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Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Qing Loyalists and the Formation of Modern Chinese Culture

Lost Generation

Luo Zhenyu, Qing Loyalists and the Formation of Modern Chinese Culture

Yang Chia-Ling and Roderick Whitfield

• Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Qing Loyalists and the Formation of Modern Chinese Culture

Xu Fang 徐枋, Partridge [sic]* after Yao Shou (1422-1495), with Rhapsody (仿姚綬鷓鴣圖並賦), dated 1690. Handscroll, ink on paper, 29 x 236 cm. This painting was formerly collected by Luo Zhenyu and bears two of his seals, Luo Zhenyu yin (羅振玉印) at the beginning and Songweng jiancang (松翁鑒藏) at the end. © Ho Foundation of Calligraphy Arts, Taipei *The original Chinese title for this painting by Xu Fang is Partridge after Yao Shou (1422-1495), with Rhapsody (仿姚綬鷓鴣圖並賦), however, the subject portrayed in this painting is in fact a Lady Amherst’s Pheasant (白腹錦雞), not a Partridge. Since this is a painting after Yao Shou’s ‘Partridge,’ the editors suspect both Yao Shou and Xu Fang might have confused Pheasant with Partridge. Traditionally in China, the Partridge is associated with sorrowfulness after parting with family or loved ones. Thus in poetry the cry of the partridge connotes solitude, homesickness and nostalgic emotion. Here in Xu Fang’s Rhapsody, it is mentioned that the partridge is a bird from the southern region, hence, the bird is nicknamed ‘Longing for the South’ (懷南), symbolising the Ming leftover subjects like Xu Fang himself. However, in this painting, the subject portrayed is a Pheasant, associated with promotion of official ranking and a prosperous career, as their tail feathers were used for officials’ hat ornaments. By mistaking pheasant and partridge, it changed the entire reference. Nevertheless, we have kept Xu Fang’s original Chinese title in the English translation, acknowledging the confusion by adding [sic] and this footnote.

Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Qing Loyalists and the Formation of Modern Chinese Culture Yang Chia-Ling and Roderick Whitfield ISBN-13 9781872843379 Saffron Asian Art & Society Series ISSN 1748-3103 Series Editor: Sajid Rizvi

Published by Saffron Books, EAP EAPGROUP International Media On the cover: Left: Anonymous, Photo of Luo Zhenyu, Published in Jiaoyu shijie 教育世界 (Educational World), no 69 (1904), Right: Anonymous, Photo of Luo Zhenyu at the Age of 69, 1935, Changchun. The Dalian Library Collection. Centre: Luo Zhenyu, Learn from Five Emperors, Undated. Detail from one of a pair of hanging scrolls, ink on paper, Richard Ellsworth. Signature: Luo Zhenyu 羅振玉. Seal: Luo Zhenyu yin 羅振玉印 (Seal of Luo Zhenyu). Text: Shi 史 (History) in oracle bone script Cover created by Prizmatone Design Consultancy, a division of EAP Copyright © 2012. No part of this publication may be reproduced or used in any form (graphic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or information storage and retrieval systems) without permission of the publisher. Additional copyright information is available in Acknowledgements and with individual images used in this volume

This volume received support from the “New Perspectives in Chinese Culture and Society” programme, which is made possible by a grant from the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange to the American Council of Learned Societies. Published in conjunction with Department of History of Art, University of Edinburgh About Saffron Asian Art and Society Series ISSN 1748-3103 Saffron Asian Art and Society Series is a well established refereed scholarly series devoted to Asian studies in a wide range of disciplines. Saffron Asian Art and Society Series has an international following among the academic community worldwide. Proposals for inclusion of manuscripts in the series are welcome. Please write to the Publisher and Editor-in-Chief, Saffron Books: saffron@eapgroup.com

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Acknowledgements

Foreword Roderick Whitfield

Contributors

Introduction: A Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Yilao and Modern Chinese Culture Yang Chia-Ling

Luo Zhenyu and the Formation of Qiwu and Qiwuxue in the First Decade of the Republican Era Wang Cheng-hua

Luo Zhenyu and the Predicament of Republican Period Antiques Collecting Shana J Brown

‘Returning to the Classics, Trusting the Ancient:’ Luo Zhenyu’s Exploration of Traditional Chinese Identity in Modern China Pai Shih-ming

New Literati and the Reproduction of Antiquity: Contextualizing Luo Zhenyu and Wang Guowei Robert Culp

Luo Zhenyu and the ‘Legacy of the Southern School’ in Japan and the West Tamaki Maeda

• Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Qing Loyalists and the Formation of Modern Chinese Culture

122

Contents

A Newly Made Marketable ‘Leftover’: Luo Zhenyu’s Scholarship and Art Business in Kyōto (1911~1919) Hong Zaixin

Deciphering Antiquity into Modernity: The Cultural Identity of Luo Zhenyu and the Qing Loyalists in Manzhouguo Yang Chia-Ling 172

Dilemma of Loyalty: Qing Loyalists and State Succession in the Early 20th Century Shao Dan

210

Circle of Luo Zhenyu Yang Chia-Ling

228

10 Chronology of Luo Zhenyu (1866~1940) & Roderick Whitfield

11 Publications of Luo Zhenyu Index

142

YANG Chia-Ling

238

Yang Chia-Ling & Roderick Whitfield 283

297

Contents •

Grandfather Luo Hexiang 羅鶴翔 Grandmother Fang 方氏 (d1890) Father Luo Shuxun 羅樹勛 (d1905) Mother Fan 范氏 (d1903)

Eldest Brother Luo Peinan 羅佩南 (1861~1886) mWang 王氏1881 (d1892)

Elder Brother Luo Zhenyong 羅振鏞 details unknown

Elder Sister Luo Bao? 羅寶? (d1888) mHe 何

Luo Zhenyu 羅振玉 (1866~1940)

Younger Sister Luo Baoshu 羅寶書 (b1869) mFan Xianggu 范湘谷

First wife mFan 范氏1884 (d1892)

Son Luo Fucheng 羅福成 (1885~1960)

Daughter Luo Xiaoze 羅孝則 (1889~1941) mLiu Dashen 劉大紳 1896

Grandson Luo Jizu 羅繼祖 (1913~2002) mChen 陳氏 1931

Granddaughter Luo Yu 羅瑜 (1917~1978) mFan Fengling 樊豐齡 1936

Son Luo Futong 羅福同 (1890~1890)

Daughter Luo Xiaocheng 羅孝誠 (1892~1922) mCheng Chuanbiao 程傳鑣 1908

Granddaughter Luo Jiu 羅玖 (1918~1929)

Granddaughter Luo Shan 羅姍 b1924

Great Granddaughter Luo Yunkang 羅允康 (b1934)

Grandson Luo Shengzu 羅繩祖 (b1926)

Great Granddaughter Luo Yunyi 羅允宜 (b1939)

10 • Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Qing Loyalists and the Formation of Modern Chinese Culture

Younger Sister Luo Baoshan 羅寶珊 (b1871) mWang 汪

Younger Sister Luo Baoquan 羅寶泉 (b1872) mWang 王

Younger Brother Luo Zhenchang 羅振常 (Zijing 子經) (1875~1944) mZhang Yun 張筠 (1875~1958)

Younger Brother Luo Zhenluan 羅振鑾 (1881~1883)

Younger Sister Luo Baoquan 羅寶全 (b1877) mLi 李

Second Wife mDing 丁氏1895 (d1959)

Son Luo Fuchang 羅福萇 (1896~1921)

Son Luo Fubao 羅福葆 (1899~1967)

Daughter Luo Xiaochun 羅孝純 (1903~1941) mWang Qianming王潛明 1919 (1893~1926)

Son Luo Fuyi 羅福頤 (1905~1981) mShang Chenruo 商茞若 1923 (d1969)

Grandson Luo Xuzu 羅緒祖 (1934~1945)

Grandson Luo Xingzu 羅興祖 (b1928)

Grandson Luo Shaozu 羅紹祖 (1932~1959)

Granddaughter Luo Rui 羅瑞 (b1933)

Granddaughter Luo Ying 羅瑩 (b1935)

Granddaughter Luo Lin 羅琳 (b1937)

Granddaughter Luo Qi 羅琪 (b1937)

Grandson Luo Xizu 羅希祖 (b1939)

Granddaughter Luo Kun 羅琨 (b1940)

Editors’ Note: Information about Luo Zhenyu’s family has been difficult to obtain. As a result, only direct family members are mentioned with the data currently available. Luo Zhenyu Family • 11

Emperor Puyi and the Qing Loyalists in Jingyuan 靜園 (Garden of Peace), Tianjin. c1928-31. Photograph: The Palace Museum collection, Beijing

12 • Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Qing Loyalists and the Formation of Modern Chinese Culture

Acknowledgements

e would like to thank the American Council of Learned Societies and the Chiang Ching-Kuo Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange for sponsoring both the August 2008 workshop in London and the subsequent publication under the programme, New Perspectives on Chinese Culture and Society. The workshop was convened by Nixi Cura and Yang Chia-Ling, and the final version of the manuscript was edited by Roderick Whitfield and Yang Chia-Ling. During the workshop, we received general support from Dr Wang Tao, Dr Zhang Hongxing and Professor Rana Mitter as discussants and chairs. We would also like to thank Professor Bai Qianshen, Professor Chen Pao-chen, Professor Craig Clunas, Professor Arif Dirlik, Professor Joshua Fogel, Professor Natascha Gentz, Professor Joachim Gentz, Dr Andrea Janku, Dr Elizabeth Moore, Professor Youngsook Pak, Dr Clarissa von Spee, Professor Richard Thomson, Lin Yi-hsin, Mary Ginsberg, Valerie Jurgens, Shao Mei-hua, Yap Han-yang, Lyndon Wou, our publisher Sajid Rizvi and his staff, and colleagues and friends in London and in Edinburgh for their valuable comments and encouragement. We are deeply grateful to Xiao Wenli at the Dalian Library, Guo Fuchun and Wang Ruo at the Lüshun Museum, Dr Kao Ming-I at the Ho Foundation of Calligraphy Arts, Cheng Yu-chia of Diancang (Art and Collection journal), and to the University of London SOAS librarians, Tse Wai-hing and Yasumura Yoshiko, for their kind help and friendship. Special thanks also to Dr Meri Arichi and Yang En-hao for Japanese and Chinese translations of introductory texts about the book for publicity. Our warmest thanks go to the contributors of this volume, for stimulating scholarly exchanges, sharing research interests over the past three years, and their exemplary forbearance in answering our seemingly endless requests.

Acknowledgements • 13

Gathering of Qing Loyalists after the collapse of the Qing, 1918. Luo Zhenyu is first from left in the second row. Photograph: The Palace Museum collection, Beijing

14 • Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Qing Loyalists and the Formation of Modern Chinese Culture

Foreword

or a student of Chinese art and archaeology in the second half of the twentieth century, mention of Luo Zhenyu conjures up the image of a polymath, equally at home with inscriptions on ancient bronzes and oracle bones, with manuscripts from Dunhuang, or traditional paintings. Among this writer’s earliest encounters with Luo came in the summer of 1960, compiling the index to my teacher Cheng Te-k’un’s Shang China. On page 3 he is described as one of the “great scholars of the day [who] …became interested and devoted themselves to the study of this ancient writing. Lo Chên-yü also built up a large collection of bone inscriptions which he published in several volumes.” On page 177 we learn “At this early stage important contributions were also made by Lo Chên-yü and Wang Kuo-wei. Lo published several collections of the source material which he had assembled and his studies of the ancient script were printed in 1914 under the title Yin-hsü shu ch’i k’ao shih. He was responsible to a large extent for stimulating the interest in collecting, as well as studying the new material.” And finally, on page 186: “Many Shang bronzes are inscribed. Lo Chên-yü publishes a collection of 728 pieces.” These statements show the high regard in which Luo Zhenyu was held by a distinguished scholar of Chinese archaeology in mid-century. Later, when studying Chinese painting at Princeton, I would at once recognize Luo’s neat regular script in sometimes lengthy colophons, but would still have been hard put to characterize the man himself or to chronicle his career and sum up his accomplishments, as the contributors to this volume have sought to do. Luo Zhenyu’s career coincided with a series of remarkable discoveries and rediscoveries in Chinese material culture: the discovery of inscribed Shang dynasty oracle bones and shells in the vicinity of Anyang, the revelation of the great store of Buddhist and secular manuscripts from the Library Cave at Dunhuang, and the opening up of the imperial collections in Beijing. Moreover, for each of these discoveries, Luo Zhenyu had close links with those who were prominently involved: especially with Wang Guowei and Paul Pelliot as scholars, with Japanese scholars and collectors, and as adviser to the last Emperor, Puyi. Add to these the opportunities furnished by new developments in printing, Foreword • 15

especially collotype reproduction, and those offered by his residence over several years in both Japan and Shanghai, and we begin to understand Luo Zhenyu’s pivotal role in the recovery of ancient Chinese culture in the years of the early Republic. The contributors to this volume have facilitated our understanding of Luo as a scholar, collector, and yilao or relict not merely of the Qing dynasty, since it is clear that his loyalty was not specifically to the Manchus, but to the whole patrimony of Chinese culture, which he was constantly engaged in recovering and disseminating. Dr Yang Chia-Ling and her colleagues deserve our thanks for the thoroughness with which they have explored the many facets of Luo Zhenyu’s talent, for defining his understanding of Chinese cultural heritage, for calling attention to the host of his scholarly and other contacts, and for highlighting the relevance of his very numerous contributions in the context of a rapidly changing China in the first half of the twentieth century. Roderick Whitfield October 2, 2012

16 • Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Qing Loyalists and the Formation of Modern Chinese Culture

Contributors

Shana J Brown is Associate Professor of History at the University of Hawai’i, United States. Robert Culp is Associate Professor of Historical Studies at Bard College, United States. Hong Zaixin is Professor of Art at the University of Puget Sound, United States. Tamaki Maeda is Assistant Professor of Arts at the University of British Columbia, Canada. Pai Shih-ming is Associate Professor of Fine Arts at the National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan. Shao Dan is Assistant Professor of East Asian Languages and Cultures at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States. Wang Cheng-hua is Associate Research Fellow of the Institute of Modern History at Academia Sinica, Taiwan. Roderick Whitfield is Percival David Professor, Emeritus, at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, United Kingdom. Yang Chia-Ling is Lecturer in History of Chinese Art at the University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.

Contributors • 17

18 • Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Qing Loyalists and the Formation of Modern Chinese Culture

Introduction

A Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Yilao and Modern Chinese Culture

Yang Chia-ling

his volume investigates the roles as politician, antiquarian, art dealer, and publisher, of Luo Zhenyu 羅振玉 (1866~1940), who, together with his circle of Qing loyalists, established modern historical and intellectual practices in late dynastic and early Republican China. Building upon previous research on the international and multi-ethnic dimensions of art and culture during the late nineteenth century, we examine the adaptation and transformation of Qing values in the formulation of national identity and political belief during the early Republican period (1911~1949). Our investigations focus more specifically on the role of Luo and other yilao 遺老, the ‘relicts’1 of the preceding Qing dynasty (1644~1911), whose advocacy of ‘traditional’ culture seemed antithetical to Europeaninspired modernist movements. Objects of derision during the Republican period, the yilao remain notorious figures in the narrative of early twentieth-century China. Unlike their yimin 遺民 loyalist counterparts under the Mongol rulers of the Yuan dynasty (1279~1368), who became romanticised as Han martyrs, the Qing yilao could not escape association with the Manchus, alien rulers of the Qing. History portrays Luo Zhenyu and his loyalist circle as traitors twice over: first as obsolete remnants of an incompetent Qing government, then as collaborators in the Japanese puppet state of Manzhouguo 滿洲國 (Manchukuo, 1923~1945).

Figure 1 Aisin Gioro Pujin 愛新覺羅溥伒 (1893~1966), Appreciating Apricot Blossoms, 1927 (detail). Private collection (Jiade Auction lot 999, Spring 2011, Beijing)

Art-historical scholarship has hitherto equated yilao cultural production with outmoded traditions, in direct opposition to modernisation. In contrast, this project considers the engagement with traditional culture by dispossessed yilao as essential not just to the constitution of modernity in China, but also to the conceptualisation of East Asian art as a whole. This book attempts to shed greater light on the position of the Qing loyalists in the cultural history of the Republican period. In addition to Luo, the essays assess the contributions of influential figures such as Chen Baochen 陳寶琛 (1848~1935), Wang Guowei 王國維 (1877~1927), Wang Tongyu 王同愈 (1855~1941), Wang Jilie 王季烈 (1873~1952), Feng Xu 馮煦 (1842~1927), Fan Zengxiang 樊增祥 (1846~1931), INTRODUCTION: A Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Yilao and Modern Chinese Culture • 19

Figure 2 Aisin Gioro Pujin 愛新覺羅溥伒 (1893~1966), Appreciating Apricot Blossoms, dated 1927. Hanging scroll, ink and colours on paper, 91.5x42 cm. Private collection (Jiade Auction lot 999, Spring 2011, Beijing). Dedicated by Prince Pujin to Shen Zengzhi 沈曾植 in commemoration of an outing to appreciate apricot blossoms. Colophons have been added by Shen’s close yilao circle, including Luo Zhenyu 羅振玉 (top left on mounting), Aisin Gioro Baoxi 愛新覺羅寶熙, Xu Rufen 許汝棻, Fu Yuefen 傅嶽棻, Wanyan Hengyong 完顏衡永, Chen Baochen 陳寶琛, Barut Hala Enhua 巴魯特恩華, Cao Jingyuan 曹經沅, Zheng Xiaoxu 鄭孝胥, Hu Siyuan 胡嗣瑗, Yuan Lizhun 袁勵準, Irgen Gioro Qiling 伊爾根覺羅耆齡 and Fu Zengxiang 傅增湘

20 • Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Qing Loyalists and the Formation of Modern Chinese Culture

Miao Quansun 繆荃孫 (1844~1919), Shen Zengzhi 沈曾植 (1850~1922), Zhu Xiaozang 朱孝臧 (1857~1931), Li Ruiqing 李瑞清 (1867~1920), Lin Shu 林紓 (1852~1924), Ke Shaowen 柯紹忞 (1850~1933), Chen Sanli 陳三立 (1853~1937), Kang Youwei 康有為 (1858~1927), Gu Hongming 辜鴻銘 (1857~1928), Zheng Xiaoxu 鄭孝胥 (1860~1938), Kuang Zhouyi 況周頤 (1859~1926), Cheng Duolu 成多祿 (1864~1928) and Jinliang 金梁 (1878~1962) as scholars, antiquarians, archaeologists, artists, translators, publishers, government officials and educators, who made significant contributions to the development of culture in modern China. We seek to define the scope of Luo's achievements as educator, politician, Sinologist and antique collector, to contextualize the engagement of Luo and other prominent yilao with different art worlds inside and outside Republican China, and to determine what processes and strategies gave rise to Qing loyalists’ advocacy of ‘tradition’ as a constitutive factor in the construction of a national Chinese history. The interdisciplinary orientation of the book widens our current understanding of the dénouement of the Qing dynasty, and how modern Chinese culture was perceived and constructed in early twentiethcentury China. The idea for an extensive publication focusing solely on yilao contributions to Republican-era cultural production has its origins in a 2007 Association for Asian Studies (AAS) Annual Meeting panel, ‘Old Leftovers: Qing Yilao and Traditional Culture in the Chinese Modern,’ organised by Nixi Cura. Lively and at times heated discussion between the panelists and the audience gave way to frustration at the brevity of time allotted to the panel. In the same year, the conference on ‘A Hundred Years of Dunhuang, 1907~2007’ in London again skirted the issue of Luo Zhenyu’s involvement in researching and publishing the Dunhuang material. 2 Luo Zhenyu’s researches in epigraphy, archaeology and material culture have also been marginalised in this way. For instance, from immediately after the suicide of Luo’s close associate and fellow yilao Wang Guowei in 1927, through the Cultural Revolution (1966~1976) and as recently as 2008, experts credited Wang alone with having published the first substantive research on oracle bones, claiming that Luo had paid Wang and stolen his research.3 Although the Xuantong emperor Aisin Gioro Puyi 愛新覺羅溥儀 (1906~1967) awarded Luo the status of ‘Nanshufang xingzou 南書房行走,’ enabling Luo to “visit freely in the Southern Study”—Puyi’s abode in Tianjin, he retrospectively declared a mistrust of Luo Zhenyu’s motives, based on Luo’s commercial activities and acquisitiveness, and falsely accused him of outright dishonesty. Luo Zhenyu’s money-cheating behaviour through the dealing of antiques, calligraphy and painting, metal and stone objects and oracle bones, has long been recognised…. While he was living in Japan, he was considered the authority on Chinese antiquities and Japanese collectors often brought painting and calligraphy for his connoisseurship. Luo carved seals such as “authenticated by Luo Zhenyu 羅振玉鑒定" and “ judged by Luo Zhenyu 羅振玉審定.” Antique dealers would pay him three Japanese yen to press these seals on calligraphy and painting, then turn around to trick buyers. Luo himself also faked ancient seals and pressed them onto anonymous paintings, added his own seal, “authenticated by Luo Zhenyu,” then sold these for a high price.4

Also in his autobiography, Puyi accused Luo of stealing and cutting up court-printed books in order to refashion single pages into ‘rare books’ of the Song dynasty (960~1279).5 Published in 1964, when Puyi had been suitably reformed in the image of the New China, such sharp bias evinced by a participant and witness to the perfidy of the tumultuous postQing court, was clearly influential in the negative assessment of Luo Zhenyu and his fellow yilao. In consequence, we felt even more keenly a need to carry forward the momentum from the AAS panel, to explore further the possibilities of re-reading history through

