Teal Farm Master Plan

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Teal Farm is a future-­looking farm, ecological preserve, and residence seeking to prototype perpetual agriculture and energy systems capable of meeting regional food and energy needs within the tumultuous conditions of global warming, uctuating energy supplies, and an oil-­dependent global economy.

Farm House Courtyard Water Gardens Pavilion Bathhouse Ponds Building Fertility Integrated Pest Management Nursery Buildings and Utilities Roadways Year 1-100

TEAL FARM

Land Version MasterPlan Plan Version IVIII Site Design Version III II Site Design Version

________________________________ Table of Contents

2)

CONTEXT & PROGRAM Bioregional Base Map About this Document

4)

PLANNING & MANAGEMENT

Resource Flow Development Progressions Use Zones Management Outline and Phasing: Year 1-100

DESIGN Criteria

Orchard Pasture Plan Irrigation System Layout Forest –– Orchard –– Pasture Summary Living Fences Deer Grazing Heirloom Orchards Understorey Medicinals and Fungus Tree Planting Protocol

Design for Climate Change Limiting Factors Sample Menu

Farm Center

Farm Center Working Plan Grading Plan Intensive Gardens

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Plant Guilds

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Summary –– Plants and Culture What was/is/could be Guild Descriptions Cuisine for Regeneration

5) 10 10-11 11 11 12 13 14

24”� x 36”� 24”� x 36”� 18”� x 24”�

Forest –– Orchard - Pasture

ANALYSIS Microclimate –– Farm Center Wind Microclimate –– Whole Property

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Farm Center Grading Plan Orchard –– Pasture Plan

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Under separate cover

15 16 17-19 19 22 19-23 24 24-25 25 25 26 27-31

APPENDIX Detailed Criteria and Principles Research Projects Native to When Plant Lists Pond/Wetland Riparian Terrestrial Soil Analysis Soil Map and Classifications

42-43 43 44 45-48 49-50 51-54 55-57 58-59

Dutch white clover

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T EAL FARM lies in the northern forest biome of Eastern North

Teal Farm’s 1296 acres straddle the western flank of

America. This humid cold-temperate region is dominated by strong seasonal variations in day length and temperature with hot summers and snowy winters. The climate is also driven by westerly winds with occasional, but sometimes acute arctic and maritime events. This region of low rolling mountains was heavily altered by the last glaciation of about 13,000 years ago. Vegetative cover is currently the northern extent of the great hardwood forests of eastern North America. The site is within the town of Huntington in the state of Vermont in the United States of America. Site coordinates: 44˚19’ N, 72˚64’ W.

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Mount Ira Allen. The property lies just beneath one of the highest and wildest ridgelines in the Green Mountains. Along this ridge runs the Long Trail, the famous footpath that stretches the length of the state from Massachusetts to Canada. Camel’s Hump, the highest roadless mountain in Vermont and the state’s most iconic peak, presides over the site to the northeast. The 18,153 acre Camel’s Hump State Park (the largest in the state) borders the property to the east. The statewide backcountry ski path - the Catamount Trail - passes through the northeastern edge of the property. Vertical relief on the property is 1,620’, ranging from 700’ above sea level in the northwest corner near the Village, to 2,320’ on the flanks of Mt. Ira Allen on the property‘s eastern edge. The property generally slopes to the north with significant western aspects on moderate to steep slopes. Cobb Brook drains the southern half of the site while Brush Brook drains the northern portion. Evergreen boreal forests emerge on the property’s highest elevations and in the coolest drainages, while the majority of the site is second, tertiary and newer growth hardwoods. Soils and other surficial material is typical of mountainous sites in the region with glacial debris ranging from pebbles in the lowest elevations to cobbles and boulders in the upper reaches. Teal Farm is entirely within the township of Huntington (pop. 1861). Huntington Center (pop. <100) and a primary school borders the northwest corner of the property. The property comprises a wide cross section of Vermont land use, stretching from mountain forests, to hilly pasture, to the village proper of Huntingon Center.

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Future’s Teal Farm lies just east of the Champlain Valley. The Adirondack Mountains of New York State are visible to the west from several vantage points on the property. The site is within the largest swath of designated wildlands in the Northeastern United States; a band running from the Adirondack Wilderness through the Green Mountains of Vermont and the White Mountains of New Hampshire to the Maine Woods. Water on the site drains into the Huntington River which flows north into the Winooski River, which in turn empties into Lake Champlain. Lake Champlain flows north into the St. Lawrence River, the outflow of the largest freshwater system on the planet. The site’s position midway up the western slope of the highest Green Mountains increases its exposure to westerly winds and orographic precipitation and also offers late-day sunlight. Teal Farm is nearly equidistant to Burlington, Montpelier and Middlebury - about 40 minutes drive time. The property is roughly a 2.5 hour drive from Montreal, 4 hours from Boston and 6 hours from New York City.

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Bioregional Context

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Base Map

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About this document

This document contains the Teal Farm Land Plan Version III and Site Design Version III. The Land Plan represents the latest version of the evolving master plan for the 1296 acre property. The Site Design Version III is the part of this document that represents other working drawings which are continually adapted to guide construction. This document contains in chronological site planning order; program, analysis and context, planning, design, and resources. The document begins with the forestlands and moves inward to the intensive gardens. The appendix contains additional information regarding planning and design and should be referenced as needed while using earlier sections of the document. The appendix contains Teal Farm-customized information that is too lengthy to be streamlined within the earlier sections. This document is a distillation of an two-year planning process and in an effort to provide only critical information this plan set does not contain selected analysis, reporting, and concept design work that have led to these plans. Please see the Land Plan Version I for some of this work. These plans and reports were produced by Whole Systems Design, LLC under the leadership of Melissa Hoffman. The plans were produced in collaboration with Bird’s Eye Building Company with background land information provided by ecologists Marc Lapin and Brett Engstrom, wildlife biologist Sue Morse, and Joe Nelson of Upland Forestry. Whole Systems Design’s team included: Ben Falk – Site Designer and Land Planner Sean Gaffney – Landscape Designer Chris Shanks – Permaculture Designer and Tree Crops Expert Michael Blazewicz – Riparian Ecologist and Water Systems Designer Keith Morris - Nurseryman and Horticulturist Chris Eaton – Builder Neha Shukla – Illustrator and Chef With consultants: Paul Goodhouse - Teal Farm Land Manager and land use history Carsten Homstead – Biointensive gardening Ken Oldrid – Geology and soils Doug Bullock – Permaculture/Perennial food systems Dave Campolong - Nurseryman Sarah Flack – Pasture systems Nick Cowles – Organic orcharding Nuna Teal – Land use history

will enable all food processing to be powered by site-generated, independent energy sources. The farming system will include: 1. Shelterbelts 2. Orchards 3. Forest 4. Intensive gardens 5. Field-Pasture 6. Ponds/wetlands 7. Nursery/seed bank

Ginseng

Shelterbelts/windbreaks: 5-7 acres, implementation beginning Fall 2006

Extending the property’s existing hedgerows will be one of the earliest developments of the new farming systems. These windbreaks will help build soil, hold snow, and divert damaging winds from orchards, vegetable beds, animals, and buildings. The shelterbelts will also provide nuts, fruits, wood, and other products for humans, livestock, and wildlife. Species include: Native pine, nut bearing pine, oak, hickory, walnut, locust, plum, persimmon, as well as hardy, deciduous, nitrogenfixing trees and shrubs

Orchards: 25 acres in the first phase, implementation beginning Spring 2007

Fruit and nut bearing trees of dwarf and standard varieties will be planted in mixed assemblages throughout the central area of the property. The orchards will develop in direct relation to areas defined by shelterbelts. These areas will also be used extensively for livestock forage. Integrated Pest Management strategies and multi-layered nutrient cycling will help ensure the health and viability of the systems. Species include: Apple, pear, plum, cherry, pawpaw, chestnut, oak, hickory, walnut, butternut, and hazelnut.

