iqui t l u l tor o rs t opportunity or ontinuous r mov l o ission pro u ts rom t lui u l y mi l n p ysi l pro ssin y t is pro ur t poisonin t o t ission pro u ts m y k pt to low l v l n t us m k possi l oo r in r tio in t is t rm l r tor n t is pt r t v rious mi l n p ysi l pro ss s or r movin t ission pro u ts r is uss o simpli y t is ussion t ission pro u ts r l ssi i into our si roups s ollows s ous l m nts or ompoun s t t r vol til t r tor op r t in t mp r tur is roup is or in rily r vi t onvol til l m nts ormin ompoun s mor st l t n t or r spon in ur nium ompoun r vi tion or t is roup is i onvol til l m nts ormin ompoun s t t r l ss st l t n t orr spon in ur nium ompoun n mor st l t n t orr spon in ismut ompoun r vi tion or t is roup is onvol til l m nts ormin ompoun s l ss st l t n t or r spon in ismut ompoun s r vi tion or t is roup is n t roup t r r our l m nts romin io in krypton n x non t s r n its u t r r r r t import nt on s is y r t most import nt us o its ross s tion rns in t is is so l r it is n ss ry to r mov most t t io in n x non s soon s orm ot r m jor poisons o ur in t roup n l ul tin t r r tomi w i t n ross s tion o t s roups it is onv ni nt to us t ission yi l in milli toms orm lly it is ssum t t two toms o ission pro u ts r pro u y t splittin o on tom o ur nium us milli toms o ission pro u ts r pro u y ission o on torn o ur nium n yi l is qu l to milli toms n t is sis ll l pr s nts t nu li s wit t import nt in orm tion on t ir poisonin t s n s n m is t most import nt l m nt to lt wit in t is roup l st roup ommonly ll t no l ission pro u ts r pr s nts om irn tion o roups n in t ov l ssi i tion im port nt poisonin in orm tion on ll t s nu li s is iv n in l s on ontri utions y wy r s y ill isw ll in ll n n o t rook v n tion l or tory
[ ]
r ursors v l liv s l ss t n l ys
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s s r r째째 Y Zr _ s s s s r r l _ m m ~ s m 째 m m u m u ot l nu li s
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not i nti i s ission pro u t on rt Q „ rns
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[
un r t roup in s n s n y x minin t olumn yo non o t s nu li s is v ry import nt poison omp r wit x non n s m rium rom t t iv n in t s t l s it is possi l to l ul t t poison l v l in n s un tion o tim o op r tion si s t r t risti s o t ission pro u ts t ms lv s t poison l v l is p n nt m inly on t or u l volum t tot l u l syst m volum n t v r or lux n i t poison l v l is iv n s un tion o ys o op r tion or w r r n si n [ ] wit ppm in i t is ssum t t t vol til poisons n r mov in st y st t op r tion n t poisonin l v l k pt to ot r two l ss s o ours st ily in r s s on t ssumption o no mi l pro ssin o t or t r rt in poisonin l v l is r t ontinuous mi l pro ssin will s rv to k p t poisonin t onst nt v lu is l v l must os n y r ul onomi optimiz tion pro ur i ur s ows t t w il t roup is t most import nt s sumin t t t vol til s n r mov s sir t roup o s r u lly umul t n t r out ys o op r tion s poisonin t n ov r lon t rm op r tion pro ssin o ll t roups om s sir l i low poison l v l is to m int in poisonin in u l r tor is xp t to to i r t n in i u l r tor [ ] p n in on t v r r si n tim o t ission pro u ts in t u l is is u to s i t in t ission pro u t sp trum tow r i r ross s tion nu li s u mul tiv poisonin t o t i r ur nium isotop s is lso sli tly i r or n onn tion wit t is l st point t i r isotop s o ur nium r u lly uil up t rou out t op r tion o t r tor n t l ul tions us in t r r n si n o pt r n in W [ ] t poison in t o t i r ur nium isotop s s n ssum s or ti u l in t s i r isotop s r mi lly t s m s t u l no provision n m or mi l s p r tion rom t r u l uil up o t i r ur nium isotop poisons n tu lly tol r t ov r num r o y rs or omin import nt in t o nomi s o t r tor op r tion s is s own in pt r n ll t or oin is ussions it is ssum t t orrosion pro u ts ontri ut v ry littl to t poisonin in t r tor ow v r t is m y not so s w s s ri in pt rs n t orrosion r t o t ont inin m t ls y t ismut u l is r t r i orrosion pro u ts su s iron n romium t on ntr tion o ppm in ismut woul ontri ut poisonin t o out ow v r t s m pro ss s w i r mov t n will lso r mov ll t orrosion pro u ts
]
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ssum
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im o p r tion ys
oison l v l t r st rtup vs tim o op r tion or ll ission pro u ts or u l volum t
[ ]
non n io in r mov l or poisonin l v l ssumin o sor on or sor y t r p it mo r tor t on n tr t ilnr o r n tot l in t u l r l ul t to n pp r sp tiv ly omp r wit t r t om in p i uiu t o ll t ot r s is n li i l so t t t pro l m o r mov l is r lly on o r mov l om typi l st tisti s on tll s r summ riz in l s i ur s r s on t r t t uil up on t r p it is n li i l t t uu ptiun m _li_ri l ~ mounts o r n r vol tiliz wit t s n t t lir i v t s m r mov l r t risti s _ rti •l it w s s own t t t tu l solu ility o x non in l l nt m y w ll in t pp r n ill n l ul t t solu ility m r t mount o x non n r t is pro ly l r r t n its ili in } lismut it is n ss ry to t rmin t vior o t s i iun to t sur s o t r tor or n u l on uits s it will tron t n n y to s p rom solution t x non is t y u t r o it is orn not only in t •„ ~ [ r or ut t rou out t u l syst m w r v r is pr s nt } r i lr t mi l n kin ti vior o its y pr ursor is __ _p n t it r mov l pro l m mi t solv y sorp t o ow v r it is oun t t t ys so r pi ly t t t o t woul v to r mov wit t s in
n
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s
[
w ppm tons o i on ntr tions pp r r ot l ot l s mov l r t s y r r ot l ot l s
r nt y w i t tot l ission pro u ts v r tomi w i t o s
t o r i nt n r y r l s kw
or r to si ni i ntly r u t mount o orm is is pro ly too mu to op or xp rim nt l r sults in i t t t su l r r tion o t nnot vol tiliz rom i u l rmo yn mi n lysis in i t s t t t or t most p rt s oul r t wit t r s n ission pro u ts to orm monoio i s wit out
o t
oin to s s lk li n lk lin rt io i s woul pr sum ly v low solu iliti s in i n s r sult v t n n y to l v t i u l n oll t on unw tt soli sur s s io i s lso tr ns r vily to t s lt in t r mov l pro ss ut t r t o pro ssin woul too slow to xtr t si ni i nt qu ntiti s o n in t most o t ot r io in nu li s us t r pp r to two pr omin nt mo s y w i p rts rom t u l p ysi l xpulsion in t orm o io i s n r io tiv y non n io in sorption on r p it n st l
r p it is
not w t y t u l mor ov r it s voi volum o lmost l r ly ompos o int r onn t lls s ts su st t possi ility o uil up in n or tor in t is pro l m is t vior o io in in t u l io in m y orm r t r insolu l io i s t n sor on unw tt sur s n t r y to ot kin ti n t rmo yn mi n lys s in i t t t t is m y r l possi ility