INTRODUCTION: A Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Yilao and Modern Chinese Culture • 21

the lens of yilao experience in order to gain a new perspective on the formation of modern Chinese culture and to provide a more balanced judgment on the activities of Luo and his contemporaries. Born in 1866, Luo Zhenyu was a native of Shangyu in Zhejiang province. He was first named Baoyu 寶鈺, then Zhenyu 振玉. His self-styled names were Jianbai 堅白, Shiru 式如, Shuyun 叔蘊, Shuyan 叔言, Lu’an 陸庵, Xuetang 雪堂 and Zhensong laoren 貞松老人. He passed the regional examination to attend the county school at the age of fifteen and served as private tutor in his hometown until the age of twenty-five. Then he moved to Shanghai to seek a living; hence Luo began his intensive contacts with Japan by establishing the Xuenong she 學農社 (Society for Learning Agriculture) after 1896. Later with the help of his Japanese friends, Luo organised the Dongwenxue she 東學社 (Society of Eastern [Japanese] Literature) in Shanghai to promote Japanese and western learning. Being selected as official representative of the Qing Division of Education, Luo visited Japan in 1901 and realised that education was one of the foundations that had enabled the success of the Meiji Restoration. Following this visit he participated intensely in the promotion of the new school system and was awarded a position as Supervisor of Agricultural Science at the Jingshi daxuetang 京師大學堂 (Capital University) in 1909. Upon the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Luo moved to Japan with his family to escape domestic political chaos. During the eight years of living in reclusion in Kyōto, Luo was able to work on the collection of antiquities, the bronze inscriptions and the oracle bone inscriptions that he had brought with him, and to devote most of his time to writing and publishing. Aware of the importance of traditional culture, he was keen on collecting and studying inscriptions on bronze and stone, ancient objects, and rare books. At the same time, in order to earn a living and to help his other fellow yilao friends in a time of financial crisis, he often served as mediator and sold numerous Chinese art objects to collectors in Japan. 6 Returning to China in 1919, Luo settled in Tianjin. In 1924, he was called to serve in the little-court for the last emperor, Puyi, and later assisted him to cooperate with the Japanese government and establish Manzhouguo in Changchun 長春, northeast China in 1932. After four years in an unsatisfactory political role as Minister of the Supervisory Department, he resigned from the government in 1937 and devoted his last years to writing before passing away in Lüshun in June 1940. After the First Opium War (1839~1842), the Taiping Rebellion (1851~1864) and the First Sino-Japanese War (1894~1895), Chinese intellectuals became disillusioned by the corruption of the Qing government and began to seek ways of modernizing the nation. During an era of national self-strengthening movements, publications and translations on Western politics, economics, history and geography were introduced to Chinese readers. These works, such as Wei Yuan’s 魏源 Haiguo tuzhi 海國圖志 (Pictorial Annals of Maritime Countries, 1842), became most influential, stimulating contemporary views of the world outside China. Against the backdrop of China’s defeats against other nations, its neighbour Japan opened its door in 1852 and began a series of movements in becoming thoroughly westernised. The victory of the Meiji Japan following the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) inspired Chinese intellectuals to study in Japan and to learn from its government. Chinese visitors to and students in Japan later became the motivating force behind Chinese modernization. Luo Zhenyu was one of many intellectuals who lived through this time of turbulence and challenge. Luo was a prolific scholar in terms of promoting scientific methods in the study of archaeology and of textual evidence, which he termed guoxue 國學 or National Learning, as well as maintaining traditional Confucian values. He was most famed for his research on 22 • Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Qing Loyalists and the Formation of Modern Chinese Culture

oracle bone inscriptions, and his other contributions to understanding Chinese civilization include preserving the imperial archive, being among the very first to publish Dunhuang manuscripts, research on burial objects (previously entirely neglected) and on wood and bamboo slips from the Han and Jin dynasties. His publications were extensive, including 171 books and more than 500 edited catalogues and commentaries on rare books.7 Our study interconnects with and builds upon recent scholarship in seemingly disparate fields of inquiry. For instance, art and cultural historians have expanded our knowledge of Republican-era artistic practice in the Shanghai and Canton concessions as cosmopolitan, hybrid and international. 8 Projected forward, “New Qing History” can prove instrumental in identifying Manchu, and not strictly Chinese, self-representations by Qing loyalists, some of whom, for example, like Zhao Erxun 趙爾巽 (1844~1927), Zuo Shaozuo 左紹佐 (1846~1928), Zong Shunnian 宗舜年 (1865~1933) collaborated whereas others refused to participate in the compilation of the draft Qing history.9 Dealing with the tangled histories of China, Japan, Manzhouguo and Mongolia has recently gained momentum, especially in Sino-Japanese studies.10 The study of Manzhouguo and its relationship to Qing loyalism relies heavily on exciting new scholarship (primarily undertaken outside China) on empire and race, which adapts theories of European and American imperialism, post-colonialism and modernity. The post-imperial infrastructure of the Republic is comparable to that of other countries, but it has not hitherto been possible to make comparisons because the fundamental reconstruction of events on the ground had not been undertaken. We can do this now because of the availability and accessibility of archival studies asserting non-Western modernisms in post-colonial East Asia, including Korea and Taiwan. To date, few comparisons have been made: national exhibitions, trade fairs, sporting events, literature and the publishing industry. Our efforts so far have merely scratched the surface. At present, the thorny relationship between China and Japan, punctuated by jingoistic incidents arising from unresolved grievances surrounding Japan’s wartime incursions, provides another key impetus for pursuing this project. In China, nationalistic sentiments (expressed, for example, through the proliferation of museums and memorials condemning Japanese imperial aggression) inhibit objective analysis of Sino-Japanese cultural exchanges during the last years of the Qing and throughout the Republican period. Given China's current economic clout, alongside Japanese sensitivity to accusations of Japan having pilfered Chinese cultural heritage during the war, scholars in Japan have only just begun to assert the magnitude of Japanese contributions to early twentieth-century cultural production in China. In contrast, art historians in Taiwan, which belonged to Japan from 1895 to 1945, have in recent years demonstrated a willingness to mine its colonial past, as in recent assessments of the impact of Japanese art educators on painting practice domestically and in the Asian imaginary. This dovetails with a recent generation of scholars, primarily in North America, who can describe the degree to which modernity in China relied on translation and adaptation of Japanese imperialism and nation-building. It has become commonplace to stress that modernity could not proceed without reference to tradition. In the case of China, we have only a general notion of the processes of co-opting, adapting and incorporating tradition into a new national identity. This volume explores tradition as articulated through ethnic and political identifications by figures who engaged in ‘modern’ practices such as publishing, collecting and the burgeoning fields of archaeology, art history and intellectual history. The chapters are organised according to three major themes, even though in truth each essay touches upon each theme. The depth and complexity of early twentieth-century politics and humanistic endeavours demands that INTRODUCTION: A Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Yilao and Modern Chinese Culture • 23

any given topic be viewed from more than one angle. We believe that one of the strengths of this volume lies in a breadth of inquiry that breaks through conventional disciplinary boundaries.

New Ways of Looking at The Past

n her elucidatory reading of Luo Zhenyu and the development of antiquity preservation in the transitional period from the Qing to the Republic, Wang Cheng-hua tackles the problematic of heritage preservation in modern China. Insightful, cohesive, and well grounded in the material, with the case study on Luo Zhenyu’s persistent practice in heritage preservation, Wang argues that the re-definition and re-categorization of Chinese antiquities lent a new conceptual framework and historical meaning to these objects. In turn, these objects reified the project of heritage preservation and re-defined China as a cultural and political entity. This raises the important question of how Luo’s political conservatism coloured people’s views of his cultural conservatism. While Luo Zhenyu and other Qing loyalists adopted qiwuxue 器物學, a transitional scholarly practice situated between paleography and the mature Western science of archaeology, Wang argues that this modern transformation of antiquities and antiquarianism reflected a new taxonomy of cultural production. From the last years of the Qing dynasty to the 1930s, a time when archaeological discoveries multiplied and the international art market blossomed, Luo’s study of qiwu pointed to the complicated scholarly web of paleography, archaeology, and art history in the transitional period of early twentieth-century China. Shana Brown’s essay poses three interesting questions on the definition of antiquities in the early-Republican historical context and on the ethics of private collectors. While collecting antiquities could be an ideological statement for Luo Zhenyu’s activity, he and his contemporaries demonstrated that accumulating and defining old goods as “antiques” could furnish an alternative view regarding the effectiveness of the newly established Republic, anti-Japanese nationalism and lingering nostalgia for the Qing. Brown further explains what were considered antiques and why they were such potent components of the national imaginary for Republican intellectuals, even those who espoused support for literary and political modernism. Being a Qing loyalist, as Brown analyses, Luo could be interpreted as actually repudiating the authority of Republican establishments. Luo’s actions also implied that neither the new state, nor its museums and research institutes, had the authority and efficacy to preserve Chinese art and prevent antiquities from leaving the country. Given their pride in consuming the discourse of ‘ancient artefacts,’ it also infuriated Luo’s contemporaries for him to be dealing and selling ‘antiques’ so openly, particularly to foreign collectors. Luo’s standing remains polemical for countless cognoscenti during the early Republican period. Pai Shih-ming, departing from the debates between antiquarian studies and modernity in early Republican era, has provided a thoughtful and thought-provoking interpretation of Luo Zhenyu’s attitude towards National Learning. Through investigation of Luo’s theory of ‘Returning to the Classics, Trusting the Ancient’ 反(返)經信古論 and its relation to conceptual history and background, Pai questions how was it possible for antiquarian studies and philology to correct the errors of society. Pai further investigates the goal of studying history among the intellectuals in the early Republican era and questions whether Luo’s research activities and his understanding of history should be directly related to his yilao identity and his petition for supporting and reviving the Qing. While we might consider Luo’s action as being part of the intellectual trend, as it was inspired by reformers such as Kang Youwei, who aimed to promote westernisation and modernizing the nation,

24 • Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Qing Loyalists and the Formation of Modern Chinese Culture

Pai points out that Luo’s idea on how to reform the nation, according to his autobiography, was through the gradual promotion of righteousness and good education: in his view, the revival of ancient values and manners was the key to China’s future success. Therefore, Luo’s choice of returning to an Eastern spirit based on Confucian orthodoxy might seem to follow the Nationalist claim, “Use Chinese learning for the system and Western learning for external practice” 中學為體、西學為用. And this idea, somewhat ironically, was inspired by Izawa Shūji 伊澤修二 (1851~1917), one of the most influential promoters of Japan’s modern education system. In the following essays analyzing the approach and practice of Qing loyalist intellectuals in heritage preservation and its international connections, our study focuses on Luo and his fellow Qing loyalists’ methods of dissemination of knowledge through object dealing and publishing, and how their practice changed the cultural ambience of twentieth-century China.

Circulating Objects of Knowledge

n Chapter Four, Robert Culp re-defines the role of new literati (xin wenren 新文人) and their circulation of knowledge in the modern commercialised society. By contextualizing Luo Zhenyu and Wang Guowei in new light, Culp considers them as two of the most prominent and distinctive examples of how many post-imperial literati used publishing as a means to craft new careers through the practice of classical scholarship during first two decades of the twentieth century. In discussing how scholarship and cultural politics clearly were negotiated through the mechanism of the print market and the new paradigms for publishing in the early twentieth-century Shanghai, Culp argues that these publishing projects were part of a wider spectrum of antiquarian practices including the collection of, dealing in, and learning from objects and texts, providing Luo and Wang with some financial support and allowing them to maintain scholarly profiles even in a modern context that increasingly fetishised the new. Stranded by the intellectual and cultural shift of the 1890s and the political transition of 1911, these literati needed to find new occupational outlets in an increasingly commercialised and professionalised world. Culp further suggests that the major commercial publishing companies, Commercial Press and Zhonghua Book Company 中華書局, provided opportunities for many classically trained scholars to leverage their training in the study of ancient texts to carve out new careers in modern Shanghai. Furthermore, publishing companies’ resources offered many scholars unprecedented access to previously hoarded texts; their large-scale republication projects provided a mechanism for the democratization of knowledge by making whole libraries of classical works accessible to a wider reading public. Culp also suggests that we should view this publishing process as a dialectic interplay between two distinct systems of cultural value—that of literati scholarly practice, on one hand, and that of profit-oriented, market-based commodity exchange, on the other—which distinguished Chinese cultural production during the first two decades of the twentieth century. Luo Zhenyu and Wang Guowei had been just as adept at weaving together these two systems of cultural practice as were the new literati in the editing departments of the publishing houses. Reviewing Luo’s literati identity, Tamaki Maeda has based her study on art historical exploration and enquires how the ideal and ‘Legacy of the Southern School’ in traditional Chinese painting was transmitted through Luo and his contemporaries to the intellectual and collector circles in the West and Japan. By circulating artworks and publishing extensive catalogues of calligraphy and painting, Luo contributed to subsequent research defining the history of Chinese painting as a stylistic progression. Maeda further points out that many

INTRODUCTION: A Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Yilao and Modern Chinese Culture • 25

publications and translations on Chinese art with their high quality collotypes in Japan and the West from the 1910s to the 1930s were indeed inspired by Luo’s well regarded catalogues. However, the authenticity of the objects dealt through Luo’s hands to the foreign collectors has aroused some debates by modern scholars. Therefore, two distinct identities clashed and complemented each other in the life of Luo Zhenyu: a lofty scholarly yilao and a profitseeking businessman with close association with Japan. His career as an art dealer supplied him with the funds for his scholarly pursuits and, conversely, his academic reputation won him recognition as a connoisseur who sold “authentic” works. Continuing the discussion of the dual identities in which Luo Zhenyu and Wang Guowei presented themselves as Qing loyalists and marketable “leftovers,” Hong Zaixin further investigates the relationship between the practice of scholarship and the business of art during Luo Zhenyu’s eight-year exile in Kyōto from 1911 to 1918. Luo Zhenyu and Wang Guowei’s promotion of Southern School Painting initiated a new objective of collecting literati art in Kyōto and elsewhere; with this change in trend, a rejuvenation of nanga (Southern School Painting) and bunjinga (literati painting) occurred in Japan during the early 1920s. In this context, Luo would surely prefer to be in the category of publishers and dealers who favoured dugu 篤古 (dedication to the pursuit of antiquity), in contrast to the category of those who were concerned for zhuli 逐利 (to make money) or merely for haoshi 好事 (to satisfy a hobby). Hong also examines in detail Luo’s actual capital gains from art dealing and how his international transactions were carried on through Luo’s agents in Shanghai and by he himself selling them in Japan, which also further indicates the forming of taste and markets for guhua 古畫 (ancient Chinese painting). This chapter captures with great depth of understanding the contexts in which yilao operated and the dilemmas they faced.

Qing Loyalists: Reviled Pasts and Unstable Present

n scrutinizing Qing relicts’ identity, their preserving cultural heritage in Manzhouguo and a search for an alternative China, Yang Chia-Ling’s paper is a considered analysis of Luo Zhenyu’s efforts to create and manage a museum and research centre in Manzhouguo and of the significance of collecting activities and scholarship in a context of nation-building and imperialism. The paper explores in an even-handed way the choices made by Luo and other yilao both in terms of the disposition and management of antiquities and their political and cultural affiliations during the late 1920s and early 1930s. Yang argues that Luo’s intention in setting up a national museum, archive, and research institute was to preserve the imperial cultural legacy and in so doing to establish the moral mandate on firm ground throughout East Asia. This highly Confucian motive for preservation and review of texts and artefacts stands largely at odds with the goals of cultural institution-building in modern empires, where, Anderson and others tell us, the museum serves as a technology through which the past of a colonised people can be known and controlled by the colonial power.11 Not surprisingly, Luo became frustrated at the high degree of Japanese involvement in the National Museum and the relative absence of the autonomy and independent management that Luo had hoped for. After relating Luo’s cultural activities in Manzhouguo, Yang also raises the central question of the nature of the loyalties held by the yilao, which is pivotal not only for her paper but for this book as a whole. They were undeniably loyal, but loyal to whom or to what? She holds that their primary loyalty was to the preservation and continuity of cultural artefacts and practices, and that they themselves in fact acted as ‘cultural relicts.’ Yang further suggests that these cultural artefacts and practices are associated with a ‘national’ heritage, but it is extremely unclear what yilao like Luo Zhenyu saw the nation to be. Somewhat clearer was what it was not. Luo and others discernibly rejected the idea of the 26 • Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Qing Loyalists and the Formation of Modern Chinese Culture

mono-ethnic Han nation. But at the same time, their alternative conception of nation does not seem to have been limited to Manzhouguo, since Luo collected and the museum held and displayed artefacts from throughout imperial dynastic history. This raises the possibility that, as Robert Culp commented, the yilao were ultimately dedicated to a continuity of an imperial culture that was associated with a succession of dynastic states. In this case, the guo 國 for them would not be the nation-state so much as the succession of imperial dynasties.12 This focus of loyalty would explain why it would have been unacceptable for Luo and others to continue their efforts at cultural preservation and continuity within the Republic. To them, the imperial cultural heritage was inextricably linked to a dynastic state, and the Manchu dynasty was the only option available in the early twentieth century. As Shao Dan nicely put it, loyalty is based on one’s self-identification. Perception of one’s communal belonging decides the choice of the object to which one devotes one’s loyalty. In the final chapter, Shao’s essay tackles the complexities surrounding the issue of loyalty and identity among the Qing loyalists of various ethnic backgrounds. The key discussion in this essay is the competition of different objects of loyalty that the loyalists confronted. The paper provides an in-depth understanding of the struggles of the loyalists and the difficult situations in which they found themselves. In a sense, this paper does not take as a given the category of the people generally termed yimin but brings to the foreground the very definition of this category by demonstrating its diversity. As Shao points out, the unparallelled historical settings faced by the Qing loyalists were more intricate than those of previous dynasties. Their realignment of identity and predicaments of loyalty were complicated by the historical remnants of Manchu-Han and banner-civilian delineation, the freshly instituted perception of the Chinese nation, and the encroachment of foreign powers in China. Throughout the Qing dynasty and the first half of twentieth century, those differences were experienced by Luo Zhenyu and his generation of literati loyalists in various aspects of their daily life. Shao further discusses how the ethnic self-determination principle was mobilised by the Japanese colonial authority in the land of Manchuria in the early 1920s and how the Manzhouguo government promoted the image of the state as “Manchuria for the Manchurians.” Borrowing writings by Mu Rugai 穆儒丐 (Manchu name: Muduri, active 1916~1945) for the newspaper in Manchuria, Shengjing shibao 盛京時報, which provided rich materials to study the complexity in Qing loyalists’ re-perception of their identities with the diminished Qing empire, the Republic of China, and the Japanese-controlled Manzhouguo, Shao probes the perspective of “the local.” Muduri defined guo as a unity made up of one or more ethnic groups who had lived in the same land for generations or for thousands of years, and a unity based on historical and cultural heritage from the past. Moreover, he believed that a people’s love for their country should be reflected in their care of historical relics because these relics (wenwu 文物) and sites were the history of the country, inherited from the ancestors. Shao argues that such emphasis on rectitude in substituting a shady regime with a magnanimous one and Muduri’s appeal for cultural relics were shared by Luo Zhenyu and many other loyalists. Conversely, Luo and his close circle, though actively engaged in the creation of Manzhouguo, were not favoured by the Japanese colonial authority in later years because his loyalty to the Qing imperial clan did not fit into its conception of Manzhouguo’s statehood. Nevertheless, in China proper, their choice to rely on the Japanese and their failure to build a truly independent state of and by the Manchus in Manchuria were defined as traitorous. By answering why few people of later generations appreciated or admired the Qing loyalists’ devotion to the old regime or to the abdicated emperor, because another form of loyalty was

INTRODUCTION: A Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Yilao and Modern Chinese Culture • 27

prioritised—nation-centred patriotism—was prioritised, this essay further contributes to our understanding of Qing loyalists and the general issue of political loyalty and cultural identity in early Republican China. Why did Luo choose to be a loyalist to the Qing? How could the yilao believe that they were preserving their cultural inheritance while they were operating under the Republican regime and Japanese control and when there was persistent governmental appropriation of cultural artefacts and control over the new cultural institutions? Or to put it another way, while avoiding the [Han] Chinese nation-state’s appropriation of this cultural heritage, were they not just assisting in Western or Japanese colonial appropriation of it? In retrospect it certainly seems that way, but at the time the situation may not have been so clear. After all, in setting up Manzhouguo under Puyi’s nominal rule, there was the promise of a revived Manchu dynastic state, which would have been continuous with previous dynastic states. Moreover, Japanese colonial leaders often used a language of encompassing multi-ethnic empire, which might have seemed more akin to the model of late-imperial dynastic state (hierarchical networks of interrelated states and rulers, a “multitude of lords” in James Hevia’s terms) than was the homogenizing nation-state set up in China after 1911.13 If the yilao were committed to “culture-in-empire,” could it be that Japanese colonial elites offered something closer to that imperial model? In this book, we mostly raise rhetorical questions in regard to these issues on the Qing loyalists’ identity and impact, but it seems to us that each essay suggests possible answers to these questions. Any historical treatment of Luo Zhenyu, the Qing loyalists and other minority constituencies of early twentieth-century China, inured to the vagaries of collaboration and resistance, must negotiate a thicket of overlapping histories. In this spirit, our examination of Luo Zhenyu and his yilao circle will confront the taboos surrounding their reviled past to reveal a complex but crucial aspect of Chinese cultural history. A lost generation, an unfinished history. Notes 1

For alternative English translations of and discussion on yimin of earlier dynasties, see Jay, Jennifer W. ‘Memoirs and Official Accounts: The Historiography of the Song Loyalists.’ Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 50.2 (December 1990), pp589-612; Struve, Lynn. ‘Ambivalence and action: some frustrated scholars of the Late K’ang-hsi period.’ Jonathan Spence and John Wills, Jr, ed, From Ming to Ch’ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth Century China. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979, pp324-363. On the translation for Qing yimin or Qing yilao, Roderick Whitfield suggests that we use “relicts” instead of “leftovers” as used in Nixi Cura’s AAS panel (2008) and other previous research. A relict is a surviving remnant of a natural phenomenon; and in historical linguistics, a relict refers to a survivor of a form or forms that are otherwise archaic. Since we very much like to consider the Qing loyalists in the context of cultural history rather than in politics, the word “relict” gives a more appropriate implication to suit the content in this volume.

Luo Zhenyu published extensively on artefacts from Dunhuang. See Luo Zhenyu and Wang Guowei’s Liusha zhuijian 流沙墜簡 (Bamboo slips buried in the flowing sands), also called Liusha fanggu ji 流沙訪古記 [Visiting ancient sites in flowing sands] (Kyōto: Chenhanlou, 1914), their joint research on the manuscripts and wood and bamboo slips excavated in Northwest China by Marc Aurel Stein (1862~1943) during his 1907 expedition. Luo and Wang published eight more books on Dunhuang manuscripts based on their correspondence with Paul Pelliot (1878~1945). The limited scope of the 2007 Dunhuang conference did not allow for inclusion of recent research by Chinese and Japanese scholars on the disposition of the Dunhuang materials. See Lin Pinghe 林平和, Luo Zhenyu Dunhuangxue xilun 羅振玉敦煌學析論 [Analysis on Luo Zhenyu's study of Dunhuang], Taipei: Wenshizhe, 1988; Rong Xinjiang 榮新江, Dunhuangxue xinlun 敦煌學新論 [New research on Dunhuang studies]. Lanzhou: Gansu jiaoyu chubanshe, 2002; Takata Tokio 高田時雄, ed, Sōsōki no Tonkō-gaku: Ra, Ō ryōsensei tōto 90-shūnen kinen Nitchū kyōdō wākushoppu no kiroku [The origins of Dunhuang Studies: Proceedings of the workshop commemorating the 90th

28 • Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Qing Loyalists and the Formation of Modern Chinese Culture

anniversary of Luo [Zhenyu’s] and Wang [Guowei’s] journey to the East]. Tōkyō: Chisen shokan, 2002. 3

Shang Chengzuo 商承祚, ‘Yi Luo shi (Remembering Master Luo),’ in Luo Suizu 羅隨祖, ed, Yinxu shuqi kaoshi: Yuangao xinzha 殷虛書契考釋：原稿信札 [Examination and explanation of texts from the ruins of Yin: Original manuscript and letters], Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe, 2008, pp397-398.

Puyi 溥儀, Wode qian bansheng 我的前半生 [The first half of my life], 1964. Reprint, Beijing: Dongfang chubanshe, 2007, pp171-172.

Ibid, p172.

Several chapters in this volume investigate Luo Zhenyu’s Japanese connections and his role as an antique dealer. For the detailed discussion, see Chapter Five, Tamaki Maeda, ‘Luo Zhenyu and the “Legacy of the Southern School” in Japan and the West;’ Chapter Six, Hong Zaixin ‘A Newly Made Marketable “Leftover”: Luo Zhenyu’s Scholarship and Art Business in Kyōto (1911~1919)’and Chapter Seven, Yang Chia-Ling ‘Deciphering Antiquity into Modernity: Cultural Identity of Luo Zhenyu and the Qing Loyalists in Manzhouguo.’

For the detailed publication list in chronological order, see Chapter Eleven: Publications of Luo Zhenyu.