Paw-paw

Forest gardening and silviculture: 1,000+/- acres, implementation already initiated Chestnut

Teal Farm Land Plan and Site Design - Summary TEAL FARM ď™„ď™…ď™Œď™‰ ď?Ąď?Łď?˛ď?Ľď?ł Hď?ľď?Žď?´ď?Šď?Žď?§ď?´ď?Żď?Ž - Wď?Šď?Žď?Żď?Żď?łď?Ťď?Š Wď?Ąď?´ď?Ľď?˛ď?łď?¨ď?Ľď?¤ Gď?˛ď?Ľď?Ľď?Ž Mď?Żď?ľď?Žď?´ď?Ąď?Šď?Ž Pď?¨ď?šď?łď?Šď?Żď?§ď?˛ď?Ąď?°ď?¨ď?Šď?Ł Rď?Ľď?§ď?Šď?Żď?Ž Hď?ľď?Žď?´ď?Šď?Žď?§ď?´ď?Żď?Ž Cď?Ľď?Žď?´ď?Ľď?˛, Vď?Ľď?˛ď?­ď?Żď?Žď?´, USA

Teal Farm is an organic, diversified farm that aims to produce a year-round supply of food, fertility, fuel and electricity. Special attention is given to improving soil fertility, enhancing wildlife habitat and ecosystem functions. Three sources of energy will be harvested to power the farm facility: solar, wind, and micro-hydro. These energies will be used to transport, process, and store farm produce. Teal Farm is designed to meet regional food needs in a post-fossil fuel economy. This requires a focus on high-yielding perennial polyculture food production using tree crops as the basis of the agricultural system. The farm design also emphasizes processing and preserving agricultural products grown during our short growing season for later use. The farm’s renewable energy system

Existing sustained-yield forestry will be integrated with understorey crop cultivation of shade-hardy species. Development of these ecosystems will increase the health, productivity, and value of these second and third-growth forests which currently lack past diversity and vigor. In a few decades, these areas will have value to humans and wildlife far beyond what they have been able to recover since the land was initially cleared. Species include: Ash, beech, maple, cherry, birch, mushroom, wild leek, fiddlehead fern, ginseng, mast producing trees/shrubs, and many other NTFP’s (non-timber forest products).

Intensive annual and perennial gardens: 1-2 acres implementation beginning Fall 2006

Bio-intensive and similar production systems focused on development of a self-contained (no external fertility input required) will be used. The goal is the development of an example of super-efficient food production suited to the northern temperate regions of the world. These gardens will provide a majority of the vegetable and fruit needs for the farm operation. Species include many varieties of: Beans, tomatoes, squash, roots, herbs, greens, melons, peppers, onions, berries and grapes.

Field-based grain polyculture: 10-20 acres in the initial phase, implementation beginning Summer 2007 Using little to no tillage in quickly rotating cycles of annuals and perennials, many open-pollinated and

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Program

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endangered heritage grains will be rotated with nitrogen-fixing cover crops, providing grain harvest and revitalizing damaged pasture soils. Grain production will be coupled with pasturing to maximize soil health and efficient use of animal waste and grazing habits. Species include: Barley, oat, quinoa, kamut, spelt, semolina, amaranth.

Pond-wetland-riparian farm: 2-3 acres, implementation beginning May 2006

Ecological restoration and farming of many edible and medicinal species in aquatic systems will take place in these zones. Species include: Cranberry, wild rice, blueberry, swamp rose, arrowhead, gooseberry, skunk cabbage, trout, perch, bass.

Amaranth

Pasture, forage: 20-50 acres, implementation beginning autumn 2006/spring 2007

Pasturing and foraging of animals will be integrated with orchards, gardens, ponds, and grain production. These systems will model land use practices that harmonize the life cycles of the animals with the needs of the individual spaces. Animals will receive food and protection from predation and the elements while their habits and waste are used to increase system health and minimize human intervention and maintenance. Species include: Chickens, geese, pigs, milking devons, and other rare breed milk cows

Black twinberry

A nutrient-dense, delicious polyculture: chestnut, pine nut, king stropharia mushroom

Nursery/seed bank: 2-5 acres, implementation beginning autumn 2007/spring 2008

SUMMARY

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Distribution

The farm will generate off-farm products including foods, materials, electricity and information.

ANIMALS: Rare-breed animal stock

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MATERIALS: Solar-kiln dried hardwood lumber (Vermont Family Forest Certified) Ice Fiber ELECTRICITY: Solar, wind, and hydro-turbine kilowatts may eventually be shared with neighbors under anticipated group net-metering laws.

STRATEGIES Maximize warm microclimates wherever possible as cold is the limiting factor to biological productivity in the region. Develop as much south facing or flat land as is reasonable. Avoid creating north facing zones in high-use areas. Minimize cold air drainages through the most-used zones of production and living. Protect from prevailing winds wherever possible. Berming, structures, and heavy vegetation to the north and southeast will be important. Add thermal mass to buffer temperatures wherever possible: provide solar access to water and stone in high intensity use areas.

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FOODS: • Open-pollinated rare vegetable seeds • Nursery stock: trees, shrubs for perennial regional food production • Mushrooms, wild herbs and other forest understory crops • Fresh fruit, fruit and berry preserves and dehydrated fruit products • Vegetables (fresh and dehydrated) • Grains • Nut oils: sunflower, hazelnut, pumpkin seed, and others • Butter, yogurt, cream, milk • Maple syrup • Fish

Strong microclimate

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The development of functional nursery and seed saving operations will move Teal Farm toward the goal of becoming a sustainable operation. These endeavors will also be a catalyst for the region’s food security as dependable and productive species are shared with other farms and home-scale growers. Nursery operations can begin in the sheltered areas of the courtyard and expand into other protected areas as demands increase.

Tennis Court

This site has a generally north facing aspect which challenges biological productivity. Food production, nutrient cycling, outdoor living and other high value goals are facilitated by south facing, warmer microclimates. Developing warm microclimates is a primary design strategy given program goals. These microclimates can be developed through grading, placement and form of buildings, vegetation arrangements, and proper massing. Utilization of any “waste� heat could also be an important strategy.

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Re-route cold air via grading

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LEGEND Warmest Moderate Cool Coldest

Microclimate Analysis - Farm Center Grape

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Teal Farm is more affected by winds than most of the surrounding region. The bottomlands of the northern portion of the property are subject to cooling, down -valley (katabatic) winds, especially in the later half of the night and early part of the morning before the sun reaches into the Brush Brook Valley. Early f rosts and late snow is a consistent pattern in the Brush Brook drainage and in small tributaries flowing into Brush Brook. The main residential zone is exposed to the strong predominant westerly winds of the region. This area is also directly exposed to arctic winds f rom the north. Establishment of plants in this area should be based around current and future windbreaks. The property is also subject to abnormally intense southerly wind events. These are likely to be at least in part the result of air funneling ( Venturi effect) between the wind turbine knoll and the western flank of Mount Ira Allen. Exposure to wind is a major limiting factor and design challenge to achieving program goals of biological productivity. Wind breaks should be created to minimize exposure.

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With a generally north facing aspect, Teal Farm has a limited number of areas that are warm relative to the surrounding region. The coldest areas on the property are air drainages on north-facing slopes. The expansive and wilder southern half of the property offers the warmest zones. There are innumerable smaller microclimates throughout the property. Since a short growing season is perhaps the primary limiting factor to sustainable habitation of this region, developing warm microclimates with a high degree of thermal mass to buffer temperature swings is critical to meeting program goals. Microclimates change quickly according to air flow, vegetative cover and seasonal variations. This analysis indicates general land patterns.

