BE0898 2014/15 Heggarty

Northumbria University Sports Central

Facility of Engineering and Environment

BSc (Hons) Quantity Surveying / Commercial Quantity Surveying

BE0898

2014-15

Building Design and Performance Critique Student ID – 11018286 Coursework Title - Option 2b: A critique of the design of Sports Central Module Title – BE0898 Advanced Measurement and Technology Word Count – 3,274 Submission Date – 10/02/2015

Sports Central South (Atkins, 2011)

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Contents 1.0 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 3 2.0 The Building ...................................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Building Design and Layout ........................................................................................................... 5 3.0 Energy Reduction Systems and designs ............................................................................................ 7 3.1 Rain water harvesting ................................................................................................................... 7 3.2 Swimming pool & Combined Heat and Power Units .................................................................... 7 3.3 Lighting .......................................................................................................................................... 8 3.4 Modular Components ................................................................................................................... 8 3.5 External Walls and Roofing ........................................................................................................... 9 4.0 Alternative Energy Reduction Systems and designs ....................................................................... 10 4.1 Sunscoop Tubular Roof Lighting ................................................................................................. 10 4.2 Mixed Mode ventilation.............................................................................................................. 10 4.3 Photovoltaic Panels (PV) ............................................................................................................. 11 4.4 Brise Soleil ................................................................................................................................... 11 4.5 Termodeck .................................................................................................................................. 11 4.6 Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP)............................................................................................ 11 5.0 Future Materials & Technologies which could be used to meet zero carbon targets .................... 12 5.1 PassivHaus................................................................................................................................... 12 5.2 Nano Technology ........................................................................................................................ 12 5.3 Building Information Modelling (BIM) ........................................................................................ 12 6.0 University Drivers to Improve Building Stock ................................................................................. 12 6.1 Grants and Initiatives .................................................................................................................. 12 6.2 Green Energy Sources ................................................................................................................. 13 6.3 Recycled Materials ...................................................................................................................... 13 6.4 Use of Local Materials ................................................................................................................. 13 7.0 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 13 8.0 References ...................................................................................................................................... 14 9.0 Bibliography .................................................................................................................................... 15

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Sports Central South (Atkins, 2011)

1.0 Introduction This report will look at, and critique, the design of Northumbria Sports Central located in the heart of Newcastle upon Tyne. Techniques used and implemented in the design of the building will be identified and alternative approaches and methods which could have been implemented in the planning stages to deliver a superior end product will be suggested and outlined.

Focus will be given to energy efficiency in terms of how Northumbria Sports Central works to meet requirements of current energy consumption strategies. Specifically how the building’s original design was effected by these targets. Consideration will be given to recent technology advancements and how these could have been used during this process, altering the original design and boosting the buildings energy efficiency. This will be considered in the context of low or zero carbon buildings, building towards the goal of procuring these at reasonable and achievable prices. “The profligate material and energy consumption of the built environment dictate that the construction sector has a pivotal role to play in shaping a sustainable energy economy� (Clarke et al., 2008, p. 4605).

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Sports Central 3D model (Journal, 2011)

2.0 The Building Northumbria Sports Central is a three storey building constructed on a brown field site. It is a newbuild sport, research and learning facility in Newcastle upon Tyne. Completed in 2010 at a cost of £30m it boasts an 11,000m² gross internal floor area (McAlpine, 2015).

The building comprises of:          

3,000 seat arena Secondary sports hall 25m Swimming pool 12m High real form climbing wall Indoor Running Track 3 Glass Backed Squash Courts Fitness Suite Sports and Research Laboratories Flexible Teaching & Learning Facilities Changing Facilities Indoor Sprint Track ((Heggarty, 2015)

Sports Central is the home of the Newcastle Eagles Basketball Team and has hosted a range of international events such as the Sainsbury’s UK School games and more prestigiously the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic games.

Northumbria University Sports Central

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2.1 Building Design and Layout Figure 1.1 below clearly shows the positioning of the Sports Central building, between the existing Sports Centre and Northumberland Building and with walls running along the Student Union. Clearly this positioning restricted space for construction, specifically on-site accommodation. To overcome this, the construction company stacked spatial forms in a Tetris style puzzle, meaning the building could be safely constructed next to busy roads and existing buildings.