Yang Chia-Ling, New Wine in Old Bottles: The Art of Ren Bonian in Nineteenth-Century Shanghai. London: Saffron, 2007, and her chapter ‘The Crisis of the Real – Photography and Portraiture in Late Nineteenth-century Shanghai,’ in Jennifer Purtle and Hans B Thomsen eds, Looking Modern: East Asian Visual Culture from Treaty Ports to World War II, Chicago: Art Media Resources, 2009, pp20-37; Jonathan Hay, ‘Painting and Built Environment in Late NineteenthCentury Shanghai,’ in Maxwell K Hearn and Judith G Smith, ed, Chinese Art: Modern Expressions, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2001, pp60-101, and his chapter ‘Painting and Publishing in Late Nineteenth-century Shanghai,’ in Ju-hsi Chou, Art at the Close of China’s Empire, Temple: Arizona State University, 1998, pp134-188; Ellen Johnston Laing, ‘The Fate of Shanghai Painting Style in Early Twentieth-Century Printed Advertising,’ Haipai huihua yanjiu wenji 海派繪畫研究文集 (Studies on Shanghai School painting), Shanghai: Shuhua chubanshe, 2001, pp953-1003, and her book, Selling Happiness: Calendar Posters and Visual Culture in Twentieth-Century Shanghai, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2004; Kuiyi Shen, ‘Traditional Painting in a Transitional Era, 1901~1950,’ in Julia Andrews and Kui-Yi Shen, eds, A Century in Crisis— Modernity and Tradition in the Art of Twentieth Century China, New York: Guggenheim Museum and Abrams, 1980, pp80-95; Hsing-Yuan Tsao, ‘A Forgotten Celebrity: Wang Zhen (1867~1938), Businessman, Philanthropist, and Artist’ in Ju-Hsi Chou, ed, 1998, pp94-109; Hong Zaixin, ‘Xueshu yu Shichang: cong Zhang Hong yu Huang Binhong de jiaowang kan Guangdong de yishu shiyan’ (Scholarship and the Art Market: Cantonese Art Experiments as Seen in the Friendship between Zhang Hong and Huang Binhong), Rongbaozhai, no 3, (2004), pp58-73; no 4, (2004), pp60-69; and no 5, (2004), pp6679, article, ‘Antiquarianism in an Easy-going Style: Aspects of Chang Tai-chien’s Antiquarian Practice in the Urban Culture of Late Ming China,’ The National Palace Museum Research Quarterly 22, no 1 (2004), pp35-68, and his article ‘From Stockholm to Tōkyō: E A Strehlneek’s Two Shanghai Collections in A Global Market for Chinese Painting in the Early 20th Century,’ in Tōkyō Bunkazai Kenkyūjo, ed, Moving Objects: Space, Time, and Context, Tōkyō: the Tōkyō National Research Institute of Cultural Properties, 2004, pp111-134; Roberta Wue, ‘Picturing the Artist: Ren Bonian (1840~1896) and Portraits of the Shanghai Art World’ (PhD dissertation, Institute of Fine Arts, New York University, 2001); ‘Transmitting Poetry: Ren Bonian’s Portrait of Chen Honggao and Chen Hui-juan,’ Haipai huihua yanjiu wenji (Shanghai: Shuhua chubanshe, 2001), pp1102-1135; Anita Chung, ‘Reinterpreting the Shanghai School of Painting,’ Chinese Paintings from the Shanghai Museum 1851~1911, Edinburgh: National Museum of Scotland Publishing, 2000, pp25-46. Several important articles on visuality in Shanghai are collected in Jason C Kuo, ed, Visual Culture in Shanghai 1850s~1930s, Washington, DC: New Academia Publishing, 2007, including Kuiyi Shen, ‘Patronage and the Beginning of a Modern Art world in Late Qing Shanghai,’ Julia F Andrews and Kuiyi Shen, ‘The Traditionalist Response to Modernity: the Chinese Painting Society of Shanghai,’ Britta Erickson, ‘Uncommon Themes and Uncommon Subject Matters in Ren Xiong’s Album after Poems by Yao Xie,’ and Roberta Wue, ‘Deliberate Looks: Ren Bonian’s 1888 Album of Women;’ Clarissa Von Spee, Wu Hufan: A Twentieth-century Art Connoisseur in Shanghai, Berlin: Reimer, 2008; Qianshen Bai, ‘From Wu Dacheng to Mao Zedong: The Transformation of Chinese Calligraphy in the Twentieth Century,’ in Maxwell K Hearn and Judith G Smith, eds, Chinese Art: Modern Expressions, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2001, pp246-283; Yeewan Koon, ‘Literati Iconoclasm: Violence and Eestrangement in the Art of Su Renshan, 1814~c1850’ (PhD dissertation, New York University, 2006); Zhang Hongxing, ‘Wu Youru’s The Victory over the Taiping: Painting and Censorship in 1886 China’

INTRODUCTION: A Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Yilao and Modern Chinese Culture • 29

(PhD dissertation, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1999); Crozier, Ralph. Art and Revolution in Modern China: The Lingnan (Cantonese) School of Painting, 1906~1951, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988; Christopher A Reed, Gutenberg in Shanghai: Chinese Print Capitalism, 1876~1937, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2004; Wang Cheng-hua. ‘The Qing Imperial Collection, Circa 1905~1925: National Humiliation, Heritage Preservation, and Exhibition Culture,’ in Wu Hung, ed, Reinventing the Past: Archaism and Antiquarianism in Chinese Art and Visual Culture. Chicago: The Center for the Art of East Asia, University of Chicago, 2010, pp320-341. 9

Mark C Elliott, The Manchu Way: the Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China, Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 2001; id. ‘The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies,’ The Journal of Asian Studies. 59, no 3, (2000), p603; id. ‘Manchu Widows and Ethnicity in Qing China,’ Comparative Studies in Society and History, 41, no 1 (1999), pp33-71; id. ‘The Manchu-Language Archives of the Qing Dynasty and the Origins of the Palace Memorial System,’ Late Imperial China, 22, no 1 (2001), pp1-70; id. ‘Identity at the Heart of Empire — Ethnicity in the Qing Eight Banners,’ in Pamela Kyle Crossley, Helen Siu, and Donald S Sutton, eds, Empire at the Margins: Culture, Ethnicity, and Frontier in Early Modern China, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006, chapter 1; Tatiana A Pang and Giovanni Stary, New Light on Manchu Historiography and Literature: The Discovery of Three Documents in Old Manchu Script, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1998; Stary and Pang, ‘Manchu Studies. An International Bibliography, IV,’ Central Asiatic Journal, 52, no 1 (2008), p159; James Leibold, Reconfiguring Chinese Nationalism: How the Qing Frontier and Its Indigenes became Chinese, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007; Edward J M Rhoads, Manchus & Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861~1928, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2000; Shao Dan, ‘Ethnicity in Empire and Nation: Manchus, Manzhouguo, and Manchuria (1911~1952)’ (PhD Dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2002); Shao Dan et al, Manchuria as A Borderland, Canberra: Australian National University (ANU), Institute of Advanced Studies, 2005; David Wolff, To the Harbin Station: The Liberal Alternative in Russian Manchuria, 1898~1914, Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1999; Ronald Stanley Suleski, Civil Government in Warlord China: Tradition, Modernization and Manchuria, New York: P Lang, 2002; Lianying Shan, ‘Narrating the Colonial Past in Manchuria and Shanghai in Postwar Japanese Literature’ (PhD dissertation, Princeton University, 2007); Christopher Mills Isett, State, Peasant, and Merchant in Qing Manchuria, 1644~1862, Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 2007; Louise Young, Japan’s Total Empire Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998; Yoshihisa Tak Matsusaka, The Making of Japanese Manchuria, 1904~1932, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Asia Centre, 2001; Shin’ichi Yamamuro, Manchuria under Japanese Domination, Philadelphia, Pa: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006; Mariko Tamanoi, Crossed Histories: Manchuria in the Age of Empire, Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2005; Mariko Tamanoi, Memory Maps: The State and Manchuria in Postwar Japan, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2009; Rana Mitter, The Manchurian Myth: Nationalism, Resistance, and Collaboration in Modern China, Oxford University Press, 2004; Robert Bickers, The Scramble for China: Foreign Devils in the Qing Empire, 1832~1914, London: Allen Lane, 2011; Joshua A Fogel, Articulating the Sinosphere: Sino-Japanese Relations in Space and Time, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 2009; Fogel, ed, The Role of Japan in Modern Chinese Art, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012; Matsuda Wataru (author), Joshua A Fogel, ed, Japan and China: Mutual Representations in the Modern Era, London: Routledge, 2000; Lin Chih-hung 林志宏. Minguo nai diguo ye: Zhengzhi wenhua zhuangxing xia de Qing yimin 民國乃敵國也：政治文化轉型下的清遺民, Taipei: Lianjing chuban shiye gongsi, 2009).

‘The Role of Japan in the Institutional Development of Modern Chinese Art’ conference, organised by Joshua Fogel, supported by ACLS and Academia Sinica, 2007. Aida Yuen Wong, Parting the Mists: Discovering Japan and the Rise of National-style Painting in Modern China (Honolulu: Association for Asian Studies: University of Hawai’i Press, 2006); Tamaki Maeda, ‘Tomioka Tessai’s Narrative Landscape: Rethinking Sino-Japanese Traditions’ (PhD dissertation, University of Washington, 2004); Joshua Fogel, The Literature of Travel in the Japanese Rediscovery, California: Stanford University Press, 1996; id. ‘The Voyage of the Senzaimaru to Shanghai: Early Sino-Japanese Contacts in the Modern Era,’ in Joshua Fogel, The Cultural Dimension of Sino-Japanese Relations, Armonk (New York), London: M E Sharp, Inc, 1995, pp79-94; id. ‘Shanghai-Japan: The Japanese Residents’ Association of Shanghai,’ Journal of Asian Studies (2000: LIX), pp927-950; Lai Yu-Chih, ‘Surreptitious Appropriation: Ren Bonian (1840~1895) and Japanese Culture in Shanghai, 1842~1895’ (PhD dissertation, Yale University, 2005); id. ‘Remapping Borders: Ren Bonian’s Frontier Paintings and Urban Life in 1880s Shanghai,’ The Art Bulletin, 86, no 3 (2004), pp550-572; Liu Xiaolu 劉曉路, Shijie meishushi zhong de Zhongguo yu Riben meishu 世界美術中的中國與日本美術 [Chinese and

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Japanese Art in the context of global art], Nanning: Guangxi meishu chubanshe, 2001; Wang Yong 王勇, ed, Zhongguo jiangnan: xunyi Riben wenhua de yuanliu 中國江南:尋繹日本文化的源流 [South of the Yangzi River of China: Tracing the origin of Japanese culture], Beijing: Dangdai Zhongguo chubanshe, 1996; Reynolds, Douglas. ‘Prelude to Imperialism: Japanese Research, Reconnaissance, and Trade in Late Qing China,’ in Yue-Him Tam, ed, Sino-Japanese Cultural Interchange: The Economic and Intellectual Aspects, Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1985, pp136-138; Tsuruta, Takeyoshi 鶴田武良, ‘Study of Chinese Painters Who Came to Japan in the Meiji Era ― Wang Yin 王寅―來舶画人研究,' Bijutsu Kenkyū 美術研究, no 319, (1982/3), pp1-11; ‘Study of Chinese Painters Who Came to Japan in the Meiji Era — Luo Xuegu and Hu Tiemei 羅雪谷と胡鐵梅―來舶画人研究,’ Bijutsu Kenkyū, no 324 (1983:6) pp23-29; ‘Data 1: List of Japanese Art Teachers Who Taught in China during the Qing and the Republican Eras. 資料1: 清國民國赴任日本人美術教員一覽,’ Bijutsu kenkyū, no 365, (1996) pp16-20; Rudolf G Wagner, ‘The Role of the Foreign Community in the Chinese Public Sphere,’ The China Quarterly, no 142 (1995:6) pp423-443; Wang Xiaoqiu 王曉秋, Jindai Zhong Ri wenhua jiaoliushi 近代中日文化交流史 [Cultural interactions between China and Japan in recent times], Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1992; Chen Zhenlian 陳振濂, Jindai Zhong Ri huihua jiaoliushi bijiao yanjiu 近代中日繪畫交流史比較研究 [A comparative study on the painting exchange between China and Japan in recent times], Anhui: Meishu chubanshe, 2000; Yang Chia-Ling, ‘Choices and Conflicts ― Artistic Responses to Foreign Stimuli in Late Qing Shanghai,’ East Asia Journal, 2007: 3, pp66-85; Minoru Nishigami 西上実, Yakichirō Suma to Chūgoku kindai ega 須磨弥吉郎と中国近代絵画 [Yakichirō Suma and Modern Chinese Painting], Kyōto: Daigoshobō, 2001, ‘Suma nōto: Chūgoku kindai ega hen 須磨ノート：中国近代絵画編’ [The Suma notebooks: volumes of modern Chinese paintings], The Kyōto National Museum Bulletin 京都国立博物館学叢, no 25 (2003) pp75-119 and no 26 (2004) pp89-137. 11

Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, London: Verso Books, 1991.

Robert Culp commented in the workshop that we should note that this is an emergent conception of nation that starts to form in the late Qing during the period of Manchu state-building under the New Policies and that is often ignored. Peter Zarrow, for one, describes this portrayal of the dynastic nation in his thoughtful essay on late Qing history textbooks in a book co-edited by Robert Culp and Tze-ki Hon, The Politics of Historical Production in Late Qing and Republican China, Leiden: Brill, 2007.

James Hevia, ‘A Multitude of Lords: Qing Court Ritual and the Macartney Embassy of 1783,’ Late Imperial China 10:2 (December 1989) pp72-105. My thanks to Robert Culp for suggesting this reference.

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282 • Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Qing Loyalists and the Formation of Modern Chinese Culture

Chapter Eleven

Publications of Luo Zhenyu

Yang Chia-ling and Roderick Whitfield

1884 Luo, Z. Dubei xiaojian 讀碑小箋 (Notes on studying stelae), self-published, 1884; edited in Luo, Z. Lu’an suozhu shu: sanzhong fu shumu yijuan 陸庵所著書: 三種附書目一卷 (Publications of Lu’an [Luo Zhenyu]: three publications with a list of book titles as appendix), Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1892. Luo, Z. Cunzhuozhai zhashu 存拙齋扎疏 (Commentary of Studio of Storing Inarticulation [Luo Zhenyu’s studio name]), Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1884. Luo, Z, ed, Huaiyin jinshi jincun lu 淮陰金石僅存錄 (List of surviving metal and stone objects of Huaiyin district), Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1884; reprinted in Wang Shouxuan 王壽萱 (Xiqi 錫祺, 1855~1913), ed, Xiao Fanghuzhai yudi congchao sanji 小方壺齋輿地叢鈔三集 (Compilation of geographical writings from the Studio of Little Square Flask, the third edition), np, 1891; Hangzhou: Hangzhou gujishudian 杭州古籍書店, 1985.

1885 Luo, Z. Jinshi cuibian jiaozi ji 金石萃編校字記 (Notes on Compilation of metal and stone inscriptions), np, 1885; edited in Luo, Zhenyu. Lu’an suozhu shu: sizhong fu shumu yijuan 陸庵所著書: 四種附書目一卷 (Publications of Lu’an [Luo Zhenyu]: four publications with a list of book titles as appendix), volume 4-5, Shangyu Luoshi Tangfenglou 上虞羅氏唐風樓, 1912. Luo, Z. Huanyu fangbei lu kanmiu 寰宇訪碑錄刊謬 (Corrections to List of gathered stelae from the Luo Zhenyu, Calligraphy for the frontispiece of Dunhuang shishi suijin 敦煌石室碎金 (Precious Fragments from the Dunhuang Cave), Shanghai: Dongfang xuehui 東方學會, 1925, np

world), np, 1885. Luo, Z. Ganlu zishu jianzheng 干祿字書箋證 (Annotation on Ganlu wordbook), np, 1885.

1886 Luo, Z. Xin jiaozheng Maoshi caomu niaoshou chongyu shu 新校正毛詩草木鳥獸蟲魚疏 (New correction of Commentary on trees, birds, animals, insects and fish in the Book of Odes – Mao edition), np, 1886. yang chia-ling and RODERICK WHITFIELD | Publications of Luo Zhenyu • 283

1887 Luo, Z, ed, Sushuo 俗說 (Idioms), np, 1887. Luo, Z, ed, Gaoshi zhuan jiben 高士傳輯本 (Collected versions of Biographies of recluses), np, 1887.

1890 Luo, Z. Mao Zheng shi jiaoyi 毛鄭詩校議 (Correction and discussion on the Book of Odes – Mao edition commented by Zheng Xuan [鄭玄, 127-200]), np, 1890.

1891 Luo, Z. Yanxue oude 眼學偶得 (Occasional notes on key learning), np, 1891. Luo, Z, ed, Miancheng jingshe zawen jiabian 面城精舍雜文甲編 (Collected essays of Miancheng Temple [Studio name of Luo Zhenyu], volume I), np, 1891. Luo, Z, ed, Huiyin jinshi jincun lu 淮陰金石僅存錄 (List of surviving metal and stone of Haiyin district), its fubian 附編 (Appendix) and buyi 補遺 (Supplement), in Wang Shouxuan 王壽萱 (1855~1913), ed, Xiao Fanghuzhai yudi congchao sanji 小方壺齋輿地叢鈔三集 (Compilation of geographical writings from the Studio of Little Square Flask, the third edition), np, 1891; Hangzhou: Hangzhou gujishudian, 1985.

1892 Luo, Z. Xin Tangshu shixibiao kaozheng 新唐書世系表考證 (Textual evidence study on the table of Genealogy in the New Tang History), np, 1892. Luo, Z. Yiwenzi jiaoyi 藝文志校議 (Discussion and correction on Treatise on literature), np, 1892. Luo, Z. Sanguozhi zhengwen 三國志證聞校勘記 (Revision of Study of History of the Three Kingdoms), npm 1892; edited in Luo Zhenyu et al, Guoxue congkan 國學叢刊 (Series on National Learning), volume 5, Shangyu Luo Zhenyu 上虞羅振玉 1914. Luo, Z. Yuanhe xingzuan jiaokan ji 元和姓纂校勘記 (Revision of the list of surnames and lineages of Yuanhe era [of Tang]), np, 1892; edited in Luo Zhenyu et al, Guoxue congkan 國學叢刊 (Series on National Learning), volume 6-8, Shangyu Luo Zhenyu 上虞羅振玉, 1914. Luo, Z. Lu’an suozhu shu: sanzhong fu shumu yijuan 陸庵所著書: 三種附書目一卷 (Publications of Lu’an [Luo Zhenyu]: three publications with a list of book titles as appendix), Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1892.

1893~4 Luo, Z. Bu Huanyu fangbeilu kanwu yijuan 補寰宇訪碑錄刊誤一卷 (Additional Correction on List of gathered stelae from the world, one chapter [finished in 1893]) published by Zhu Huilu family school 古吳朱氏槐盧家塾補校刊本 in 1894. Luo, Z. Zaixu Huanyu fangbeilu erjuan 再續寰宇訪碑錄二卷 (Addition on List of gathered stelae from the world, two chapters [finished in 1893]), published in lithography by Miancheng Temple 面城精舍石印本 in 1894.

1895 Luo, Z, ed, Miancheng jingshe zawen yibian yijuan 面城精舍雜文乙編一卷 (Collected essays of Miancheng Temple, volume yi, one chapter), np, 1895.

1896 Luo, Z. Preface to Yin Pengshou’s 尹彭壽 (active 1886~1922) new book Hanli bianti 漢隸變體 (Variants of the clerical script of the Han dynasty), np, 1896.

284 • Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Qing Loyalists and the Formation of Modern Chinese Culture

1897 Luo Z and Jiang Fu 蔣黼, eds, Nongxue bao 農學報 (Agriculture news), Shanghai: Nongxueguan 農學館, 1897~1906. Luo Z and Jiang Fu, eds, Nongxue congshu 農學叢書 (Agricultural studies series), Shanghai, 1897.

1900 Luo, Z. Zhizhang lu 置杖錄 (Notes when resting my staff), np, 1900. Luo, Z. Nongshi siyi 農事私議 (Private opinion on agricultural matters), np, 1900. Luo, Z. Kenhuang yuguo ce 墾荒裕國策 (Strategy to bring wasteland into cultivation to enrich the state), np, 1900.

1901 Luo, Z. Bei biezi shiyi yijuan 碑別字拾遺一卷 (Additional notes on Variant characters on stelae, one chapter) in lithography, np, 1901. Luo, Z. Jinshi shulu yijuan 金石書錄一卷 (Records of inscriptions on metal and stone objects, one chapter), np, 1910; edited in Luo Fuyi 羅福頤 et al, eds, Zhensong laoren yigao bing ji 貞松老人遺稿丙集 (Posthumous works of Zhensong Old Man Part III), Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1947. Luo Z and Wang Guowei 王國維, eds, Jiaoyu shijie 教育世界 (Education world), 166 journal issues, Shanghai, 1901~1908.

1902 Luo, Z. Fusang liangyue ji 扶桑兩月記 (Journal of a two-month visit to Japan), np, 1902.

1903 Luo, Z. Wu Shi jiaoyi 五史斠議 (Correction and discussion on the Five Histories – Liang, Chen, Northern Qi, Later Zhou and Sui), written in 1891; np, 1903.

1906 Luo, Z. Tang feng lou jinshi wenzi bawei 唐風樓金石文字跋尾 (Postscripts to the Epigraphic collection of the House of the Odes of Tang), np, 1906.

1907 Luo, Z, ed, Tang feng lou cang muzhi mulu yijuan 唐風樓藏墓誌目錄一卷 (Index to the Epigraphic collection of House of the Odes of Tang), np, 1907.

1908 Luo, Z, ed. Zhaoling beilu 昭陵碑錄 (Recording the stelae of the imperial tomb Zhaoling), np, 1908; reprinted by Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1914. Luo, Z. Yonglu rida 俑廬日剳 (Daily accounts of Hut of Burial Figurines), np, 1908; edited in Qijingkan congkan 七經堪叢刊 (Series of Seven classics), volume 9, Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1937. Luo Z and Wang Guowei, Preface to the second issue of Zhongguo minghua ji 中國名畫集 (Famous Chinese paintings) edited by Di Baoxian 狄葆賢 (1873~1921), np, 1908; Shanghai: Youzheng shuju 有正書局, 1930.

1909 Luo, Z. Dunhuang shishi shumu zhi faxian zhi yuanshi 敦煌石室書目及發見之原始 (Firsthand information on the discovery of and the book list in the stone cave of Dunhuang); renamed as Dunhuang shishi ji 敦煌石室記 (Notes on the Dunhuang cave), np, 1909.

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Luo, Z. Mogaoku shishi milu 莫高窟石室密錄 (Secret record of the Mogao cave) Luo, Z. Dunhuang shishi yishu 敦煌石室遺書 (Documents from the Dunhuang cave), np, 1909; 1924. Luo, Z. Liusha fanggu ji 流沙訪古記 (Exploring the ancient site in the flowing sands), np, 1909. Luo, Z. Tang Zhechong fu kao bu 唐折衝府考補 (Additional study on Zhechongfu [military system] of Tang dynasty), np, 1909; edited in Luo, Z. Yong feng xiangren zazhu 永豐鄉人雜著 (Miscellaneous writing of Yongfeng xiangren [Luo Zhenyu]), volume 7, Shangyu Luoshi Ningqingshi 上虞羅氏凝清室, 1922~1923. Luo, Z, ed. Sui Tang bing fu tulu 隋唐兵符圖錄 (Catalogue of Sui and Tang military tallies), np, 1909.

1910 Luo, Z. Yin Shang zhenpu wenzi kao 殷商貞卜文字考 (Study on oracle-bone inscriptions of Yin Shang), Yujianzhai 玉簡齋, 1910. Luo, Z. Wang Guowei et al, Guoxue congkan 國學叢刊 (Series on National Learning) Shanghai, 1910~1912; 1914~1915. Luo, Z. Yujianzhai congshu 玉簡齋叢書 (Book series from the Studio of Jade and Bamboo Slips [studio of Luo Zhenyu]), np, 1910.

1911 Luo, Z. Yinxu shuqi qianbian 殷虛書契前編 (Documents from Yin Sites, Part I), Shangyu Luo Zhenyu Yongmuyuan 上虞羅振玉永慕園, 1912.

1912 Luo, Z. Lu’an suozhu shu: sizhong fu shumu yijuan陸庵所著書: 四種附書目一卷 (Publications of Lu’an [Luo Zhenyu]: four publications with a list of book titles as appendix), volumes 4-5, Shangyu Luoshi Tangfenglou 上虞羅氏唐風樓, 1912.

1913 Luo, Z, ed. Mingsha shishi yishu 鳴沙石室佚書 (Lost documents from the stone cave of the singing sands), np, 1912; Shanghai: Dongfang xuehui 東方學會, 1928. Luo, Z, ed. Qi Lu fengni jicun 齊魯封泥集存 (Collection of clay seals from Qi and Lu States), Shangyu Luo Zhenyu Yongmuyuan 上虞羅振玉永慕園, 1913.