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TEAL FARM DESIGN PROCESS: RESOURCE FLOW Elements of the REGENERATIVE farm system and their connections WHAT’S TRANSFORMED [production/processing/storage] WHAT’S HERE [Resource Base/Input]

NATURAL CAPITAL

WATER

SOCIAL CAPITAL VISION LABOR

EXPERTISE FINANCE

SHELTER Local materials use Durable construction High indoor environmental quality Daylighting Passive heating & cooling ENERGY [heat, fuel, electricity) Masonry-stove Solar thermal tube collection Thermal mass Wood-furnace Heat pump Wind Photo-voltaic Hydro Electricity storage

Food Medicine Plants & seeds Fuel Electricity Ecosystem regeneration

M a n a g e m e n t

FERTILITY

AIR

Planning + Design

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FOOD PRODUCTION Perennial agro-silva-pastoral farming Passive solar landscaping (microclimate development) Intensive gardening Water catchment & storage Wetland & pond farming: aquaponics Flowforms Plant & animal breeding Plant propagation and dissemination Heirloom seed propagation & preservation Season extended growing Root cellar/passive food storage

WHAT’S PRODUCED [output]

Wildlife & plant diversity - healthy water - oxygen

Fiber

Lumber

Experience/ Inspiration

Information

Economic vitality

Employment Product Natural capital enhancement

NUTRIENT CYCLING Composting toilet Constructed wetland Biomass compost

Culture

An example of abundant land use and thriving settlement

PROGRAMS Regenerative land-use through agriculture

Details of regenerative settlement criteria, priority design criteria, and directives for this project can be found in appendices.

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Site Planning Diagram

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1942

LAND USE HISTORY & F U TURE

2015

Cows Hay Horses Timber Sugar Potatoes

1962

Horses Hay Sheep Musk ox Sugar Beef cattle

1995

Fruits Nuts Vegetables Timber Grains Cows Cattle Sheep Goats Maple sugar Nursery plants Seeds Electricity Biofuel Information

Orthophotos derived from state mapping programs and NAIS. Hay Horses Timber Sugar Sheep

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Development Progressions

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T E A L FA R M LA N D U S E G RA D I EN T

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HUMAN ECOLOGY GRADIENT

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Orchard pasture systems: fruit overstory/grazing understory. Aquaculture, grain crops, some shelters, research, recreation.

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Bioshelters, most intensive use. Permanent residential buildings. The most actively tended farming areas (vegetables, herbs, small fruits, etc.), nutrient cycling, energy production, most intensive everyday work and play. Open woodland gardening.

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Forest gardening, foraging, wild-crafting, timber harvesting, recreation, research, observation-based work.

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Timber harvesting, light foraging, light recreation.

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Completely unmanaged lands. A “preserve.�

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DESIGN CRITERIA The Teal Farm landscape is designed to: VEGETATION • Provide wind protection, especially to the west, north east-southeast. • Be diverse and proven for multiple yields including foods, medicines, habitat, biomass and fertility, thermal value, interest, etc. • Be established in patches and clusters, not homogeneously and prioritizes dynamic accumulators early on. • Be self-maintainable wherever possible, e.g. groups of cross-pollinating species, guilds for pest prevention and fertility building.

Increased annual precipitation, as high as 30%, likely to occur in single events, e.g., > 2.0â€? in 48 h; Longer growing seasons with spring arriving 1-3 weeks earlier; Increased frequency of winter thaws; Higher concentrations of atmospheric CO2; and Higher concentration of ďŹ xed atmospheric N.

Based on these climate predictions for the northeast, researchers have made subsequent predictions of how they will manifest for agriculture. These include: ď‚ˇď€ ď‚ˇď€ ď‚ˇď€ ď‚ˇď€ ď‚ˇď€

Increased likelihood of drought conditions; Greater overall evapotranspiration rates; Potential for high day or night temperature stress events; Increased water demand; Increased overall success of pests, due to greater reproduction, range expansion, increased overwintering capability; Increased likelihood of soil erosion and ooding;͞ Precipitation coming in disastrous forms (e.g., high volumes, hail); Negative effect of warmer winters on the vernalization needs of perennials;͞ Decreasing insulating capacity for perennials due to low snow fall; and Increased probability of early owering and fruit set.

BUILT ENVIRONMENT • Capture, process, store and distribute electricity and heat ď‚ˇď€ â€˘ Process farm products. ď‚ˇď€ â€˘ Processes nutrients generated within. ď‚ˇď€ â€˘ Offer a diversity of microclimates in the landscape and shelter outdoor spaces from wind, ď‚ˇď€ Morel mushroom rain, snow, sun. ď‚ˇď€ â€˘ Be composed of native materials. • Be wheelchair accessible. All of agriculture in the northeast will need to adapt to these abiotic and biotic effects of climate change. The Teal Farm • Have the best possible indoor air quality. landscape will attempt to use such predicted changes to our advantage. For instance, as the climate warms, new varieties of • Be composed of and driven by biological systems as much as possible: e.g. living roofs, interior plantscaping, perennials will be available to cultivate; as precipitation increases and becomes more erratic, water storage systems, as well as greywater gardens, etc. water gardens, will respond accordingly. Many of our strategies will develop as the effects become realized on the landscape. • Optimize views of the surrounding landscape and promote direct sensory experience of the living world as However, in order to begin to adapt our design to these changes, the site design employs the following strategies: much as possible. ď‚ˇď€ Plantings and built elements employ microclimatic layouts such as windbreaks, snow-retaining planting hedgerows, suntrapping vegetation arcs and water features for thermal mass. SOCIAL SPACES (residence, circulation, gathering) ď‚ˇď€ Nitrogen-ďŹ xing and dynamic-accumulating plant associations (guilds) build soil and bank carbon from the atmosphere • Create work centers into the living soil structure. This increases fertility and yields while decreasing atmospheric carbon, eventually making • Accommodate a range of inhabitants. These include guests staying a few hours, a few weeks and permanent the farm a net carbon retainer (banking carbon in the soil). residents. ď‚ˇď€ Passively heated and cooled buildings and structures use renewable energy sources from the land, sun, water, and wind. • Offer a gradient of openness across the landscape, ranging from open pasture spaces and knoll top lookouts to ď‚ˇď€ Many food crop plants species from neighboring climate zones (both warmer and colder – zones 3-5) make the site inward-facing gathering spaces within intensive gardens. resilient and adaptive in the face of annual temperature uctuations. The system does not depend on any single crop yield • Closely connect zones of intense use. and pushes hardiness zone envelopes for genetic innovation. • Reduce energy expenditure in maintenance. ď€ ď‚ˇď€ ď€ ď€ The strategies outlined above combine to form a farm system that yields a reliable and self-sufďŹ cient localized food • Promote contact with living systems wherever possible. and energy supply system which will be increasingly important if the affects of climate change destabilize global food and energy • Offer outdoor use across the day and seasons. supply lines. • Provide a strong public-private gradient. • • • •

Be legible in its design and construction and help build awareness in the inhabitant. Encourage visitor interaction with gardening and farming systems. Be wheelchair accessible in certain areas. Preserve and highlight the site’s land use history.

Of primary importance for increased food security and regional sustainability is developing diverse and exible food crops. Climate change could usher in warmer periods of a few years as well as a decade or more that is punctuated by surprise frosts. Many Crops Early and late frosts select against certain crops. The Teal Farm’s agro-ecosystem will respond to this through planting many species and varieties to meet food needs rather than depending on monocrop systems which needs predictable weather patterns to produce. A broader range of species with different owering cues is insurance against poor fruit-sets due to unpredictable weather. .

DESIGN FOR CLIMATE CHANGE The following is an example of the Teal Farm design process as applied in the Land Plan and Site Design.