]
n n in pil loop [ ] w s op r t t rook v n in w i ission pro u ts w r n r t in i u l w r t n tur l on ntr tion w s ppm on ntr tions o ission pro u ts w r t r or s v r l or rs o m nitu low t os or n wo st l ro s in in i m t r n in lon w r susp n v rti lly in t s sp o t sur t nk in ov t liqui m t l l v l n w s xpos or p rio o r n s ow n on ntr tion o toms m t tim o r mov l t ot r xpos or r s ow toms m orr spon in on ntr tion in t lowin m t l w s toms m w i m ns t t or v ry toms o p r o u l t r w r rou ly to toms m o xpos sur in t s sp t mp r tur s o t ro s n liqui m t l w r t s m 째 v r l st l t s imm rs or xt n p rio s in t lowin m t l s ow on ntr tions oil t ir sur s rou ly tim s t os oun on t ro s susp n in t s p s or ov r it w s stim t t t l ss t n l t in t syst m w s in t out w s oun on t ont in r w lls ont tin t i n out on t s w lls t s w r or t most p rt unw tt y t i loop ssin m r in w i t m t l low in t in l y r ov r l pl t mpl s o s t k n rom t is m r s ow on ntr tions too sm ll to m sur v n r io mi lly o t tt r un rst n in o t is n r l pro l m two p rt x p rim nt l pro r m is un rw y t n t irst p rt psul s l xp rim nts r in rri out to t rmin t tion o io in n x non on r p it n st l psul s ont inin _ u l s psul s ir irr i t in t pil n t n x min or io in x non n r io tivity ross t r ius o t sp im n s on p rt o t pro r m is kin ti stu y o t r mov l o io in n x non in ssin quipm nt n pi psul rp rim nts n on s ri s o xp rim nts psul s m o r o st l n r p it w r ill wit ont inin to ppm o n tur l ppm n ppm Zr psul s w r ss un r v uum or r t 째 or in ill y t im nsions m m n m lon psul s w r irr i t in lux o s wit t i mixtur roz n or p rio s up to k t r irr i tion t psul s w r l t 째 or p rio s r n in rom min to r y w r t n ool qui kly to room t mp r tur n s tion into isks or r io mi l n lysis on ntr tions o n w r m sur t t nt r o isk n in mm rin on t p rip ry o t i r sults r summ riz in l s xp rim nts r xplor tory y w r rri out to t rmin
[
mpl num r
ont in r m t ri l
st l r p it
on ntr tion o toms i
on ntr tion o toms i
or
rip ry
or
rip ry
x x x x x x
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it t urin quili r tion tim o
Y s
rou ly t xt nt to w i io in n x non on ntr t on int r s ow v r in spit o t limit tions o t xp rim nts t ollowin on lusions r w rr nt W n t on ntr tion o io in n r t y ission r s l v l o out to toms psul s t io in on ntr t s t t int r tw n t i n t ont in r w ll on ntr tion t t int r is out tim s i r t n t t in t ulk o t i or t st l psul s n out tim s i r t n t t or t r p it psul s W n t on ntr tion o r s l v l o out to toms i psul s its on ntr tion n r t i st l int r is out tim s t t in t i is r tio or r p it is only i r n tw n t st l n r p it psul s is li v to u to t t t t i us s into t l tt r is p n tr tion y ission pro u t s s s n oun in ot r xp ri m nts n on irm y utor io r p s n m t ri l l n s W n t on ntr tions o io in n r low r i out toms t i r n s tw n int r n or on ntr tions r mu sm ll r t ou still st tisti lly si ni i nt in io in in n or io in t on ntr tion r tios v ry sli tly rom l ss t n or to or or t r tio is only out or n no si ni i nt s p r tion w s o s rv in s
]
n pil psul xp rim nt wit molt n ismut u l s owin x non n io in i usion into r p it
low r r tios r in ttri ut to t loss o rom t int r to t r p it mpl s n w r it t y rot tin t m t rpm roun n xis p ssin t ri t n l s t rou t mi l o t psul w il in quili r t t 째 or r t is s n t t in t s o t it t s mpl s s r tion w s un t ut s p r tion w s ppr i ly r u ow v r t r t ulk o t w s still oun on t out r l y r o t i si s t s xp rim nts not r s ri s w s rri out in w i t ismut ont inin ur nium w s molt n urin irr i tion so t t t x non n io in n to s p s soon s orm i ur is n x mpl o typi l xp rim nt n t i ur t ntr l rk r is t ismut or ri t n is t t p rt o t r p it into w i x non n io in v i us t 째 is n is out mm sin t pi tur r pr s nts m ni i tion o tim s on itions or t is p rti ul r xp rim nt r iv n in l irr ul riti s o s rv in t p oto r p r in or n wit t t ro n ity o r p it t s oul not t t ission pro u ts ot r t n io in n x non m y n possi ly r involv in t orm tion o t i int nsity
[
W ppm in i ppm ppm Zr rr i t or ys t lux n m s t 째 r p it psul
on ntr tion in r p it out ulk r p it ulk
toms o r p it toms o i toms o r p it toms o i
r ions p n tr tions in t r p it pp r to u to r io tiv s s x lusiv ly r sults o ll t s xp rim nts s ow t t n on ntr t v ry vily on sur s in ont t wit t ti i u l r is vi n t t n r io tiv s s p n tr t t r p it n r immo iliz t r in is m y pr s nt v ry s rious pro l m in k pin t ission pro u t poisonin to t low l v ls r quir or onomi r in r port xp rim nts ow v r v n limit y t v il l n utron lux o t pil to on ntr tion l v ls out t os nti ip t in n r r xtr pol tion o t pr s nt r sults to t l v ls is not justi i sin it is on iv l t t us o s tur tion ts t on ntr tions t t int r s m y not in r s proportion t ly ow v r t p n tr tion o in t r p it s on tr st to its umul tion t int r s is pot nti lly s rious pro l m us o t l r sur s v il l insi t r p it r sults o t s xp rim nts l rly in i t t t t r mov l o t s is not simpl ssin op r tion n in r s r s r pro r m is un r w y to l rn mor out t r l s n mov m nt o t s in ot t r tor or n in t u l str ms W il ssin quipm nt si n to or l r lui sur or s p o t s s will pro ly t st kin o quipm nt t vol til s m y v ry w ll n v r rriv t t ss r t ll nst t y m y r to t r p it w lls n to t st l w lls p r tion o t xp rim nt o s oul iv xtr m ly v lu l in orm tion on t is p rti ul r qu stion si n o quipm nt or r mov l n t t u l woul low ontinuously t rou s v r l p r ll l loops to xt rn l t x n rs or oolin ssin quipm nt woul in ll pro ility lo t in o t s loops or w r tor i ll t x n
]
