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2014, from h p://publicecodes.cyberregs.com/icod/ibc/ KCDC. (2010). The West Bo oms Analysis. Kansas City Design Center Urban Design Studio. Li-yin, S., & Langston, C. (2010). Adap ve reuse poten al. Facili es, 28(1), 6-16. doi:h p://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02632771011011369 LoopNet, 1428 St Louis Ave, Kansas City, MO. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2014, from http://www.loopnet.com/xnet/mainsite/listing/Profile/Profile. Neilson, L. (n.d.). 2014 Logo Trends on LogoLounge.com. Retrieved December 18, 2014, from h ps://www.logolounge.com/ ar cle/2014logotrends#.VJMI_l4AKA Neu, D. (2012, April 1). Urban Planning and Economic Development April 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2014, from h p://issuu.com/ urbanplanninganddevelopment/docs/issuu_two Oldenburg, R. (1999). The great good place: CafĂŠs, coďŹ&#x20AC;ee shops, bookstores, bars, hair salons, and other hangouts at the heart of a community. New York, NY: Marlowe. Ponnekan , R. (2010). Ar st coopera ves easier to start than live/work spaces. Washington, D.C.: McClatchy.

131

Bibliography

Purcell, L. C., & Benne , J. M. (2011). Bread, beer & the seeds of change: Agricultureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s imprint on world history. Crop Science,51(3), 1361-1362. Retrieved from h p://search.proquest.com.er.lib.k-state.edu/docview/865642316?accoun d=11789 Restaurant Bar Furniture. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2014, from h p://restaurantbarfurniture.net/archives/39 Sexton, R., Oldenburg, R. (1995). Parallel utopias: the quest for community. Jr. Turnbull, Chronicle Books. Sweeney, J. (2010). The role of third places in reduc on of mental fa gue. h p://anzmac2010.org/proceedings/pdf/anzmac10Final00309. pdf West Bo oms The Original Kansas City. (2013). Retrieved December 18, 2014, from h p://westbo oms.com/history.htm Temperature - Precipita on - Sunshine - Snowfall. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2014, from h p://www.usclimatedata.com/climate/ kansas-city/kansas/united-states/usks0298 Trends that re-imagine retail, restaurant interior. (2013) Retrieved December 18, 2014, from http://www.edcmag.com/blogs/14edc-blog/post/95232-trends-that-reimagine-restaurant-interior West Bo oms The Original Kansas City. (2013). Retrieved December 18, 2014, from h p://westbo oms.com/history.htm Zanche , S. M., Lira, F. B., Silva, A. F., Braga, A. C., Gameiro, F. G., & Costa, L. S. (2006). The pa na of the city. City & Time,2(2), 11-22. doi:h p://dx.doi.org/h p://www.ceci-br.org/novo/revista/docs2006/CT-2006-48.pdf

132

Image Index *All maps taken from Google Fig. 1

The Elm. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2014, from http://partsandlabordesign.com/elm/

Fig. 2

StaďŹ&#x20AC;ord ArtWorks. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2014, from http://pastelanne.wordpress.com/

Fig. 3

Image Process: Color Harmonies. (2012, September 5). Retrieved December 18, 2014, from http://mecoop.wordpress. com/2012/09/05/image-process-color-harmonies/

Fig. 4

Ebbinghaus illusion. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebbinghaus_illusion

Fig. 5

Juvet Landscape Hotel / JSA. (2008, November 10). Retrieved May 11, 2015, from http://www.archdaily.com/8600/juvet-landscapehotel-jsa/

Fig. 6

Villa Capra Rotonda Back to main article page. (n.d.). Retrieved May 11, 2015, from http://architectuul.com/architecture/view_image/ villa-capra-rotonda/692

Fig. 7

Tree Huggers Attempt New World Record. (n.d.). Retrieved May 11, 2015, from http://www.nbcnews.com/news/weird-news/treehuggers-attempt-new-world-record-n123271

Fig. 8

http://deuscustoms.com/blog/young-henrys-x-deus-collaboration/

Fig. 9

Mitchell, N. (n.d.). Steal the Style: 10 Restaurant Interiors to Inspire Your Kitchen Renovation. Retrieved May 11, 2015, from http:// www.apartmenttherapy.com/steal-the-style-10-restaurant-interiors-to-inspire-your-kitchen-renovation-207222

Fig. 10

Ironside Fish & Oyster Bar: Basile Studio - Restaurant & Bar Design. (2014, November 7). Retrieved May 11, 2015, from http:// restaurantandbardesign.com/2014/11/07/ironside-fish-oyster-bar-basile-studio

Fig. 11

(n.d.). Retrieved May 11, 2015, from http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2014/apr/09/top-10-free-things-to-do-in-new-york

133

Image Index

134

Fig. 12

The Rise of Craft Breweries [Infographic] | Minnesota Beer Activists. (2013, October 22). Retrieved May 11, 2015, from http:// mnbeeractivists.com/newsfeed/rise-craft-breweries-infographic

Fig. 13

(n.d.). Retrieved May 11, 2015, from https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/62/8c/32/628c328e1172529e97d2f9ef77ece2be. jpg

Fig. 14

Monocacy Brewing Co. Branding in Brewing & Beer. (n.d.). Retrieved May 11, 2015, from http://designspiration.net/ image/3263597777970/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed: dspn (Designspiration - Featured)

Fig. 15-18

Bang Brewing / Alchemy Architects. (2013, December 2). Retrieved December 18, 2014, from http://www.archdaily.com/453313/ bang-brewing-alchemy-architects/

Fig. 19-22

Dogfish Head Brewery / DIGSAU. (2011, November 13). Retrieved December 18, 2014, from http://www.archdaily.com/181577/ dogfish-head-brewery-digsau/

Fig. 23-26

District 6. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2014, from http://www.thedistrict6.com/

Fig. 27

(n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2014, from http://www.bigbrewhouston.com/Breweries.shtml

Fig. 28

RN74 | AvroKo | A Design and Concept Firm. (n.d.). Retrieved May 11, 2015, from http://www.avroko.com/blog/projects/rn74/