Figure 1.1 – Site Overview (Atkins, 2011)

Throughout the building design reflects the needs of disabled people with power-assisted doors, wide corridors, hoists and ramps where necessary and dedicated spectator areas. out compromising design and the functional needs of the building.

As seen in Figure 1.2 the court yard acts as the main entrance. It is a light, bright and open space with four distinct ‘pods’ which are used as meeting rooms and standout with glazing covered around.

Figure 1.2 - Courtyard View (Journal, 2011)

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The building’s exterior design is indeed eye-catching. Anodised aluminium cladding to the two and three story walls is fixed, giving a bronzed look to the façade as seen in figure 1.3. In total 148,848 perforations across more than 1,600 panels cover the building to provide a visually interesting façade, therefore solving the predicament that constituted the mass of the building to have huge double and triple height voids which isn’t aesthetically pleasing (McAlpine, 2015).

Figure 1.3 also captures the south facing, three- story high, glass column which allows natural light to flood the climbing wall. On the upper levels the building comprises semi-translucent cladding panels which are allow natural light into the building, which out compromising the functional needs of the building.

The Sports Central achieved a Building Research Establishment Figure 1.3 - Vertical Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) ‘excellence’ rating in Glass Column 2010. This measures the standard of a buildings environmental (Heggarty, 2015) performance (Lee and Burnett, 2008) and the building has also won awards such as “RICS North East Project of the year 2011, RICS North East Community Benefit award 2011 and Lord Mayor’s Commendation of Accessibility RICS North East’’ as specified by Atkins (2011, p. 1).

West Detaled Section (Atkins, 2011)

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3.0 Energy Reduction Systems and designs The Sports Central achieved a BREEAM “Excellence” rating in 2010. This rating is a reflection of both the integral design of the building and various technological systems and techniques which have been integrated, resulting in the building being very energy efficient. The building’s design and these additional systems will be considered in detail and an assessment of whether they are fit-forpurpose.

3.1 Rain water harvesting Underground tanks hold and harvest rainwater which falls on the Sports Central building meaning urinals, W.C.s and the swimming pool can be part-serviced by rain water, which would otherwise be lost to storm drains. Gutters and pipes channel rainwater from the roof through filters and into tanks, similar to that shown in Figure 1.4, ready to be pumped and used. Using captured water and harvesting in this way is sustainable as it is using water which falls on the building, reducing the reliance on mains supplies while storing in tanks underground reduces the impact on the building’s floor space requirements; something a sports center in an urban setting needs to maximise (Completetanksandpumps, 2015, p. 1).

Alongside this system a computerised meter monitors water consumption, directing water and regulating use to ensure water is not wasted. This system and active control helps reduce the buildings carbon footprint and through reduction of resource consumption and energy use.

Figure 1.4 Underground Rainwater Tank (Completetanksandpumps, 2015)

3.2 Swimming pool & Combined Heat and Power Units A hi-tech liquid swimming pool cover is used to significantly reduce heat evaporation from the pool when it is not in use. According to Annarbor (2012) evaporation accounts for between 65% - 90% of the pools water heat loss, but with the introduction of the liquid pool cover, it can save up to 40% of normal heating costs.

Additionally sports central incorporates a combined heat and power unit (CHP) into their building which created electricity and recuperates the bulk of the heat generated from the process. Through the use of CHP to generate electricity throughout sports central, the heat produced is stored to provide heating and cooling for the pools water temperature and also increase comfort for personnel within the complex too. This CHP unit has famously been used in Sunderland Aquatic Centre, 10 lane 50m swimming pool. The pools design according to ENER-G (2012, p. 1) was to be “the greenest 50m swimming pool in the country” and CHP unit was the heart of this green initiative.

Overall this CHP system saved Sunderland Aquatics Centre £31,500 per annum, assuming it was operated 17 hours per day and after 5 years it had achieved a carbon saving of 539tonnes of C02, equivalent to 82,923 trees which would be similar to The Sports Central.