str ms w r pro ss ontinuously t r tion o in t u l r mov p r p ss woul only out in t solu iliti s o r n in ii in r s wit t mp r tur t ssin quipm nt s oul pr r ly lo t in t ol st p rt o t syst m ut sin t u l low t rou t r tor is upw r n sin t ss rs must lo t t t top o t syst m us o y rost ti pr ssur it is not v ry pr ti l to lo t t m t t ol st point m in o j tiv woul to pr v nt x ssiv mounts o rom in sor on or sor in t r p it mo r tor o i v t is two on itions r n ss ry irst t r l tiv mount o s ttlin on t r p it must k pt low n s on t ss rs must v ry i i nt pro l m is not so mu on o sor in rom i solu tion s it is on o ontrollin t umul tion o n on unw tt sur s o minimiz uil up on t r p it t u l v lo ity in t or s oul s i s pr ti l n t r s oul soli sur s lo t som w r tw n t or n t ss rs to oll t n t sis o pr s nt knowl t ss rs s oul so si n t t l r int r i l r is provi n t t t liqui m t l sur is s tur ul nt s possi l or ti lly ss r s oul work wit oo i i n y t or ti l n lysis y ill n s ow t t x non s tr m n ous t n n y to on ntr t on liqui ismut sur s or sp ri l volum t num r o x non toms on t sur w s stim t to out tim s t num r issolv in ismut t 째 t 째 t is r tio m los to si v pl t olumn in w i t u l s n s in in str ms woul su ss r t is lt t t sp r in o n in rt s into t u l is not n ss ry to promot s sorption sin is so insolu l ow v r p n in on t s pr ssur in t ss r t us o n in rt rri r s m y sir l lu nt ission s s woul oll t in r ri r t r o l s
n pro ssin t molt n ismut or t r mov l o ission pro u t poisons t i l pro ss woul pyrom t llur i l on op r tin t su st nti lly t s m t mp r tur s t u l urt rmor t is pro ss s oul it r l v t ur nium u l in t ismut or tr t it in su m nn r t t it is r l tiv ly sy to r r it s m t l into t ismut str m or r us t us o rs n x ll nt opportunity or t ppli tion o pyrom t llur i l mi l r pro ssin m t o s rom pro ur l point o vi w su m t o s s oul in r ntly p r t n pr s ntly known qu ous pro ssin m t o s t will n ss ry ow v r
[
to w it n onomi omp rison o t qu ous n pyrom t llur i l pro ss s or on is in lly os n or us wit n ow v r sin t o rs su n x ll nt opportunity or t ppli tion o p pyrom t llur i l pro ssin t is p t s n xplor quit xt nsiv ly n t is s tion us lori s lt pro ss or t r mov l o ission poisons is s ri n ollowin s tions luori vol tility pro ss n no l ission pro u t r mov l pro ss r s ri quili rium istri ution mistry roup onsists o t l nt ni s n t l m nts in roups n o t rio i l Wit in t is roup t l nt ni s ount or out o t tot l poisonin t o t l m nts n t s o typi l w r tor [ ] t on ntr tion o l m nts in t ismut mounts to out ppm o r u t is on ntr tion to pt l l v ls pro ss s n v lop w r y t l m nts r oxi iz y n t n xtr t into us s lt ollowin t ori in l su stion y Wins t t ission pro u ts mi t xtr t l rom liqui i u l y molt n s lts in m nn r simil r to solv nt xtr tion xp rim nts w r on u t y r is usin t i ut ti n l nt ni ismut lloys [ ] t m n ism w s in on o liqui liqui xtr tion t n t l nt ni istri u tion s oul ollow simpl istri ution l w n s su in p n nt o tot l on ntr tion xp rim nt lly t is w s not t s n it w s su s qu ntly s own y Wisw ll [ ] n l t r in p n ntly y u i iotti [ ] t t t r sults oul xpl in y ssumin t t mi l r tion o urr s ollows i s lo i ~ it i
rom t r n r i s o orm tion o t li s involv l w m y l ul t k l or q rom t is n t r l tions ip ° n q t quili rium onst nt q is oun to viously t quili rium will ispl r to t l t ow v r i w ssum n initi l on ntr tion in t ismut qu l to ppm qu l volum s o ut ti onsi r r s in rt n ismut n t t tiviti s r qu l to mol r tions t n t r tio o mol s o l nt num in t s lt to mol s o l nt num in t ismut t quili rium will ss nti lly t r or ll t l nt num will tr ns rr to t s lt p s n t ot r n or t n lo ous r tion wit ur nium i ¹ i
]
째 [ ]
ompoun m i l
r n r y o orm tion k l tom
t st n r r n r y n is k l n q t quili rium ssumin t initi l ur nium on ntr tion in t is inut ppm t r tio o t mol r tion o in s lt to t mol r tion o in i will qu l to us in prin ipl s l tiv oxi tion o t l nt ni s m y i v in t pr s n o ur nium ours t ssumption t t tiviti s r qu l to mol r tions is only n pproxim tion rn ry s lt s ons qu n o t s r tions lit ium m t l uil s up in t ismut p s n in vi w o its i t rm l n utron ross s tion r pl m nt o t l nt ni y lit ium o rs no v nt in t rms o n utron onomy r or not r low m ltin s lt t t rn ry ut ti o mol r r n l 째 w s inv sti t n t is syst m t r n r y o orm tion o is int rm i t tw n t os o t l nt ni lori s on on n n ur nium tri lori on t ot r n s tis tory lt ou not ompl t s p r tion s oul i v urt rmor t low n utron ross s tion o is mor vor l t n t t o lit ium n low on ntr tion o in t u l ppm pp rs to n ss ry in or r to minimiz or rosion n m ss tr ns r in t st l quipm nt m n sium on ntr tion in t ismut will t r or ontrol t xt nt o t r tion st ility o l n is so mu r t r t n t t o t t t ir ontri ution to t oxi izin pot nti l o t s lt m y n l t ow v r t y o x rt n in lu n upon t tivity o i i nt o
[
s lt ± s lt
s lt __ s lt i
° k l k l
ut will not in lu n t r o s p r tion w i m y i v rmo yn mi s o tr ns r n istri ution t quili rium onst nt or r tion in w i l nt num is t k n s in r pr s nt tiv o l nt ni s in t oxi tion st t is iv n y
l z
xpr ss in t rms o mol r tions q om s
l z
n t ov t rmo yn mi tivity mol r tion n n °° r tivity o i i nts ° is t limitin tivity o i i nt t in init
ilution w i is ssum to in p n nt o on ntr tion t t on ntr tions n ount r in t is inv sti tion t is quiv l nt to t nry s l w onst nt [ ] olv or t xp rim nt lly t ismin l qu ntity q om s
_ q z `
w r
l lz l
n lo rit mi orm m y writt n lo _ lo nl lo q i Z
w r upon plot o lo v rsus lo s s oul r sult in str i t lin o slop i ur is plot or most o t ur nium n zir onium s on t st xp rim nt l t n t s o t st lin s slop o rom t position o t lin t onst nt t rm o q m y l ul t y
]
m olts vs Zn Zn t o__
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in i ppm
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istri ution o solut s tw n n i
q lo
xp rim rlt l v lu s o t s onst nts r iv n in l nnp rison o t ory n xp rim nt n or r to omp r t ory wit xp rim nt q l n t tivity o i i nts o t p rtin nt ~u t n s in p s must known q is sily l ul t rom t or t ppropri t r tion y m ns o t r l tion n q m y onsi r ss nti lly onst nt n qu l to i sin is pr s nt in t s lt p s in l r x ss ov r t ot r r t nts n its on ntr tion n s only v ry sli tly urin t r tion n x t l ul tion o is not possi l t t is tim owin to t p u ity o in orm tion r r in tivity o i i nts in us s lts n in liqui ismut ow v r in on s t t o rium it is possi l to tim t rom m sur tivity o i i nts i on ssumption is llow ntly u [ ] s m sur t p rti l mol r r n r y o mixin Y o m n sium in ismut n rium in ismut y lv ni ll m t o s rom n j it w s possi l to l ul t n t tivity o i i nts t in init ilution in ismut t 째 s v lu s r stim t to n
tion l m ~ r ±
°
i q
x x x x x
ro
x x x x
x x x x
]
l il [ ] y simil r lv ni ll t niqu s s m s ur t tivity o i i nt o l in t t rn ry s lt ut ti t ° st v lu to t is it is ssum t t in t t rn ry s lt n t is v lu pp rs r son l t n r or rium is iv n y