Fig. 29

Crowded Bar - Magnolia Tap and Kitchen - Bernasconi Bits. (n.d.). Retrieved May 11, 2015, from http://www.bernasconibits. com/2013/05/magnolia-tap-and-kitchen/magnolia-06-bb/

Fig. 30

Proxemics, Personal Space and Territory. (2010, January 28). Retrieved December 18, 2014, from https://designobserver.wordpress. com/2010/01/28/proxemics-personal-space-and-territory/

Fig. 31

The Elm. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2014, from http://partsandlabordesign.com/elm/

Image Index Fig. 32

Marcio kogan ilhabela sao paulo. (n.d.). Retrieved May 11, 2015, from http://www.tuxboard.com/top-30-des-plus-belles-piscinesau-monde/marcio-kogan-ilhabela-sao-paulo/

Fig. 33

House 1 - Picture gallery. (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2014, from http://www.archilovers.com/projects/72495/gallery?841128

Fig. 34

Passive Cooling: Rock Wall. A Natural Thermostat. (2009, January 26). Retrieved December 18, 2014, from http://www.flickr.com/ photos/jeremylevinedesign/2814821089/

Fig. 35

(n.d.). Retrieved December 18, d3fa69e524b9220fe33b4384ce738729.jpg

Fig. 36

Torremadariaga Basque Biodiversity Centre / IA B Arkitektura Taldea. (2012, November 27). Retrieved December 18, 2014, from http://www.archdaily.com/298740/torremadariaga-basque-biodiversity-centre-iab-arkitektura-taldea/

Fig. 37

Photos, Prints, Drawings Birds eye view, west bottoms from Cursy Coats [i.e., Kersey Coates] Drive, Kansas City, Mo. (n.d.). Retrieved May 11, 2015, from http://www.loc.gov/item/2007662437/

Fig. 38

(n.d.). Retrieved May 11, 2015, from http://seanography.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/WestBottomsKC1_08_06_11.jpg

Fig. 39

United States. National Park Service. (n.d.). Perfection Stove Company Building. Retrieved May 11, 2015, from http://www.nps.gov/ nr/feature/places/14000376.htm

Fig. 40

Horizon over the sea. (n.d.). Retrieved May 11, 2015, from http://wallpapers.androlib.com/android.wallpaper.red-horizon-over-thesea-pi.aspx

Fig. 41

IC Lights S. (n.d.). Retrieved May 11, 2015, from http://usa.flos.com/IC-Lights-S?_ga=1.254324872.1215533516.1431319892

2014,

from

http://media-cache-ec0.pinimg.com/originals/d3/fa/69/

135

Image Index Fig. 42

2013 Restaurant & Bar Design Award Winners. (2013, September 15). Retrieved May 11, 2015, from http://www.archdaily. com/429039/2013-restaurant-and-bar-design-award-winners/

Fig. 43

La Buena Vida. (n.d.). Retrieved May 11, 2015, from http://nicolefranzen.blogspot.jp/2013/11/the-east-pole.html

Fig. 44

THESIS. (n.d.). Retrieved May 11, 2015, from https://www.pinterest.com/pin/350577152219690712/

Fig. 45

Steelwood Chair. (n.d.). Retrieved May 11, 2015, from http://www.hermanmiller.com/products/seating/multi-use-guest-chairs/ steelwood-chair.html

Fig. 46-48 Modern Italian. (n.d.). Retrieved May 11, 2015, from http://partsandlabordesign.com/modern-italian/

136

Exis ng Buildings: General 3401.1 Scope. The provisions of this chapter shall control the altera on, repair, addi on and change of occupancy of exis ng buildings and structures. 3401.2 Maintenance. Buildings and structures, and parts thereof, shall be maintained in a safe and sanitary condi on. Devices or safeguards which are required by this code shall be maintained in conformance with the code edi on under which installed. The owner or the owner’s designated agent shall be responsible for the maintenance of buildings and structures. To determine compliance with this subsec on, the building oﬃcial shall have the authority to require a building or structure to be reinspected. The requirements of this chapter shall not provide the basis for removal or abroga on of fire protec on and safety systems and devices in exis ng structures. 3401.3 Compliance. Altera ons, repairs, addi ons and changes of occupancy to, or reloca on of, exis ng buildings and structures shall comply with the provisions for altera ons, repairs, addi ons and changes of occupancy or reloca on, respec vely, in the Interna onal Energy Conserva on Code, Interna onal Fire Code, Interna onal Fuel Gas Code, Interna onal Mechanical Code, Interna onal Plumbing Code, Interna onal Property Maintenance Code, Interna onal Private Sewage Disposal Code, Interna onal Residen al Code and NFPA 70. Where provisions of the other codes conflict with provisions of this chapter, the provisions of this chapter shall take precedence. 3401.4 Building materials and systems. Building materials and systems shall comply with the requirements of this sec on.

3401.4.1 Exis ng materials. Materials already in use in a building in compliance with requirements or approvals in effect at the me of their erec on or installa on shall be permi ed to remain in use unless determined by the building official to be unsafe per Sec on 116. 3401.4.2 New and replacement materials. Except as otherwise required or permi ed by this code, materials permi ed by the applicable code for new construc on shall be used. Like materials shall be permi ed for repairs and altera ons, provided no hazard to life, health or property is created. Hazardous materials shall not be used where the code for new construc on would not permit their use in buildings of similar occupancy, purpose and loca on. 3401.4.3 Exis ng seismic force-resis ng systems. Where the exis ng seismic force-resis ng system is a type that can be designated ordinary, values of R, Ω0, and Cd for the exis ng seismic forceresis ng system shall be those specified by this code for an ordinary system unless it is demonstrated that the exis ng system will provide performance equivalent to that of a detailed, intermediate or special system. 3401.6 Alterna ve compliance. Work performed in accordance with the Interna onal Exis ng Building Code shall be deemed to comply with the provisions of this chapter. 3401.5 Dangerous condi ons. The building official shall have the authority to require the elimina on of condi ons deemed dangerous.

137

Exis ng Buildings: Change of Occupancy SECTION 3408 CHANGE OF OCCUPANCY

Excep ons:

3408.1 Conformance. No change shall be made in the use or occupancy of any building that would place the building in a different division of the same group of occupancies or in a different group of occupancies, unless such building is made to comply with the requirements of this code for such division or group of occupancies. Subject to the approval of the building official, the use or occupancy of exis ng buildings shall be permi ed to be changed and the building is allowed to be occupied for purposes in other groups without conforming to all the requirements of this code for those groups, provided the new or proposed use is less hazardous, based on life and fire risk, than the exis ng use.