1914 Luo, Z. Gaochang Qushi xipu 高昌麴氏系譜 (Genealogy of the Qu family in Gaochang), np, 1914. Luo, Z. Gua Sha Caoshi xipu 瓜沙曹氏系譜 (Genealogy of the Cao family in Gua and Sha [Counties]), in Luo Zhenyu and Wang Guowei, eds, Guoxue congkan 國學叢刊 (Series on National Learning), volume 11, Shanghai: Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1914. Luo, Z, ed. Xichui shike houlu 西陲石刻後錄 (Postscripts to Carved stones from the Western borders of China), in Luo Zhenyu and Wang Guowei, eds, Guoxue congkan 國學叢刊 (Series on National Learning), volume 7, Shanghai: Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1914. Luo, Z, ed. Tang sanjia beilu 唐三家碑錄 (Record of carved inscriptions by three famous masters of Tang), np, 1914. Luo, Z. Yinxu shuqi qianbian kaoshi 殷虛書契前編考釋 (Study on documents from Yin sites, part I), np, 1914. Luo, Z. ed. Jishi’an congshu 吉石庵叢書 (Book series from the Studio of Auspicious Stones [Studio of Luo Zhenyu]), np, 1914. Luo, Z, ed. Chuyulou congshu chuji 楚雨樓叢書初集 (First book series from the Pavilion of Chuyu [Studio of Luo Zhenyu]), Shanghai: Cangsheng mingzhi daxue 倉聖明智大學, 1914-1916. 286 • Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Qing Loyalists and the Formation of Modern Chinese Culture

Luo, Z and Wang Guowei eds. ‘Liusha zhuijian 流沙墜簡 (Bamboo slips buried in the desert),’ in Ji Fotuo 姬佛陀 ed, Xueshu congbian 學術叢編 (Series of essays on the scholarship), volume 18, Shanghai: Shengcang mingzhi daxue 聖倉明智大學, 1914. Luo, Z, ed. ‘Mangluo zhongmu yiwen 芒洛冢墓遺文 (Inscriptions from the tombstones of Luoyang),’ in Luo, Z, ed, Yunchuang congke 雲窗叢刻 (Series of Publication from a Cloudy Window [Studio of Luo Zhenyu]), volume 7, Kyoto: Shangyu Luo, Z. 1914. Luo, Z, ed. Yinxu shuqi jinghua 殷虛書契菁華 (Essence of documents from Yin sites), np, 1914. Luo, Z, ed, Qin jinshi keci 秦金石刻辭 (Qin inscriptions on metal and stone), Kyoto: Shangyu Luo Zhenyu Chenhanlou 上虞羅振玉宸翰樓, 1914. Luo, Z, ed. Tang feng lou Qin Han wadang wenzi 唐風樓秦漢瓦當文字 (Inscriptions on eaves tiles of Qin and Han at the House of the Odes of Tang), np, 1914. Luo, Z, ed. Si chao chaobi tulu 四朝鈔幣圖錄 (Catalogue of currency from four dynasties [Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing]), np. 1914. Luo, Z, ed. Haoli yizhen 蒿里遺珍 (Leftover treasures from Haoli tombs), np, 1914. Luo, Z, ed. Haoli yizhen kaoshi 蒿里遺珍考釋 (Interpretation and study on the Leftover treasures from Haoli tombs), np, 1914. Luo, Z. ed., Lidai fupai tulu 歷代符牌圖錄 (Catalogue of official symbols of credentials from past dynasties), Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1914. Luo, Z. Xu huike shumu 續匯刻書目 (Extended version of List of reference books), np, 1914. Luo, Z. ed., Hejian xiansheng yishi 鶴澗先生遺詩 (Poems by Master Hejian [Jiang Shijie 姜實節 (1647-1709)]), in Luo Zhenyu and Wang Guowei eds, Guoxue congkan 國學叢刊 (Series on National Learning), volme 2, Shanghai: Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1914. Luo Z, ed. Qimin yaoshu 齊民要述 (Essential views on uniting civilians) from the Northern Song, Kyōto National Museum, np, 1914.

1915 Luo, Z. Wushi ri menghen lu 五十日夢痕錄 (Record of a Fifty-Day Dream), in Luo, Z ed, Xuetang congke 雪堂叢刻 (Block-printed series of books published by Xuetang [Luo Zhenyu]), volume 20, Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, edited in 1915, printed in 1919. Luo, Z. Tieyun canggui zhiyu 鐵雲藏龜之餘 (Addition to the Oracle-bone script collected by Tieyun [Liu E]), np, 1915. Luo, Z, ed. Helianquan guan guyin cun 赫連泉館古印存 (Ancient seals from the Helianquan collection), Shangyu Luo, Z, 1915. Luo, Z, ed. Han Jin shike moying 漢晉石刻墨影 (Rubbing of stone carving from Han and Jin), Shangyu Luo, Z, 1915. Luo, Z, ed. ‘Haiwai zhenmin lu 海外貞珉錄 (Ancient stone carvings in Overseas collections),’ in Luo, Z, ed. Xuetang congke 雪堂叢刻 (Block-printed series of books published by Xuetang [Luo Zhenyu]), volume 19, Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, edited in 1915, printed in 1919. Luo, Z, ed. ‘Mang Luo zhongmu yiwen xubian 芒洛冢墓遺文續編 (Addition to Inscriptions from Luoyang tombs), np, 1915. Luo, Z, ed. Wuzhong zhongmu yiwen 吳中冢墓遺文 (Inscriptions from tombs of the Jiangsu area), np, 1915. Luo, Z, ed. Guangling zhongmu yiwen 廣陵冢墓遺文 (Inscriptions from tombs of the Yangzhou area of Jiangsu province), np, 1915. Luo, Z, ed. ‘San Han zhongmu yiwen 三韓冢墓遺文 (Inscriptions from tombs of San Han–three tribes from the Korean peninsula during 200 BC~ 400 AD),’ in Luo, Z, ed, Xuetang congke 雪堂叢刻 (Block-printed series of books published by Xuetang [Luo Zhenyu]), volume 19, Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, edited in 1915, printed in 1919. Luo, Z, ed. Hengnong zhongmu yiwen 恆農冢墓遺文 (Inscriptions from tombs in the Hengnong

yang chia-ling and RODERICK WHITFIELD | Publications of Luo Zhenyu • 287

[Luo Zhenyu] collection), Kyōto: Shangyu Luo Zhenyu Yongmuyuan 上虞羅振玉永慕園, 1915. Luo, Z, ed. Luoyang Cunguge cangshi mu 洛陽存古閣藏石目 (List of stones collected in the Pavilion of Preserving Antiquities in Luoyang), np, 1915. Luo, Z, ed. Xuetang congke 雪堂叢刻 (Block-printed series of books published by Xuetang [Luo Zhenyu]), volume 20, Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1915; 1919.

1916 Luo, Z. Nanzong yibo 南宗衣缽 (Heritage of the Southern [Painting] School), np, 1916. Luo, Z. Yinxu shuqi daiwen bian 殷虛書契待問編 (List of remaining questions for documents from Yin sites), np, 1916. Luo, Z. Jinghua 鏡話 (Notes on ancient mirrors), np, 1916. Luo, Z, ed. Gu qiwu fan tulu 古器物範圖錄 (Catalogue of moulds for ancient objects), in Wang Guowei, ed, Yishu congbian 藝術叢編 (Series of essays on the arts), Shanghai: Guangcang xuehui 廣倉學會, 1916. Luo, Z, ed. Jinshi nixue 金石泥屑 (Catalogue of small metal and stone objects), np, 1916. Luo, Z, ed. Lidai fupai houbian 歷代符牌後編 (Second catalogue of official symbols of credentials from past dynasties), Shangyu Luo Zhenyu 上虞羅振玉,1916. Luo, Z, ed. Yinxu gu qiwu tulu 殷虛古器物圖錄 (Catalogue of ancient objects from Yin sites), in Wang Guowei, ed, Yishu congbian 藝術叢編 (Series of essays on the arts), volumes 4-6, Shanghai: Guangcang xuehui 廣倉學會, 1916. Luo, Z, ed. Gu mingqi tulu 古明器圖錄 (Catalogue of ancient burial objects), Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1916. Luo, Z, ed. Gaochang bihua jinghua 高昌壁畫菁華 (Selection of mural paintings from Gaochang), Shangyu Luo Zhenyu 上虞羅振玉, 1916. Luo, Z. Shiguwen kaoshi 石鼓文考釋 (Verification and explanation on the stone-drum inscriptions), Shangyu Luo Zhenyu 上虞羅振玉, 1916. Luo, Z, ed. Gujing tulu 古鏡圖錄 (Catalogue of ancient mirrors), np, 1916. Luo, Z, ed. Yexia zhongmu yiwen 鄴下冢墓遺文 (Inscriptions from Yexia tombs – [southwest of Zhang county in Henan province] 河南漳縣西南), np, 1916. Luo, Z, ed. Helianquan guan guyin xucun 赫連泉館古印續存 (Addenda to ancient seals from the Helianquan collection), Shangyu Luo Zhenyu 上虞羅振玉. 1916. Luo, Z, ed. Sui Tang yilai guanyin jicun 隋唐以來官印集存 (Compilation of surviving official seals from Sui and Tang), np, 1916. Luo, Z, ed. Molin xingfeng 墨林星鳳 (Catalogue of rubbings), Shangyu Luo Zhenyu 上虞羅振玉, 1916. Luo, Z, ed. Jingyou Tianzhu ziyuan 景祐天竺字源 (The dictionary of Hindu [compiled] in Jingyou period [1034~1038, originally written by the Japanese monk, Shi Weijing 釋惟淨]), np, 1916.

1917 Luo, Z, ed. Yinwen cun 殷文存 (Inscriptions from the Yin [Shang] dynasty), Shangyu Luo Zhenyu 上虞羅振玉, 1917. Luo, Z, ed. Mingsha shishi yishu xubian 鳴沙石室佚書續編 (Additional list of Lost documents recovered from the stone cave of the singing sands), Shangyu Luo Zhenyu 上虞羅振玉, 1916. Luo, Z, ed. Mang Luo zhongmu yiwen xubian 芒洛冢墓遺文續編 (Addenda to Inscriptions from Luoyang tombs), np, 1917. Luo, Z, ed. Liuchao muzhi jingying 六朝墓志菁英 (Selected epitaphs from the Six dynasties), np,

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1917. Luo, Z, ed. Liang Zhe yijin yishi jicun 兩浙佚金佚石集存 (Collection of lost metal and stone [inscriptions] from east and west Zhejiang), Shangyu Luo Zhenyu 上虞羅振玉, 1917. Luo, Z, ed. Mengyi caotang jijin tu 夢郼草堂吉金圖 (Catalogue of metal objects from Mengyi Thatched House collection), Shangyu Luo Zhenyu, 1917. Luo, Z, ed. Hengnong zhuanlu 恒農磚錄 (Records of bricks in the Hengnong [Luo Zhenyu] collection), np, 1917. Luo, Z, ed. Xitan sanshu 悉曇三書 (Three documents in Siddham symbols [originally edited by the Japanese monk Jōgen 淨嚴, 1639~1702]), np, 1917. Luo, Z, ed. Tang fenglou zhuanlu sizhong 唐風樓磚錄四種 (Four records of bricks in the Tangfenglou [Luo Zhenyu] collection), np, 1917.

1918 Luo, Z. Xuetang jiaokan qunshu xulu 雪堂校勘群書敘錄 (Bibliographical Records by [Luo] Xuetang), np, 1918; in Luo, Z, ed, Yong feng xiangren gao 永豐鄉人稿 (Articles by Yongfeng xiangren [Luo Zhenyu]), Shangyu Luo Zhenyu Yi’antang 上虞羅振玉貽安堂, 1920. Luo, Z. Zhuanzhi zhengcun 磚誌徵存 (Notes on a collection of inscriptions on bricks), np, 1918. Luo, Z. Yunchuang manlu 雲窗漫錄 (Casual writing of a Cloudy Window [Studio of Luo Zhenyu]), np, 1918. Luo, Z. Gu Yanwu nianpu 顧炎武年譜 (Chronology of Gu Yanwu [1613~1682]), np, 1918. Luo, Z. Han Jin shuying 漢晉書影 (List of Han and Jin books), Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1918. Luo, Z. Linchuan ji shiyi 臨川集拾遺 (Supplement to Linchuan ji [Collected essays of Wang Anshi 王安石, 1021~1086]), Shanghai: Juzhen fang Song shuju 聚珍仿宋印書局, 1918. Luo, Z, ed. Zhaodai jingshi shoujian 昭代經師手簡 (Letters from Qing scholars [Wang Niansun 王念孫, 1744~1832 and Wang Yinzhi 王引之, 1766~1834]), np, 1918. Zhaodai jingshi shoujian erbian 昭代經師手簡二編 (Second edition of Letters from Qing scholars [Wang Niansun and Wang Yinzhi]), np, 1918. Luo, Z, ed. Wang Zi’an ji yiwen 王子安集佚文 (Lost essays from Collection of essays of Wang Zi’an [Wang Anshi]), Shanghai: Juzhen fang Song shuju 聚珍仿宋印書局, 1918. Luo, Z, ed. Ershijia shinühua 二十家仕女畫 (Female figure paintings by twenty masters), np, 1918. Luo, Z, ed. Yuan bajia fashu 元八家法書 (Calligraphy by eight Yuan masters), Shangyu Luo Zhenyu, 1918. Luo, Z. Diquan zhengcun 地券徵存 (Notes on a collection of ancient land deeds), np, 1918. Luo, Z, ed. Chuzhoucheng zhuanlu 楚州城磚錄 (Records of bricks from Chuzhoucheng [of Huai’an, Jiangsu province]), Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1918. Luo, Z, ed. Jiacaoxuan congshu 嘉草軒叢書 (Collected works in the Jiacaoxuan collection [Luo Zhenyu]), 26 volumes, Kyōto: Shangyu Luo Zhenyu, 1918.

1919 Luo, Z. Prefaces to Gu yudao moben 古玉刀墨本 (Rubbings of ancient jade knives), np, 1919. Luo, Z. Prefaces to Guyu moben 古玉墨本 (Rubbings of ancient jade), np, 1919. Luo, Z. Prefaces to Taozhai jijin lu 陶齋吉金錄 (Metal and stone collection of Taozhai [Duanfang], first published in 1908), np, 1919. Luo, Z. Prefaces to Taozhai jijinlu xubian 陶齋吉金錄續編 (Metal and stone collection of Taozhai [Duanfang], part II), np, 1919.

yang chia-ling and RODERICK WHITFIELD | Publications of Luo Zhenyu • 289

Luo, Z, ed. Xuetang congke 雪堂叢刻 (Block-printed series of books published by Xuetang [Luo Zhenyu]), 52 items, 20 volumes, Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, edited in 1915, printed in 1919. Luo, Z, ed. Ming ji san Xialian ji 明季三孝廉集 (Collected work of three Filial and Incorrupt Ming Civil Officials [Wang Shouqi 萬壽祺 1603~1652, Xu Fang 徐枋 1622~1694 and Li Que 李確]), np, 1919.

1920 Luo, Z. “Gu qiwuxue yanjiu yi 古器物學研究議” (Opinion on research in the study of ancient artefacts); re-edited as “Yu youren lun gu qiwuxue shu 與友人論古器物學書” (Letter to a friend on ideas about the study of ancient artefacts), edited in Yunchuang mangao 雲窗漫稿 (Casual writing from a Cloudy Window [Studio of Luo Zhenyu]), 1920. Luo, Z, ed. Haiwai jijin lu 海外吉金錄 (Catalogue of metal objects from overseas collections), np, 1920; in Luo, Z. Yong feng xiangren zazhu 永豐鄉人雜著 (Miscellaneous writing of Yongfeng xiangren [Luo Zhenyu]), volume 2, Shangyu Luoshi Ningqingshi 上虞羅氏凝清室, 1922~1923. Luo, Z. Song Yuan shizang kanben kao 宋元釋藏刊本考 (Study of Commentaries on Buddhist scriptures published during the Song and Yuan dynasties), np, 1920; in Luo, Z. Yong feng xiangren zazhu 永豐鄉人雜著 (Miscellaneous writing of Yongfeng xiangren [Luo Zhenyu]), volume 8, Shangyu Luoshi Ningqingshi 上虞羅氏凝清室, 1922~1923. Luo, Z. Xuetang shuhua bawei 雪堂書畫跋尾 (Colophons on calligraphy and paintings in the Xuetang Collection), Shangyu Luo Zhenyu Yi’antang 上虞羅振玉貽安堂, 1920. Luo, Z. Xuetang jinshi wenzi bawei 雪堂金石文字跋尾 (Colophons on inscriptions on metal and stone in the Xuetang collection), Shangyu Luo Zhenyu Yi’antang 上虞羅振玉貽安堂, 1920. Luo, Z, ed. Yong feng xiangren gao 永豐鄉人稿 (Articles by Yongfeng xiangren [Luo Zhenyu]), including Yunchuang mangao 雲窗漫稿, Xuetang shuhua bawei 雪堂書畫跋尾, Xuetang jinshi wenzi bawei 雪堂金石文字跋尾 and Xuetang jiaokan qunshu xulu 雪堂校勘群書敘錄, 6 volumes, Shangyu Luo Zhenyu Yi’antang 上虞羅振玉貽安堂, 1920.

1921 Luo, Z. Gengzi baoxulu jiaoji 庚子褒卹錄校記 (Proofreading for the list of honours in 1890), np, 1921. Luo, Z. Gengzi baoxulu jiaoji buyi 庚子褒卹錄校記補遺 (Additional accounts on the proofreading for the list of the honours in 1890), np, 1921. Luo, Z. Bu Songshu zongshi shixi biao 補宋書宗室世系表 (Addition to the ‘Song imperial pedigree chart’ in History of Song), np, 1921; in Luo, Z. Yong feng xiangren zazhu xubian 永豐鄉人雜著續編 (Miscellaneous writing of Yongfeng xiangren [Luo Zhenyu], series 2), volume 3, Shangyu Luoshi Ningqingshi 上虞羅氏凝清室, 1922~1923. Luo, Z. Shuowen guzhoubu ba 說文古籀補跋 (Colophon [written by Wu Dacheng] Addition to ancient scripts in Shuowen), np, 1921. Luo, Z, ed. Yinxu wenzi yingtie 殷虛文字楹帖 (Couplets in Yin style), Shangyu Luo Zhenyu Yi’antang 上虞羅振玉貽安堂, 1921.

1922 Luo, Z. Preface to Aijibei shi xu 埃及碑釋序 (Preface to Explaining an Egyptian stele), np, 1922. Luo, Z, ed. Hou Tang Tiancheng canli 後唐天成殘曆 (Incomplete calendar for Tiancheng era of Later Tang),np, 1922; in Luo, Z, ed, Dunhuang shishi suijin 敦煌石室碎金 (Precious Fragments from the Dunhuang Cave), Shanghai: Dongfang xuehui 東方學會, 1925. Luo, Z, ed. Hou Jin Tianfu canli 後晉天福殘曆 (Incomplete calendar for Tianfu era of Later Jin),

290 • Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Qing Loyalists and the Formation of Modern Chinese Culture

np, 1922; in Luo, Z, ed, Dunhuang shishi suijin 敦煌石室碎金 (Precious Fragments from the Dunhuang Cave), Shanghai: Dongfang xuehui 東方學會, 1925. Luo, Z. Ningqingshi rizha 凝清室日札 (Daily notes of Ningqingshi [Study of Luo Zhenyu]), np, 1922. Luo, Z, ed. Wang Zi’an ji yiwen 王子安集佚文 (The leftover essays from Collected essays of Wang Zi’an [Wang Bo 王勃, 649/650~675/676]), np, 1922. Luo, Z, ed. Wang Zi’an ji jiaoji 王子安集校記 (Notes on proofreading Collected essays of Wang Zi’an), np 1922. Luo, Z. Yong feng xiangren zazhu: erbian shisi zhong 永豐鄉人雜著 (Miscellaneous writing of Yongfeng xiangren [Luo Zhenyu]), Shangyu Luoshi Ningqingshi 上虞羅氏凝清室, 1922. Including: 1. Gaochang Qushi nianbiao 高昌麹氏年表 (Chronology of Qu Family of Gaochang); 2. Bu Tangshu Zhang Yichao zhuan 補唐書張義潮傳 (Additional Correction on ‘Biography of Zhang Yichao’in History of Tang) 3. Tang Zhechong fu kao bu 唐折衝府考補 (Additional study on Zhechongfu [military system] of Tang dynasty) and its buyi 補遺 (Supplement); 4. Wan Nianshao xiansheng nianpu 萬年少先生年譜 (Chronology of Wan Nianshao [Wan Shouqi 萬壽祺, 1603~1652]) and its fulu 附錄 (Appendix); 5. Xu Sizhai xiansheng nianpu 徐俟齋先生年譜 (Chronology of Xu Sizhai [Xu Fang]) and its fulu 附錄 (Appendix); 6. Haiwai jijin lu 海外吉金錄 (Catalogue of metal objects from overseas collections) and its buyi 補遺 (Supplement); 7. Haiwai zhenmin lu 海外貞珉錄 (Ancient stone carvings in overseas collections); 8. Song Yuan shizang kanben kao 宋元釋藏刊本考 (Study of Commentaries on Buddhist scriptures published during the Song and Yuan dynasties).

1923 Luo, Z. Chong jiaoding Xinjiang tuzhi 重校訂新疆圖志 (Re-editing maps of Xinjiang), np, 1923. Luo, Z, ed. Zhensongtang Tang Song yilai guanyin jicun 貞松堂唐宋以來官印集存 (Catalogue of official seals since Tang and Song in the in the Hall of Loyal Pine [Luo’s studio] collection), np, 1923; Dalian: Moyuantang 墨緣堂, 1936. Luo, Z, ed. Ningqingshi gu guanyin cun 凝清室古官印存 (Catalogue of ancient official seals in the Ningqingshi collection), 2 volumes, np, 1923. Luo, Z, ed. Ningqingshi suocang Zhou Qin xiyin 凝清室所藏周秦鉨印 (Catalogue of imperial seals of Zhou and Qin in the Ningqingshi collection), np, 1923. Luo, Z, ed. Shangyu Luoshi Xuetang suocang tongqi tuoben 上虞羅氏雪堂所藏銅器拓本 (Rubbings of bronzes in Shangyu Luo Xuetang’s collection), np, 1923. Luo, Z, ed. Xuetang jinshi congshu 雪堂金石叢書 (Series of epigraphical studies by [Luo] Xuetang), np, 1923. Luo, Z, ed. Yong feng xiangren zazhu xubian 永豐鄉人雜著續編(Miscellaneous writing of Yongfeng xiangren [Luo Zhenyu], Series 2), Shangyu Luoshi Ningqingshi 上虞羅氏凝清室, 1923. Including: 1. Bu Songshu zongshi shixi biao 補宋書宗室世系表 (Addition to the ‘Song imperial pedigree chart’ in History of Song); 2. Daodejing kaoyi 道德經考異(Textual evidence on Study of Daodejing) and its buyi 補遺 (Additional correction); 3. Nanhua zhenjing canjuan jiaoji 南華真經殘卷校記 (Notes on proofreading Nanhua zhenjing); 4. Baopuzi canjuan jiaoji 抱朴子殘卷校記 (Notes on proofreading Baopuzi); 5. Liuzi canjuan jiaoji 劉子殘卷校記 (Notes on proofreading the incomplete manuscript of Liuzi); 6. Wang Zi’an ji yiwen 王子安集佚文 (The leftover essays from Collected essays of Wang Zi’an [Wang Bo 王勃, 649/650~675/676]), its jiaoji 校記 (Notes on proofreading) and fulu 附錄 (Appendix).