New Crops Developing innovative new cross breeds through ad hoc breeding programs that combine desired properties of many similar species also will ensure resiliency. For example, crossing a sweet cherry (Prunus avium) with a Nanking cherry (Prunus tomentosa) creates a next-generation cross which owers

The Teal Farm landscape design will attempt to respond to challenges anticipated due to global climate changes, ones likely to manifest in changes in local and regional weather. For the northeast, these climate change predictions are primarily derived from the Hadley and Canadian Global Circulation Models (GCMs), computer models that predict the plausible future climate conditions for this region. These models consistently anticipate the following for the area where Teal Farm exists: ď‚ˇď€ Higher ambient temperatures with greater rates of warming in the winter months; ď‚ˇď€ Declining differences between nocturnal and diurnal temperature ranges;

Toka plum

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like the Nanking cherry (late, thus avoiding the killing late spring frosts,) but has the larger , sweeter more marketable cherry Cold Hardy Crops Some apples and native plums can withstand negative 45 degrees F. or colder (depending on rootstock). Other plants share equal hardiness like Swiss stone pine, Cornelian cherry, Siberian sea berry, Korean nut pine as well maralroot, a Siberian medicinal that is a powerful adaptogen (like ginseng) and can tolerate to negative -50 F. Propagation and distribution of cold hardy regenerative species will assist in providing food security to the Earth’s colder climates. Warm Hardy Crops Rapidly warming trends could outpace the agility of current agricultural systems. A farming system that plans for such changes would integrate a broad hardiness spectrum of crops. If warming trends continue, food security, already destabilized by increasing energy costs, could be worsened quickly if local farming systems do not adjust to changes in temperature, wind and precipitation. The most luscious of peaches, nectarines, Goji berries, Japanese raisin trees, ume plum trees (source of umeboshi, a fermented food in Japanese cuisine and medicine) could be planted or in greenhouses, waiting to be planted, if the need to exploit a new climate regime emerges. In a world of rapid climate changes a durable farming system would plan for temperatures up to 10-15 degrees warmer or colder. Imagine Vermont just 10-15 degrees F. (an absolute low of -10 F): A diversity of bamboos, palms and bananas could be grown. The production and harvesting of new foods, ďŹ bers, medicines, and building materials could enliven the local economy and increase the independence and health of the local region. If planned for, climate change could perhaps be harnessed in ways that increase biological diversity and add value to culture by stimulating settlement and farming techniques.

LIMITING FACTORS TO REGENERATION Embodied Energy The creation of a regenerative settlement on the scale of the Teal Farm is a challenging undertaking. There exist only a small number of truly regenerative human settlements on Earth and the vast majority of these are warmer climate zones where human livelihood can be conducted regeneratively more easily (due to greater available energy coupled with less energy need). It is likely that a regenerative settlement of this scale in zone 4 cold-temperate regions does not yet exist. The challenge of developing a settlement system that returns more health back into the land and community than it extracts cannot be underestimated and the endeavor requires a long range planning process with success measured Lemon cucumber over decades. Measuring this success requires quantifying the results of the project on many levels. These include the ecological footprint of the system, the affect of the system on the local community, its affect on regional air and water resources, and many other areas of inuence. A great investment of resources has been concentrated here at Teal Farm to pursue this goal. As plans are carried out and systems maintained, the Teal Farm may eventually become one of the most ecologically-advanced settlement systems at this scale in the world. Such a settlement would support the livelihoods of many people and be an example of democratic land use. History has shown that even long-term sustainable, perennial farming systems usually require high energy inputs in the initial stages of establishment until systems mature and begin to produce signiďŹ cant outputs. When the system yields more energy and value than is needed for its maintenance, a measure of success towards regeneration is reached. Additionally, a truly sustainable and regenerative settlement depends upon long-term yields to offset the initial energy and resource input of the system. Initial costs of the Teal Farm that need to be offset in order that this system eventually becomes regenerative include: large inputs of fuel, electricity, and materials with high embodied energy used in building, electrical and heat systems. The following ongoing ecological costs will detract from the success of the project to the extent that they occur: ď‚ˇď€ Hauling of materials using combustion-powered machinery ď‚ˇď€ Road construction ď‚ˇď€ Travel within and to/from the site using combustion engines ď‚ˇď€ Built systems construction and maintenance such as that required in structures, electrical systems, heating systems, and computing systems. (If in the future biotecture becomes fully realized then the built environment might be able to transition from being less bad to actually being generative.) ď‚ˇď€ Tilling or mowing of land with machinery Because living systems, unlike abiotic elements, have the ability to become more organized and more productive over time (negentropy) their utilization is primary. Regenerative settlements use life and life-like process in place of abiotic components wherever possible. The living systems on site are the basis of its sustainability. At the Teal Farm a system that will produce

more resources than it consumes will be the result of transitioning signiďŹ cant areas of the property into more biologicallyproductive systems of tree-based perennials, intensive annual and perennial gardens, biodiverse aquatic systems, and treeintegrated pasturing, while continually reducing material and energy inputs to the farm system.

Sample Menu (Year 5 September)

(All foods grown and processed at Teal Farm)

Breakfast

Wild Mushroom Frittata: Eggs baked with Hen of the woods mushrooms, Lion’s mane mushrooms, Tarentaise cheese, with fresh chives and thyme, on a bed of creamy Carola potatoes. Yogurt from milking devon herd. Granola: Rolled oats, pumpkin seeds, maple syrup, dried blueberries and apples. Fresh persimmons herbal teas made from fresh and dried herbs.

Lunch

Salsify Cream Soup: Salsify, Jerusalem artichokes and shallots, garnished with finely chopped lovage and a drizzle of pumpkin seed oil. Watercress Salad: Miner’s lettuce, watercress, salad burnette, and baby spinach, dressed with maple mustard vinaigrette (sunflower seed oil, and apple cider vinegar).

Main Course

Seared venison with a sweet onion confit, in a juniper berry and elderberry wine reduction, served with a pilaf of wheat and rye and roasted chestnuts. or Apple wood smoked brook trout with ovenroasted American groundnut “potatoes�, served with a side of fiddleheads and sprinkled with chestnut-fed pork.

Beverage

Wild leek season breakfast: Teal Farm eggs, red potatos, sunflower oil, red onion, garlic, cilantro, wild-foraged leeks.

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Rhubarb wine Dessert Paw Paw and Goat Cheese Tart: Turkish tree hazelnut crust, filled with honeyed goat cheese, topped with fresh Paw-paw fruit. Ice Cream and blueberries

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Limiting Factors - Sample Menu

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Teal Far m Center

Forest-field edge softened and biodiversity is increased with masting trees and nitrogen-fixing shrubs.

Nut production

Th e h e a r t o f t h e Te a l Fa r m i n c l u d e s i n te n s i ve a n n u a l a n d pe re n n i a l g a rd e ns , o rc h a rd s , a nu r s e r y, we t l a nd a nd pon d f a r m i n g, re n e w a b l e e l e c tr i c i t y a n d h e a t pro d u ct i on, g re e nh o u s e s , a nd p l a nt p ro p a g a t i on a n d f a r m pro c e s s i n g f ac i l i ti e s . Th i s residential and agricultural center of the property will process, store, and pack all farm produce using site harvested solar, wind, and micro-hydro energy. This area also houses the nursery and seed conservation facilities, the LivingFuture headquarters, and serves as the focal point for educational programs and research.

Micro-hydro penstock route

Heirloom orchard of heritage varieties

Regenerated stream course Upper farm road

Multi-yield forestry See mycoforestry report

Biotecture Kid Spaces

Living sculptures of willow and birch become playgrounds amid the interior gardens.

(Refer to the Land Plan and Site Design document for details of the Teal Farm design.)

Existing hedgerow

Forest edge is planted to enhance wildlife habitat, biological productivity and perennial crop yields. Beehives East and southeasterly windbreaks

Windbreak

Shaded pergola parking

Pond farming: Wetland plants Heat-loving plants Thermal mass for climate buffering Wildlife habitat Fish production Swimming Light

Trellised fruits and berries

Pavilion Li

Suburban edible yard

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Beds

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Regenerated brook

Trailhead to outer property

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Zone 5 water gardens/ nursery

Stair/stage for courtyard music

North

Intensive GardenBeds BedsSection Section (Typ.) (Typ.) Intensive Garden

and perennial layouts maximize energy harvesting AnnualAnnual and perennial layouts maximize energy harvesting and yields by and yieldsvertical by utlizing utilizing space.vetical N.T.S.space.

See pond plan and report

Restored stream course

Forest to inner farm access

Residential courtyard Nursery Light farm work

Orchard-pasture See Orchard-Pasture plan and report

Orchard parking

Floating plant islands

Micro-hydro outlet into plunge pool next to earth-bermed and living-roofed sauna

Main public entry via existing roadway

Chicken coop

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Windbreak

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Farm processing facility, heat & electrical production, residences

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Urban food garden

Forest landing Logs, mushrooms, understory crops

On berm are birdfeeders, wildflowers, and green- manure cover crops for fertilizing intensive gardens.

Main house

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Garden - Parking Section

Constructed wetland Pasture nutrient production for intensive beds in a n t

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Pergola-shaded parking is built into intensive garden shelterbelt. Entrance experience between vehicle and garden is enhanced via cresting stair.