1. Specific seismic detailing requirements of Sec on 1613 for a new structure shall not be required to be met where the seismic performance is shown to be equivalent to that of a new structure. A demonstra on of equivalence shall consider the regularity, over strength, redundancy and duc lity of the structure. 2. When a change of use results in a structure being reclassified from Risk Category I or II to Risk Category III and the structure is located where the seismic coeﬃcient, SDS, is less than 0.33, compliance with the seismic requirements of Sec on 1613 are not required. Top Previous Sec on Next Sec on To view the next s

3408.2 Cer ficate of occupancy. A cer ficate of occupancy shall be issued where it has been determined that the requirements for the new occupancy classifica on have been met. 3408.3 Stairways. An exis ng stairway shall not be required to comply with the requirements of Sec on 1009 where the exis ng space and construc on does not allow a reduc on in pitch or slope. 3408.4 Seismic. When a change of occupancy results in a structure being reclassified to a higher risk category, the structure shall conform to the seismic requirements for a new structure of the higher risk category.

138

Exis ng Buildings: Altera

ons

3404.1 General. Except as provided by Sec on 3401.4 or this sec on, altera ons to any building or structure shall comply with the requirements of the code for new construc on. Altera ons shall be such that the exis ng building or structure is no less complying with the provisions of this code than the exis ng building or structure was prior to the altera on. Excep ons: 1. An exis ng stairway shall not be required to comply with the requirements of Sec on 1009 where the exis ng space and construc on does not allow a reduc on in pitch or slope. 2. Handrails otherwise required to comply with Sec on 1009.15 shall not be required to comply with the requirements of Sec on 1012.6 regarding full extension of the handrails where such extensions would be hazardous due to plan configura on. 3404.2 Flood hazard areas. For buildings and structures in flood hazard areas established in Sec on 1612.3, any altera on that cons tutes substan al improvement of the exis ng structure, as defined in Sec on 1612.2, shall comply with the flood design requirements for new construc on, and all aspects of the exis ng structure shall be brought into compliance with the requirements for new construc on for flood design. For buildings and structures in flood hazard areas established in Sec on 1612.3, any altera ons that do not cons tute substan al improvement of the exis ng structure, as defined in Sec on 1612.2, are not required to comply with the flood design requirements for new construc on. 3404.3 Exis ng structural elements carrying gravity load. Any exis ng gravity load-carrying structural element for which an altera on causes an increase in design gravity load of more than 5 percent shall be strengthened, supplemented, replaced or otherwise altered as needed to carry the increased

gravity load required by this code for new structures. Any exis ng gravity loadcarrying structural element whose gravity load-carrying capacity is decreased as part of the altera on shall be shown to have the capacity to resist the applicable design gravity loads required by this code for new structures. 3404.3.1 Design live load. Where the altera on does not result in increased design live load, exis ng gravity load-carrying structural elements shall be permi ed to be evaluated and designed for live loads approved prior to the altera on. If the approved live load is less than that required by Sec on 1607, the area designed for the nonconforming live load shall be posted with placards of approved design indica ng the approved live load. Where the altera on does result in increased design live load, the live load required by Sec on 1607 shall be used. 3404.4 Exis ng structural elements carrying lateral load. Except as permi ed by Sec on 3404.5, where the altera on increases design lateral loads in accordance with Sec on 1609 or 1613, or where the altera on results in a structural irregularity as defined in ASCE 7, or where the altera on decreases the capacity of any exis ng lateral load-carrying structural element, the structure of the altered building or structure shall be shown to meet the requirements of Sec ons 1609 and 1613 Excep on: Any exis ng lateral load-carrying structural element whose demandcapacity ra o with the altera on considered is no more than 10 percent greater than its demand-capacity ra o with the altera on ignored shall be permi ed to remain unaltered. For purposes of calcula ng demand-capacity ra os, the demand shall consider applicable load combina ons with design lateral loads or forces per Sec ons 1609 and 1613. For purposes of this excep on, comparisons of demandcapacity ra os and calcula on of design lateral loads, forces, and capaci es shall account for the cumula ve eďŹ&#x20AC;ects of addi ons and altera ons since original construc on.

139

Means of Egress: General Cont. 1003.4 Floor surface. Walking surfaces of the means of egress shall have a slip-resistant surface and be securely a ached. 1003.5 Eleva on change. Where changes in eleva on of less than 12 inches (305 mm) exist in the means of egress, sloped surfaces shall be used. Where the slope is greater than one unit ver cal in 20 units horizontal (5-percent slope), ramps complying with Sec on 1010 shall be used. Where the diďŹ&#x20AC;erence in eleva on is 6 inches (152 mm) or less, the ramp shall be equipped with either handrails or floor finish materials that contrast with adjacent floor finish materials. Excep ons: 1. A single step with a maximum riser height of 7 inches (178 mm) is permi ed for buildings with occupancies in Groups F, H, R-2, R-3, S and U at exterior doors not required to be accessible by Chapter 11. 2. A stair with a single riser or with two risers and a tread is permi ed at loca ons not required to be accessible by Chapter 11, provided that the risers and treads comply with Sec on 1009.7, the minimum depth of the tread is 13 inches (330 mm) and at least one handrail complying with Sec on 1012 is provided within 30 inches (762 mm) of the centerline of the normal path of egress travel on the stair. 3. A step is permi ed in aisles serving sea ng that has a diďŹ&#x20AC;erence in eleva on less than 12 inches (305 mm) at loca ons not required to be accessible by Chapter 11, provided that the risers and treads comply with Sec on 1028.11 and the aisle is provided with a handrail complying with Sec on 1028.13.