1924 Luo, Z. Dunhuang shiling 敦煌拾零 (Notes on Dunhuang), np, 1924. yang chia-ling and RODERICK WHITFIELD | Publications of Luo Zhenyu • 291

Luo, Z. Difan jiaoji 帝範校記 (Notes on proofreading the Model of conduct for emperors), np, 1924. Luo, Z. Chengui jiaoji 臣軌校記 (Notes on proofreading the Orders and rules for officials), np, 1924. Luo, Z. Zhenguan zhengyao jiaoji 貞觀政要校記 (Notes and corrections on Zhenguan zhengyao [Records of political dialogues between the Emperor and his high officials during the Zhenguan period [627~649]), np, 1924. Luo, Z. Jiaokan huobu wenzi kao 校刊貨布文字考 (Corrections on the Study of inscriptions on coins and bank notes), np, 1924. Luo, Z, ed. Xuetang suocang gu qiwu mulu 雪堂所藏古器物目錄 (List of the Xuetang antiquities collection), np, 1924. Luo, Z, ed. Xuetang suocang gu qiwu tushuo 雪堂所藏古器物圖說 (Catalogue of the Xuetang antiquities collection), np, 1924. Luo, Z, ed. Shiliao congkan chubian 史料叢刊初編 (First Series of Historical Materials), Shanghai: Dongfang xuehui 東方學會, 1924. Luo, Z. Weishu zongshizhuan zhu ji biao 魏書宗室傳注及表 (Commentary on ‘Biography and list of royal family’ in the History of Wei), 4 volumes, np, 1924. Luo, Z, ed. Dunhuang shishi yishu sanzhong 敦煌石室遺書三種 (Three documents from the Dunhuang Cave), Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1924. Luo, Z, ed. Jinshi xubian 金石續編 (The extended edition on epigraphic study), np, 1924. Luo, Z, ed. Yiwen 佚文 (The forgotten essays), np, 1924. Luo, Z, ed. Laozi yi canjuan 老子義殘卷 (Incomplete manuscript on the Interpretation of Laozi), Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1924. Luo, Z, ed. Song ta shiguwen 宋拓石鼓文 (Song dynasty rubbing of the stone-drum inscriptions), np, 1924.

1925 Luo, Z. Shuyin xingshi lu 鉥印姓氏錄 (List of names found on ancient seals), np, 1925. Luo, Z. Xiyin xingshi zheng 璽印姓氏徵 (Note on names found on imperial seals), np, 1925. Luo, Z. Zengding Gua Sha Caoshi nianbiao 增訂瓜沙曹氏年表 (Addition to the Chronology of the Cao family in Gua and Sha States [914~1002, in Gansu province]), np, 1925; Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1937. Luo, Z. Chong jiaoding jiyuan 重校訂紀元 (Revision on Jiyuan [the beginning of an era]), Shanghai: Dongfang xuehui 東方學會, 1925. Luo, Z, ed. Ji Yinxu wenzi yingtie huibian 集殷虛文字楹帖彙編 (Compilation of couplets of scripts from the Yin site), np, 1925; Shanghai: Dongfang xuehui, 1927. Luo, Z, ed. Dunhuang shishi suijin 敦煌石室碎金 (Precious Fragments from the Dunhuang Cave), Shanghai: Dongfang xuehui 東方學會, 1925. Luo, Z, ed. Zengding lidai fupai tulu 增訂歷代符牌圖錄 (Addition to the Catalogue of official symbols of credentials from past dynasties), np, 1925. Luo, Z, ed. Gaoyou Wangshi yishu 高郵王氏遺書 (Documents left by the Wangs of Gaoyou [Wang Niansun and Wang Yinzhi]), Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1925.

1926 Luo, Z. Songweng jingao 松翁近稿 (Recent writing by the Old Man of Pine Tree [Luo Zhenyu]) and its buyi 補遺 (Supplement), np, 1926.

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Luo, Z. Tianfa shenchen bei bukao 天發神讖碑補考 (Additional study on the Rubbing of Supernatural Prophecy from Heaven), np, 1926. Luo, Z. Hengnong zhuanlu ba 恆農磚錄跋 (Colophon for catalogue of bricks collected by Hengnong [Luo Zhenyu]), np, 1926. Luo, Z. Haoli yiwen mulu 蒿里遺文目錄 (List of forgotten essays from Haoli) and its buyi 補遺 (Supplement), Shanghai: Dongfang xuehui 東方學會, 1926.

1927 Luo, Z. Bingyin gao 丙寅稿 (Manuscripts from the bingyin year [1926]), Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1927. Luo, Z. Zengding Yinxu shuqi kaoshi 增訂殷虛書契考釋 (Addenda to study on documents from Yin sites), Shanghai: Dongfang xuehui 東方學會, 1927. Luo, Z. Jiyuan yilai shuorun kao 紀元以來朔閏考 (Study on the lunar calendar and intercalary months since the beginning), Shanghai: Dongfang xuehui 東方學會, 1927. Luo, Z. Xuetang suocang jinshi wenzi bulu 雪堂所藏金石文字簿錄 (Record of bronze and stone inscriptions in the Xuetang collection), np, 1927. Luo, Z. Difan jiaobu 帝範校補 (Supplement to the proofreading of the Model of conduct for emperors), np, 1927; Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1929. Luo, Z, ed. Xixia guanyin jicun 西夏官印集存 (Collection of imperial seals from Xixia), Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1927.

1928 Luo, Z. Zengding bei biezi 增訂碑別字 (Revised edition of Variant characters on stelae), Shangyu Luo Zhenyu Xuetang 上虞羅振玉雪堂, 1928. Luo Zhenyu and Zhao Wanli 趙萬里, eds, Haining Wang Zhongquegong yishu 海寧王忠慤公遺書 (Posthumous papers by the late Distinguished Minister Wang of Loyalty and Sincerity, native of Haining [Wang Guowei]), Haining Wangshi, 1928. Luo, Z, ed. Daishixuan chuangu bielu 待時軒傳古別錄 (Another account on transmitting antiquities in the collection of the Chamber of Biding One’s Time), np, 1928. Luo, Z, ed. Yinli zaisitang congshu 殷禮在斯堂叢書 (Series of works collected in the Hall of Presence of Rituals of Yin Period [his studio name]), Shanghai: Dongfang xuehui 東方學會, 1928.

1929 Luo, Z. Song qian Wenyuan yinghua canben jiaoji 宋槧文苑英華殘本校記 (Correction on the remainder of the Song dynasty edition of Fragrant splendor of the world of literature), Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1929. Luo, Z Xiyin xingshi buzheng 璽印姓氏補正 (Revision of Names found on imperial seals), np, 1929. Luo, Z. Liaoju zazhu 遼居雜著 (Miscellaneous writings while dwelling in Liaodong), Liaodong: Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1929. Luo, Z. Dingwu gao 丁戊稿 (Essays written during the years of dingmao and wuchen [1927~8]), Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1929. Luo, Z. Liaoju gao 遼居稿 (Essays written when dwelling in Liaodong), Liaodong: Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1929. Luo, Z. Shiyi kaoshi 矢彝考釋 (Study of vows inscribed on yi [bronze wine vessel]), Liaodong: Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1929. Luo, Z, ed. Zhensongtang suojian guyin ji 貞松堂所見古印集 (Collection of ancient seals in the

yang chia-ling and RODERICK WHITFIELD | Publications of Luo Zhenyu • 293

Hall of Loyal Pine [Luo’s studio]), Liaodong: Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1929. Luo, Z, ed. Han liang jing yilai jingming jilu 漢兩京以來鏡銘集錄 (Record on the collection of inscriptions on bronze mirrors of the Western and Eastern Han), np, 1929. Luo, Z, ed. Han Xiping shijing canzi jilu 漢熹平石經殘字集錄 (The fragmentary inscriptions of the Xiping era of Han), Liaodong: Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1929.

1930 Luo, Z. Shangyu Luoshi zhifen pu上虞羅氏枝分譜 (Family tree of Luo from Shangyu), Liaodong: Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1930. Luo, Z. Gu qiwuxue yanjiu yi 古器物學研究議 (Discourse on the study of ancient artefacts), Tianjin: Tianjin Dagongbao guan 天津大公報館, 1930. Luo Z and Luo Fuyi, eds, Zhensongtang jigu yiwen 貞松堂集古遺文 (Ancient inscriptions in the Hall of Loyal Pine [Luo’s studio] collection), np, 1930. Luo, Z, ed. Chengqiuguan jijin tu 澄秋館吉金圖 (Catalogue of metal objects from Clear Autumn Studio collection) Beijing: Shangwu shuju (Commercial Press) 商務書局, 1930

1931 Luo, Z. Liaoju yigao 遼居乙稿 (Essays written when dwelling in Liaodong), Liaodong: Shangyu Luo Zhenyu 上虞羅振玉, 1931. Luo, Z. Gu qiwu zhi xiaolu 古器物識小錄 (Brief record of ancient implements), Dalian: Moyuantang 墨緣堂, 1931. Luo, Z, ed. Zhensongtang jigu yiwen buyi 貞松堂集古遺文補遺 (Addition to the remainder of ancient scripts in the Hall of Loyal Pine [Luo’s studio] collection), np, 1931.

1932 Luo, Z. Liaohaiyin 遼海吟 (Chanting by Liao sea), np, 1932. Luo, Z. Jilu bian 集蓼編 (Autobiography of Luo Zhenyu), 1931; edited and published in Zhensong laoren yigao jiaji 貞松老人遺稿甲集 (Posthumous works of Zhensong Old Man Part I, volume 6, pp1-46), Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1941. Luo, Z, ed. Gaochang zhuanlu 高昌磚錄 (List of bricks from Gaochang), np, 1932. Luo, Z, ed. Gaochang qushi xipu 高昌麴氏系譜 (Family tree of the Qu family in Gaochang); first edited in 1914, re-edited and re-printed np, 1932. Luo, Z, ed. Liaodihou aice wenlu 遼帝后哀冊文錄 (List of epitaphs of emperors and empresses of Liao), np, 1932. Luo, Z, ed. Liaodihou aice wenlu fulu 遼帝后哀冊文錄附錄 (Appendix to the list of epitaphs of Liao emperors and empresses), np, 1932

1933 Luo, Z. Jingyi kao bumu 經義考補目 (Added items for the Study of the meaning of the Classics), np, 1933. Luo, Z. Jingyi kao bumu jiaoji 經義考補目校記 (Revision on the Added items for the study of the meaning of the Classics), np, 1933 Luo, Z. Songweng weifen gao 松翁未焚稿 (Unburned manuscripts of Old Man of Pine [Luo Zhenyu]), np, 1933. Luo, Z. Jiaokan Taizu Gaohuangdi shilu gaoben 校刊太祖高皇帝實錄稿本 (Proofreading of Daily record of Emperor Taizu of Qing [1616~1626], draft), np, 1933. Luo, Z. Liaoju zazhu yibian 遼居雜著乙編 (Miscellaneous writings while dwelling in Liaodong, Part II), Liaodong: Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1933. 294 • Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Qing Loyalists and the Formation of Modern Chinese Culture

Luo, Z, ed. Yinxu shuqi xubian 殷虛書契續編 (Second edition of study on documents from Yin Sites), Shangyu Luozhenyu Yinli Zaisitang 上虞羅振玉殷禮在斯堂, 1933. Luo, Z, ed. Xuetang suocang jijin wenzi 雪堂所藏吉金文字 (Bronze inscriptions in the Xuetang collection), np, 1933. Luo, Z, ed. Zhensongtang jigu yiwen buyi xubian 貞松堂集古遺文補遺續編 (Second edition of the Addition to the Ancient Inscriptions in the Hall of Loyal Pine [Luo’s studio] collection), np, 1933.

1934 Luo, Z. Shunzhi Kangxi liangchao huishi zhidu kao 順治康熙兩朝會試制度考 (Study on the examination system during the Shunzhi and Kangxi reigns [1644~1722]), np, 1934. Luo, Z. Chechen gao 車塵稿 (Along old tracks), np, 1934. Luo, Z. Tang Zhechong fu kao bu shiyi 唐折衝府考補拾遺 (Remainder of the Additional study of military system of Tang), np, 1934. Luo, Z, ed. Baijuezhai congkan 百爵齋叢刊 (Book series of Studio of One Hundred Bronze Wine Vessels – jue), Shangyu Luo Zhenyu 上虞羅振玉, 1934. Luo, Z. Liaoju zazhu bingbian 遼居雜著丙編 (Miscellaneous writings while dwelling in Liaodong, Part III), Liaodong: Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1934.

1935 Luo Zhenyu et al, eds, Shiliao congbian 史料叢編 (Series of edited historical materials), Lüshun: Kuji zhenglichu 庫籍整理處, 1935. Luo Zhenyu et al, eds, Shiliao congbian erji 史料叢編二集 (Series of edited historical materials, Part II), Lüshun: Kuji zhenglichu 庫籍整理處, 1935. Luo, Z, ed. Zhensongtang jijin tu 貞松堂吉金圖 (Catalogue of bronzes in the Hall of Loyal Pine [Luo’s studio] collection), Dalian: Shangyu Luo Zhenyu Moyuantang 上虞羅振玉墨緣堂, 1935.

1936 Luo, Z. Jiaokan Huangqing zouyi 校刊皇清奏議 (Proofreading of Memorials presented to the Qing emperors [1644~1795]), np, 1936. Luo, Z. Jiaokan Hangxing zouyi xubian 校刊皇清奏議續編 (Second edition of proofreading of Memorials presented to the Qing emperors [1644~1795]), np, 1936. Luo, Z. “Yin Shang zhenpu wenzi kao buzheng 殷商貞卜文字考補正” (Addenda to and revision of Study on Oracle-Bone Inscriptions of Yin Shang), Kaogu xueshe shekan 考古學社社刊, no 5, Beijing: Yenching University, 1936. Luo, Z, ed. Zengding Tang Song yilai guanyin jicun 增訂唐宋以來官印集存 (Addition to the Catalogue of official seals since Tang and Song), np, 1936. Luo, Z, ed. Ming ji Liaoshi congkan 明季遼事叢刊 (Series of affairs in Liaodong Peninsula during the Ming), Man Ri wenhua xiehui 滿日文化協會, 1936. Luo, Z, ed. Sandai jijin wencun 三代吉金文存 (Remaining bronze inscriptions from the Three Dynasties), Japan: Shangyu Luo Zhenyu Baijuezhai 上虞羅振玉百爵齋, 1936.

1937 Luo, Z. Dunhuang chu Yao Qin xieben Weimojiejing jie canjuan jiaoji 敦煌出姚秦維摩詰經解殘卷校記 (Proofreading of the remainder of Vimalakirti Sutra [translated by] Yao Qin, found in Dunhuang), np, 1937. Luo, Z. Tangshu zaixiang shixibiao buzheng 唐書宰相世系表補正 (Correction on the ‘Lineage of

Index • 295

prime ministers’ in the History of Tang), np, 1937. Luo, Z. Tangdai haidong fanfa zhi cun 唐代海東藩閥志存 (Existing record of vassal state and power group of eastern sea [Japan] during the Tang dynasty), np, 1937. Luo, Z, ed. Guochao wenfan 國朝文範 (Essay-writing models in Qing), Zhensongtang 貞松堂, 1937. Luo, Z. Tang Zhechong fu kao fulu 唐折衝府考附錄 (Appendix for Study of the military system of Tang), np, 1937. Luo, Z, ed. Manzhou jinshi zhi 滿州金石志 (Record on metal and stone objects in Manzhou), Man Ri wenhua xiehui 滿日文化協會, 1937. Luo, Z, ed. Zhensongtang cang lidai mingren fashu 貞松堂藏歷代名人法書 (Calligraphy of famous people through centuries in the Hall of Loyal Pine [Luo’s studio] collection), Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1937.

1938 Luo, Z. Liaohai xuyin 遼海續吟 (Second collection of Chanting by the Liao sea), np, 1938; edited and published in Zhensong laoren yigao jiaji, yiji, bing ji 貞松老人遺稿甲集 (Posthumous works of Zhensong Old Man Part I, volume 2), 1941. Luo, Z, ed. Zengding Han Xiping shijing canzi jilu 增訂漢熹平石經殘字集錄 (Revised edition of the Fragmentary inscriptions of the Xiping era of Han), np, 1938. Luo, Z, ed. Xuetang cang Song Yuan jiukan shanben shumu 雪堂藏宋元舊刊善本書目 (List of ancient rare books from Song and Yuan in the collection of [Luo] Xuetang), np, 1938. Luo, Z, ed. Baijuezhai cang lidai mingren fashu 百爵齋藏歷代名人法書 (Calligraphy of famous people through centuries in the collection of Studio of One Hundred Bronze Wine Vesselsjue), 3 volumes, np, 1938. Luo, Z, ed. Chunhuage tie 淳化閣帖 (Model Calligraphies from the Chunhua Pavilion), np, 1938.

1939 Luo, Z. Shijiao lu 石交錄 (List of stone stelae encountered), np, 1939; edited and published in Zhensong laoren yigao jiaji 貞松老人遺稿甲集 (Posthumous works of Zhensong Old Man Part I, volumes 4-5), Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1941. Luo, Z, ed. Zhensongtang cang xichui miji congcan 貞松堂藏西陲秘笈叢殘 (Remaining series of mysterious books from the western borders in the Hall of Loyal Pine [Luo’s studio] collection), Shangyu Luo Zhenyu 上虞羅振玉, 1939. Luo, Z, ed. Han Jin zhi Sui Tang muzhimu 漢晉志隋唐墓誌目 (List of epitaphs from Han, Jin to Sui and Tang dynasties), np, 1939. Luo, Z, ed. Wudai Song Yuan yilai muzhi mu 五代宋元以來墓誌目 (List of epitaphs since Five Dynasties, Song and Yuan), np, 1939.

Date uncertain Luo, Z. Chuzhou jinshi lu 楚州金石錄 (Records of inscriptions on metal and stone objects from Chu state), np. Luo, Z. Luoshi shumu 羅氏書目 (Publications of Luo [Zhenyu]), np. Luo, Z. Zhensong laoren shuhua ba 貞松老人書畫跋 (Colophons on calligraphy and paintings by the Zhensong Old Man), np.

Post-1940 Luo Fuyi 羅福頤 et al, eds. Zhensong laoren yigao jiaji, yiji, bing ji 貞松老人遺稿甲集；乙集；丙集 (Posthumous works of Zhensong Old Man Part I; Part II; Part III), Shangyu Luoshi 上虞羅氏, 1941~1947. 296 • Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Qing Loyalists and the Formation of Modern Chinese Culture

Index

Abe Fusajirō 阿部房次郎 125, 127, 229

Aisin Gioro Zaifeng 愛新覺羅載灃 229

Academia Sinica 17, 30, 33, 49, 51, 52 , 55, 56, 135, 141, 143, 160, 180, 181, 202 , 279

Aisin Gioro Zairun 愛新覺羅載潤 229, 265

Agriculture News see Nongxuebao 農學報 51, 124, 245, 250 Ai’tang 艾堂 see Aisin Gioro Shanqi 愛新覺羅善耆 229 Aisin Gioro Baoxi 愛新覺羅寶熙 20, 153, 179, 189, 190, 194, 196, 203, 205, 206, 229, 260, 261, 264, 265 Aiguo xueshe 愛國學社 108, 305 Aisin Gioro Pujin 愛新覺羅溥伒 19, 20, 229 Aisin Gioro Putong 愛新覺羅溥侗 229 Aisin Gioro Puwei 愛新覺羅溥偉 229 Aisin Gioro Puyi 愛新覺羅溥儀 12 , 15, 21, 22 , 28, 29, 60, 68, 70, 125, 161, 168, 170, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 183, 187, 189, 192 , 193, 202 , 203, 204, 205, 206, 208, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222 , 223, 224, 226, 229, 243, 250, 258, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272 , 274, 277, 278, 279, 281 Aisin Gioro Shanqi 愛新覺羅善耆 (Ai’tang 艾堂) 218, 229 Aisin Gioro Shengyu 愛新覺羅盛昱 (Boxi 伯羲) 229 Aisin Gioro Xiqia 愛新覺羅熙洽 175, 176, 179, 203, 221, 222 , 226, 229, 271 Aisin Gioro Yunhe 愛新覺羅韞和 193

American Council of Learned Societies 13 Analects, the 86, 175, 202 , 270 antiquarian books and texts 19, 24, 25, 33, 37, 64, 66, 67, 69, 73, 78, 87, 99, 103, 104, 105, 106, 113, 115, 119, 146, 158, 169, 174, 240, 241, 271 antiquities 8, 21, 22 , 24, 26, 29, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42 , 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 52 , 53, 59, 60, 61, 62 , 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72 , 73, 78, 79, 80, 82 , 88, 113, 124, 134, 141, 144, 145, 148, 150, 151, 152 , 154, 157, 158, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 169, 170, 171, 181, 187, 188, 189, 190, 200, 230, 232 , 237, 240, 241, 248, 250, 251, 253, 254, 256, 262 , 263, 265, 266, 267, 268, 270, 272 , 292 , 293 Anyang 安陽 15, 49, 82 , 124, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 158, 159, 161, 170, 252 archaeology 15, 21, 22 , 23, 24, 34, 38, 47, 48, 49, 53, 54, 72 , 93, 157, 170, 174, 175, 179, 182 , 188, 190, 191, 263, 264 art history 23, 24, 34, 46, 47, 48, 49, 54, 111, 123, 126, 133, 190 art market 24, 44, 49, 67, 145, 152 , 158, 168, 169, 187 Asahi Shimbun 朝日新聞 125 Association for Asian Studies 21, 30, 114, Index • 297

120, 133, 141

Buddhist sculpture 48, 54

banknotes 190

Buddhist stelae 42

Baobing 抱冰 see Zhang Zhidong 張之洞 237

bunjinga 文人画 (literati painting) 26, 144

Bard College 17, 99 Bayot Hala Xiliang 巴岳特錫良 218, 229 Beijing 12 , 14, 15, 19, 20, 29, 31, 41, 44, 51, 52 , 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 60, 64, 65, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72 , 76, 79, 82 , 89, 91, 92 , 93, 94, 95, 96, 108, 114, 115, 116, 119, 120, 121, 124, 130, 136, 140, 143, 145, 152 , 158, 160, 161, 162 , 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173, 174, 181, 183, 184, 185, 186, 188, 200, 202 , 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 212 , 215, 217, 219, 220, 222 , 226, 227, 237, 244, 247, 249, 250, 251, 253, 254, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262 , 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 271, 272 , 273, 274, 278, 279, 281, 282 , 294, 295, 296

Cahill, James 135, 153-155, 158-159, 162-165, 167-168 Cai Yuanpei 蔡元培 47, 64, 108, 203, 229, 244, 258, 260 calligraphy 21, 25, 36, 40, 41, 44, 46, 51, 54, 60, 63, 64, 72 , 103, 104, 125, 127, 133, 134, 135, 137, 139, 140, 141, 148, 149, 150, 155, 158, 160, 161, 162 , 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 183, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 194, 196, 202 , 204, 205, 207, 208, 247, 248, 257, 258, 261, 262 , 263, 275, 276, 290, 296

Beiping 北平 65

calligraphy and painting, see shuhua 書畫 21, 25, 40, 41, 46, 54, 135, 137, 139, 140, 141, 166, 167, 171

Bingsan 病三 see Wang Naizheng 王乃徵 235

Cangshi 倉石 see Wu Changshi 吳昌碩 235

Bingyin 秉寅 see Du Bingu 杜賓谷 230, 242

Canton (Guangdong) 23, 151, 153, 161, 164

Binhua 賓華 see Xu Jia 徐嘉 235, 242

Cao Jingyuan 曹經沅 20

Bo’an 蘗菴 see Wen Su 溫肅 235

Cao Yuanbi 曹元弼 (Shuyan 叔彥) 229

Bocheng 柏丞 see Ding Song 丁松 230, 242

Cao Yuanzhong 曹元忠 (Junzhi 君直) 229

Bofu 伯斧 see Jiang Fu 蔣黼 231, 241

Cao Zhibai 曹知白 126

bone 15, 22 , 23, 37, 44, 45, 59, 60, 62 , 63, 64, 65, 78, 80, 82 , 83, 91, 92 , 95, 124, 144, 145, 146, 148, 155, 159, 161, 167, 169, 170, 187, 190, 240, 241, 246, 252 , 263, 269, 287