Cattle guard

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Pergola

Intensive gardens

Coldest zone in inner gardens: summer tenting platforms mushroom cultivation soundscape source in gorge

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Shaded parking

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Evergreen windbreak

roadway

Existing tree peninsula expanded upon for wind protection

Shaded parking under pergola

Animal fencing

Apartment parking

Animal crossing

Future agricultural barn site

Passive solar greenhouses

Shelterbelt guilds: Picea, Abies, Typ.

Shoulder parking

Animal shelter

w i n d s

Fruit tree islands: Plum, pear, persimmon, apple, Typ. Windward vegetation: Nut pines, abies, seaberry, Typ.

Nutrient production and pasture zone: Nitrogen-fixing covers and shrubs grown for intensive garden beds.

Pasture

Snow deposition

Windbreak Section (Typ.)

Shelterbelts filter and deflect winds with a combination of evergreen and deciduous shrubs and trees. Groves of sensitive fruit trees thrive in wind eddies.

Forest-field edge softened and increased in biodiversity through masting trees and nitrogen-fixing shrub and tree plantings.

South

Shelterbelt - Greenhouse Section

To Huntington Center and lower fields

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Animal shelter

North

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Evergreen and deciduous windbreaks anchor the north side of the entrance garden and protect greenhouse climate.

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Heavy work barn in 1st floor bays Farm residence above

tore y Event parking Work yard

1� = 60’ @ 24� x 36� Sheet 0’

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Section: Water Gardens through Sauna to Pond Berm

On-pond sauna next to micro-hydro outlet, floating plant destinations, waterline habitat through stone and plantings.

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Outdoor eating: with views to the sunset above wind buffering low edible shrubs and dwarf trees, Cornelian cherry, Nanking Cherry, Japanese cherry, Columnar apples, American plums and Beach plums.

Parking: Along roadway for events and during harsh weather. In pergola-shaded pullouts that soften car presence, shade vehicles and provide food via trellised fruits such as grape and hardy kiwi.

Intensive Gardens The intensive gardens at Teal Farm will be an example of mixed annual and perennial high-yield organic food production. The system will produce year-round with the help of cold hardy plantings, wind-buffering evergreens, and trellises that exploit vertical space. Borders are defined by perennial shrubs and dwarf tree of small fruits and nitrogen fixers. Fertility is also added to the annual beds through small scale composts heaps within the garden, mulching of pathway cover grasses and from neighboring nutrient production zones. This garden will feed more people per square area than any other part of the farm. See Plants section of the plan set for species lists and additional information.

0’

30’

Urban/small space intensive organic gardening demonstration garden: trellised fruits on cables, espaliered small fruits on low walls, fruiting vines, multi-graft small trees and dwarf fruits in containers.

Future greenhouses: Season extension, starts, propagation, experiments with new species

Central sitting area

Windbreak

Shelterbelt: Evergeen and deciduous windbreak of American hazelnuts. Norway spruce, Korean stone pine, Balsam fir and Swiss stone pine.

Trellised fruits and berries

Cresting entrance stairs - Plan View See 24� x 36� 60 scale Farm Center Drawing for entrance stair cross section

Beds

Intensive Garden Beds Section (Typ.)

Annual and perennial layouts maximize energy harvesting and yields by utlizing vetical space.

North

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North

Pear PATTEN SUMMERCRISP, SAUVIGNAC LUSCIOUS URE Cabot' Clark' David' Jubilee' Herman Last' Leonard' Luscious' Nova' Olia' Patten' Pepi'

7' or more 7' or more 7' or more 7' or more 7' or more 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4'

Grape St. Croix' Brianna' Beta' Bluebell' Frontenac' King of the North' Prairie Star' Sabrevois' St. Pepin' Worden' Valiant'

1 gallon 1 gallon 1' 1' 1' 1' 1' 1' 1' 1' 1'

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plug plug plug plug plug plug plug to 4' plug to 4' plug plug plug plug plug plug plug plug plug plug plug plug plug plug plug plug plug plug plug plug plug plug plug

, LLC

Breakfast Space

Whole Human Habitats

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66 Dean’s Mountain, Moretown, VT 05660

Groundcovers, flowers, herbs, understory, IPM Achillea m. 'Summer Wine' 72 Achillea m. 'Oertel's rose' 72 Achillea m. 'Paprika' 72 Achillea x 'Fireland' 72 Achillea x 'Moonshine' 72 Allium cernum 38 Aruncus dioicus 50 Aster divaricatus 38 Baptisia australis 72 Baptisia australis var. minor 72 Chrysopsis villosa 38 Echinacea purpurea 'Magnus' 72 Echinacea purpurea 'White Swan' 72 Echinacea purpurea 'Ruby Star' 72 Echinacea purpurea 72 Geum 'Flames of Passion' 50 Liatris spicata 38 Lysimachia cil 'Firecracker' 50 Monarda 'Coral Reef' 72 Monarda 'Dark Ponticum' 72 Monarda 'Marshalls Delight' 72 Monarda 'Petite Delight' 72 Monarda 'Petite Wonder' 72 Monarda 'Raspberry Wine' 72 Monarda didyma 'Jacob Cline' 72 Oenothera fructicosa 38 Phlox carolina var angusta 'Gypsy Love' 72 Polemonium reptans 'Stairway to Heaven' 72 Ratibita pinnata 38 Scutellaria incana 38 Verbena hastata 38

GAL 1-2' GAL GAL

Te a l Fa r m

Honeyberry Berry Blue' Blue Belle' Blue Bird' Blue Forest' Blue Lightning' Blue Moon'

Date:

7 gallons 7 gallons 4 gallon 12-18" 12-18" GAL 1-2' GAL GAL

11/15/07

Blueberry/Bilberry Bluberry 'Northland' Chippewa' Northland' Vaccinium angustifolium lowbush Vaccinium angustifolium lowbush 'putte' Blue Sky' Blue Velvet' Kamchatka' Smoky Blue'

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Plums Prunus americana Prunus x dunbari Prunus maritima

Drawn by:

Crop Examples

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Courtyard Outdoor eating area Stairs to main house garden

Protected grove

Stonewall windbreak/ sitting area Road into courtyard

Low windbreak Path to gardens/pond/ sauna Ground floor: Light garden shop

Light work area

Multi-functional turf zone

Path to greenhouse/ stone arch Nursery trees and shrubs

Elements of the design include: A protected small nursery, multi-level outdoor music space, eating space and light garden-related work spaces served by the groundfloor bays of the south and western buildings. The landscape is designed to encourage use across all seasons with sitting spaces to the south side of the Energy Barn within this very warm microclimate. An outdoor eating space serves the courtyard on the west side of the Energy Barn.

Biotecture elements Nursery trees

The farm courtyard will be a social hub for farm residents, workers and some visitors. As the most accessible wind protected space of the farm the courtyard would serve as an excellent nursery. Plantings on the east side will buffer east south east winds while remaining low to maintain sightline corridors to Camel’s Hump and parts of the gardens to the east.

Spaces are defined by grading, and plants.

Ground floor:

0’

Stone stairs to coutyard/orchard Trailhead to property trail network that begins though the orchard

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Intensive Gardens

The intensive gardens will be concentrated to the north of the Energy Barn. Flanked by greenhouses on the north side, scores of species of annual and perennial food plants will grow in beds, perennial borders and trellises. Fruits and vegetables, tubers and uncommon grains, herbs, edible and medicinal owers and much more will create a stunning introduction to the Teal Farm property and serve as a major food production center. The garden space will feature Bio-intensive annual vegetable production in raised beds, vertical trellising elements and multi-functional plants demonstrating examples of Sub-urban/urban agricultural possibilities, perennial vegetable and herb gardens, and more. The integration and use of small animals in chicken, duck or rabbit “tractorsâ€? (ďŹ tted cages for turning beds) will also be featured. Contemplative spaces and a central gathering space will make the garden a destination spot for residents. Annual Beds Annual agriculture (plants that must be replanted yearly) will be dedicated to open pollinated varieties of vegetables, fruits, roots, and leaves. Food production for fresh eating, preservation, and education will be paramount. Seed saving, small-scale breeding and conservation will begin once the garden has become well-established and soil health is vigorous. Perennial Beds The perennial beds featured in the garden will produce perennial greens, tubers, shoots, herbs, and owers for food and medicine. Bed layout is designed for good sun orientation, IPM (integrated pest management), and fertility management.