140

Throughout a story in a Group I-2 occupancy, any change in eleva on in por ons of the means of egress that serve non ambulatory persons shall be by means of a ramp or sloped walkway. 1003.6 Means of egress con nuity. The path of egress travel along a means of egress shall not be interrupted by any building element other than a means of egress component as specified in this chapter. Obstruc ons shall not be placed in the required width of a means of egress except projec ons permi ed by this chapter. The required capacity of a means of egress system shall not be diminished along the path of egress travel. 1003.7 Elevators, escalators and moving walks. Elevators, escalators and moving walks shall not be used as a component of a required means of egress from any other part of the building. Excep on: Elevators used as an accessible means of egress in accordance with Sec on 1007.4.

Exis ng Buildings: Historic SECTION 3409 HISTORIC BUILDINGS 3409.1 Historic buildings. The provisions of this code rela ng to the construc on, repair, altera on, addi on, restora on and movement of structures, and change of occupancy shall not be mandatory for historic buildings where such buildings are judged by the building oďŹ&#x192;cial to not cons tute a dis nct life safety hazard. 3409.2 Flood hazard areas. Within flood hazard areas established in accordance with Sec on 1612.3, where the work proposed cons tutes substan al improvement as defined in Sec on 1612.2, the building shall be brought into compliance with Sec on 1612. Excep on: Historic buildings that are: 1. Listed or preliminarily determined to be eligible for lis ng in the Na onal Register of Historic Places; 2. Determined by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Interior as contribu ng to the historical significance of a registered historic district or a district preliminarily determined to qualify as an historic district; or 3. Designated as historic under a state or local historic preserva on program that is approved by the Department of Interior.

141

Exis ng Buildings: Accessibility 3411.1 Scope. The provisions of Sec ons 3411.1 through 3411.9 apply to maintenance, change of occupancy, addi ons and altera ons to exis ng buildings, including those iden fied as historic buildings. 3411.2 Maintenance of facili es. A facility that is constructed or altered to be accessible shall be maintained accessible during occupancy. 3411.3 Extent of applica on. An altera on of an exis ng facility shall not impose a requirement for greater accessibility than that which would be required for new construc on. Altera ons shall not reduce or have the eďŹ&#x20AC;ect of reducing accessibility of a facility or por on of a facility. 3411.4 Change of occupancy. Exis ng buildings that undergo a change of group or occupancy shall comply with this sec on. Excep on: Type B dwelling units or sleeping units required by Sec on 1107 of this code are not required to be provided in exis ng buildings and facili es undergoing a change of occupancy in conjunc on with altera ons where the work area is 50 percent or less of the aggregate area of the building. 3411.4.1 Par al change in occupancy. Where a por on of the building is changed to a new occupancy classifica on, any altera ons shall comply with Sec ons 3411.6, 3411.7 and 3411.8.

142

3411.4.2 Complete change of occupancy. Where an en re building undergoes a change of occupancy, it shall comply with Sec on 3411.4.1 and shall have all of the following accessible features: 1. At least one accessible building entrance. 2. At least one accessible route from an accessible building entrance to primary func on areas. 3. Signage complying with Sec on 1110. 4. Accessible parking, where parking is being provided. 5. At least one accessible passenger loading zone, when loading zones are provided. 6. At least one accessible route connec ng accessible parking and accessible passenger loading zones to an accessible entrance. Where it is technically infeasible to comply with the new construc on standards for any of these requirements for a change of group or occupancy, the above items shall conform to the requirements to the maximum extent technically feasible. Excep on: The accessible features listed in Items 1 through 6 are not required for an accessible route to Type B units. 3411.5 Addi ons. Provisions for new construc on shall apply to addi ons. An addi on that aďŹ&#x20AC;ects the accessibility to, or contains an area of, a primary func on shall comply with the requirements in Sec on 3411.7. 3411.6 Altera ons. A facility that is altered shall comply with the applicable provisions in Chapter 11 of this code, unless technically infeasible. Where compliance with this sec on is technically infeasible, the altera on shall provide access to the maximum extent technically feasible.

Exis ng Buildings: Accessibility Cont. Excep ons: 1. The altered element or space is not required to be on an accessible route, unless required by Sec on 3411.7. 2. Accessible means of egress required by Chapter 10 are not required to be provided in exis ng facili es. 3. The altera on to Type A individually owned dwelling units within a Group R-2 occupancy shall be permi ed to meet the provision for a Type B dwelling unit. 4. Type B dwelling or sleeping units required by Sec on 1107 of this code are not required to be provided in exis ng buildings and facili es undergoing a change of occupancy in conjunc on with altera ons where the work area is 50 percent or less of the aggregate area of the building. 3411.7 Altera ons aďŹ&#x20AC;ec ng an area containing a primary func on. Where an altera on aďŹ&#x20AC;ects the accessibility to, or contains an area of primary func on, the route to the primary func on area shall be accessible. The accessible route to the primary func on area shall include toilet facili es or drinking fountains serving the area of primary func on. Excep ons: 1. The costs of providing the accessible route are not required to exceed 20 percent of the costs of the altera ons aďŹ&#x20AC;ec ng the area of primary func on. 2. This provision does not apply to altera ons limited solely to windows, hardware, opera ng controls, electrical outlets and signs. 3. This provision does not apply to altera ons limited solely to mechanical systems, electrical systems, installa on or altera on of fire protec on systems and abatement of hazardous materials. 4. This provision does not apply to altera ons undertaken for the primary purpose of increasing the accessibility of a facility. 5. This provision does not apply to altered areas limited to Type B dwelling and sleeping units.

3411.8 Scoping for altera ons. The provisions of Sec ons 3411.8.1 through 3411.8.14 shall apply to altera ons to exis ng buildings and facili es. 3411.8.1 Entrances. Accessible entrances shall be provided in accordance with Sec on 1105. Excep on: Where an altera on includes altera ons to an entrance, and the facility has an accessible entrance, the altered entrance is not required to be accessible, unless required by Sec on 3411.7. Signs complying with Sec on 1110 shall be provided. 3411.8.2 Elevators. Altered elements of exis ng elevators shall comply with ASME A17.1 and ICC A117.1. Such elements shall also be altered in elevators programmed to respond to the same hall call control as the altered elevator. 3411.8.3 Pla orm li s. Pla orm (wheelchair) li s complying with ICC A117.1 and installed in accordance with ASME A18.1 shall be permi ed as a component of an accessible route. 3411.8.4 Stairs and escalators in exis ng buildings. In altera ons, change of occupancy or addi ons where an escalator or stair is added where none existed previously and major structural modifica ons are necessary for installa on, an accessible route shall be provided between the levels served by the escalator or stairs in accordance with Sec ons 1104.4 and 1104.5.