Cen Chunxuan 岑春煊 229, 248

Book of Odes (Shijing 詩經) 48 books, antiquarian 37, 78, 103, 104, 105, 106, 115, 119, 146, 169 Boqian 伯潛 see Chen Baochen 陳寶琛 229, 245 Botang 伯棠 see Wang Daxie 汪大燮 235 Bowan 伯宛 see Wu Changshou 吳昌綬 235 Boxer Rebellion, the 75, 145, 217 Bo Xihe 伯希和 see Pelliot, Paul 234, 251 Boxi 伯羲 see Aisin Gioro Shengyu 愛新覺羅盛昱 229, 247 Boxuan 伯軒 see Soiehogin Hala Shixu 索勒霍金世續 234 Boyin 伯寅 see Pan Zuyin 潘祖蔭 234 Boyu 伯雨 see Huang Yilin 黃以霖 231 British Columbia, University of 17, 30, 51, 57, 123 British Library, the 66 British Museum, the 66 66 Buddhist images 42

ceramics 43, 45, 46, 63, 80, 266 Changchun 長春 22 , 114, 119, 161, 169, 176, 177, 183, 189, 192 , 194, 196, 198, 200, 201, 202 , 206, 207, 208, 226, 228, 274, 278 Changsu 長素 see Kang Youwei 康有為 232 chariots 44, 48 Chavannes, Édouard (Shawan 沙畹) 229 Chen Bangzhi 陳邦直 53, 55, 162 , 168, 201, 206, 226, 229, 277, 278 Chen Baochen 19, 200, 208, 217, 220, 229, 245, 265, 266, 269 Chen Chengze 陳承澤 (Shenhou 慎侯) 101, 104, 110, 111, 113, 229 Chen Hongshou 陳洪綬 186 Chen Jieqi 陳介祺 36, 230 Chen Jie 陳捷 200, 202 , 230 Chen Kuilong 陳夔龍 230 Chen Naiqian 陳乃乾 105, 230 Chen Ruyan 陳汝言 126 Chen Sanli 陳三立 21, 36, 230, 264 Chen Shizeng 陳師曾 64, 168 Chen Tian 陳田 230 Chen Wenxian 陳問咸 230, 247 Chen Yinke 陳寅恪 69, 191, 203, 206, 209,

298 • Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Qing Loyalists and the Formation of Modern Chinese Culture

230 Chen Yi 陳毅 230, 247 Cheng Bingquan 程冰泉 151, 153-154, 162 , 230 Cheng Duolu 成多禄 21, 216, 217, 218, 219, 226, 230 Cheng Jinsheng 程金生 151, 230 Cheng Te-k’un 15 Cheng Yi 成飴 230, 242 Chengru 澄如 see Liu Jinzao 劉錦藻 232 Chen Zengju 陳曾矩 230

Dalian Library 大連圖書館 13, 173, 180, 181, 187, 211, 238, 246, 249, 278 Dalian 大連 13, 173, 175, 180, 181, 184, 185, 187, 188, 190, 202 , 203, 205, 207, 208, 211, 238, 246, 249, 251, 270, 275, 276, 278, 291, 294, 295 Daqi 大七 see Zheng Chui 鄭垂 237 Dayun shuku 大雲書庫 (the Great Cloud Library) 145 Dehong 德鴻 see Mao Dun 茅盾 101 Deng Shi 鄧實 38, 151, 230

Cheng Dequan 程德全 216-217

Dezhai 愙齋 see Wu Dacheng 吳大澂 235, 248

Chiang Ching-Kuo Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange 13

Di Baoxian 狄葆賢 37, 230, 251, 287

Chibai 持白 see Gu Yunchen 顧雲臣 231, 242 Chinese nation-state 28, 214 Chu Deyi 褚德彝 230 chuangu 傳古 (transmit antiquity) 77 Chunbo 純伯 see Lu Shufan 陸樹藩 233 Chunyu Hongen 淳于鴻恩 230, 252 Chuqing 楚青 see Di Baoxian 狄葆賢 230, 251 Cifang 次方 see Chen Wenxian 陳問咸 230, 247 Cishan 次珊 see Zhao Erxun 趙爾巽 237 clay 44, 80, 92 , 95, 190, 246, 250, 254, 288 collotype 16, 26, 38, 39, 41, 42 , 43, 44, 47, 48, 52 , 103, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 135, 136, 167 colonialism 23, 26, 27, 28, 112 , 175, 219, 220, 223, 271 Commercial Press, the 25, 100, 101, 102 , 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112 , 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119, 120, 121, 163, 251, 254, 271, 273, 294 Confucianism 22 , 25, 26, 36, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 111, 114, 116, 120, 173, 175, 190, 191, 201, 202 , 208, 212 , 213, 219, 221, 222 , 225, 256, 270 Culp, Robert 8, 17, 25, 27, 31, 49, 70, 71, 99, 114, 117, 119, 120, 200, 279 cultural relict 191 Cultural Revolution, the 21 Dai Jin 戴進 153 Dai Kedun 戴克敦 110 Dai Kegong 戴克恭 110 Dai Keshao 戴克紹 110 Dakushiliao 大庫史料 see also Imperial Archive 179

ding 鼎 130 Ding Baoquan 丁寶詮 230 Ding Baoshu 丁寶書 102-113 Ding Jianxiu 丁鑑修 177 Dingmei 鼎梅 see Gu Xieguang 顧燮光 231 Ding Ren 丁仁 230 Ding Shiyuan 丁士源 196, 203, 230, 265 Ding Song 丁松 230, 242 Dingtang 鼎堂 see Guo Moruo 郭沫若 91, 167, 231 Ding Wenjiang 丁文江 230 Dong, Madeleine Yue 65 Dongbei Bank 東北銀行 183 Donghai 東海 see Xu Shichang 徐世昌 236 Donghua Bank 東華銀行 181, 262 Dong Kang 董康 116, 190, 230, 252 Dong Qichang 董其昌 62 , 124, 139, 153, 185 Dongwenxue she 東學社 (Society of Eastern [Japanese] Literature) 22 , 77, 245, 246 Dong Yuan 董源 126, 151 Dong Zuobin 董作賓 80, 91, 94, 159, 167, 168, 230 Dorongke Hala Shengyun 多羅科升允 230 Du Bingu 杜賓谷 230, 242 Du Yaquan 杜亞泉 103, 109, 230 Duanfang 端方 36, 50, 51, 55, 57, 62 , 63, 66, 78, 144, 161, 167, 211, 234, 245, 247, 248, 249, 251, 259, 260, 265, 290 Duan Qirui 段祺瑞 230, 258 dugu 篤古 (dedication to the pursuit of antiquity) 26, 146 Dunhuang 敦煌 15, 21, 23, 28, 59, 60, 68, 80, 91, 124, 132 , 144, 146, 159, 167, 169, 174, 182 , 190, 243, 251, 252 , 254, 255, 264, 266, 268, 274, 280, 287, 291, 292 , 295

Index • 299

Dunzhai 鈍齋 see Wu Yusheng 吳郁生 235 Eastern Miscellany (Dongfang zazhi 東方雜誌, 1904~1948) 101, 103, 111, 115

Gandun 甘遯 see Wu Changshou 吳昌綬 235, 252 Ganqing 甘卿 see Wang Zhonglin 汪鍾霖 235

Edinburgh, University of 6, 17, 173

Gao Fengchi 高鳳池 110

Ejo Hala Rongqing 鄂卓(鄂綽爾) 榮慶 230

Gao Fengqian 高鳳謙 102 , 110, 231

Enhua 恩華 see Barut Hala Enhua 巴魯特恩華 20, 229, 269

Gao Kegong 高克恭 126, 167 Gao Shixian 高時顯 231

epitaph tablets 188

Gaozong 高宗, Emperor 126, 240

ethnicity 19, 23, 27, 28, 191, 212 , 213, 214, 216, 219, 220, 222 , 226

Germany 144, 157, 258

fakes 166, 167, 220, 222 , 268

gold 44, 130, 185, 189, 268

Fan Bingqing 樊炳清 230, 245 Fan Fengling 樊豐齡 230, 274

glass 44 Gongxiang 公驤 see Zhao Erxun 趙爾巽 237

Fang Congyi 方從義 126, 151

Great Cloud Library (Dayun shuku 大雲書庫) 125

Fang Ruo 方若 79, 190, 231

Gu Hongming 辜鴻銘 21, 231, 267, 269, 282

Fan Weijun 范緯君 230, 251

Gu Jiegang 顧頡剛 108

Fan Zengxiang 樊增祥 19

Gu Kaizhi 顧愷之 155

Fan Zhaochang 范兆昌 230, 252

Guangxia 廣廈 see Kang Youwei 康有為 232

Fan Zhenzhi 范振之 230, 241

Guangxu, Emperor 光緒皇帝 75, 78, 91, 167, 221, 250

Fei Nianci 費念慈 231 Feng Hanqing 馮涵清 177

Guangzhou 54, 57, 93, 94, 115, 121, 160, 174

Fengjiu 奉久 see Zang Shiyi 臧式毅 236

Guantang 觀堂 see Wang Guowei 王國維 91, 167, 235, 245

fengni 封泥 41, 190 Fengsun 鳳孫 see Ke Shaowen 柯紹忞 232 , 252 Feng Xu 馮煦 19 feudalism 35, 76, 90, 224 First Opium War see also Opium Wars 22 , 75 First Sino-Japanese War (1894~1895) 22 , 75, 76, 77 Forbidden City, the 63, 64, 144, 150, 154, 181, 192 , 217, 263, 265, 278, 281, 282

guben 股本 101 guhua 古畫 (ancient Chinese painting) 26, 144, 149-151 guqiwu 古器物 33, 40, 42 , 44, 45, 47, 52 , 53, 54, 56, 63 guqi 古器 40, 63 Guifang 貴昉 see Yao Weijing 姚維鏡 236 Guo Moruo 郭沫若 71, 157, 167, 169, 170, 231 Guo Xi 郭熙 126

Foudaoren 缶道人 see Wu Changshi 吳昌碩 235

Guo Yuzhi 郭裕之 231, 254

Foulu 缶廬 see Wu Changshi 吳昌碩 235

guocui 國粹 (National Essence) 77, 84-87, 103, 191

Four Tangs of Oracle Studies 甲骨四堂 77 Freer, Charles Lang 67 French Settlement 174, 261

Gu Xieguang 顧燮光 231 Gu Yunchen 顧雲臣 231, 242

Fu Yuefen 傅嶽棻 20

Guyu 古愚 see Xuan Zhe 宣哲 236

Fu Zengxiang 傅增湘 20, 231

Guoxueguan 國學舘 (Institute of National Learning) 179

Fuyi 福頤 180, 249, 263 Fujii Zensuke 藤井善助 125, 231 Fujita Toyohachi 藤田豐八 77, 93, 124, 125, 145, 149, 176, 215, 231, 245, 253

guoxue 國學 (National Learning) 22 , 77, 164, 171, 192

Fuling 福齡 see Zhao Hefang 趙鶴舫 237

Guwalgiya Jinliang 瓜爾佳金梁 21, 181, 181, 215, 218, 219, 225, 231, 264, 302 , 309. See Jinliang

funerary objects 78, 80, 89, 268

Guwalgiya Zhenjun 瓜爾佳震鈞 231

Fuzhai 簠齋 see Chen Jieqi 陳介祺 230

guwan 古玩 62

Fuzhi 輔之 see Ding Ren 丁仁 230

guwu 古物 63

300 • Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Qing Loyalists and the Formation of Modern Chinese Culture

Hu Siyuan 胡嗣瑗 20, 196, 231 Ha Tong 哈同 see Hardoon, Silas Aaron 231

Hu Xiongcai 胡雄才 110

Haiguo tuzhi 海國圖志 (Pictorial Annals of Maritime Countries, 1842) 22 , 75

Huang Binhong 黄賓虹 157, 169

Hakubundō 博文堂 125, 126, 127, 128, 135, 136, 140, 141, 152 , 159, 160, 163, 164, 166, 170

Huang Gongwang 黄公望 126

Hamada Kōsaku 浜田耕作 203, 231 Han Dynasty 84, 85, 159 Haneda Tōru 羽田亨 203, 231 Hanfenlou Library 103, 105, 106 hanjian 漢奸 (traitor) 173, 219

Huang Cengcheng 黄曾成 212 Huang Yanpei 黃炎培 102 Huang Yilin 黃以霖 231 Huifeng ciyin 蕙風詞隱 see Kuang Zhouyi 況周頤 232 Huizhi 晦之 see Liu Tizhi 劉體智 233 Huizong, Emperor 徽宗 129, 130, 166, 167, 183, 184

hanru 寒儒 100 Hansheng 翰生 see Gao Hongcai 高鴻裁 231 hanshi 寒士 100, 108 Hanyi 翰怡 see Liu Chenggan 劉承幹 232 haoshi 好事 (to satisfy a hobby) 26, 146 Harada Gorō 原田悟郎 51, 56, 127, 135, 141, 152 , 160, 163, 164, 165, 171, 202 , 231 Harada Shōzaemon 原田庄左衛門 125, 231 Hardoon, Silas Aaron 39, 52 , 55, 99, 105, 114, 231, 257 Hattori Unokichi 服部宇之吉 203, 231 Hawai’i, University of 17, 30, 225, 226, 227 Hayashi Hirotarō 林博太郎 203, 231 Hayashi Taisuke 林泰輔 231, 252 He Gonggan 何公敢 110 He Nai’an 何耐庵 180, 231

identity 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 36, 37, 45, 49, 59, 77, 80, 83, 85, 87, 90, 91, 95, 158, 173, 190, 191, 200, 201, 206, 208, 211, 212 , 213, 216, 218, 219, 224 Ikeuchi Hiroshi 池內宏 203, 231 Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, University of 17, 211 Imperial Archive see Daku shiliao 大庫史料 179, 180, 181, 203, 207, 250, 262 , 263, 273 imperial China 35 imperial collection 44, 187, 200, 247, 263, 265 Inukai Tsuyoshi 犬養毅 79, 125, 231 Irgen Gioro Hala Ronghou 伊爾根覺羅榮厚 179, 231

Hengfu 衡甫 see Ding Baoquan 丁寶詮 230

Irgen Gioro Qiling 伊爾根覺羅耆齡 20, 231, 265

Hengxuan 恒軒 see Wu Dacheng 吳大澂 235, 248

iron 44

Irō Chūta 伊東忠太 231

Hengzhai 恒齋 see Fan Zhaochang 范兆昌 230, 252

Izawa Shūji 伊澤修二 25, 86, 89, 231

Heqing 鶴卿 see Cai Yuanpei 蔡元培 229, 244

jade 44, 220, 249, 260, 266, 290

heritage preservation 16, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42 , 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 51, 54, 67, 91, 105, 117, 174, 179, 181, 190, 220

Hu Jun 胡均 231, 247

Japan 8, 16, 21, 22 , 23, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 42 , 44, 48, 51, 52 , 54, 55, 56, 57, 64, 67, 68, 71, 72 , 76, 77, 79, 80, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92 , 93, 95, 96, 101, 102 , 106, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 133, 134, 135, 139, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 150, 151, 152 , 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162 , 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182 , 183, 187, 188, 192 , 193, 194, 196, 198, 200, 202 , 203, 204, 206, 208, 215, 216, 219, 221, 222 , 224, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 251, 253, 255, 256, 257, 260, 261, 265, 266, 268, 271, 273, 274, 275, 277, 278, 283, 287, 295

Hu Shi 胡適 103, 116, 120, 231

Japanese-Russian War (1904) 175

Historical Museum, Beijing (National Museum) 中國國家博物館 67 historiography 34, 35, 50, 137, 173 Ho Foundation of Calligraphy Arts, Taipei 5, 13, 281 Honolulu Academy of Arts 131 Hōryūji 法隆寺 187 Hu Daojing 胡道靜 105, 116, 120 Hu Huien 胡會恩 186

Hu Shicha 胡石查 103, 231, 244 Index • 301

Japanese colonial elites 28

Jiyu 積餘 see Xu Naichang 徐乃昌 236

jiagu sitang 甲骨四堂 91

Johnston, Reginald F 232

Jiang Bofu 蔣伯斧 see Jiang Fu 蔣黻 77

Juemin 孓民 see Cai Yuanpei 蔡元培 229, 244

Jiang Boxun 江伯訓 110

Juesheng 珏生 see Yuan Lizhun 袁勵準 236

Jiang Fu 蔣黼 77, 86, 231, 241, 286

Junqing 俊卿 see Wu Changshi 吳昌碩 235

Jiang Ruzao 蔣汝藻 232

Junxi 君錫 see Chunyu Hongen 淳于鴻恩 230, 252

Jiang Weiqiao 蔣維喬 102 , 108, 117, 120, 232 Jibiao 際彪 see Dorongke Hala Jibiao 多羅科際彪 230

Junxuan 浚宣 see Jin Yue 金鉞 232 , 260

Jie’an 節庵 see Liang Dingfen 梁鼎芬 232 Ji Fotuo 姬佛陀 see Ji Juemi 姬覺彌 231

Juqing 聚卿 see Liu Shiheng 劉世珩 232 , 246, 247

Ji Juemi 姬覺彌 231

Juran 巨然 126

Jifu 吉甫 see Dorongke Hala Shengyun 多羅科升允 230, 256

Juren 菊人 see Xu Shichang 徐世昌 236

Jihuai 屺懷 see Fei Nianci 費念慈 231

Jusheng 菊笙 237

Jilu bian 集蓼編 51, 56, 71, 175, 201, 207, 238, 277, 294

Kanda Kiichirō 神田喜一郎 232

Jimu 季木 see Zhou Jin 周進 237 Jin Songqing 金頌清 188, 232 , 262

Junzhi 君直 see Cao Yuanzhong 曹元忠 229

Jushang 鞠裳 see Ye Changchi 葉昌熾 236

Kangfu 抗夫 see Fan Bingqing 樊炳清 230, 245

Jin Yue 金鉞 232 , 260

Kangxi Emperor 康熙 186

Jin Erzhen 金爾珍 232 Jin Zhaoyan 金兆棪 110

Kang Youwei 康有為 21, 24, 66, 75, 76, 83, 84, 86, 91, 93, 94, 232 , 258

Jin Zhaozi 金兆梓 109, 110

Kanō Jigorō 嘉訥治五郎 215, 232

Jing’an 靜安 see Wang Guowei 王國維 235, 245

kaozhengxue 考證學 190

Jingchen 敬臣 see Jiang Fu 蔣黼 231, 241

Kawai Senro 河井荃廬 232 , 247

Jingfu 敬孚 see Xiao Mu 蕭穆 235

Ke Jiusi 柯九思 126

Jing Hao 荊浩 126

Ke Shaowen 柯紹忞 21, 167, 190, 205, 206, 215, 232 , 252 , 255, 257, 261, 264, 265

Jingshi daxuetang 京師大學堂 (Capital University) 22 , 256

Kano Naoki 狩野直喜 124, 232 , 251

kibutsu 器物 45 Kikuchi Seidō 菊池惺堂 165, 232

Jingyuan 靜淵 see Zhang Zengyang 張曾敭 237

Kobayashi Chūjirō 小林忠次郎 126, 146, 232

Jinhuan 進宦 see Chen Bangzhi 陳邦直 229

kokikyūbutsu 古器旧物 44

Jinliang 金梁 21, 181, 215, 218, 219, 225, 264

Kokka 国華 39, 126, 136, 140

Jinliang 金梁 Guwalgiya Jinliang 瓜爾佳金梁 231

Kong Shangren 孔尚任 (1648~1718) 62

jinshishuhua 金石書畫 66, 67, 72, 191, 202, 27, 218, 272, 275, 294, 295

Korea 23, 244, 280

jinshixue 金石學 ‘study of metal and stone’ 36, 37, 42 , 43, 44, 47, 49, 50, 52 , 53, 54, 56, 96, 168, 169 jinshi 金石 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 53, 56, 61, 102 , 137, 162 , 164, 171, 241, 242 , 249, 254, 256, 261, 264, 269, 275, 276, 285, 286, 287, 290, 291, 293, 295, 296 Jishi 吉石 see Jin Erzhen 金爾珍 232 Jixiang 季薌 see Xu Baoheng 徐寶蘅 235 Jixian 楫先 see Tong Jixu 佟濟煦 235 Jixuan 季瑄 see Lao Naixuan 勞乃宣 232 , 256 Jiying 季纓 see Liu Dashen 劉大紳 232 , 244

Konoe Atsumaro 近衛篤磨 232 , 246 Kuai Ruomu 蒯若木 232 , 269 Kuang Zhouyi 況周頤 21, 36, 232 Kuisheng 夔笙 see Kuang Zhouyi 況周頤 232 Kuisun 揆孫 see Kuang Zhouyi 況周頤 232 Kuomintang 國民黨 35 Kusakabe Meikaku 日下部鳴鶴 232 , 247 Kutie 苦鐵 see Wu Changshi 吳昌碩 235 Kyōto 8, 22 , 26, 28, 29, 31, 38, 39, 41, 47, 49, 51, 52 , 54, 55, 56, 79, 81, 90, 93, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 133, 134, 135, 136, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152 , 153, 154,

302 • Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Qing Loyalists and the Formation of Modern Chinese Culture

155, 158, 159, 160, 162 , 166, 168, 169, 174, 183, 202 , 208, 247, 253, 254, 255, 257, 259, 260, 268, 270, 288, 290 Kyōto Imperial University 145 Kyōto Special School of Painting 124 Laichen 萊臣 see Pang Yuanji 龐元濟 153, 234 land deeds 80, 190, 259, 290 Lao Naixuan 勞乃宣 232 Li’an 立盦 see Tang Lan 唐蘭 234 Lianfu 蓮府 see Yang Shixiang 楊士驤 236 Liang Dingfen 梁鼎芬 62 , 232 , 247 Liang Qichao 梁啟超 76, 95, 115, 232 Liangren 梁任 see Zhu Xiliang 朱錫梁 237 Liangshi 良士 see Zhai Qijia 翟啓甲 236 Lian Quan 廉泉 146 Liaoning 遼寧 71, 75, 92 , 95, 97, 166, 171, 174, 175, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 193, 200, 202 , 204, 205, 218, 226, 248, 271, 281, 282 , 296 Li Cheng 李成 126, 166 Li Ciming 李慈銘 232 , 243 Li Ji 李濟 49, 63

Liu Shiheng 劉世珩 232 , 246, 247 Liu Tingchen 劉廷琛 232 , 258 Liu Tizhi 劉體智 233 Liu Yanting 劉燕庭 80 Liu Xin 劉歆 84 Liulichang 琉璃廠 41, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 68, 69, 70, 145, 250 Liuqiao 六橋 see Zhang Sanduo 張三多 236 Lo Chen-yü see Luo Zhenyu 15 Loo, C T see Lu Qinzhai 盧芹齋 67 Lufei Kui 陸費逵 104 Lu Guang 陸廣 126 Lu Pei 陸岯 233, 240 Lu Qinzhai 盧芹齋 67 Lu Shufan 陸樹藩 233 Lu Xun 魯迅 60, 64, 68, 69, 71, 72 , 107, 205, 233 Luo Anguo 羅安國 233, 273 Luo Fubao 羅福葆 11, 189, 233, 264 Luo Fuchang 羅福萇 11, 155, 233 Luo Fucheng 羅福成 10, 233, 278 Luo Futong 羅福同 10, 233, 242

Li Ru 李孺 232

Luo Fuyi 羅福頤 11, 96, 180, 183, 187, 188, 189, 202 , 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 233, 234, 264, 267, 271, 273, 274, 277, 281, 287, 294, 296

Li Shengduo 李盛鐸 180, 181, 232

Luo Jiu 羅玖 233, 260, 270

Li Shutong 李叔同 102

Luo Jizu 羅繼祖 10, 52 , 53, 56, 79, 81, 89, 96, 161, 169, 174, 180, 181, 186, 187, 188, 189, 196, 201, 202 , 203, 205, 206, 207, 221, 223, 226, 233, 238, 243, 254, 273, 275, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282 , 283, 296