See the “Plants� section for more information on the Intensive Gardens.

Brook Regeneration Overview Regeneration of a small brook will be a key focal point of the revitalized “water gardenâ€? site which is now home to the tennis court and pool. ReconďŹ guration of the channel to the proximity of its historic course is intended to beneďŹ t the stream quality as well as the human experience at the Teal Farm. The stream restoration project begins at a culvert where it must cross under the upper access road. The project ends where it joins a major tributary to Brush Brook at the northwest corner of the lower pond. The watershed area is 64 acres, draining mostly woodland and pasture. The stream has been designed to meet NRCS Type II mass rainfall events at a 100 year return time.

• • • • • • • • • •

The design criteria speciďŹ c to the restoration of Teal Farm Brook include the following: Transport water and sediment through the system Maximize the beneďŹ ts of falling water Convey cold air away from the microclimate Develop a functional multi-use buffer Energize water Enhance wind break features of the site Provide for human spaces/interaction with the stream Highlight views of Camel’s Hump and surroundings Remove east-west (thermally polluting) ow and re-establish northsouth ow reducing thermal pollution on stream Recreate the look, feel, and function of a natural stream

The major physical design elements of the system (from upstream to downstream) include: Culvert: The existing culvert will be replaced with a 42â€? squash culvert to be installed with a 10% slope. This culvert has been selected for its ability to spread the ow of the stream and dissipate its energy. The new culvert is designed to convey a 20-year peak-runoff event. New headers and footers will need to be designed for the culvert. The outlet footer, to the extent possible, will be built to hide the metal culvert and provide the impression of a stone culvert. Native stone should be used to maintain the character of the site. Waterfall: A small waterfall will begin at the culvert outlet. Excavation of a plunge pool directly below the culvert exit will dissipate the energy of the waterfall and create a positive soundscape that will draw visitors to the area. The plunge pool and slope will be lined with ďŹ lter cloth. Type IV stone will be placed to stabilize the steep bank. The plunge pool will be dug, lined ďŹ rst with cloth and then with type III and IV stone. A cross weir will be constructed at the downstream end of the plunge pool in order to set the elevation of water in the pool and stabilize the site. First slope: At an 8% grade, the ďŹ rst slope will be designed as a step-pool stream to convey water from the falls to the atter slope below. Channels of this slope are typically deeply-entrenched, debris-transporting, torrent streams. They usually have vertical steps with deep scour pools, and many large boulders and cobbles to dissipate energy. Dimensions of the channel will be 3’ wide by 10â€? deep at the rife crest. A cross vane will be placed every 10’ in the channel (giving each step 0.8’ drop.) The pools under each step will be 14â€? deep. The entire channel will be lined with erosion control fabric followed by an assortment of cobbles, boulders, and gravels from the site. Type II stone will be used to build the cross vanes, however, these will be hidden as much as possible by stones found on site. The entire channel will be excavated 3.5’ into the ďŹ nal grade, in order to create a depressed streambed. A oodplain will be built from the top of the channel bank to an average total width of 13’. The oodplain will then slope up at a 1:1.5 to the height of the existing grade 3.5’ above the channel bottom. Second slope:

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Berm

Main house gardens

Water Gardens

Sauna

The water gardens are organized around the renaturalized stream course and the slightly south-facing aspect this protected bowl will offer. Along with the courtyard this area will be the only wind-sheltered site during the initial years of plant development. This area is also easily accessible from the courtyard (in zone 1-2) and has a significant amount of level ground. For these reasons this site is the most sensible location for Teal Farm’s main nursery. This site will also be one of the most inspiring locations in the Farm Center with its local views of the pond and forest backed by more distant mountains. The visual depth in this zone is perhaps the highest on the entire property. The restored streamcourse with its small waterfalls and pools flanked by edible garden coves and large boulders for thermal mass will also serve to make the area exceptional.

Pond

Warmest zone on property Garden beds and warm-weather fruit trees

Path from courtyard Future greenhouse Footpath to sauna

Footbridge

0’

30’

Garden cart bridge

Small pool

Outdoor shelter

Cascade into regenerated brook

Biotecture areas

Mixed evergreen and deciduous windbreak

Regenerated brook

At the edge of forest and gardens and above the main waterfall, views from this spot will be among the most spectacular on the property.

Garden Cart

Welded in farm shop of salvage metal. Wide tires. Light transport of farm materials over most terrain.

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The second slope will cover the portion of land now occupied by the tennis Paw-paw court and pool, and will follow similar channel dimensions as the ďŹ rst. This will Elderberry be designed as a plane bed stream. It Red alder will be a rife dominated channel, with infrequently spaced pools and large woody Willow debris elements to provide texture and Red osier dogwood animal habitat. The average slope of this River bank grape channel will be similar to the existing grade (approximately 2.5%). The oodplain will follow a general arc from the base of the ďŹ rst slope to the top of the third slope in pattern with the windbreak contours. Channel sinuosity will be >1.2 and the oodplain sinuosity will follow gentle meanders in order to maintain an average slope of at least 2%. The Width:Depth ratio of the channel will be 13:1. Riparian Guild (Typ.)

Stream Crossing (formal)

Large stones form bridges over watercourse. Dispersed flat walking stones ease this transition between spaces.

Settling Pond: The existing settling pond, near the Garden Pond is no longer in use. It will be ďŹ lled and re-graded as part of the stream relocation project.

Stream Restoration Example

Stone and multi-story edible plants define stream spaces. A path weaves along the stream corridor with niches along its length. Small waterfalls vary the soundscape. Outputs include small shrub fruits and nuts such as blueberry, gooseberry, currant and hazelnut with Paw-paw and other larger fruits in the overstory

Third slope and Tributary Conuence: The third slope will be similar to the ďŹ rst, aerating and enlivening the stream before its conuence. Riparian Plant Guilds: Riparian forests in Vermont have been subject to much abuse. Human relationships tend to be either highly disruptive, or as a backlash, very limited. The Teal Farm design calls for a closer relationship to stream plants. Ecologically, the riparian vegetation will shade the stream, control stream bank erosion, provide habitat and a preferred wildlife travel route, buffer the surface water from overland pollutants, and provide beneďŹ cial input to the stream system. Products and yields of riparian vegetation may include;Íž fruits and berries, seeds, mushrooms, nuts, oral greens, veneer wood, small diameter craft wood, nursery stock, and natural medicines. Example guilds (positive plant associations) that should be planted include: red osier dogwood, red speckled alder, pawpaw, willow, elderberry, musclewood, black walnut, black locust, and riverbank grape.

Teal Farm Garden Pavilion Serviceberry

Cornelian cherry Passive ventilation and lighting

Northern white cedar roof

Flowforms Flowforms are sculptures which are intended to re-energize water that has been depleted of its natural energy due to piping or other unnatural conveyance. The forms are based on theories of the German philosopher Goethe, which deal with natural-form-based mathematic principles. The work was continued by European researchers Victor Schauberger, Theodor Schwenk, and John Wilkes in the early-to-mid 20th century. Wilkes invented the owform in the United Kingdom in 1970. Without question, owforms aid in re-oxygenating and decreasing the velocity of water as it passes through the sculpted shape, thus providing an easily veriďŹ able beneďŹ t. There are also many claims that this technology has the ability to re-energize and “healâ€? water that has been damaged or polluted. Flowforms are used internationally, particularly by those interested in Biodynamics, in agriculture and efuent treatment. One successful example is the sewage processing system designed by Will Browne for Vidarasen Camphill, a community of 160 people in Norway. Peter D. Jenssen, Professor of Agricultural Engineering at the University of Norway, has collected data and provided documentation of Browne’s success.

Scotch laburnum Paw-paw Open roof interior with perimeter cable, no collar ties Posts: black-locust, red oak, tamarack, ash, Typ.