143

Exis ng Buildings: Accessibility Cont. TABLE 3411.8.5 RAMPS SLOPE MAXIMUM RISE Steeper than 1:10 but not steeper than 1:8 3 inches Steeper than 1:12 but not steeper than 1:10 6 inches For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm. 3411.8.6 Performance areas. Where it is technically infeasible to alter performance areas to be on an accessible route, at least one of each type of performance area shall be made accessible. 3411.8.11 Toilet rooms. Where it is technically infeasible to alter exis ng toilet and bathing rooms to be accessible, an accessible family or assisted-use toilet or bathing room constructed in accordance with Sec on 1109.2.1 is permi ed. The family or assisted-use toilet or bathing room shall be located on the same floor and in the same area as the exis ng toilet or bathing rooms. 3411.8.14 Thresholds. The maximum height of thresholds at doorways shall be 3/4 inch (19.1 mm). Such thresholds shall have beveled edges on each side.

3411.9 Historic buildings. These provisions shall apply to facili es designated as historic structures that undergo altera ons or a change of occupancy, unless technically infeasible. Where compliance with the requirements for accessible routes, entrances or toilet rooms would threaten or destroy the historic significance of the facility, as determined by the applicable governing authority, the alterna ve requirements of Sec ons 3411.9.1 through 3411.9.4 for that element shall be permi ed.

144

3411.9.1 Site arrival points. At least one accessible route from a site arrival point to an accessible entrance shall be provided. 3411.9.2 Mul level buildings and facili es. An accessible route from an accessible entrance to public spaces on the level of the accessible entrance shall be provided. 3411.9.3 Entrances. At least one main entrance shall be accessible. Excep ons: 1. If a main entrance cannot be made accessible, an accessible nonpublic entrance that is unlocked while the building is occupied shall be provided; or 2. If a main entrance cannot be made accessible, a locked accessible entrance with a no fica on system or remote monitoring shall be provided. Signs complying with Sec on 1110 shall be provided at the primary entrance and the accessible entrance. 3411.9.4 Toilet and bathing facili es. Where toilet rooms are provided, at least one accessible family or assisteduse toilet room complying with Sec on 1109.2.1 shall be provided.

Use and Occupancy Classifica on: Groups A-2, A-3, and M 303.1 Assembly Group A. Assembly Group A occupancy includes, among others, the use of a building or structure, or a por on thereof, for the gathering of persons for purposes such as civic,social or religious func ons; recrea on, food or drink consump on or awai ng transporta on. 303.3 Assembly Group A-2. Assembly uses intended for food and/or drink consump on including, but not limited to: Banquet halls Nightclubs Restaurants, cafeterias and similar dining facili es (including associated commercial kitchens) Taverns and bars

309.1 Mercan le Group M. Mercan le Group M occupancy includes, among others, the use of a building or structure or a por on thereof, for the display and sale of merchandise and involves stocks of goods, wares or merchandise incidental to such purposes and accessible to the public. Mercan le occupancies shall include, but not be limited to, the following: Department stores Markets Retail or wholesale stores 309.2 Quan ty of hazardous materials. The aggregate quan ty of nonflammable solid and nonflammable or noncombus ble liquid hazardous materials stored or displayed in a single control area of a Group M occupancy shall not exceed the quan es in Table 414.2.5(1).

303.4 Assembly Group A-3. Assembly uses intended for worship, recrea on or amusement and other assembly uses not classified elsewhere in Group A including, but not limited to: Art galleries Community halls Exhibi on halls Pool and billiard parlors

145

Means of Egress: General 1003.1 Applicability. The general requirements specified in Sec ons 1003 through 1013 shall apply to all three elements of the means of egress system, in addi on to those specific requirements for the exit access, the exit and the exit discharge detailed elsewhere in this chapter. 1003.2 Ceiling height. The means of egress shall have a ceiling height of not less than 7 feet 6 inches (2286 mm). 1003.3 Protruding objects. Protruding objects shall comply with the requirements of Sec ons 1003.3.1 through 1003.3.4. 1003.3.1 Headroom. Protruding objects are permi ed to extend below the minimum ceiling height required by Sec on 1003.2 provided a minimum headroom of 80 inches (2032 mm) shall be provided for any walking surface, including walks, corridors, aisles and passageways. Not more than 50 percent of the ceiling area of a means of egress shall be reduced in height by protruding objects.

146

Excep on: Door closers and stops shall not reduce headroom to less than 78 inches (1981 mm). A barrier shall be provided where the ver cal clearance is less than 80 inches (2032 mm) high. The leading edge of such a barrier shall be located 27 inches (686 mm) maximum above the floor. 1003.3.2 Post-mounted objects. A free-standing object mounted on a post or pylon shall not overhang that post or pylon more than 4 inches (102 mm) where the lowest point of the leading edge is more than 27 inches (686 mm) and less than 80 inches (2032 mm) above the walking surface. Where a sign or other obstruc on is mounted between posts or pylons and the clear distance between the posts or pylons is greater than 12 inches (305 mm), the lowest edge of such sign or obstruc on shall be 27 inches (686 mm) maximum or 80 inches (2032 mm) minimum above the finished floor or ground.

Excep on: These requirements shall not apply to sloping por ons of handrails between the top and bo om riser of stairs and above the ramp run. 1003.3.3 Horizontal projec ons. Structural elements, fixtures or furnishings shall not project horizontally from either side more than 4 inches (102 mm) over any walking surface between the heights of 27 inches (686 mm) and 80 inches (2032 mm) above the walking surface. Excep on: Handrails are permi ed to protrude 41/2 inches (114 mm) from the wall. 1003.3.4 Clear width. Protruding objects shall not reduce the minimum clear width of accessible routes.