Li Pingshu 李平書 146 Li Ruiqing 李瑞清 21

Li Zundao 李遵道 184 Li Hongzao 李鴻藻 217 Li Minjiang 李岷江 232 , 239 Li Yuanhong 黎元洪 214 Li Yuying 李煜瀛 217

Luo Kun 羅琨 54, 56, 201, 207, 233, 277, 278

Lida 立達 237, 247

Luo Lin 羅琳 233, 274

Lin Shu 林紓 21, 110, 217, 232

Luo Peinan 羅佩南 10, 233, 241

Linsu 鄰蘇 see Yang Shoujing 楊守敬 236, 246 Litang 禮堂 see Chu Deyi 褚德彝 230 Liu Bingqian 劉秉謙 184, 185 Liu Chenggan 劉承幹 232 Liu Dajin 劉大縉 232 Liu Dashen 劉大紳 124, 144, 232 , 244 Liu E 劉鶚 78, 79, 145, 222 , 232 , 240 Liu Honglie 劉洪烈 232 , 247 Liu Jinke 劉金科 162 , 232 , 240 Liu Jinzao 劉錦藻 232 Liu Kunyi 劉坤一 77, 232 , 247 Liu Mengxiong 劉夢熊 232 , 241

Luo Qi 羅琪 233, 274 Luo Rui 羅瑞 233, 273 Luo Shan 羅姍 233, 264 Luo Xiaochun 羅孝純 11, 233 Luo Xingzu 羅興祖 233, 269 Luo Xizu 羅希祖 233, 275 Luo Xuzu 羅緒祖 233, 273 Luo Ying 羅瑩 233, 274 Luo Yunkang 羅允康 233, 273 Luo Yunyi 羅允宜 233, 275 Luo Yu 羅瑜 10, 233, 255 Luo Zhenchang see Luo Zijing 羅子經 45, 54, 56, 145, 243, 252 , 254, 265

Liu Rongcun 柳蓉村 232 Index • 303

Luo Zijing 羅子經 11, 233, 239 Luqiao 鹿樵 see Zhang Sanduo 張三多 236

Mengdan 夢旦 see Gao Fengqian 高鳳謙 102 , 110, 231

Lüshun Museum 旅順博物館 13, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 200, 205, 206, 208, 281

Mengping 孟苹 see Jiang Ruzao 蔣汝藻 232

Lüshun 旅順 13, 22 , 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 200, 202 , 204, 205, 206, 208, 211, 219, 269, 270, 271, 272 , 274, 277, 281, 295

merchants 39, 114, 220, 221

Ma Heng 馬衡 49, 233 Ma Hezhi 馬和之 126, 248 Ma Jili 馬季立 233, 247 Ma Wan 馬琬 126 Magiya Hala Shaoying 馬佳紹英 233, 265 Mai mo xiaoji 買墨小記 66, 73 Manchukuo 満州国 see Manzhouguo 滿洲國 19, 33, 35, 37, 125, 157 Manchuria 27, 30, 60, 68, 173, 177, 178, 179, 182 , 187, 192 , 194, 198, 204, 212 , 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222 , 223, 224, 227, 250 Manchurian Railway Company 180, 203 Manchu 滿洲 23, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 65, 95, 173, 175, 180, 181, 183, 191, 200, 203, 211, 212 , 213, 214, 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222 , 223, 224, 225, 226, 252 , 253, 262 , 265, 269, 271, 272 Manshu 曼殊 see Guwalgiya Zhenjun 瓜爾佳震鈞 231, 252 Manzhouguo-Japan Cultural Society 滿日文化協會 179, 278

Mengpo 夢坡 see Zhou Qingyun 周慶雲 237 Mengqu 孟劬 see Zhang Ertian 張爾田 236 Mi Fu 米芾 126, 128, 132 Mi Youren 米友仁 126 Miao Quansun 繆荃孫 21, 102 , 167, 233, 252 , 253, 260 Michaelis, Adolf 157, 167, 170 military 76, 77, 90, 173, 175, 215, 219, 252 , 271, 273, 275, 287, 291, 295 Ming dynasty 13, 28, 29, 35, 50, 55, 61, 62 , 64, 69, 70, 78, 80, 82 , 94, 103, 127, 131, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 141, 154, 157, 159, 160, 162 , 163, 165, 167, 169, 170, 171, 173, 189, 200, 201, 206, 207, 208, 211, 212 , 213, 217, 220, 224, 225, 227, 255, 260, 274, 281, 290, 295 mingqi 明器 41, 159, 182 , 250 Miyake Setsurei 三宅雪嶺 84 Mizuno Baigyō 水野梅暁 179, 203, 233 modernisms, non-Western 19, 23 Molu 摹廬 see Chen Bangzhi 陳邦直 229 Mongolia 23, 198, 215, 219 Mozhai 默齋 see Xu Jiaxing 許家惺 236 Mu Rugai 穆儒丐 (Muduri) 27, 219 Muduri see Mu Rugai 穆儒丐 27, 219 mural painting 41, 148, 155, 167, 170 museums 12, 14, 54, 66, 137, 176, 179, 181183, 186-17, 198, 200, 204, 247-248, 251, 262

Manzhouguo 滿洲國 9, 19, 22 , 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 173, 174, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182 , 183, 188, 191, 192 , 193, 194, 196, 198, 200, 202 , 203, 204, 207, 208, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222 , 223, 224, 226, 228, 250, 272 , 273, 274, 277, 278, 283; Cabinet 177

Nagaoka Moriyoshi 長岡護美 233, 246

Mao Dun 茅盾 101, 106-109

Nagao Ko 長尾甲 79

Mao Pijiang 冒辟疆 217

Nagao Uzan 長尾雨山 125, 154, 233

Matsuzaki Tsuruo 松崎鶴雄 180, 233

Naitō Konan 內藤湖南 64, 123, 140, 141, 165, 233, 246

Mei’an 梅庵 see Murca Hala Tieliang 穆爾察鐵良 233 Meicun 梅村 see Wang Shiduo 汪世鐸 235 Meiji Japan 22 , 88 Meiji period (1868~1912) 44

Muzhai 木齋 see Li Shengduo 李盛鐸 National Central Museum of Manzhouguo 181, 182 National Palace Museum 251

Naitō see Naitō Konan 51, 56, 64, 79, 123, 124, 125, 127, 130, 133, 134, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 165, 202 , 203, 233, 246, 247, 248, 251, 273

Meiji Restoration 22 , 76, 77, 87

nanga 南画 (Southern School Painting) 26, 144

Meisou 寐叟 see Shen Zengzhi 沈曾植 234, 245

Nanjing 南京 51, 56, 65, 71, 101, 103, 130, 134, 139, 158, 161, 169, 204, 226

304 • Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Qing Loyalists and the Formation of Modern Chinese Culture

Nanyang Academy 南洋公學 102

Orchid Pavilion (Lanting 蘭亭) Gathering 125

Naquin, Susan 65

Ōsaka City Museum 125, 138, 125

National Central Museum of Manzhouguo 181, 182 , 183, 186, 187, 198, 200, 204

Otani collection, the 78

National Essence 53, 77, 80, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 93, 96, 191, 206

Ouke 鷗客 see Wang Luonian 汪洛年 235

national heritage 16, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42 , 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 51, 54, 67, 91, 105, 117, 174, 179, 181, 190, 220 National History Museum 179, 262 national identity 19, 23, 87, 200, 208 nationalism 24, 61, 85, 88, 213, 224 National Learning 22 , 24, 77, 80, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92 , 95, 158, 174, 179, 192 , 206, 250, 253, 286, 287, 288

Ōtani Kōzui 大谷光瑞 124, 144, 234 Ouyang Hancun 歐陽瀚存 110 Ouyang Pucun 歐陽溥存 110 Palace Museum, Beijing 12 , 14, 29, 54, 67, 93, 96, 136, 137, 167, 169, 183, 184, 185, 204, 205, 247, 248, 251, 261, 279 Palace Museum collection, Beijing 12 , 14 Palace of Manzhouguo Museum 176 paleography 24, 36, 38, 42 , 43, 46, 48, 49, 51, 52 , 54, 78, 84, 87, 88, 91, 93

National Palace Museum, Taipei 54, 247, 251, 137, 247, 248

Pan Zuyin 潘祖蔭 36, 56, 234, 267

Nestorian stele 78

Paris 68, 71, 260, 269

New Culture Movement (c1916~early 1920s) 35, 36, 50, 113

Partridge after Yao Shou 5

New York 29, 30, 62 , 67, 71, 76, 114, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 136, 141, 166, 186, 278, 281 Nihonga 日本画 194

Pang Yuanji 龐元濟 153, 234

Patriotic Study Society (Aiguo xueshe 愛國學社) 108 Peach Blossom Paradise 129 Peking University 47, 64, 87, 260, 269

Ni Zan 倪瓚 126, 149

Pelliot, Paul 15, 28, 72 , 78, 124, 155, 167, 234, 251, 260

Nongbao guan 農報館 (Agriculture Journal Publishing House) 77, 245

Pingshi 萍石 see Yang Shixiang 楊士驤 236

Nongxue bao 農學報 (Agricultural News) 77, 124, 245, 286

Pinzhi 聘之 see Liu Honglie 劉洪烈 232 , 247

Nongxue congshu 農學叢書 (Series on Agricultural Studies 77, 245, 286 Northern Wei dynasty 188, 256 nostalgia 24, 61, 65, 67, 68, 79, 218 Nüzhen 女真 191 Nüshi zhen tu 女史箴圖 155

Pinsan 聘三 see Wang Naizheng 王乃徵 235 Prince Su 肅親王 see Aisin Gioro Shanqi 愛新覺羅善耆 177 Princeton 15, 30, 137, 139, 165 Puppet Emperor of Manchukuo 滿洲國 157 Puru 溥儒 see Aisin Gioro Puru 愛新覺羅溥儒 229 Putong 溥侗 see Aisin Gioro Putong 愛新覺羅溥侗 229

Ogawa Chikanosuke (Mutsunosuke) 小川睦之輔 129, 154, 233

Puwei 溥偉 see Aisin Gioro Puwei 愛新覺羅溥偉 175, 229

Ogawa Hiromi 小川廣己 234

Puyi 溥儀 see Aisin Gioro Puyi 愛新覺羅溥儀 12 , 15, 21, 22 , 28, 29, 60, 68, 70, 125, 170, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 183, 187, 189, 192 , 193, 202 , 203, 204, 205, 206, 208, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222 , 223, 224, 226, 229, 243, 250, 258, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272 , 274, 277, 278, 279, 281

Ogawa Kazumasa 小川一真 39, 126, 234 Ogawa Takuji 小川琢治 203, 234 Ogawa Tamejirō 小川為次郎 125, 234 Opium Wars 22 , 75 oracle bone inscriptions 15, 21, 22 , 23, 37, 38, 40, 41, 44, 45, 51, 59, 60, 62 , 63, 64, 65, 78, 79, 80, 82 , 83, 91, 92 , 95, 124, 134, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 155, 159, 161, 167, 169, 170, 174, 187, 188, 190, 222 , 223, 240, 241, 246, 252 , 256, 263, 269, 273, 287

Qian Xuan 錢選 126 Qiangtun 彊邨 see Zhu Xiaozang 朱孝臧 237 Qiangzhi 强志 see Chen Zengju 陳曾矩 230

Index • 305

Qianlong, Emperor 乾隆 186 Qianming 潛明 see Wang Boshen 王伯深 235, 260 Qiling 耆齡 see Irgen Gioro Qiling 伊爾根覺羅耆齡 20, 231, 265 Qingchu 晴初 see Hu Siyuan 胡嗣瑗 231 Qing dynasty 1, 3, 4, 9, 12 , 14, 16, 19, 21, 22 , 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 , 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 43, 44, 47, 49, 50, 51, 53, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 89, 90, 91, 92 , 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102 , 103, 108, 113, 114, 115, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 125, 127, 133, 134, 135, 141, 143, 144, 145, 152 , 154, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162 , 165, 167, 170, 171, 173, 174, 175, 179, 181, 187, 189, 190, 191, 192 , 194, 200, 201, 203, 206, 207, 208, 211, 212 , 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222 , 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 238, 244, 245, 247, 250, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 262 , 264, 265, 266, 269, 270, 271, 272 , 273, 274, 275, 279, 290, 294, 295 Qinchu 琴初 see Hu Siyuan 胡嗣瑗 231 Qingbi 清弼 see Bayot Hala Xiliang 巴岳特錫良 229 Qinghua University 69, 92 , 96, 159, 192 Qing loyalists 24, 25, 33, 34, 39, 68, 77, 80, 218, 219, 223, 257, 258, 266 Qing imperial collection 44, 187, 200, 247, 263, 265 Qing leftover subjects 5, 145, 152 , 155, 157, 158, 168, 169, 173, 180, 191, 200, 255, 263, 277, 278, 291, 292 Qing loyalists 1, 3, 4, 9, 12 , 14, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 32 , 33, 34, 39, 60, 68, 77, 80, 98, 145, 156, 159, 173, 200, 211, 212 , 216, 217, 218, 219, 222 , 223, 224, 238, 257, 258, 266

170, 257, 266, 267, 272 , 288, 289, 292 , 294 Quyuan 曲園 see Yu Yue 俞樾 236 ‘Returning to the Classics, Trusting the Ancient 反(返)經信古論’ 24, 77 Rangqing 穰卿 see Wang Kangnian 汪康年 235, 244 Rangsan 讓三 see Zhang Meiyi 張美翊 236 Rao Jie 饒介 149 Republican era 8, 16, 21, 23, 24, 27, 33, 34, 37, 47, 60, 61, 64, 68, 77, 79, 94, 96, 101, 114, 143, 145, 200, 201, 207, 208, 211, 212 , 213, 214, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222 , 224, 255, 258 Rivers and Mountains after Snow (Jiangshan jixue 江山霽雪) 123, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132 , 136, 137, 138, 139, 141, 166 Rivers and Mountains and A Portrait of the Scholar Fu Sheng 130 Rockefeller, Jr, John D 67 Rong Geng 容庚 49, 53, 57, 234, 263 Ronghou see Irgen Gioro Hala Ronghou 伊爾根覺羅榮厚 179, 231 Rongqing, see Ejo Hala Rongqing 鄂卓(鄂綽爾)榮慶 211, 230 Royal Scottish Museum (National Museum of Scotland) 66 rubbings 36, 40, 41, 42 , 43, 44, 46, 48, 50, 51, 53, 55, 56, 57, 60, 64, 67, 72 , 78, 80, 83, 125, 146, 158, 162 , 182 , 188, 205, 232 , 240, 246, 248, 251, 252 , 255, 256, 257, 260, 264, 267, 271, 273, 275, 289, 290, 291 Ruichen 瑞臣 see Aisin Gioro Baoxi 愛新覺羅寶熙 229, 260 Runsheng 潤生 see Zhang Zengyang 張曾敭 237 Saitō Tōan 斎藤董盦 125

Qingqing 清卿 see Wu Dacheng 吳大澂 235, 248

Sanyuan 散原 see Chen Sanli 陳三立 230

Qingyi 清翊 see Jiang Fu 蔣黼 231, 241

School for Preserving the Ancient (Cungu xuetang 存古學堂) 102

Qinnan 琴南 see Lin Shu 林紓 232 Qiu Liangchen 秋良臣 234, 252 Qiumei 秋枚 see Deng Shi 鄧實 230 Qiu Song 邱崧 234, 241 qiwuxue 器物學 24, 38, 44, 47, 48, 49, 54, 260, 271, 290, 294 qiwuxue 器物學 (the study of threedimensional antiquities) 24, 38 qiwu 器物 (three-dimensional antiquities) 24, 38, 40, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 54, 148,

sealing clays 41, 42 , 75, 78, 80, 81 Senyu 森玉 see Xu Hongbao 徐鴻寶 235 Shanbo 善伯 see Xu Liang 徐良 236 Shang Chengzuo 商承祚 29, 234, 263 Shang dynasty 15, 29, 40, 45, 62 , 82 , 83, 88, 92 , 93, 95, 96, 143, 187, 196, 203, 206, 234, 239, 246, 252 , 259, 263, 274, 287, 289, 295 Shang Yanliu 商衍鎏 234

306 • Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Qing Loyalists and the Formation of Modern Chinese Culture

Shang Yanying 商衍瀛 234, 263, 274 Shanghai 上海 16, 22 , 23, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 38, 39, 51, 52 , 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 63, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72 , 77, 89, 92 , 93, 94, 95, 96, 99, 100, 101, 105, 107, 108, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119, 120, 121, 124, 126, 127, 133, 136, 140, 146, 148, 151, 152 , 153, 157, 159, 160, 162 , 163, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 174, 175, 188, 201, 202 , 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 226, 230, 232 , 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252 , 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 262 , 267, 270, 274, 278, 280, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292 , 293, 296 Shanqi 善耆 see Aisin Gioro Shanqi 愛新覺羅善耆 and Ai’tang 艾堂 177, 218, 219, 229 Shaopu 少樸 see Zhou Shumo 周樹模 237 Shaoquan 少泉 see Fan Bingqing 樊炳清 230, 245 Shaoying 紹英 see Magiya Hala Shaoying 馬佳紹英 233, 265 Shaoyun 少芸 see Jin Erzhen 金爾珍 232 Shen’an 沈盦 see Aisin Gioro Baoxi 愛新覺羅寶熙 229, 260 Shen Bingcheng 沈秉成 64 Shen Congwen 沈從文 65, 72 Shen Enfu 沈恩孚 102

296 Shiga Naoya 志賀直哉 64 Shiga Shigetaka 志賀重昂 84 Shijing 詩經 (Book of Odes) 48, 84, 93, 241, 242 , 248, 285, 286 Shike 士可 see Chen Yi 陳毅 230, 247 Shi Kefa 史可法 212 Shi Kui 史夔 186 Shimada Kan 島田翰 234, 251 Shiratori Kurakichi 白鳥庫吉 203, 234 Shixu 世續 see Soiehogin Hala Shixu 索勒霍金世續 190, 234 Shizhai 實齋 see Zhang Qin 章梫 236 Shizhi 式之 see Zhang Yu 章鈺 237, 264 Shōsōin 正倉院 132 , 139 Shoujing 綬經 see Dong Kang 董康 230, 252 Shouqing 壽卿 see Chen Jieqi 陳介祺 230 Shouzhi 受之 see Sun Deqian 孫德謙 234 Shubing 叔秉 see Dorongke Hala Jibiao 多羅科際彪 230 shuhua 書畫 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 48, 66, 67, 71, 72 , 135, 137, 139, 141, 166, 167, 171, 183, 186, 191, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 247, 261, 290, 296 Shujun 叔均 see Weng Danian 翁大年 235, 256

Shen Hong 沈紘 234

Shuoqing 碩卿 see Zhang Shoukang 章壽康 236, 246

Shen Jianshi 沈兼士 234

Shuru 叔孺 see Zhao Shi 趙時 237

Shen Yanbing 沈雁冰 see Mao Dun 茅盾 101

Shu Xincheng 舒新城 (1893~1960) 106

Shen Zengtong 沈曾同 234

Shuyan 叔彥 see Cao Yuanbi 曹元弼 229

Shen Zengzhi 沈曾植 20, 21, 36, 152 , 155, 162 , 165, 200, 206, 234, 245, 255, 258, 262 , 263

Silk Road, the 134, 155, 159 silver 44, 164, 179, 180, 190, 268

Shen Zhou 沈周 136, 138, 184, 185, 256

Sino-Japanese War 22 , 75, 76, 77, 107, 175, 192 , 219, 244, 271

Shengbo 聲伯 see Zhao Shijun 趙世駿 237, 268

Sirén, Osvald 127, 130, 136

Sheng Mao 盛懋 126

Six Dynasties (220~589) 41, 82 , 125, 126, 135, 144, 155, 161, 166, 167, 183

Sheng Xuanhui 盛宣懷 234, 248

Socolo Hala Enshou 索綽羅恩壽 234, 248

Shengyun 升允 see Dorongke Hala Shengyun 多羅科升允 160, 230, 256, 258, 263, 266

Soiehogin Hala Shixu 索勒霍金世續 234

Shengyu 盛昱 see Aisin Gioro Shengyu 愛新覺羅盛昱 (Boxi 伯羲 ) 229 Shengzhi 勝之 see Wang Tongyu 王同愈 235 Shenhou 慎侯 see Chen Chengze 陳承澤 101, 229 Shentang 申堂 see Guo Yuzhi 郭裕之 231, 254 Shenyang 瀋陽 71, 92 , 95, 166, 168, 169, 171, 175, 180, 181, 182 , 183, 184, 186, 187, 189, 191, 194, 202 , 204, 205, 219, 226,

Song’an 嵩庵 see Xu Fang 徐坊 235 Song dynasty 21, 28, 35, 41, 47, 48, 51, 53, 57, 61, 63, 68, 72 , 103, 104, 117, 118, 121, 128, 130, 131, 132 , 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 143, 144, 146, 147, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 165, 166, 170, 173, 184, 188, 189, 198, 211, 226, 230, 234, 235, 240, 241, 242 , 243, 248, 249, 251, 255, 257, 261, 262 , 264, 267, 270, 274, 275, 276, 290, 291, 292 , 293, 295, 296 Songfen zhuren 誦芬主人 see Dong Kang Index • 307

董康 230, 252

Tang Lan 唐蘭 234

Songling 嵩靈 see Zhou Zhaoxiang 周肇祥 237

Tang Yan 唐晏 see Guwalgiya Zhenjun 瓜爾佳震鈞 231, 252

Songlin 松鄰 see Wu Changshou 吳昌綬 235, 252

Tangsheng 湯生 see Gu Hongming 辜鴻銘 231, 267

Songlu 頌廬 see Ye Changchi 葉昌熾 236

Tang Yin 唐寅 136, 185

Songshan 松山 see Chen Tian 陳田 230

Tao Baolian 陶葆廉 234

Southern School, the 8, 25, 26, 29, 123, 125, 126, 127, 129, 130, 133, 135, 138, 139, 140, 143, 144, 148, 152 , 154, 157, 158, 159, 160, 165, 166, 168, 170

Tao Junxuan 陶濬宣 234

Southern Song 35, 184, 240, 257, 261 stelae 36, 37, 40, 41, 42 , 43, 44, 53, 60, 61, 72 , 77, 125, 146, 188, 205, 240, 241, 243, 244, 246, 251, 270, 275, 279, 282 , 285, 286, 287, 293, 296

Taoan 弢庵 see Chen Baochen 陳寶琛 229, 245 Taohua shan 桃花扇 (Peach blossom fan) 62 Taoka Reiun 田岡嶺雲 77, 93, 234, 245 Taozhai 匋齋 see Tohoro Hala Duanfang 托忒克 (托和囉) 端方 234, 235, 256 tea objects 45

stone inscriptions 42 , 240, 241, 257, 269, 285, 293

technology 26, 38, 39, 42 , 43, 76, 77, 86, 87, 124, 126, 244, 245

Su’an 蘇盦 see Jin Erzhen 金爾珍 232 , 237

theft 63

Su’an 蘇盦 see Zheng Xiaoxu 鄭孝胥 232 , 237 Su Shi 蘇軾 130, 247 Sugiura Zyugō 杉浦重剛 84 Sui’an 隨盦 see Xu Naichang 徐乃昌 236 Sui dynasty 80, 82 , 92 , 95, 148, 170, 190, 205, 236, 242 , 248, 252 , 256, 257, 276, 287, 289, 296 Sukan 蘇堪 see Zheng Xiaoxu 鄭孝胥 237

Tianjin 12 , 21, 22 , 51, 52 , 56, 61, 71, 79, 81, 93, 95, 96, 130, 131, 158, 160, 171, 174, 175, 179, 181, 185, 188, 189, 202 , 207, 209, 215, 218, 226, 248, 256, 260, 261, 262 , 263, 264, 266, 268, 269, 270, 271, 278, 280, 294 Tian Wuzhao 田吳炤 234, 247 Tiebao 鐵保 see Murca Hala Tiebao 穆爾察鐵保 233