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xp rim nt l v lu o t l s to v lu o or l • r m nt is onsi r s tis tory in vi w o t x pon nti l r t r o t qu tions n t un rt inti s in t v il l t or x mpl t ntir i r n tw n t xp rim nt l v lu n l ul t v lu o m y r on il i on ssum s n rror o k l tom in t o orm tion o u n rror is w ll wit in t limits wit w i t st n r r n r i s o orm tion r known t t s t mp r tur s stim t tivity o i i nts o m t ls in ismut m y lso in rror y s mu s tor o to xp rim nt l v lu s o t onst nt n l m y us to l ul t t tivity o i i nts o l nt num n n o ymium in t ismut i it is ssum s in t s o rium t t v lu s so o t in n i l r quit low n r in n r l r m nt wit t m sur ° n t s o s m rium m is t rmo yn mi lly mor st l t n m y k l tom o l t ° n n t quili rium r tion is m s lt ± m s lt i
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qu tion pr i ts t t plot o lo sm iz sm v rsus lo s oul yi l str i t lin o slop urv is s own in i n t lin is r wn wit slop o is lin yi l s t v lu o iv n in l Wit t ssumption t t sm iz t stim t tivity o i i nt t in init ilution o s m rium in ismut is sm v li ity o q is p n nt upon t ssumption t t si r tions su s t oxi tion o ismut y t s lt r n li i l in or t s r tions r l r positiv num rs it is r son l to onsi r ismut s in rt in t is r sp t ismut o ours int r ts wit t l nt ni s n m n sium v ry stron ly ut t is is t k n into ount y t us o tivity o i i nts t is lso ssum t t t r tions
째 k l 째 k l
o not ontri ut si ni i ntly to t tr ns r o l nt ni s to t s lt p s in vi w o t l r positiv r n r y n is pproxim tion w s k xp rim nt lly y t rminin t on ntr tions o n in t ismut p s t r n quili r tion xp rim nt o t t l mounts o lk li m t ls w r oun in t ismut is r sult lso in i t s t t s lt solu ility in ismut is n li i ly low n lysis o t s lt p s or ismut yi l low rr ti r sults possi ly u to t sli t solu ility o ismut in l w i o urr urin t qu ous s p r tion o s lt n m t lli p s s t is i ly impro l t t ismut woul solu l in s lt o t is typ
]
not r ssumption m in t is n lysis involv s t r v rsi ility o t oxi tion o t l nt ni s y l is point w s k y quili r tin s ri s o i lloys wit s lt ut ti ont inin istri ution t o rium s un tion o on ntr tion in t ismut riv rom t r u tion o y s ows t r tion is r v rsi l wit in n xp rim nt l rror o [ ] n lu in i r istri ution t o t in in t pr s n o w o ur nium n w o zir onium in t ismut Zir onium will norm lly pr s nt in t u l s orrosion in i itor Wit in t is on ntr tion r n zir onium n ur nium o not t t istri ution t or pro ss si n t will not rom t r l tiv positions o t lin s o i t t it is not possi l to ssum priori t t t or r o t l nt ni istri utions will ir tly pr i t l rom r n r y o orm tion t or x mpl rom l t or r o r sin st ility o t lori s is m n w r s t onst nt n t xp rim nt l or r is m n i r n in or r is pp r ntly u to t l r v ri tion o t tivity o i i nts o t l nt ni s in ismut r sults o t l nt ni istri ution xp rim nts v provi sis or t si n o ount r urr nt s lt m t l xtr tion pro ss [ ] sults o ur nium istri ution stu i s in i t t t in sm ll s l xp r im nts s tis tory s p r tion o l nt ni s rom ur nium m y i v in sin l quili rium ont tin st xp rim nt l v lu o t istri ution o i i nt s w s oun to o t or r o to w r is in s
u u i
ultist xtr tion s oul nsur i i nt r mov l o t ission pro u t poisons rom t ismut u l str m ilot pl nt quili rium xp rim nts pilot pl nt quili rium pro r m is un r w y t to inv sti t t s lt ismut u l quili ri on l r r s l un r on itions mor los ly simul tin t os in n tu l pl nt ont tin v ss ls m o st inl ss st l v p ity o out lit rs y n itt wit lin rs o ot r m t ls ill or r to stu y t t o sur s n orrosion ont t r is quipp wit onn tions t rou w i m t ri ls n n r mov wit out mittin ir si tport s n v uum onn tions t rs n t rmo oupl s iqui s lt n m t l p s s r quili r t in qu ntiti s l r nou to llow multipl n lys s so t t t t o
n s in on itions n ir tly t rmin y or n t r n l ys s on sin l syst m most si ni i nt r sults o t is pilot pl nt pro r m r t os rom xp rim nts or w i n pp r tus o l r p ity lon oul s rv s r stu i s o t st ility o t solutions or lon p rio s n o t n s in quili rium istri ution r sultin rom ition o v rious r nts n n r l t istri ution o i i nts o t in in t is quip m nt on irm t os oun in t sm ll s l work ow v r t pr ision o t r sults is l ss n rryin out xp rim nts in t s quili rium v ss ls st ility su i i nt or most pr ti l purpos s n i v iv n t ri t op r t in on itions ut t r r still unsolv pro l ms solution o i r r rt n Zr n k pt t 째 un r lium in st inl ss st l v ss l in init ly wit out n o omposition t n qu ntity o pr tr t s lt is to t syst m si ni i nt rop o urs in t on ntr tion in t m t l rom to ppm om pp rs in t s lt p s ut not in n mount quiv l nt to t loss rom t m t l r t r t on ntr tion r m ins onst nt ut t in t m t l su rs slow lin losin tw n n ppm p r y s its on ntr tion r s s t istri ution o l m nts su s t r r rt s n s in out t w y w i woul pr i t rom t r sults o t r m s l xp rim nts r m ins n rly onst nt unl ss t is llow to rop low out ppm in w i s ins to tr ns r to t s lt rom som o t s syst ms soli m t ri l s n r ov r w i iv s t x r y p tt rn o ur nium nitri n it is possi l t t nitro n rom t ont in r w lls is som ow involv in t myst rious vior o n in v ry sm ll qu ntiti s o t v rious m t ri ls r in volv in t s r tions it is quit possi l t t soli sur sorption ts r lso pl yin p rt in t inst ility o omposition n s on s ri s o xp rim nts t n in quili rium istri ution rom t ition o r nts is in stu i n t xtr tion pro ss s qu n o olumns op r t t i r nt oxi tion pot nti ls is propos ost o t s n s in quili rium r ontroll y t ition o i l or to t syst m t ppropri t points xp rim nts v n on in w i t s r nts v n to s lt m t l syst m t quili rium r sults o two su xp rim nts will illustr t t vior o t s syst ms n t irst n initi l quili rium w s s t lis in w i t m t l p s ont in irly i on ntr tion olt n s lt w i s n quili r t or m ny ys wit molt n i on t inin i on ntr tions o n W n p s s r onst nt omposition n t r is no in t s lt it is r y or us
]
o ts pproxim t v lu to t r wit t os o t ot r onstitu nts r iv n in t irst row o l un n vi w o i i ulti s in s mplin n n lysis t s i ur s m y in rror y to qu ntity o i w i w s mor t n quiv l nt to ll t w s t n W n n w quili rium n r it w s oun t t ll t n mu o t Zr n n r mov rom t m t l p s t s on row iv s t n lyti l i ur s t lli w s t n to r v rs t r tion n t in l quili rium situ tion is iv n y t i ur s in t l st row t n s n t t t w s r stor to its ori in l on ntr tion in t m t l t is o int r st t t t is o urr v n t ou t in l on ntr tion w s mu l ss t n t ori in l t t is t istri ution o i i nt w s ins nsitiv to t on ntr tion w n t l tt r s v lu w s ppm or mor is r s wit t l or tory xp rim nts is uss pr viously ition l on irm tion w s o t in in un in w i n mount o i w s w i w s l ss t n quiv l nt to t r sults r iv n in l un r w n t on ntr tion w s low r rom to ppm t istri ution o i i nt in r s s on woul xp t ut t r m in un n tion r t s r viously t quili rium or t s lt m t l r tions w s is uss t w s s own t t most pro ly mor t n on quili rium ont t will r quir to r mov t is m ns t t som kin o ont tin tw n two lowin str ms will r quir in