Signs: General, Loca

on, and Design/Construc on

H101.1 General. A sign shall not be erected in a manner that would confuse or obstruct the view of or interfere with exit signs required by Chapter 10 or with oďŹ&#x192;cial traďŹ&#x192;c signs, signals or devices. Signs and sign support structures, together with their supports, braces, guys and anchors, shall be kept in repair and in proper state of preserva on. The display surfaces of signs shall be kept neatly painted or posted at all mes. H101.2 Signs exempt from permits. The following signs are exempt from the requirements to obtain a permit before erec on: 1. Painted nonilluminated signs. 2. Temporary signs announcing the sale or rent of property. 3. Signs erected by transporta on authori es. H103.1 Loca on restric ons. Signs shall not be erected, constructed or maintained so as to obstruct any fire escape or any window or door or opening used as a means of egress or so as to prevent free passage from one part of a roof to any other part thereof. A sign shall not be a ached in any form, shape or manner to a fire escape, nor be placed in such manner as to interfere with any opening required for ven la on. H105.1 General requirements. Signs shall be designed and constructed to comply with the provisions of this code for use of materials, loads and stresses. H105.2 Permits, drawings and specifica ons. Where a permit is required, as provided in Chapter 1, construc on documents shall be required. These documents shall show the dimensions, material and required details of construc on, including loads, stresses and

anchors. H105.3 Wind load. Signs shall be designed and constructed to withstand wind pressure as provided for in Chapter 16. H105.4 Seismic load. Signs designed to withstand wind pressures shall be considered capable of withstanding earthquake loads, except as provided for in Chapter 16. H105.5 Working stresses. In outdoor adver sing display signs, the allowable working stresses shall conform to the requirements of Chapter 16. The working stresses of wire rope and its fastenings shall not exceed 25 percent of the ul mate strength of the rope or fasteners. Excep ons: 1. The allowable working stresses for steel and wood shall be in accordance with the provisions of Chapters 22 and 23. 2. The working strength of chains, cables, guys or steel rods shall not exceed one-fi h of the ul mate strength of such chains, cables, guys or steel. H105.6 A achment. Signs a ached to masonry, concrete or steel shall be safely and securely fastened by means of metal anchors, bolts or approved expansion screws of suďŹ&#x192;cient size and anchorage to safely support the loads applied.

147

Means of Egress: Occupant Load 1004.1 Design occupant load. In determining means of egress requirements, the number of occupants for whom means of egress facili es shall be provided shall be determined in accordance with this sec on. 1004.1.1 Cumula ve occupant loads. Where the path of egress travel includes intervening rooms, areas or spaces, cumula ve occupant loads shall be determined in accordance with this sec on. 1004.1.1.1 Intervening spaces. Where occupants egress from one room, area or space through another, the design occupant load shall be based on the cumula ve occupant loads of all rooms, areas or spaces to that point along the path of egress travel. 1004.1.1.2 Adjacent levels. The occupant load of a mezzanine or story with egress through a room, area or space on an adjacent level shall be added to the occupant load of that room, area or space.

148

1004.1.2 Areas without fixed sea ng. The number of occupants shall be computed at the rate of one occupant per unit of area as prescribed in Table 1004.1.2. For areas without fixed sea ng, the occupant load shall not be less than that number determined by dividing the floor area under considera on by the occupant load factor assigned to the func on of the space as set forth in Table 1004.1.2. Where an intended func on is not listed in Table 1004.1.2, the building oﬃcial shall establish a func on based on a listed func on that most nearly resembles the intended func on. Excep on: Where approved by the building oﬃcial, the actual number of occupants for whom each occupied space, floor or building is designed, although less than those determined by calcula on, shall be permi ed to be used in the determina on of the design occupant load. 1004.5 Outdoor areas. Yards, pa os, courts and similar outdoor areas accessible to and usable by the building occupants shall be provided with means of egress as required by this chapter. The occupant load of such outdoor

areas shall be assigned by the building oﬃcial in accordance with the an cipated use. Where outdoor areas are to be used by persons in addi on to the occupants of the building, and the path of egress travel from the outdoor areas passes through the building, means of egress requirements for the building shall be based on the sum of the occupant loads of the building plus the outdoor areas. 1004.6 Mul ple occupancies. Where a building contains two or more occupancies, the means of egress requirements shall apply to each por on of the building based on the occupancy of that space. Where two or more occupancies u lize por ons of the same means of egress system, those egress components shall meet the more stringent requirements of all occupancies that are served.

Accessibility: General and Scoping 1101.1 Scope. The provisions of this chapter shall control the design and construc on of facili es for accessibility to physically disabled persons. 1101.2 Design. Buildings and facili es shall be designed and constructed to be accessible in accordance with this code and ICC A117.1. 1103.2.1 Specific requirements. Accessibility is not required in buildings and facili es, or por ons thereof, to the extent permi ed by Sec ons 1104 through 1110. 1103.2.2 Exis ng buildings. Exis ng buildings shall comply with Sec on 3411. 1103.2.3 Employee work areas. Spaces and elements within employee work areas shall only be required to comply with Sec ons 907.9.1.2, 1007 and 1104.3.1 and shall be designed and constructed so that individuals with disabili es can approach, enter and exit the work area. Work areas, or por ons of work areas, that are less than 300 square feet (30 m2) in area and located 7 inches (178 mm) or more above or below the ground or finish floor where the change in eleva on is essen al to the func on of the space shall be exempt from all requirements. 1103.2.6 Construc on sites. Structures, sites and equipment directly associated with the actual processes of construc on including, but not limited to, scaďŹ&#x20AC;olding, bridging, materials hoists, materials storage or construc on trailers are not required to be accessible.

1103.2.7 Raised areas. Raised areas used primarily for purposes of security, life safety or fire safety including, but not limited to, observa on galleries, prison guard towers, fire towers or lifeguard stands, are not required to be accessible or to be served by an accessible route. 1103.2.8 Limited access spaces. Non-occupiable spaces accessed only by ladders, catwalks, crawl spaces, freight elevators or very narrow passageways are not required to be accessible. 1103.2.9 Equipment spaces. Spaces frequented only by personnel for maintenance, repair or monitoring of equipment are not required to be accessible. Such spaces include, but are not limited to, elevator pits, elevator penthouses, mechanical, electrical or communica ons equipment rooms, piping or equipment catwalks, water or sewage treatment pump rooms and sta ons, electric substa ons and transformer vaults, and highway and tunnel u lity facili es. 1103.2.13 Live/work units. In live/work units constructed in accordance with Sec on 419, the por on of the unit u lized for nonresiden al use is required to be accessible. The residen al por on of the live/work unit is required to be evaluated separately in accordance with Sec ons 1107.6.2 and 1107.7. 1103.2.15 Walk-in coolers and freezers. Walk-in coolers and freezers intended for employee use only are not required to be accessible.