Swimming Pool (Atkins, 2011)

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Figure 1,5 – Pool & Windows (Heggarty, 2015)

3.3 Lighting The building services design adopted CIBSE Code for lighting best practice light levels with high frequency ballasts and also designed the external lighting to minimise night time pollution. The lighting used has different uses such as sensor lighting which switch on when movement is detected, saving substantial energy when rooms aren’t being used and also extremely strong lighting to the show courts for media events or basketball games.

The pool area uses the majority of natural light within sports central with glare resistant windows as seen in the above figure 1.5 and also benefits from low U value windows which releases less heat.

Yes, it may seem less energy efficient that there are a small number of windows within sports central which could be drawing passive energy from the sun into the structure, inevitably heating the building. However The Sports Central is only used at certain times of the day, the need to store this energy and release it at night is not sustainably relevant. Therefore the entire building is controlled

by Air-conditioning which can regulate the temperature in each room, thus creating a comfortable environment for both the athletes and workers.

Additionally the design of sports central and use of artificial light is related coherently as to avoid glare. This is a major aspect in any sporting complex as it can affect the visual performance of participants significantly, however as natural light is minimal and no sustainable ways have been used it does effect the carbon footprint drastically (England, 2012).

3.4 Modular Components The use of modular components and materials in the design of sports central such as the pods located on the ground level and identified in figure 1.6 ensured minimal construction waste. This was achieved due to components being constructed off site in a controlled environment which would constitute very little delays and as the majority of components are identical in size and material, repetition through volume would minimise waste on and offsite effectively reducing carbon emissions (Lavelle, 2014). Any unavoidable waste that had been created on site during construction was segregated on site by the main contractor and recycled aggregate was used within the buildings structural elements according to (McAlpine, 2015). Within Sports central and mainly in large open plan areas of the building, CO2 monitoring equipment is present.

Figure 1,6 – Pods & Main Entrance (Journal, 2011)

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3.5 External Walls and Roofing The external walls and roof of the building were thermally insulated to levels higher than required by current building regulations according to Atkins (2011). This passive solution is achieved by insulating the outside of the external wall without using a cavity as illustrated in Figure 1.7. This allows all of the concrete to act as a thermal mass, thus helping to conserve a comfortable environment within and less quantity of energy is needed to maintain the desired room temperature. Additionally another advantage of this heavy insulation is that it prevents thermal stress on roofs, which could lead to cracking, and with sports centrals large open plan roofs it would be up upmost importance’s to try and avoid this (Insulationofroof, 2009).

Situated on the roof level and indicated with red circles on figure 1.8 are the plant rooms. These are designed and located in such a way that noise pollution is kept to a minimal; this is achieved by open air plant enclosures and smartly designed façade.

Figure 1.7 – External wall Insulation (Buildersbrighton, 2012)

Figure 1.8 – Google Maps Sports Central (Google, 2015)

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4.0 Alternative Energy Reduction Systems and designs 4.1 Sunscoop Tubular Roof Lighting Sunscoop lighting as pictured in figure 1.9 illustrates how tubular roof lighting can be used and in such cases as “Sutton Indoor Arena” picture in Figure 1.10 which has a similar layout to the main hall in sports central and running track. This is a system that brings natural light into the building where windows aren’t sufficient which counters the effect of carbon emissions. This is a unique technique which reduces the need for artificial lighting and also meets the thermal requirements of the latest building regulations, therefore keeping up to the BREEAM “excellence” rating standard (Kim and Kim, 2010).

Figure 1.10 –Sutton Indoor Arena (Ambirad, 2010) Fig 1.9 -Tubular roof lighting (Monodraught, 2007, p. 18)

4.2 Mixed Mode ventilation An alternative system to traditional Air Conditioning units is the use of Mixed Mode Ventilation. This is a hybrid system that uses a combination of both mechanical and natural ventilation. Natural ventilation can be used for heating and cooling when practical and mechanical when needed, such as the winter months to enable heat recovery and ensure air movement and fresh air delivery(Trust, 2006). This would be a vital enhancement for the sports central as sports are played all year around and more prominently in the winter months when the University is at its sporting peak (Stan Calvert), thus adapting to a range of requirements.

Figure 1.11 shows a simple but effect illustration of how it works, with the natural ventilation coming through the windows which is collected by the fans and distributed by the mechanical system to achieve the required temperature. Automated systems can be used, which recognise, through the use of sensors when natural ventilation isn’t preforming well and consequently switch over to mechanical ventilation, essentially providing the best of both worlds in a sustainable manor.