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[
t ov r ll mi l pro ssin usin t us lori s lt m t o r or n x min tion o t r tion r t s is import nt W n s v r l quili rium ont tin st s r r quir n it is sir to o t is in lowin ount r urr nt syst m it is n ss ry or t m ss tr ns r r t s to st n t is r tion t r r t l st t r st s tr nsport o t r t nts to t s lt m t l int r t r tion prop r involvin x n o l trons n tr nsport o t pro u ts w y rom t int r itu tions r on iv l in w i ny o t s oul r t limitin n inv sti tin so ompl x situ tion xp rim nt lly it is o t n possi l to or r t in s so t t on or mor st s r st r l tiv to t ot rs t us p r mittin t kin ti s o t l tt r to stu i lon or x mpl t r tion is m to o un r on itions w i r r rom quili rium i t r v rs r tion pro in to only n li i l xt nt t tr ns port kin ti s o rt in sp i s n x lu rom onsi r tion s ri s o xp rim nts o t is typ w s rri out in w i mm rops o ont inin ppm m ll t rou m o molt n t rn ry s lt ut ti t t ottom t rops w r r wn o n n lyz s lt p s w s initi lly r o r r rt s n its volum w s tim s t t o t tot l i w i ll t rou so tr nsport o sp i s in t s lt p s s oul not r t limitin ont t tim or rop w s out s n lysis s ow t t o t m w s xtr t into t s lt w l ul t t mount t t woul v n xtr t t r t n limit y i usion o solut to t sur o sp ri l rop ssumin r pi r tion t t int r sm ll r i ur r sults t m y on lu t t som tur ul n xists wit in t rop ssistin t i usion pro ss n t t t int r r tion is in st lt ou urt r r t stu i s r r quir t r sults t n s ow t t onsi r l l titu is v il l to t pro ss n in r in si nin t ov r ll pro ss usin t s quili rium n r t t s possi l si ns m y r n rom str i t t typ ont tin to ompl t ly uto m t ount r urr nt ont tin r mov l pro ss n t pro ss si n s ri [ ] t oxi nt is i n t rri r s lt is t t rn ry ut ti l w i m lts t 째 u i i nt oxi nt is to t s lt to r mov t l vin t or t most p rt in orm lori s w i r onsi r ly mor st l t n t most st l lori o quili rium p rtition o i i nts or Zr n s un tions o on ntr tion r s own in i or p rti ul r on ntr tion t r tio o t o i i nt to t t o is ir t m sur o ow i i ult it is to i v iv n r o s p r tion tw n t two solut s
]
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u l is on o t l st st l o t lori s ut in t tr tm nt w i ollows s lt m t l quili rium o i i nts r t k n to t s m s t t o t t is t y r ons rv tiv slop o t n lin s in i is si ni yin triv l n y in t s lt p s w il t t o t Zr is s own s si ni yin iv l n y Zr lin is r wn l s us xp rim nt l r sults r still pr limin ry n t slop o w s ssum r t r t n in irmly st lis y xp rim nt n ortun t ly t t v il l t t is writin w r o t in ov r r t r s ort r n o on ntr tion t n s r univ l nt n r n m r iv l nt ut ll o t s li w ll ov t lin n woul t r or mor sily xtr t tot l n r y r l s p r ission in t is stim t to v or r tor vin t r t o w t is m ns t t o woul ission p r y in t r pr s nt out o t tot l ission pro u ts y w i t o s must r mov p r y to m int in st y on ntr tion in t u l l Zr on ntr tion is k pt t out ppm or purpos s o or rosion in i ition n t st y st t r mov l r t o t is ission pro u t will pproxim t ly y t is int r stin to not t t out o t ission pro u ts n up s Zr or r tor wit t r t o ÂŤ n tot l u l inv ntory o tons ission pro u t Zr on
[
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roup
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ntr tion o ppm orr spon s to y v r r si n tim in t u l n iv s r tor poisonin t o sli tly l ss t n i ur is simpli i lows t s owin ow t m y r mov rom n u l o w r tor i on ntr tion o m k s it i i ult to xtr t t ut t i on ntr tion o Zr m k s it si r to xtr t t t p rti ul r l m nt i on ntr tion rul s out t possi ility o usin u r m t o n n ssi t t s t us o stoi iom tri m t o in t r mov l st p u i i nt oxi izin nt in t is s i is to t s lt to r mov t r quir r tions o n Zr t t s m tim most o t ill t u l is un voi ly oxi iz t r suit l ol up p rio t u l lows t t r t o pm t rou olumn t r mov l olumn is olumn s s own s s p r tiv p ity quiv l nt to two quili rium st s s p r tiv p ity o t olumn is illustr t in i w r on ntr tions r l tiv low r t s n quili rium p rtition o i i nts r s own ottom st op r t s un r oxi izin on itions w il t top on op r t s un r r u in on itions is rin s out r l tiv ly i on n tr tions in t mi l o t olumn in r s in t on ntr tion in t u l in p ssin t rou t olumn is to provi t n ss ry m k up or t r tor prin ip l ts o in r sin t num r o st s to t r woul to low r sli tly t on ntr tion in t xit u l str m to in r s onsi r ly t r tio in t xit s lt n to r s ppr i ly t Zr r tio in t xit s lt irst o t s y its l woul o littl ons qu n t s on woul v ry
]
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rium st s
sir l n t t ir woul un sir l l st t is tu lly ontrollin w i m ns t t t r st s p r tion is not s oo s two st s p r tion oin in t ot r ir tion on st s p r tion iv s v ry mu low r n Zr r tios in t xit s lt t r y in r sin t i i ulty o su s qu nt r ov ry ow v r rt in v nt s r sult rom sin l st op r tion i r on ntr tion in t xit u l llows si r ontrol o t pro ss n i r Zr on ntr tion in t xit s lt m k s it si r to r mov t Zr op timum num r o quili rium st s pro ly li s tw n on n two n olumn t in t s lt str m rom olumn is r ov r y x tr tin it into s on i str m is olumn op r t s un r t u r syst m v n t ou t on ntr tion in t m t l str m rops r p r tiv p ity o t is olumn is quiv l nt to our quili rium st s n t v ri tions o solut on ntr tions t rou out t olumn r s own in i loss s in t xit s lt str m w r s t r itr rily t y or purpos s o illustr tion viously in tu l pr ti t is qu ntity woul t rmin y onomi onsi r tions i it woul t su v lu t t t ost p r r m o r ov rin ny ition l woul mor t n it is wort pro ss si n o olumn is ontroll y t t t t t on ntr tion o Zr in t xit s lt str m s to ppm or s lt low r t o l y n r tor wit w t r t i o ission pro u t Zr must r mov p r
[
r nium ov ry olumn wit our quili rium t s
on ntr tion in ismut tr m ppm
olut
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r nium on ntr tion in lt ppm