149

Accessibility: Accessible Route 1104.1 Site arrival points. Accessible routes within the site shall be provided from public transporta on stops; accessible parking; accessible passenger loading zones; and public streets or sidewalks to the accessible building entrance served. 1104.3 Connected spaces. When a building or por on of a building is required to be accessible, an accessible route shall be provided to each por on of the building, to accessible building entrances connec ng accessible pedestrian walkways and the public way. 1104.3.1 Employee work areas. Common use circula on paths within employee work areas shall be accessible routes. Excep ons: 1. Common use circula on paths, located within employee work areas that are less than 1,000 square feet (93 m2) in size and defined by permanently installed par ons, counters, casework or furnishings, shall not be required to be accessible routes. 2. Common use circula on paths, located within employee work areas, that are an integral component of equipment, shall not be required to be accessible routes. 3. Common use circula on paths, located within exterior employee work areas that are fully exposed to the weather, shall not be required to be accessible routes.

150

1104.4 Mul level buildings and facili es. At least one accessible route shall connect each accessible level, including mezzanines, in mul level buildings and facili es. Excep ons: 1. An accessible route is not required to stories and mezzanines that have an aggregate area of not more than 3,000 square feet (278.7 m2) and are located above and below accessible levels. This excep on shall not apply to: 1.1. Mul ple tenant facili es of Group M occupancies containing five or more tenant spaces. 1104.5 Loca on. Accessible routes shall coincide with or be located in the same area as a general circula on path. Where the circula on path is interior, the accessible route shall also be interior. Where only one accessible route is provided, the accessible route shall not pass through kitchens, storage rooms, restrooms, closets or similar spaces. Excep ons: 1. Accessible routes from parking garages contained within and serving Type B units are not required to be interior. 2. A single accessible route is permi ed to pass through a kitchen or storage room in an Accessible unit, Type A unit or Type B unit.

Accessibility: Accessible Entrances 1105.1 Public entrances. In addi on to accessible entrances required by Sec ons 1105.1.1 through 1105.1.6, at least 60 percent of all public entrances shall be accessible. Excep ons: 1. An accessible entrance is not required to areas not required to be accessible. 2. Loading and service entrances that are not the only entrance to a tenant space. 1105.1.3 Restricted entrances. Where restricted entrances are provided to a building or facility, at least one restricted entrance to the building or facility shall be accessible. 1105.1.5 Service entrances. If a service entrance is the only entrance to a building or a tenant space in a facility, that entrance shall be accessible. 1105.1.6 Tenant spaces, dwelling units and sleeping units. At least one accessible entrance shall be provided to each tenant, dwelling unit and sleeping unit in a facility. Excep ons: 1. An accessible entrance is not required to tenants that are not required to be accessible. 2. An accessible entrance is not required to dwelling units and sleeping units that are not required to be Accessible units, Type A units or Type B units.

151

Accessibility: Accessible Entrances and Special Occupancies 1106.1 Required. Where parking is provided, accessible parking spaces shall be provided in compliance with Table 1106.1, except as required by Sec ons 1106.2 through 1106.4. Where more than one parking facility is provided on a site, the number of parking spaces required to be accessible shall be calculated separately for each parking facility. Excep on: This sec on does not apply to parking spaces used exclusively for buses, trucks, other delivery vehicles, law enforcement vehicles or vehicular impound and motor pools where lots accessed by the public are provided with an accessible passenger loading zone. TABLE 1106.1 ACCESSIBLE PARKING SPACES TOTAL PARKING SPACES PROVIDED REQUIRED MINIMUM NUMBER OF ACCESSIBLE SPACES 1 to 25 1 26 to 50 2 51 to 75 3 76 to 100 4 101 to 150 5 151 to 200 6 201 to 300 7 301 to 400 8 401 to 500 9 501 to 1,000 2% of total 1,001 and over 20, plus one for each 100, or frac on thereof, over 1,000

152

1106.5 Van spaces. For every six or frac on of six accessible parking spaces, at least one shall be a van-accessible parking space.

1106.6 Loca on. Accessible parking spaces shall be located on the shortest accessible route of travel from adjacent parking to an accessible building entrance. In parking facili es that do not serve a par cular building, accessible parking spaces shall be located on the shortest route to an accessible pedestrian entrance to the parking facility. Where buildings have mul ple accessible entrances with adjacent parking, accessible parking spaces shall be dispersed and located near the accessible entrances. 1106.7 Passenger loading zones. Passenger loading zones shall be accessible. 1106.7.1 Con nuous loading zones. Where passenger loading zones are provided, one passenger loading zone in every con nuous 100 linear feet (30.4 m) maximum of loading zone space shall be accessible. 1108.2.9 Dining and drinking areas. In dining and drinking areas, all interior and exterior floor areas shall be accessible. Excep ons: 1. An accessible route between accessible levels and stories above or below is not required where permi ed by Sec on 1104.4, Excep on 1. 2. In buildings or facili es not required to provide an accessible route between stories, an accessible route to a mezzanine is not required, provided that the mezzanine contains less than 25 percent of the total area and the same services, decor and ameni es are provided in the accessible area. 4. Employee-only work areas shall comply with Sec ons 1103.2.3 and 1104.3.1.

Elevators and Conveying Systems: General and Hoistway Enclosures 3001.1 Scope. This chapter governs the design, construc on, installa on, altera on and repair of elevators and conveying systems and their components. 3001.2 Referenced standards. Except as otherwise provided for in this code, the design, construc on, installa on, altera on, repair and maintenance of elevators and conveying systems and their components shall conform to ASME A17.1/CSA B44, ASME A90.1, ASME B20.1, ALI ALCTV, and ASCE 24 for construc on in flood hazard areas established in Sec on 1612.3. 3001.3 Accessibility. Passenger elevators required to be accessible or to serve as part of an accessible means of egress shall comply with Sec ons 1107 and 1109.7. 3001.4 Change in use. A change in use of an elevator from freight to passenger, passenger to freight, or from one freight class to another freight class shall comply with Sec on 8.7 of ASME A17.1/CSA B44.