Highbush cranberry

The garden pavilion serves as a destination in the warmest gardens on the farm. Situated near the primary waterfall of the regenerated brook, the space serves as an inspired setting for quiet contemplation within the heart of the farm gardens. Camel’s Hump is visible over the inner gardens. The structure is built into the grade and composed completely of site-sourced materials except for the roof perimeter cable.

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Plant Deck

Wetland and pond plant foliage direct sightlines across the pond while root communities enhance water quality below.

Pond Regeneration

Water molecules have been shown to display strikingly different crystalline patterns when subject to various conditions. Natural processes, thoughts, and traditional songs have been shown by Masaru Emoto, a Japanese researcher, to create unique and beautiful crystal patterns which resemble snowakes. These natural arrangements are considered to be a representation of the life-giving energy of the water. When water is passed through metal and plastic pipes, the crystalline patterns become muted and the water is said to lose some of its inherent potential to support life. The owforms are used to re-pattern the crystalline structure in the water and increase its potency. This concept is detailed in Emoto’s book The Secret Life of Water (Atria Books, November 2005).

Planting Shelf Detail It is important that there is some variability in shelf dimensions in order to create diverse habitat*

Slope of freeboard = 1:3 where possible

See Plant Tables for species High water level

Average depth = 10" Average slope = 1:5 Average shelf width = 2.5'

One of the ďŹ rst stages in the redevelopment of the Teal Farm is the development of the Cathedral and Garden ponds into regenerative water bodies. These will provide food, habitat, recreation, and educational opportunities.

Small lip to prevent organic debris from settling to pond bottom

Swimming Deck

Slope transitions from slightly >1:2 to 1:2

*Occasional boulders and mounds(fill) can be placed in shelves as well *Constructed of existing site material

Aquaculture The dimensions of the ponds and the ow rates through them are well-suited to ďŹ sh production. Many species such as: small mouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), bass in the genus Moron, brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), brown Chinampa Construction trout (Salmo trutta), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Water body tempers climate and lengthens growing season bullhead (Ameiurus sp.), carp (Cyprinus carpio) and yellow Plunge Pool perch (Perca vescens) may be appropriate to these particular Micro-hydro electric water is potentized via flowforms before returning to the watershed. ponds. Traditional seine netting techniques may be applied Vegetables & herbs w/ high Simple frame constructed of bambo, for harvest. CrawďŹ sh (Orconectes sp.) could also be cultivated water & nutrient requirements cedar stakes, or other suitable material and harvested with special traps (similar to lobster traps). The such as melons supports 1-4" wire or poly mesh presence of ďŹ shes in a pond, whether for harvest or not, is a critical component of a healthy pond ecology.

Peninsula Construction See Plant Tables for species

Peninsula extends to approx. 20' from shore High water level

Raft anchored in fill

Existing grade

Average depth = 1.5' Which species are selected and the quantities of each would be based on availability from local hatcheries Mesh encases dried plant debris which and more in-depth analysis of water provides substrate for vegetable cultivation quality after the pond construction has been completed. The best wild *Plants are tended to by wading in water or from boat Frame length can vary trout ponds in Vermont were found Frame width should be 3-4' max. for ease of maintenance Aisles between frames should be 3' min. width to have 30 lbs of ďŹ sh (of all sizes) per acre. To ensure ďŹ sh survival, it is advisable to let the ponds adjust to the changes and stabilize over the course of a season. The surrounding landscape will generate mutiple inputs, such as herps, vegetation, and insects, which should create a pond ecology that requires little, if any, outside human nutrient input. Swimming Deck

Fill (existing site material) Pond level dropped during construction Fill added as deep as possible up to approx. 4'

Private sunning on the water below Camel’s Hump.

A

341.46 Slope=1:2

x340.4

Furthest extent supported with floating raft made of cedar logs, bambo, HDPE pipe or other suitable material Raft structure floats just below water line not visible

Wire or poly mesh taught across top of 5'x10' raft 6" coconut coir or other planting substrate placed on top of mesh Shape can vary depending on material *Raft construction same for swim dock

Private sunning on the water beneath Camel’s Hump.

Plants The cultivation of useful plants in the Garden Pond will be most effectively done with edible and medicinal Pond Inlet Detail native wetland species. Plants such as Acorus calamus, Pontederia cordata, Sagittaria latifolia, Uvularia sessilifolia, Zizania palustris Landscaping stones consistent with produce greens, tubers, and grain and were a critical element of site material, filter fabric between stones and gravel the Native American diet in this bioregion. These foods, grown in their natural habitat, yield a much higher nuttient value than Pond Full Water Level 341.6 most other vegetables, and they have the added value of being perennial. Wild Rice, Zizania palustris, may also be grown in the pond in order to attract birds and keep several varieties as seed stock for future Vermont-based wild rice production. x340.4 Curtain drain (gravel)

Raft extension design fosters healthy water flow, creates fish habitat

Shrubs and herbaceous plants up to 7' tall create privacy screen

High water level

Swimming Deck

Thatch is built upon locust, cedar or oak roof structure. Food grade salvage barrels for flotation. Northern white cedar or black locust structure

Wetland Grading

*Everything constructed w/ existing site material

Pond Full Water Level 341.6 Slope = 1:2

Variable depth, approx. 4"-14" Elev. 340.4 - 341.2

Small lip to prevent organic debris from settling to pond bottom Elev. 340.8

Occasional small mound of varying size & shape at 342 elev., +/- 0.3

A1

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Garden Pond The Garden Pond is designed to serve as a recreational and visual focal point in the farm center. The pond and its edges will be cultivated for water and heatloving crops and be home to a host of endangered hydric plant species.

Boulders across waterline, provide fish and amphibian habitat Private cove

Elements of the design include: A bathhouse with a wood-fired sauna and outdoor shower, floating plant islands, edge plantings, and a wildlife access corridor.

Birdhouses among wildflowers to give the berm vertical structure

Shrub peninsula

Floating garden beds (chinampas)

Species cultivated will include: Brook trout, wild rice, cranberry, currant, bilberry, elderberry, peppers, eggplants, tomatoes, basil, melons and many medicinal plants. See pond plant lists and report for more information.

Sunning island with vegetation for privacy and H20 treatment Hydro-effluent into plunge pool through flowforms

Shallow marsh plant and animal community

Aquaponic island

1� = 30’

0’

30’

Earth-sheltered bathhouse/sauna with living roof, swimming platform, morning sunning space

Late day quiet spaces by waterline

Edge softened and made more complex for habitat and interest using vegetation and rock

Forested wildlife access corridor

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Bench with Camel’s Hump view

To main house To water gardens Micro-hydro outlet cascades over flowforms into plunge pool

Living roof above sauna

Stone stairs

To private beach

Wood storage

Plunge pool

Outdoor shower

The production of other crops in the ‘chinampa’ beds, essentially piles of dried plant debris held in place in the water by a light framed net, opens possibilities of growing melons and other plants that require high nutrient and water uptake as well as a slightly warmer climate. The proximity to the water tempers the climate and lengthens the growing season. These beds can be accessed by wading in the water or by small boat.

The planting scheme includes many species throughout the pond that have medicinal value. For example, Spotted Touch-me-not (Impatiens capensis) is useful as a fungicide and also as treatment for Poison Ivy while the leaves and berries of Elderberry (Sambucus canadensis) are immune-boosting, antiviral, antimicrobial, and diuretic. (See Plant Tables for more examples) Construction Notes

Pond Sauna Pondside sauna of site harvested timbers and stone offers rejuvenation and immersion in the waters of Teal Farm Site work on the Garden and Cathedral Ponds will require that the water level be lowered to several feet below the high water mark. All ďŹ ll material added will be from site (except for the sand for the beaches) and will be well compacted before the water level is returned. Biodegradable erosion mats (straw or coconut coir) can then be placed on planting areas to provide a substrate for planting as well as erosion control. Plants can be added after all site work is completed and the drains and spillways prove functional. Plants will need some level of care and maintenance after installation. This level of care will depend primarily on weather conditions, waterfowl predation, and how individual species take to the site. The goal of this work is a self-maintaining ecology which will only need occasional human assistance to guide it in the desired direction. Cathedral Pond Drainage and Spillway Areas It is recommended that the areas of the pond drain (penstock blow-off), spillway and emergency spillway outows be designed to capture and allow ows to percolate into the ground. Exporting ows downhill or into the stream could negatively effect the stream and could cause much erosion on the forest oor. These areas could be constructed as shallow basins (sized according to the potential ow calculations of a pond engineer,) and planted with species tolerant of both wet and dry conditions. Some recommended plants are American basswood, box elder, willows, dogwoods, and various species in the Carex genus.