r nium r ov ry olumn wit our quili rium st s
y W n t Zr on ntr tion in t xit s lt str m is ix t on ntr tion o t is lso ix or t r tio Zr in t xit s lt str m must t s m r tio in w i t s m t ri ls r n r t in t u l on ntr tion o t in t inl t u l str m to olumn w s v ri w il t Zr on ntr tion w s l onst nt until t is on i tion w s i v on ntr tion o ppm or t s orr spon s to tot l poisonin t o out pro ssin i str m olumn ont ins ppm ut no ot r solut s n p ssin t rou t olumn t on ntr tion in t i rops to ppm w i m ns t t t oxi tion r u tion pot nti l tw n t s lt n i p s s n s ppr i ly t rou out t olumn ission pro u ts n in t i str m rom olumn r ll oxi iz ompl t ly into in omin s lt str m in v ss l stripp i t r ition o ppm is t n r turn to olumn to r p t its y l i str m is so sm ll t t w ys supply oul pr p r on t sis i ontinuous ition o to t r ir ul tin i str m prov i i ult to ontrol ss l on itions in w i r i ly oxi tiv oul s ort olumn its only un tion is to provi oo sin l st ont t tw n t i n s lt str ms m k up or t r tor s own s
]
to t s lt str m nt rin t is v ss l is tr ns rr to t u l in olumn lt rn tiv ly t r rom t l nk t oul tr ns rr rom i solution to t in omin s lt is i str m woul join to t t rom olumn n l t r s p r t rom it t r l vin v ss l or it oul ont t wit t in omin s lt in s p r t v ss l xit s lt rom olumn n tr t wit i or i solu tion to r mov t n t us m kin it possi l to r ir ul t t s lt s n oul t n sl out o t i into low ost s lt mixtur or stor lows t in i or t s k o simpli ity o s not s ow ol up n stor t nks instrum nt tion pumps or t x n rs r r s v r l possi l v ri tions o t is lows t ut or t most p rt t y in lu t t r typ s o op r tions s ri ov win to t t t t t oxi tion r u tion pot nti l v ri s on si r ly t rou out t r mov l olumn it m y pr r l to op r t it wit on urr nt low wit in st n ount r urr nt low tw n st s lt rn tiv ly two s p r t on urr nt olumns oul us t r ov ry olumn on t ot r n woul l rly op r t wit ount r urr nt low us mi lly on itions r r u tiv t rou out t olumn si n o xtr tion olumns m ni l si n o propos x tr tion olumn is s own in i u l nt rs t t top o t olumn n is isp rs y t slots in tr y s it lls t rou t olumn low p t s r in i t y rrows o l s n o t u l rops o urs on tr y lt s t ontinuous p s m y low it r on urr ntly wit or ount r urr ntly to t u l u l o l s n promot s t orou lo l mixin in t u l n t t s m tim t n s to minimiz xi l isp rsion in p s olumns o t typ s own in i out to t lon n to in in i m t r r xp t to v s tis tory p r orm n r t risti s u olumns v not y t n t st un r on itions simul tin tu l pr ti lt ou t ir lui yn mi l vior s n stu i wit n s su stitut s or s lt n i ro ss ontrol o us lori pro ss o j t o t pro ss s ri ov is to r mov o ission pro u t Zr n o rom t u l p r y t t s m tim losin only o or t is r ul ontrol o t pro ss is r quir ontinuous m sur m nt o t on ntr tions in t s lt str ms rom olumns n will r quir on ntr tions in t s str ms r oo in i tors o olumn op r tion i i t on ntr tions r orr t t os o t Zr n s oul lso orr t ssumin onst n y o u l omposition n ll low r t s t two op r tin v ri l s tin t pro ss r
[
il
l
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irst t i on ntr tion in t inl t s lt str m to olumn n t on ntr tion in t inl t i str m to olumn o t s must ontroll to iv t prop r on ntr tions o in t s lt l vin olumns n op r tion o olumn is t mor i i ult to ontrol r r t r inl t s lt str ms w i v ntu lly m r into t sin l str m nt rin olumn tr m ont ins out o t tot l i r quir m nts ont ins out n ont ins t r m in r tr ms n r s p r t us o i r n in orrosiv n ss n str m provi s in ontrol o t tot l i ition t l st on y s supply o str m woul pr p r in v n on ntr tion in t xit u l is s nsitiv in i tion o t r t o i ition to t olumn n ons qu ntly o t on n tr tion in t xit s lt us ontrollin t r t o ition o i to olumn y t is on ntr tion woul mor s tis tory t n on trollin it y t on ntr tion in t xit s lt us o t mu qui k r r spons o t on ntr tion to n s in t r t o i ition mpin t o t olumn s oul t n r sult in irly uni orm on ntr tion in t xit s lt
]
xi
in~
on ntr tion in xit u l ppm
t o on ntr tion in xit u l on t ompositions o t xit str ms rom t r mov l olumn
i ur s ows t t o v ri tion in t on ntr tion in t xit u l str m o olumn on t st y st t on ntr tions o Zr n in t xit u l n s lt str ms t is s n t t n s in on ntr tion v l ss t t i r t on ntr tion in t s s own t olumn woul mu si r to ontrol t n xit on ntr tion o t n t on o r sults o stu i s t rook v n in i t t t it s oul possi l to m sur ontinuously t on ntr tion in t xit u l y m ns o lv ni ll or t is rsl n [ ] s us t ollowin typ o ll Zn Zn solution in l ut yr x l l ut i m rom su ll woul ontrol t volt to not r l r l tro mi l ll is s on ll s own in t lows t woul i to inl t s lt str m t r t p n in on t m n rom t ontrollin ll ontrol o olumn s oul mu l ss o pro l m on ntr tion in t inl t i str m must k pt wit in rt in limits to m int in t sir on ntr tion o in t xit s lt tu lly olumn n to onsi r l r orr t or m l un tionin o olumn n t v nt t t ontrol o t pro ss s ri in i s oul turn out to i i ult s v r l st ps w i n t k n to orr t t i i ulty r sin t s p r tiv p ity o olumn in r sin
[
t s lt low r t n ins rtin ol up t nk tw n olumns n to ssur uni orm omposition o t s lt nt rin olumn s n x tr m m sur t irst olumn oul r pl y quili r tion v ss ls ut t is woul pp r to n unlik ly v ntu lity m nitu o t pro l m is in y t ontinuous pro ssin r quir m nts n m ly m int inin los ontrol o v ry low ur nium n ission pro u t on n tr tions in str ms o t r int r p n nt ont tin tow rs ro ssin to r u r i tion z r ontinuous pro ss s ri ov is s on n on ntr tion o pproxim t ly ppm n lls or pro ssin r t o pm s on itions w r os n on t sis o poisonin onsi r tions ow v r s ty onsi r tions w r t t rminin tor t pro ssin r t woul r tly in r s t w ol u l str m w r pro ss ily or r mov l o t on ntr tions o r 째 n s t two worst ission nu li s rom t st n point o iolo i l z r oul k pt own to out ppm is mi t w ll v ry sir l o j tiv n t pro ssin r t woul still only out pm ilot pl nt pro r m or us lori pro ss l ns or n x t nsiv pilot pl nt pro r m or t us lori pro ss r urr ntly in m om work on m ni l ompon nt v lopm nt n m t ri ls o onstru tion s lr y st rt v r l sm ll loops r in op r tion t ir ul tin us s lt n t s loops m ni l ompon nts su s pumps v lv s n ontrol instrum nts r un r v lopm nt n t st on urr ntly orrosion t st pro r m is un r w y s w s is uss in tion ull siz prototyp pilot pl nt or t t stin n op r tion o sin l xtr tion olumn is now in ri t n on stru t oop is pilot pl nt s n si n to ir ul t qu ntiti s o ismut u l n us s lt omp r l to t os or ull siz r tor s is uss pr viously in t is pt r n t is pilot pl nt it is pl nn to o t in op r tion l t w i will l to ull s l pro ssin pl nt t n r tion y ission pro u ts pro l m o t r mov l is n import nt onsi r tion in t si n o pro ss s n quip m nt or n lin r io tiv ission pro u ts is is p rti ul rly tru in t pr s nt s us o t r l tiv ly s ort o t ission pro u ts t t tim o t ir xtr tion rom t u l ow v r t r mov l rom us s lts o s not pr s nt i i ult pro l m i ur s ows mily o urv s ivin t sp i i t r t s or t s un tion o v r r si n tim in t r tor n tim t r r mov l t r rom [ ] urv s w r l ul t rom ission