3002.3 Emergency signs. An approved pictorial sign of a standardized design shall be posted adjacent to each elevator call sta on on all floors instruc ng occupants to use the exit stairways and not to use the elevators in case of fire. The sign shall read: IN CASE OF FIRE, ELEVATORS ARE OUT OF SERVICE. USE EXIT STAIRS. 3002.4 Elevator car to accommodate ambulance stretcher. Where elevators are provided in buildings four or more stories above, or four or more stories below, grade plane, at least one elevator shall be provided for fire department emergency access to all floors. The elevator car shall be of such a size and arrangement to accommodate an ambulance stretcher 24 inches by 84 inches (610 mm by 2134 mm) with not less than 5-inch (127 mm) radius corners, in the horizontal, open posi on and shall be iden fied by the interna onal symbol for emergency medical services (star of life). The symbol shall not be less than 3 inches (76 mm) in height and shall be placed inside on both sides of the hoistway door frame.

3002.1 Hoistway enclosure protec on. Elevator, dumbwaiter and other hoistway enclosures shall be sha enclosures complying with Sec on 713.

3002.5 Emergency doors. Where an elevator is installed in a single blind hoistway or on the outside of a building, there shall be installed in the blind por on of the hoistway or blank face of the building, an emergency door in accordance with ASME A17.1/CSA B44.

3002.1.1 Opening protec ves. Openings in hoistway enclosures shall be protected as required in Ch.7.

3002.7 Common enclosure with stairway. Elevators shall not be in a common sha enclosure with a stairway.

3002.2 Number of elevator cars in a hoistway. Where four or more elevator cars serve all or the same por on of a building, the elevators shall be located in no fewer than two separate hoistways. Not more than four elevator cars shall be located in any single hoistway enclosure.

3002.8 Glass in elevator enclosures. Glass in elevator enclosures shall comply with Sec on 2409.1.

153

Elevators and Conveying Systems: Fire Access Elevator 3002.1 Hoistway enclosure protec on. Elevator, dumbwaiter and other hoistway enclosures shall be sha enclosures complying with Sec on 713. 3002.1.1 Opening protec ves. Openings in hoistway enclosures shall be protected as required in Ch. 7. Excep on: The elevator car doors and the associated hoistway enclosure doors at the floor level designated for recall in accordance with Sec on 3003.2 shall be permi ed to remain open during Phase I Emergency Recall Opera on. 3002.2 Number of elevator cars in a hoistway. Where four or more elevator cars serve all or the same por on of a building, the elevators shall be located in no fewer than two separate hoistways. Not more than four elevator cars shall be located in any single hoistway enclosure. 3002.3 Emergency signs. An approved pictorial sign of a standardized design shall be posted adjacent to each elevator call sta on on all floors instruc ng occupants to use the exit stairways and not to use the elevators in case of fire. The sign shall read: IN CASE OF FIRE, ELEVATORS ARE OUT OF SERVICE. USE EXIT STAIRS. Excep ons: 1. The emergency sign shall not be required for elevators that are part of an accessible means of egress complying with Sec on 1007.4. 2. The emergency sign shall not be required for elevators that are used for occupant self-evacua on in accordance with Sec on 3008.

154

3002.4 Elevator car to accommodate ambulance stretcher. Where elevators are provided in buildings four or more stories above, or four or more stories below, grade plane, at least one elevator shall be provided for fire department emergency access to all floors. The elevator car shall be of such a size and arrangement to accommodate an ambulance stretcher 24 inches by 84 inches (610 mm by 2134 mm) with not less than 5-inch (127 mm) radius corners, in the horizontal, open posi on and shall be iden fied by the interna onal symbol for emergency medical services (star of life). The symbol shall not be less than 3 inches (76 mm) in height and shall be placed inside on both sides of the hoistway door frame. 3002.5 Emergency doors. Where an elevator is installed in a single blind hoistway or on the outside of a building, there shall be installed in the blind por on of the hoistway or blank face of the building, an emergency door in accordance with ASME A17.1/CSA B44. 3002.6 Prohibited doors. Doors, other than hoistway doors and the elevator car door, shall be prohibited at the point of access to an elevator car unless such doors are readily openable from the car side without a key, tool, special knowledge or eďŹ&#x20AC;ort. 3002.7 Common enclosure with stairway. Elevators shall not be in a common sha enclosure with a stairway. Excep on: Elevators within open parking garages need not be separated from stairway enclosures. 3002.8 Glass in elevator enclosures. Glass in elevator enclosures shall comply with Sec on 2409.1.

Interior Finishes: General 801.1 Scope. Provisions of this chapter shall govern the use of materials used as interior finishes, trim and decora ve materials. 801.2 Interior wall and ceiling finish. The provisions of Sec on 803 shall limit the allowable fire performance and smoke development of interior wall and ceiling finish materials based on occupancy classifica on.

801.8 Foam plas cs. Foam plas cs shall not be used as interior finish except as provided in Sec on 803.4. Foam plas cs shall not be used as interior trim except as provided in Sec on 806.3 or 2604.2. This sec on shall apply both to exposed foam plas cs and to foam plas cs used in conjunc on with a tex le or vinyl facing or cover.

801.3 Interior floor finish. The provisions of Sec on 804 shall limit the allowable fire performance of interior floor finish materials based on occupancy classifica on. [F]801.4 Decora ve materials and trim. Decora ve materials and trim shall be restricted by combus bility and the flame propaga on performance criteria of NFPA 701, in accordance with Sec on 806. 801.5 Applicability. For buildings in flood hazard areas as established in Sec on 1612.3, interior finishes, trim and decora ve materials below the eleva on required by Sec on 1612 shall be flood-damage-resistant materials. 801.6 Applica on. Combus ble materials shall be permi ed to be used as finish for walls, ceilings, floors and other interior surfaces of buildings. 801.7 Windows. Show windows in the exterior walls of the first story above grade plane shall be permi ed to be of wood or of unprotected metal framing.

155