Figure 1.11 – Mixed Mode Ventilation (Build, 2015)

Northumbria University Sports Central 4.3 Photovoltaic Panels (PV) With a large open flat roof on sports central and no high rise buildings restricting sun light, the installation of photovoltaic panels facing south for optimal usage would be a huge energy enhancement and drastically reduced carbon emissions. This would have a similar visual representation The Sports Central as seen in figure 1.12 were they are tilted at an angel to gain peak sun light.

Additionally PV could be installed as shading on the south facing glazing instead of the traditional shading method.

Figure 1.13 – Brise Soleil Façade (APA, 2014)

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Figure 1.12 – Flat roof PV’s (Tritec, 2012)

4.4 Brise Soleil The Brise Soleil or sun screens as seen in Figure 1.13 are used to reduce solar heat gain through glazed facades. The idea of this system is to provide effective shading in the summer whilst diminishing the effect on light transmission during the winter, effectively maintaining cooling loads and gains for different times of year (APA, 2014). Brise Soleil can be manufactured offsite into modular section thus managing waste efficiently and guaranteeing speedy installation which all in all would bode well with the direct fitting onto the bronze façade of Sports Central.

4.5 Termodeck Instead of solid concrete floor slabs, termodeck could be introduced which uses the thermal storage capacity of the buildings thermal mass to provide balanced ventilation with passive heating and cooling (Barton et al., 2002). Concrete hollow cores as seen in Figure 1.14 allows air and concrete to interact which enables passive heat exchanges through the slabs, release and absorbs heat. This is not only a solid floor which can be used for many different sports but passes clean fresh air into the building which is circulated throughout and important for sporting athletes.

Figure 1.14 – Termodeck Slab (Termodeck, 2012)

4.6 Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) Sports central could incorporate ground source heat pumps to reduce carbon emissions. This is achieved when pipes are buried into a particular area on site to extract heat from the ground. Heat is absorbed from the ground into the pumps which stays at a moderately constant temperature throughout the year and could lower carbon emissions, subjective to the fuel it is replacing. A case where this was used successfully is Teelford Leisure centre, by using ground pumps and a thermal bank heated they heated the pool and hot water all year round (Icax, 2012). However for the sports central it would have site restrictions as installing GSHP would take up a great deal of space if it were to benefit the building efficiently as a large GSHP unit would be needed.

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5.0 Future Materials & Technologies which could be used to meet zero carbon targets The Sports central is very carbon friendly, however there is room for enhancement with future materials & technology on the market and according to Hub (2012, p. 2) “there is a target for all new buildings in the EU & UK to be ‘Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings’ from 2020.’’

5.1 PassivHaus Passivhaus is German for ‘Passive House’ and is “the fastest growing energy performance standards in the world (Passivhaus, 2014, p. 1)” This is a concept where energy is saved through Insulation, air tightness, solar gain, heat exchange and thermal bridging minimised. Any energy produced within the building is regenerated through these elements, and whist the design will be specific, consideration into shading, window orientation and ventilation will allow cooling when needed.

5.2 Nano Technology One of the greatest challenged in the construction sector is thermal renovation of industrial buildings and with the use of nano technology in construction these challenges can be met to lessen thermal insulation, noise reduction and temperature regulation (nanowerk, 2012). This is essentially the construction of a functional system at molecular size and can be created on basically all levels. Such levels in construction in recent years are 3D printing of structures. Recently in china a 4 story apartment block was completely constructed using nano technology as pictured in figure 1.15 which used recycled material such as “concrete dust, fiberglass strands, sand and a hardening agent (Halterman, 2015, p.

2)” saving 60% of the materials normally used, thus lowering C02 emissions drastically whilst providing a sustainable structure.

Figure 1.15 – Nano Technology 3D building (Halterman, 2015)

5.3 Building Information Modelling (BIM) To ensure the building is as energy saving as possible this is predominantly examined at the design process, were the building is positioned at the optimum orientation to make full use of natural daylight, solar heat and effective ventilation. By using BIM a 3D model of sports central could have been illustrated which gives a visual representation of how the building will look on site, therefore early collaboration and interpretability of BIM will be crucial to achieve the best possible outcome for the building as changes can be made easily, overall making optimum use of the building and its surroundings to meet zero carbon targets.