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pro u t t r l s t o t in rom t r onn tion l or tory xtr pol tions to s ort y tim s w r m wit t i o t W y Wi n r xpr ssion or ission pro u t y t n r y will ivi out qu lly tw n t n mm r i tion or t is us lori pro ss t t r l s will o ours p n on t poison on ntr tions ut will pro ly r n rom to tu r t o s lt Y
s n lt rn tiv to t us lori pro ss pyrom t llur i l pro ss s on t vol tility o s n su st y t r onn tion l or tory s m ti lows t is iv n in pt r s i is pro ss woul op r t t wis n t is pro ss t o molt n s lt m up o Zr n o is pour into t r p it y ro luorin tor n t to 째 us s lt is t n sp r wit s issolvin pproxim t ly w o t r t s is ut o ismut ur nium or lui ont inin is intro u t t top o t v ss l lt m t l ont tin tim is lon nou to p rmit y ro luorin tion o t n in t or lui n su s qu nt xtr tion o t r sultin luori s into t us
[
s lt m lt x ss is s nt to s ru tow r not s own in t i ur stripp ismut is ontinuously wit r wn rom t ottom o t olumn into stor t nk l vin nou i or liqui s l luori s lt ont inin ll t poisons n is t n rout to ni k l luorin tion v ss l in w i is luorin t to y ir t ont tin wit luorin s t r s lts su s o u s n [ ] r lso orm in t is st p sin t y r pr s nt s ission poisons in ll o t s m t ri ls r vol til t y will l v t luori m lt wit t x ss luorin n will t n on ns in ol tr p m int in t pproxim t ly 째 n tr p r mov s tr s o s n u rom t luorin or it is r y l s vol til luori s r t n su lim rom t ol tr p y tin to out 째 n istill in or r to ompl t t s p r tion n puri i tion o rom t ot r vol til luori s s ous is r u y u lin it wit n x ss o y ro n t rou r s molt n luori s lt r sult nt is tr pp in t is l n s lt m lt s s own in i t s lt ont inin is n xt ont t wit t stripp ismut str m in n l tro mi l r u tion st p n t is st p t is r u to m t l t lowin ismut t o w il luorin s is r l s t t no r sult nt ismut ur nium lloy to w i n Zr v pr viously n is r y or r ntry to t or s n lt rn tiv to t is l st l tro mi l st p t n r u in t s lt y ir t ont t wit i lt ou t v lopm nt work on t is pro ss is not s r v n s on t us lori pro ss nou work s n on so t t t pro ss pp rs si l m ll s l l or tory work s in i t t t t y ro luorin tion st p n rri out su ss ully r vious work in ot r r s o t tomi n r y pro r m s suppli onsi r l in orm tion on t ir t luorin tion st p n t vol til luori is till tion st p n t ot r r s o t is pro ss l ss in orm tion is ur r ntly v il l i v nt s o t luori vol tility pro ss is t t it will op r t t wis n will iv ompl t l n s p r tion tw n t ur nium n ll t ission pro u ts is llows omp r tiv ly sy ontrol o t l nup o t u l n pr p r tion o n w u l or t r tor in st p o t is pro ss is t t instrum nt tion woul omp r tiv ly simpl n t op r tors woul v ompl t in p n nt ontrol o st p n t ot r n t r r m ny i i ult pro l ms in n ount r in v lopin t is pro ss urt r n o t m is t s v r orrosion n ount r in t v rious st ps mistry o t y ro luorin tion in t irst st p s to prov n out on lusiv ly t is li v t t y
]
los t mp r tur ontrol t oxi tion o ismut n pr v nt ow v r t r n r y o orm tion o ismut luori is r t r los to t os o som o t ission pro u ts rom n onomi point o vi w som m ns will pro ly v to oun or uttin own t ost o luori s lts s nt to w st Zir onium luori is quit xp nsiv n oul n import nt it m in t tot l xp ns o t pro r m
r t risti s o poisonin win to t t t t t y in lu no nu li s w i r p rti ul rly i n utron sor rs t n llow to uil up to r l tiv ly i on ntr tions in t u l two worst poisons r wit rn t rm l ross s tion n st l o wit or t r tor on itions s ri rli r t poisonin t o t l ss o is ss nti lly proportion l to t ir on ntr tion or v r r si n tim in t u l r l tions ip is r nt poisonin v r r si n tim in ys l s ows t on ntr tions o t n l m nts t r y op r tin p rio t is s n t t t roup r pr s nts only out o t tot l solu l Y
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mistry o r mov l y zin rossin pro ss opt or t ission pro u ts is si lly t s m s t rk s [ ] pro ss or silv rin i xp rim nts on u t y t m ri n
m ltin n inin o un r r s r su ontr t wit t rook v n tion l or tory n y r onn tion l or tory v iv n v ry n our in r sults w r sults r iv n in l s n to illustr t t i i i n y o t pro ss n s ri s o xp rim nts u n w r issolv in i t 째 Zn w s in t r on ntr tions n it t n t n ool to 째
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r mov l or t us lori pro ss zin rossin pro ss s n mo i i or us wit it r t us lori or t luori vol tility pro ss n t is rti l t mo i i tion or t us lori pro ss is is uss n in t n xt t t or luori vol tility will s ri n ot s s t r mov l is ss nti lly t s m lous t propos pro ss is r pr s nt in i rom t r mov l pl nt t u l is r to v ss l w i is n quili r tion t nk vin ot it tion n t r mov l iliti s r it is ont t wit t rn ry lori s lt n just nou i to oxi iz t Zr n into t s lt u l str m is t n into v ss l w r pr ti lly ll t ission pro u ts r r mov rom t i wit Zn mor no l ission pro u ts orm int rm t lli ompoun s wit Zn w i r skimm o t top o t i t r oolin it los to its r zin point us r it is known t t u n o t roup n o t roup n r mov rom i y Zn tr tm nt t is n r l o s rv tion t t ll l m nts mor no l t n i r r mov l y Zn xt nts to w i t l m nts n n n n t l m nt r r mov y Zn v not y t n t rmin t is pro l t t ot n n n will not ppr i ly r mov on ntr tion o Zn r quir is l ss t n w i is w ll low its solu ility limit t 째 i rom v ss l is r to v ss l w r t r si u l Zn n r r mov y oxi izin t m to lori s wit t rn ry lori s lt ont inin i l sp r in oul lso us stripp i is t n to v ss l w r it is ont t wit t s lt rom v ss l u i i nt is to t i in t v ss l to tr ns r ll
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]