Sun Chengze 孫承澤 130, 186

Tieling yimin 鐵嶺逸民 see Huang Cheng 212

Sun Deqian 孫德謙 234

Tieyun 鐵雲 see Liu E 劉鶚 222 , 232 , 240

Sun Luoren 孫犖人 104

Tohoro Hala Duanfang 托忒克(托和囉)端方 see Duanfang 端方 36, 211, 233, 234

Sun Qichang 孫啟昌 177 Sun Yirang 孫詒讓 234, 252 Sun Yuxiu 孫毓修 101, 103, 105, 106, 111, 113, 115, 119, 234 Suzhou 蘇州 50, 51, 55, 57, 72 , 174, 202 , 217, 249 Taiping Rebellion (1851~1864) 太平天國之亂 22 , 75 Taiwan 台灣 17, 23, 49, 50, 53, 54, 55, 57, 72 , 75, 81, 90, 94, 96, 117, 121, 125, 186, 192 , 200, 207, 244

Tōkyō 29, 39, 50, 51, 52 , 54, 55, 56, 57, 66, 84, 86, 92 , 94, 96, 123, 126, 128, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 141, 149, 150, 153, 160, 163, 164, 165, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 247, 256, 257, 270, 280 Tōkyō National Museum 66, 149, 163 tomb bricks 80 tombstones 188, 254 Tomioka Kenzō 富岡謙蔵 124, 136, 141, 234, 251 Tomioka Tessai 富岡鉄斎 79, 125, 235, 251

Tanabe Harumichi 田边治通 203, 234

Tong Jixu 佟濟煦 235

Tanaka Keitarō 田中慶太郎 234, 257

Tongshu 桐叔 see Shen Zengtong 沈曾同 234

Tang dynasty, the 48, 52 , 57, 78, 80, 82 , 91, 92 , 93, 95, 96, 102 , 126, 128, 131, 132 , 133, 135, 136, 138, 139, 148, 151, 155, 160, 170, 182 , 183, 185, 188, 190, 191, 205, 206, 231, 234, 241, 243, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252 , 255, 257, 263, 264, 267, 273, 274, 275, 276, 281, 286, 287, 288, 289, 291, 295, 296

trade 23, 37, 82 , 113, 118, 150, 155, 164, 171, 189, 190 Tsukushi Kumashichi 筑紫熊七 203, 235 Tsuyoshi Inukai 犬養毅 153 Ueno Riichi 上野理一 125, 154, 165, 235 Usami Katsuo 宇佐美勝夫 203, 235

308 • Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Qing Loyalists and the Formation of Modern Chinese Culture

Utopia 129

Wencha 問槎 see Ding Shiyuan 丁士源 230 Wen Fong 方聞 129, 132 , 133, 137, 139

Wang Bing’en 王秉恩 235 Wang Boshen 王伯深 235, 260 Wang Daxie 汪大燮 235 Wang Guowei 王國維 8, 15, 19, 21, 25, 26, 28, 37, 39, 40, 48, 50, 52 , 54, 57, 60, 61, 63, 68, 69, 71, 72 , 83, 89, 91, 92 , 93, 94, 95, 96, 99, 100, 102 , 105, 106, 107, 108, 111, 113, 114, 117, 118, 119, 124, 125, 127, 136, 140, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152 , 154, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162 , 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 170, 171, 181, 191, 202 , 203, 208, 209, 220, 222 , 226, 235, 245, 246, 247, 249, 251, 252 , 253, 254, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 262 , 263, 264, 265, 266, 268, 269, 278, 280, 281, 287, 288, 289, 293 Wang Hanzhang 王漢章 63, 66-67, 72 Wang Hui 王翬 136, 151 Wang Jianzhang 王建章 143, 146, 170 Wang Jilie 王季烈 19, 203, 235, 245, 264, 269, 278, 282 Wang Kangnian 汪康年 235, 244 Wang Kuo-wei 王國維 see Wang Guowei 15, 50, 55, 115, 116, 118, 119 Wang Luonian 汪洛年 235 Wang Meng 王蒙 126 Wang Mian 王冕 151 Wang Naizheng 王乃徵 235 Wang Quan 王瓘 79 Wang Shiduo 汪世鐸 235, 241 Wang Shimin 王時敏 153 Wang Shouchen 王壽宸 190 Wang Shoutian 王壽田 235, 252 Wang Shouxuan 王壽萱 235, 242 , 285, 286 Wang Tongyu 王同愈 19, 235 Wang Wei 王维 123, 124, 126, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132 , 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 153, 155, 159, 160, 165, 166, 169 Wang Yirong 王懿榮 36, 59, 145, 235, 244, 279 Wang Zhonglin 汪鍾霖 235 Wanyan Hengyong 完顏衡永 20 Wanyan Jingxian 完顏景賢 144 Weijun 緯君 see Zhu Xiliang 朱錫梁 237 Wei Lixian 尉禮賢 see Wilhelm, Richard 235 Weiruo 蔚若 see Wu Yusheng 吳郁生 235 Wei Songliang 魏頌梁 235, 246 Wei Yuan 魏源 75 Weize 維則 see Xu Yisun 徐以愻 236, 244

Weng Danian 翁大年 235, 256 Wenming Book Company 文明書局 102 Wen Yifu 溫毅夫 182 Wen Zhengming School 131 Wen Zhengming 文徴明 129, 136, 137, 185 westernization 24 Western values 36 Western Xia 西夏 (Tangut) 174, 191, 254 Wilhelm, Richard 235 wood 23, 28, 44 wooden slips 78, 79, 80, 159 Wu Changshi 吳昌碩 235 Wu Changshou 吳昌綬 235, 252 Wu Dacheng 吳大澂 29, 36, 37, 38, 51, 53, 55, 57, 64, 66, 235, 248, 256, 262 , 267, 291 Wu Daozi 吴道子 130, 151 Wu Hufan 吳湖帆 235, 267 wukai xianzhuang 五開線裝 107 Wuliang 無量 see Xie Meng 謝蒙 102 Wu Li 吳歷 153 Wu Xiu 吳修 129 Wuxu Restoration 戊戌變法 75 Wu Yun 吳雲 36, 57, 64, 235 Wu Yusheng 吳郁生 235 Wu Zengqi 吳曾祺 101, 103, 105-106, 110, 235 Wu Zhen 吳鎮 126 Wusheng 梧生 see Xu Fang 徐坊 235 Xiangtao 香濤 see Zhang Zhidong 張之洞 237 Xiangyan 香岩 see Zhang Zhidong 張之洞 237 Xia Renhu 夏仁虎 65 Xia Ruifang 夏瑞芳 110 Xiaoda 孝達 see Zhang Zhidong 張之洞 237 Xiaofan 筱帆 see Zhang Zengyang 張曾敭 237 Xiao Mu 蕭穆 235 Xiaoshi 筱石 see Chen Kuilong 陳夔龍 230 Xiaotun, Anyang 82 , 146, 256 Xiaoxian 嘯仙 see Chen Jie 陳捷 230 xiaoxue 小學 84 Xie Jieshi 謝介石 177, 235 Xie Meng 謝蒙 102 Xiesheng 絜生 see Cheng Yi 成飴 230, 242

Index • 309

Xiexian 絜先 see Chen Zengju 陳曾矩 230

245

Xihan 筱珊 see Miao Quansun 繆荃孫 233

Xuzhai 虛齋 see Pang Yuanji 龐元濟 234

Xihou 息侯 see Guwalgiya Jinliang 瓜爾佳金梁 231

Yamamoto Kyōzan 山本竟山 236 Yamamoto Teijirō 山本悌二郎 125, 153, 236

Xiliang 錫良 see Bayot Hala Xiliang 巴岳特錫良 218, 229

Yamanaka & Company 山中商會 67

Xinghai 星海 see Liang Dingfen 梁鼎芬 232

Yamanaka Sadajirō 山中定次郎 67

Xingnan 杏南 see Yuan Dahua 袁大化 236

Yan Shiqing 顏世清 236, 247

Xingru 星如 see Sun Yuxiu 孫毓修 101, 234

Yan Fu 嚴復 110

Xingsun 杏蓀 see Sheng Xuanhui 盛宣懷 234, 248

Yang’an 養庵 see Zhou Zhaoxiang 周肇祥 237

Xingwu 惺吾 see Yang Shoujing 楊守敬 236, 246

Yang Ningshi 楊凝式 186 Yang Shixiang 楊士驤 236 Yang Shoujing 楊守敬 145, 236, 246

Xingxiang 興祥 see Jin Songqing 金頌清 232 , 262

Yang Zhongxi 楊鍾羲 182 , 203, 236, 266

Xingye Bank 興業銀行 181

Yanguzhai 延古齋 antique shop, Beijing, see also Zhao Hefang 趙鶴舫 237

Xinmu 欣木 see Gao Shixian 高時顯 231 Xinyun 心雲 see Tao Junxuan 陶濬宣 234 Xinyu 心畬 see Aisin Gioro Puru 愛新覺羅溥儒 229 Xiqia 熙洽 see Aisin Gioro Xiqia 愛新覺羅熙洽 175, 179, 203, 221, 222 , 226, 229, 271

Yantang 彥堂 see Dong Zuobin 董作賓 91, 230 yangzhuang 洋裝 107 Yanzhuo 炎佐 see Zheng Yu 鄭禹 237 Yao Weijing 姚維鏡 236 Yaoyu 葯雨 see Fang Ruo 方若 231

Xiqi 錫祺 see Wang Shouxuan 王壽萱 235, 242 , 285

Ye Changchi 葉昌熾 53, 57, 62 , 72 , 236

Xiyong 錫永 see Shang Chengzuo 商承祚 234

Ye Gongchuo 葉恭綽 236

Xiyuan 西園 see Aisin Gioro Putong 愛新覺羅溥侗 229

Ye Shengtao 葉聖陶 108

Xu Baoheng 徐寶蘅 235 Xu Fang 徐枋 5, 235, 260, 290 Xu Hongbao 徐鴻寶 235 Xu Jiaxing 許家惺 236

Ye Erkai 葉爾愷 236

Yehou 野侯 see Gao Shixian 高時顯 231 yi 彝 vessels 130 Yi’an 益庵 see Sun Deqian 孫德謙 234 Yian 乙盫 see Shen Zengzhi 沈曾植 234, 245

Xu Jia 徐嘉 235, 242

Yifeng laoren 藝風老人 see Miao Quansun 繆荃孫 233, 252

Xu Jiyu 徐繼畬 76

Yifu 毅夫 see Wen Su 溫肅 235

Xu Ke 徐珂 101, 235

Yifu 毅甫 see Wen Su 溫肅 235

Xu Liang 徐良 236

Yigong 壹公 see Zhang Zhidong 張之洞 237

Xu Naichang 徐乃昌 236

Xu Shuzheng 徐樹錚 236

yilao 遺老 8, 16, 19, 21, 22 , 24, 26, 27, 28, 34, 50, 55, 77, 83, 85, 89, 90, 91, 92 , 94, 96, 123, 133, 143, 144, 148, 150, 153, 155, 157, 168, 173, 174, 175, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192 , 193, 200, 206, 208, 211, 212 , 213, 217, 220

Xu Yisun 徐以愻 236, 244

Yilin xunkan 藝林旬刊 60, 63

Xuan Zhe 宣哲 236 Xuecheng 雪澄 see Wang Bing’en 王秉恩 235

yimin 遺民 19, 27, 28, 30, 50, 56, 144, 173, 175, 200, 201, 206, 207, 208, 211, 212

Xuenong she 學農社 (Society for Learning Agriculture) 22 , 77, 124, 244

Yinchen 印臣 see Wu Changshou 吳昌綬 235, 252

Xueqiao 雪橋 see Yang Zhongxi 楊鍾羲 236, 266

Yinfu 蔭甫 see Yu Yue 俞樾 236

Xuetang 雪堂 22 , 91, 144, 174, 239

Yinxu 殷虛 (殷墟) 40

Xu Rufen 許汝棻 20, 179, 203, 236 Xu Shichang 徐世昌 236 Xu Shulan 徐樹蘭 236

Yin Pengshou 尹彭壽 236, 244

Xunzhai 巽齋 see Shen Zengzhi 沈曾植 234, 310 • Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Qing Loyalists and the Formation of Modern Chinese Culture

Yishan 一山 see Zhang Qin 章梫 236

Zhang Ertian 張爾田 203, 236

yishu 29, 40, 44, 54, 69, 72 , 78, 92 , 94, 95, 144, 146, 162 , 168, 169, 252 , 254, 258, 266, 267, 268, 270, 287, 288, 289, 292 , 293

Zhang Guogan 張國淦 236, 269 Zhang Jian 張謇 38

Yishu congbian 藝術叢編 39, 40, 52 , 259, 288, 289

Zhang Qin 章梫 236

Zhang Jinghui 張景惠 177, 221 Zhang Meiyi 張美翊 236

Yitang 藝棠 see Socolo Hala Enshou 索綽羅恩壽 234, 248

Zhang Ruishan 張瑞珊 236, 249

Yiting 翊庭 see Wu Zengqi 吳曾祺 101, 235

Zhang Shaowen 張紹文 236, 247

Yizan 義贊 see Hu Shicha 胡石查 231, 244

Zhang Shoukang 章壽康 236, 246

Yonezawa Yoshiho 米澤嘉圃 131, 138, 141

Zhang Taiyan 章太炎 72 , 84, 187-88, 90, 93, 96, 236

Yong’an 庸庵 see Chen Kuilong 陳夔龍 230 Yonglu rizha 俑廬日札 53, 56, 66, 71 You’an 幼安 see Xie Jieshi 謝介石 235

Zhang Sanduo 張三多 236

Zhang Xiang 張相 103, 109, 116 Zhang Xun 張勳 236, 258

Youzheng 又錚 see Xu Shuzheng 徐樹錚 236

Zhang Yanqing 張燕卿 177, 203

Yu He 俞和 186

Zhang Yaoxiang 張堯香 236

Yu Shaosong 余紹宋 66, 72

Zhang Yuanji 張元濟 68, 102 , 237, 251

Yu Tancheng 于琛澄 177

Zhang Yu 章鈺 237, 264

Yu Yue 俞樾 236, 241

Zhang Zengyang 張曾敭 237

Yuan Dahua 袁大化 236

Zhang Zhidong 張之洞 77, 203, 237, 246

Yuan dynasty 19, 69, 72 , 126

Zhang Zuoxiang 張作相 176

Yuan Jinkai 袁金鎧 179, 203, 217, 236

Zhao Danian 趙大年 130

Yuan Lizhun 袁勵準 20, 236, 265

Zhao Erxun 趙爾巽 23, 237

Yuan Shikai 袁世凱 236, 257

Zhao Hefang 趙鶴舫 237

Yuandu 緣督 see Ye Changchi 葉昌熾 236 Yuchu 玉初 see Lao Naixuan 勞乃宣 232 Yueman 越縵 see Li Ciming 李慈銘 232 , 243 Yueqian 越千 see Magiya Hala Shaoying 馬佳紹英 233 Yufu 裕甫 see Ye Gongchuo 葉恭綽 236

Zhao Ji (Emperor Huizong) 宋徽宗趙佶 183, 184 Zhao Lingrang 趙令穰 126 Zhao Mengfu 趙孟頫 126 Zhao Shijun 趙世駿 237, 268 Zhao Shi 趙時 237

Yuhu 玉虎 see Ye Gongchuo 葉恭綽 236

Zhao Wanli 趙萬里 237, 268, 293

Yunbo 韵伯 see Yan Shiqing 顏世清 236

Zhao Yong 趙雍 126

Yun Ge 惲格 152

Zhao Zi’ang 趙子昂 130

Yun Shouping 惲壽平 136, 151, 152 , 160 Yunting 雲汀 see Shang Yanying 商衍瀛 234, 263 Yuzhai 愚齋 Sheng Xuanhui 盛宣懷 234, 248 Yuzhai 郁齋 see Zhang Shaowen 張紹文 236, 247

Zhaojing 兆經 see Fan Weijun 范緯君 230, 251 Zhecun 蛰存 see Zhang Yu 章鈺 237 Zhenchang 振常 see Luo Zijing 羅子經 11, 233, 239 Zheng’an 鄭盦 see Pan Zuyin 潘祖蔭 234 Zheng Chui 鄭垂 237

Zaijun 在君 see Ding Wenjiang 丁文江 230

Zheng Dekun (Cheng Te-k’un) 鄭德坤 15

Zaiting 在廷 see Guwalgiya Zhenjun 瓜爾佳震鈞 231, 252

zhengli guogu 整理國故 67

Zaoting 藻亭 see Shang Yanliu 商衍鎏 234

Zheng Xiaoxu 鄭孝胥 20, 21, 162 , 169, 177, 178, 179, 201, 203, 206, 221, 237, 264, 265, 271, 278, 281, 282

Zhai Hongji 翟鴻機 236

Zheng Xiong 鄭雄 237

Zang Shiyi 臧式毅 177, 179, 203, 236

Zhai Qijia 翟啓甲 236

Zheng Yu 鄭禹 177, 237

Zhang Biao 張彪 236, 266

Zhenjun 震鈞 see Guwalgiya Zhenjun 瓜爾佳震鈞 231, 252 Index • 311

Zhenyun 振鋆 see Luo Peinan 羅佩南 233, 241

Zhu Xiaozang 朱孝臧 21, 237

Zhi 直 see Chen Bangzhi 陳邦直 229

Zhu Jingnong 朱經農 109

Zhi’an 止盦 see Zhai Hongji 翟鴻機 236

Zhuang Shidun 莊士敦 see Johnston, Reginald F 232 , 266

Zhihe 稚鶴 see Chunyu Hongen 淳于鴻恩 230, 252 Zhongfan 仲凡 see Xu Shulan 徐樹蘭 236, 243 Zhongguo minghuaji 中國名畫集 (A Collection of Famous Chinese Painting) 126, 136 Zhongguo Tongmenghui 中國同盟會 (Chinese Revolutionary League) 84

Zhu Xiliang 朱錫梁 237

Zhuang Yu 莊俞 102 , 109, 237 zhuli 逐利 (to make money) 26, 146 Zhunian 祝年 see Yin Pengshou 尹彭壽 236, 244 Zifeng 子封 see Shen Zengtong 沈曾同 234 Ziheng 子衡 see Fan Zhaochang 范兆昌 230 Zijiu 子玖 see Zhai Hongji 翟鴻機 236

Zhonghua Book Company 中華書局 25, 98, 100, 101, 102 , 103, 104, 105, 106, 109, 110, 113, 114, 115, 116, 119, 120, 121

Zipei 子培 see Shen Zengzhi 沈曾植 234, 245

Zhongke 仲可 see Xu Ke 徐珂 101, 235

Zishan 茈山 see Zong Shunan 宗樹枏 237

Zhongrong 仲容 see Sun Yirang 孫詒讓 234

Zong Shunan 宗樹枏 237

Zhou Jin 周進 237

Zong Shunnian 宗舜年 (1865~1933) 23

Zhou Qingyun 周慶雲 237

Zou An 鄒安 43, 237

zhou script 古籀 88

Zumou 祖謀 see Zhu Xiaozang 朱孝臧 237

Zhou Shanpei 周善培 237, 269

Zunren 尊人 see Jiang Fu 蔣黼 231, 241

Zhou Shumo 周樹模 237

Zuo Quanxiao 左全孝 237, 247

Zhou Shuren 周樹人 see Lu Xun 魯迅 60, 233

Zuo Shaozuo 左紹佐 23

Zhou Xingyi 周星詒 237, 245 Zhou Youqin 周由廑 110

Zuomin 作民 see Zhou Shanpei 周善培 237, 269

Zhou Yueran 周越然 110

Zuyi 祖詒 see Kang Youwei 康有為 232

Ziqiang yundong 自強運動 (SelfStrengthening Movement) 75

Zhou Zhangshou 周樟壽 see Lu Xun 魯迅 233 Zhou Zhaoxiang 周肇祥 237 Zhou Zuoren 周作人 60, 63, 66, 68, 69, 70, 72 , 73, 237 Zhouyi 周儀 see Kuang Zhouyi 況周頤 232 Zhu Derun 朱徳潤 126 Zhu Jixian 祝繼先 237, 252

312 • Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Qing Loyalists and the Formation of Modern Chinese Culture

Lost Generation: Luo Zhenyu, Qing Loyalists and the Formation of Modern Chinese Culture Yang Chia-Ling and Roderick Whitfield, eds

This volume investigates the roles as politician, antiquarian, art dealer, and publisher, of Luo Zhenyu 羅振玉 (1866~1940) who, together with his circle of Qing loyalists (yilao), established modern historical and intellectual practices in late dynastic and early Republican China. Luo himself took the lead in defining Chinese culture at a critical moment in history, when an abundance of new materials, such as oracle bones and manuscripts from Dunhuang, were coming to light, and when new techniques could be employed in their publication. History has portrayed Luo Zhenyu and his loyalist circle as traitors twice over: first as obsolete remnants of an incompetent Qing government, then as collaborators in the Japanese puppet state of Manzhouguo 滿洲國 (Man-chou-kuo, 1923~1945). Art-historical scholarship has hitherto equated Qing loyalists’ cultural production with outmoded traditions, in direct opposition to modernisation. In contrast, this project considers the engagement with traditional culture by dispossessed loyalists as essential not just to the constitution of modernity in China, but also to the conceptualisation of East Asian art as a whole. In this edited volume, eight chapters explore tradition as articulated through ethnic and political identifications by figures who engaged in ‘modern’ practices such as publishing, collecting and the burgeoning fields of archaeology, art history and intellectual history. The chapters are organised according to three major themes: New Ways of Looking at The Past, Circulating Objects of Knowledge, and Qing Loyalists: Reviled Pasts and Unstable Present. One of the strengths of this volume lies in a breadth of inquiry that breaks through conventional disciplinary boundaries. Any historical treatment of Luo Zhenyu, the Qing loyalists and other minority constituencies of early twentieth-century China, inured to the vagaries of collaboration and resistance, must negotiate a thicket of overlapping histories. In this spirit, this examination of Luo Zhenyu and his yilao circle will confront the taboos surrounding their reviled past to reveal a complex but crucial aspect of Chinese cultural history. About the Editors Yang Chia-Ling is lecturer in Chinese art at University of Edinburgh. She received her degrees from National Taiwan University and University of Warwick and a PhD at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London (SOAS). She was a visiting scholar at Academia Sinica, Taipei and the University of Heidelberg, and was awarded a postdoctoral fellowship in Art History at the University of Chicago. Dr Yang was Lecturer in Chinese Art at the University of Sussex and at SOAS, before her appointment in Edinburgh. She is the author of New Wine in Old Bottles–Art of Ren Bonian in Nineteenth-Century Shanghai (2007, Chinese translation 2011) and co-author with Yu Hui and Roderick Whitfield of Classical Chinese Art: Selected Catalogue of the Paintings and Calligraphy, Wou Lien-pai Museum (2011). She researches principally on Chinese painting, archaism in modern Chinese art, visual culture in Shanghai and its interactions with Japan and the West in the 19th and 20th centuries. Roderick Whitfield is Percival David Professor, Emeritus, at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. He studied with Cheng Te-k’un and Denis Twitchett at Cambridge, and with Wen Fong and Shujirō Shimada at Princeton. From 1968 to 1984 he was Assistant Keeper in the Department of Oriental Antiquities, The British Museum, and from 1984 onwards Professor of Chinese Art and Archaeology and Head of the Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art. Currently he is a Fellow of the Palace Museum, Peking, and Fellow of the Dunhuang Academy. He has written extensively on Chinese painting and on the Buddhist art of Dunhuang (The Art of Central Asia: the Stein Collection at the British Museum. Tokyo: Kodansha International, three volumes. 1982-85; Dunhuang: Caves of the Singing Sands, London: Textile and Art Publications, 1996; Cave Temples of Mogao, Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2000). With Professor Youngsook Pak, he has also written on Korean art (Korean True-View Landscape Paintings by Chŏng Sŏn (1676-1759), London: Saffron, 2005; Handbook to Korean Art series, London: Laurence King Publishing, 2002). Contributors to this volume