6.0 University Drivers to Improve Building Stock 6.1 Grants and Initiatives With government and local authorities pushing for low carbon buildings they also offer different incentives such as the ‘ERFD low carbon grant’ which offers grants for different energy saving technology’s/systems and also provides professional advice on ways to reduce your carbon output (Gov, 2014). Additionally the “Low Carbon Building Scheme’’ in 2010 was a major government funding which gave grant to around 20,000 projects providing approximately £131 million.

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6.2 Green Energy Sources Windmills and biomass could be two options that sports central could incorporate which would be used to reduce energy costs whilst helping to heat the building and its facilities.

6.3 Recycled Materials Through the adoption of recycled materials, C02 emissions would reduce due to less manufactured materials needed, however it is important to not all materials are available in recyclable form.

6.4 Use of Local Materials Through the use of sourcing local materials the projects carbon foot print could be reduced due to fuel transportation and it would be an incentive to see Newcastle materials being used in a Newcastle public Building.

7.0 Conclusion This report has highlighted various systems integrated into the Sports Central building to improve the buildings functionality and energy efficiency. Furthermore, suggestions have been made of how the integral design of the building could be adapted to include new, and more, technologies and systems which would improve the buildings efficient in terms of energy.

The building as designed in 2010 did make use of some of the best technologies available at the time, for example rainwater harvesting. The building's location in the North East of England means that this system is likely to always have enough water to function. Some argue the location is reason enough to not introduce photovoltaic (PV) panels on the roof, yet as the area is unoccupied even low level energy gained from the panels would benefit the building without impinging on users.

Additionally Brise Soleil panels would bode well with the faรงade of the building and harvest renewable energy I would suggest, if the Sports Central Building was to be designed today, that both mixed-mode ventilation and termodecks would be built in. These would dramatically reduce CO2 emissions, bringing in fresh, cool, air and using the building's internal net heat. This would be a great alternative to high energy using air-conditioning. The internal aesthetic of the building would not need to differ much from its current design as much of these two systems is housed within walls and general infrastructure.

Artificial lighting is used throughout the building, some could be identified as a necessity, yet suncoop tubular lighting could be introduced reducing reliance on expensive electric lighting, also improving the atmosphere within the building.

Alongside these suggestions to adapt and integrate new systems and technologies into the Sports Central Building it is important to keep in mind that technology advances at a fast rate. This means technologies are becoming more affordable and obtainable, moving towards the goal of low or zero carbon building's as realistic and commonplace.

Overall new technology advancements, controlling older systems efficiently as well as Government Grants the goal of low or zero carbon building's being realistically priced can be realised, with the Sports Central Building demonstrating this through current systems and suggested improvements and alternations in original design.

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8.0 References Ambirad (2010) Sutton Indoor Arena. Available at: http://ambirad-uk.blogspot.co.uk/.

Annarbor (2012) High-tech liquid pool 'covers'. Available at: http://www.annarbor.com/news/education/ann-arbor-to-install-liquid-pool-covers-at-highschool-middle-school-pools/.

APA (2014) Brise Soleil / Solar Shading Available at: http://apasystems.co.uk/portfolio/brise-soleilsolar-shading-2/.

Atkins (2011) Northumbria University Sports Central. Available at: http://www.atkinsglobal.co.uk/enGB/projects/northumbria-university-sport-central.

Barton, P., Beggs, C. and Sleigh, P. (2002) 'A theoretical study of the thermal performance of the TermoDeck hollow core slab system', Applied Thermal Engineering, 22(13), pp. 1485-1499.

Build (2015) Mixed Mode / Hybrid Ventilation. Available at: http://www.build.com.au/mixed-modehybrid-ventilation.

Author (2012): External Wall Insulation. Available at: http://qbuildersbrighton.co.uk/what-wedo/insulation.

Clarke, J. A., Johnstone, C. M., Kelly, N. J., Strachan, P. A. and Tuohy, P. (2008) 'The role of built environment energy efficiency in a sustainable UK energy economy', Energy Policy, 36(12), pp. 4605-4609.