v ry lik ly pr ipit t t rou out t u l syst m w r it is n r t n orm tion on t is will o t in in t xp rim nt o olonium r mov l vior o o in t n r mov l pro ss s s ri ov is not l r mi lly it is mor no l t n i n s oul not orm n int rm t lli ompoun wit Zn in i tin t t it s oul lw ys r m in wit t i n pr limin ry quili r tion xp ri m nts wit lori s lt mixtur s it w s oun t t out o t o tr ns rr to t s lt ut w t r t is w s u to mi l oxi tion or vol tiliz tion is not pr s ntly known t n r tion r t s m ximum r t o t r mov l rom t r in v ss l is stim t to out kw rom t ission pro u ts n rom t o n rom v ss l out kw rom t ission pro u ts n rom t o s v lu s n r tly r u y llowin t l o u l to ool o or s v r l ys or pro ssin r t o t r mov l n k pt su i i ntly low so t t oolin t ` ss ls o s not pr s nt too mu o pro l m worst t r mov l pro l m ris s w n t s r on ntr t in t Zn i slu ut t n r t t n r muv s tis torily y l vin t int rm t lli slu in ont t wit som molt n i in t xtr tion v ss l or s ort w il until it n skimm o n s nt to w st wit out n r o x ssiv tin
r mov l pro ss or t luori vol tility pro ss tl ÂŤs t or t is propos pro ss is iv n in i str m r t ission pro u t r mov l pl nt is t k n rom t luori vol i ill Y pl nt t r t ismut is r o ll t ur nium n is is iiniit}i tr m now ont ins only n t v ss l it is rou t in n wt wit sm ll mount o zin pproxim t ly w o s t on r ool t zin orms int rm t lli s wit t n t l ni nts s s ri pr viously is zin ross lo ts to t top is kin n o n s nt to t zin w st rom t ottom o t v ss l t iw isnntt str m ont inin som zin is s nt to zin ryst lliz r w r it t mp r tur is urt r r s om o t zin ryst lliz s n is r n rom t top or r y l k to t irst v ss l t is propos rr mov t r m inin zin y istill tion op r tion s own on t ilw w t s till ismut rom t till is r y or r turn to t o t ility pl nt or t ition o ur nium m n sium n zir onium ntir l pl nt woul op r t t wis qu ntity o t rn n l woul pro ly out t s m s or t pr vious pro out l tin pro l m or t is pro ss lso woul i oiit t s m s or t pro ss s ri pr viously
[
l nk ons ppm ppm y 째 y ons y ons y ismut tor or ppm y o o
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s is point out in pt r t si st l nk t to n l in t woul w o t orium ismut i slurry in ismut m i l pro ssin o t is l nk t woul v ry simil r to t or pro ss s lr y s ri m jor pro l m onsists in tr ns rrin t r ur nium n prot tinium rom t soli t orium ismut i to t liqui ismut p s so t t t y n t n mi lly pro ss wo x mpl s o propos pro ss s r s own in i w i s ows pro ss t t n us wit t us lori s lt r mov l pro ss n in i w i s ows lows t or pro ss to us wit t luori vol tility pro ss n t pro ss o i typi l two lui w woul v l nk t o out tons o m t ri l ont inin pproxim t ly n i m t ri l l n s ows t t tons y woul wit r wn n pro ss n t irst st p n ition l tons y o ismut ont inin r s t orium is to t str m
]
prim rily to ilut t t orium ismut i to l its irst v lu is slurry is t n r is in t mp r tur until ompl t solution is o t in W n t is is on ll t ur nium n prot tinium s w ll s ission pro u ts issolv in ismut n t n xt st p t t orium ismut i is r onsti tut y oolin m t o s su s s ri in pt r n ission pro u ts will r m in in solution in t ismut n p s s p r tion t ° n rri out is iv s r y l str m o tons y ont inin oin k to t l nk t n tons y o i wit out o t ori in l n issolv in it is str m t n o s to olumn o t us lori s lt r mov l syst m w r ll t n r tr ns rr to t t rn ry lori s lt nw il t stripp i is r turn to ilut mor l nk t t orium ismut i n t l st st p t is llow to y to or out ys t t n o t is tim pr ti lly ll o t woul onv rt to n t woul s p r t rom t n y t m t o s pr viously s ri s s own on t lows t t is woul r sult in t pro u tion o pproxim t ly y o or r in into t or lui lows t or t ismut i slurry pro ssin s own in i s ows simil r t niqu or n lin t tr ns r o n rom t int rm t lli soli to t liqui ismut s y t n it r o t s pro ss s s n tri in t l or tory s work pro r ss s on t ismut i l nk t syst m urt r work on t mi l pro ssin will rri out
~ • lly in v lu tin t onomi s o mi l pro ssin t ost o n utrons in t orm o ur nium u l w st to ission pro u t poison in nmst l n inst t ost o op r tin t mi l pro ssin units or r mov l o t ission pro u t poisons n t ov r ll op r tion o u r tor n its uxili ry mi l pro ssin pl nt t t t inm nt o t i st r in r tio will not n ss rily iv t low st ost pow r W n t pri o u l is ix s it is now y t ov rn m nt or y n r l m rk t on itions t r t ost o t mi l pro ssin om s t v ri l w i must op r t upon in or r to justi y i r in r tio s is s own in pt r t mi l pro ss s now v il l n un r v lopm nt r so xp nsiv r l tiv to t ost o u l t t op timiz tion o t r tor on itions or two r ion r tor in i t s most onomi r in r tio o out n or sin l r ion r tor out s i ur s n in r s tow r on or tt r y
[
r sin t ost o mi l pro ssin ow v r it must k pt in min t t t ission pro u ts r not t only n utron poisons pr s nt in t u ot r n utron poisons s t ismut t stru tur l m t ri ls n t i r ur nium isotop s will pr s nt v n t ou t ission n orrosion pro u ts l v ls r k pt to z ro p r nt
& W o iqui t l u l tor ni l si ility port port W l un WY ourn l un t l oisonin in rm l tors u to t l ission ro u ts port nolls tomi ow r or tory t t l ontinuous mov l o ission ro u ts rom iqui t l u l m n ro r W Z t l mi l pro ssin tu i s or t iqui t l u l tor xp rim nt port nion r i u l r o un W ontinuous ission ro u t p r tion ro ss mov l o t r rt s nt num rium r s o ymium n o ymium rom ypi l iqui ismut r nium tor u l y ont t wit us i l ixtur port rook v n tion l or tory W W istri ution o l m nts in lt t l yst ms wit p i l r n to t t o r is port rook v n tion l or tory pt W t l us lts or movin ission ro u ts rom i u ls u l oni s ul io rri n xpl n tion o t t o t ls on t is tri ution o r rt s tw n iqui ismut n i l port ort m ri n vi tion n rmo mi l rop rti s o t xi s luori s n lori s to 째 port r onn tion l or tory u W n t llur i l rmo mistry w York r mon r ss pp n W W pplyin rmo yn mi s to iqui t l u l tor nolo y u l oni s p rson l ommuni tion W p p r pr s nt t n r n is o tin m ri n mi l o i ty pril
` W t l nt v n s in t mistry o iqui t l u l tors p p r pr p r or t on nt rn tion l on r n on t ul s s o tomi n r y n v wY u t l i mp r tur ro ssin yst ms or iqui t l u ls n r r l nk ts in ro in s o t nt rn tion l on r n on t ul s s o tomi n r y ol w York nit tions pp r n l tro or us lt tu i s t sis orn ll niv rsity t Y W urv y o p r tions ro ss s in ro in s o t nt rn tion l on r n on t ul s s o tomi n r y ol w York nit tions pp n ook o on rrous t llur y ol w York r w ill ook omp ny n p wyu Y n mov l o ission ro u ts rom r nium ismut u l p p r pr p r or t on nt rn tion l on r n on t ul s s o tomi n r y n v