Completetanksandpumps (2015) Under Ground and Above Ground Rainwater Tanks 1. Available at: http://www.completetanksandpumps.com.au/index.php/Blog/Underground-and-aboveGround-Rainwater-Tanks.

ENER-G (2012) Sunderlands Aquatics Centre. Available at: http://www.energ-group.com/combinedheat-and-power/information-centre/case-studies/sunderland-aquatics-centre/.

England, S. (2012) 'Artificial Sports Lighting', pp. 8-36.

Google (2015) Google Maps Sports Central. Available at: https://maps.google.co.uk/maps?biw=1440&bih=785&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&bvm=bv.8507680 9,d.ZGU&um=1&ie=UTF8&fb=1&gl=uk&ftid=0x487d857e0c6f64cd:0xbe252b072a76191&q=Newcastle+upon+Tyne,+ Tyne+and+Wear,+UK&sa=X&ei=0F3SVNbiF86M7AbDu4HIDg&ved=0CCMQ8gEwAA&output= classic&dg=brw.

Gov (2014) ERFD Low Carbon Grant. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/erdf-low-carbon-grant.

Halterman, T. (2015) 'Chinese Firm Prints Enormous 3D Printed Apartment Building '.

Heggarty, E. (2015) 'Sports Central Photos'.

Hub, Z. C. (2012) 'Zero carbon homes and nearly zero energy buildings', pp. 1-8.

Icax (2012) Telford chooses ICAX's Interseasonal Heat Transfer. Available at: http://www.icax.co.uk/Wellington_Civic_Centre.html.

Insulationofroof (2009) Roof Insulation - Green Building Available at: https://insulationofroof.wordpress.com/2009/05/30/advantages-of-thermal-insulation/.

Journal, A. (2011) Atkins Completes Northumbria University Sports Central building. Available at: http://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/daily-news/atkins-completes-northumbriauniversity-sport-central-building/8612227.article.

Kim, J. T. and Kim, G. (2010) 'Overview and new developments in optical daylighting systems for building a healthy indoor environment', Building and Environment, 45(2), pp. 256-269.

Lavelle, D. (2014) 'Semester 1 Week 5: offsite construction ', pp. 4-10.

Lee, W. and Burnett, J. (2008) 'Benchmarking energy use assessment of HK-BEAM, BREEAM and LEED', Building and Environment, 43(11), pp. 1882-1891.

McAlpine, S. R. (2015) Sports Central. Available at: http://www.sir-robertmcalpine.com/projects/?id=32268.

Monodraught (2007) Sunpipe. Available at: http://www.monodraught.com/documents/downloads/download_38.pdf.

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nanowerk (2012) Nanotechnology in Construction. Available at: http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=26700.php.

Passivhaus (2014) The Passivhaus Standard Available at: http://www.passivhaus.org.uk/standard.jsp?id=122.

Termodeck (2012) How thermodeck works. Available at: http://www.termodeck.com/how.html.

Tritec (2012) Trend Photovoltaic systems on large flat roofs: Highest possible yield thanks to the optimal mounting system Available at: http://www.tritec-energy.com/es/tritec/novedadesinfo-03.06.2012-01/.

Trust, C. (2006) 'Sports and Leisure - Introducing energy saving opportunities for Business', pp. 3-28.

9.0 Bibliography Bottger, W. O. J., Schaap, A. B., Hoekstra, K. J. and Schoen, A. J. N. 2000. Device for supporting solar panel and a solar panel assembly comprising this device. Google Patents.

Eastman, C., Teicholz, P., Sacks, R. and Liston, K. (2011) BIM handbook: A guide to building information modeling for owners, managers, designers, engineers and contractors. John Wiley & Sons.

Feist, W. (2007) 'Certification as" Quality Approved Passive House" Criteria for Residential-Use Passive Houses', Passive Haus Institut.

Northumbria (2015) Northumbria University Facilities. Available at: http://nusportcentral.com/facilities.

Ortiz, O., Castells, F. and Sonnemann, G. (2009) 'Sustainability in the construction industry: A review of recent developments based on LCA', Construction and Building Materials, 23(1), pp. 28-39.