Emergency Spillway

*see pond construction drawings for spillway & berm deisgn

Small, sinuating channel of varying widththrough middle of wetland area Elev. 339.2

x339.2

Lip 340.8

Mounds

x340.4 - 341.2 A x342

x

x339.2

Pond inlet

A1

Garden Pond Outlet The outlet to the Garden pond has been redesigned to accommodate for input from the hydro-electric water line ( hydro penstock) The pond outlet will be constructed to convey both base ows (normal) and storm events in a single channel. The larger storm channel will be 2’ wide at the bottom and constructed at several inches below current standpipe elevation with 1:3 side slopes up to the top of the berm. It will be constructed, like other channels, with erosion control fabric, covered with clean crushed gravel, Type I stone and then Type II stone (see appendix or drawing for details). The existing outlet riser can be kept in place as a security measure during large events, or to drain the pond. The pond outlet channel will bend slightly at the lower end in order to enter the Brush Brook tributary at a 45 degree angle in order to prevent erosion along the opposite bank of the tributary.

x340.4 - 341.2 Uphill grading consistent with natural contours Slope not to exceed 1:3 within 20' of pond edge *See Cathedral Pond Plant Table, Wetland section for planting specs

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Semi-wild zone

Showy emergent and aquatic species like Cardinal Flower and Cowslip populate the shore while wildflowers stand above along the banks making this area rich in color throughout the season.

Continue rock placement to increase edge of waterline and provide habitat opportunities.

Wild Rice

A large stand of Wild Rice along the far shore of the pond with Camel’s Hump in the background. Accessible by boat for harvest, these tall graceful plants will provide highly nutritious grain on a household scale.

Semi-W ild

A

Ge ner

F

o

r

a

g

in

g

Wetland This area provides an important wildlife corridor between the forest and the pond. Shrubs such as Winterberry, Elderberry, and Buttonbush attract songbirds, waterfowl, moose and deer while providing a gradual transition in verticality to the existing forest. A channel winding through the middle of the wetland and many small mounds and boulders help provide a unique and diverse habitat.

Add small amounts of fill to create coves and benches of plantable zones 1� - 10� below waterline.

Foraging Zone

Wild edibles that can be eaten raw grow: Rose hips, currants, blackberries, elderberries, and blueberries and lesser know edibles such as Cattail root, Pond Lily buds or Wild Oats.

STRATEGIES Continue adding edge complexity, habitat opportunities and visual interest with stones of all sizes. Add benches of plantable substrate (available silt, sand, clay) just below waterline. These areas, noted by the orange curved line on the drawing, will also help form coves and points which serve to increase the waterline length. Refer to the pond planting lists specified according to each shore zone in the appendices.

Wild Zone al fl

ow patt ern

Boulder step-stones provide access to wetland plant garden/nursery.

Zo ne Overflow spillway B

General tree pattern.

Hu man Zone Human Zone

Boulders ease human access to the water for diving, swimming and fishing while provided shady, cool habitat for fish and various aquatic invertebrates.

Water flow into wetland

Maintain existing trees for shading wetland. 20’

Cross section (Typ.) of pond-wetland

Overlaid on plan by Grover Engineering, 9/12/05.

About 6� - 18� depth

waterline

Drilled wells in this area should be directed to the wetland.

10’

A

N.T.S.

= Pond

POND

WETLAND

= Stone(not to scale)

B

= Waterline

This plan overlaid on original construction plan by Grover Engineering.

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Cathedral Pond

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Edible Aquatics Guild Elderberry (Sambucus sp.) Bilberry and other (Vacciniums) Wapato (Sagitarria sp.) Nannyberry (Viburnum sp.) Aronia Wild Rice

BUILDING FERTILITY The following are effective and non-toxic techniques to be utilized for building soil quality and improving overall plant health at Teal Farm. Aerobic Compost Teas Aerobic compost teas involve inoculating a quantity of water with a small percent of ďŹ nished compost, rich in beneďŹ cial micro-life. Sugar and oxygen are then added to the water for 24-26 hours. The micro organisms multiply rapidly. This living “soupâ€? is then applied as a foliar spray that inoculates both leaf surfaces and the soil itself, builds fertility, and helps to heal the damaged landscape. A small space in the Farm Center should be used to brew and prepare compost teas for garden and orchard applications. This practice has had positive results in decreasing fungal problems with plants and trees, building fertility, dealing with “sudden oak death syndromeâ€? as well as increasing plant health.

Coppice Strategies with Nitrogen-Fixing Plants Plants that draw nitrogen from the soil into their ďŹ bers are known as “nitrogen ďŹ xingâ€? plants. The placement of these plants in the landscape is key to maintaining and/or building soil fertility. Many of these can be pruned back yearly (coppiced) to encourage the release of nitrogen from their ďŹ bers into the soil. Trees and shrubs such as Siberian Seaberry, Mountain Mahogany, and Buffaloberry can be coppiced heavily as their root mass releases nitrogen and decomposes, thus increasing organic matter in the soil. The plants vigorously re-sprout, the roots recover and the cycle is continued to the great beneďŹ t of the soils fertility. Biomass Production/Green Manure Plants Numerous plants (Willows, Clover, Lovage, Borage, Alfalfa, Alder, Sea Berry, Buckwheat, Rye, Oats, Illinois, Bundleower, Lupine, Mullein, Comfrey, Jerusalem, Artichoke, Poplars) can be converted into nutrient rich biomass. These plants grow quickly and their decomposition adds fertility to the soil. Cut–and-come-again plants (comfrey, borage, alfalfa) re-sprout soon after they are cut and their cuttings can be mulched in-situ. Annual cover crop can also be turned back in to the soil to increase fertility. The gardens to the east of the entry road will offer green manure production along with dynamic accumulating shrubs and will serve as a fertility building zone to feed the neighboring intensive gardens. Mulches Mulch is applied in a “doughnutâ€? like pattern which prevents voles and other rodents from “ringingâ€? a young tree and killing it. Mulch retains moisture in the soil and acts as a slow release fertilizer and builds soil organic matter.

Fungi Islands of boulders and evergreens offer wind protection, Alchemical Foliar Teas The use of mulches and biologically rich aerobic compost teas compounded with the “cultivationâ€? of sculpt microclimates and create niches. There are many liquid foliar teas that can be applied to the gardens to build soil health, deal with mycelium in the soil is a powerful strategy for ensuring that bio-mimetic processes are active in the fungal or insect problems or to save nutrient deďŹ cient trees and plants. These teas are applied with intensive annual gardens. Cultivating mycelium in the soil can be done by simply providing moisture, hand powered back-pack sprayers and are best applied in the cool morning or late afternoon. Examples of these mixtures ground cover, and celluose/lignins (wood, prunings, detritus) for the mycelium to consume. Mycelia should also be introduced include: into the soil in the form of “garden mushroomsâ€? that builds soil structure and fertility as well as provide food. • Manure Teas based on animal manure that are fermented and applied to the leaves and soil of plants. High in minerals. Diluted worm casting “vinegarâ€? (moisture drained from worm bin) from lombri-culture or worm composting operations. Usually diluted 10:1, and applied as a foliar spray this is wonderfully potent stuff. Seaweed Powders derived from responsibly harvested sites is an excellent micro-nutrient remediator. Good for Straw Bale Coldframe Photosynthesis. High performance season extension • EM Teas, these “efďŹ cient micro-organismsâ€? are proven to increase with natural materials. photosynthetic capability of plants. EM teas could be used in research in the growth and production patterns of inherent in understorey cultivation. • Rock Powders from abundant mineral deposits. Pulverized rock powders feed plants directly and enrich soil helping build tilth and making nutrients available to all plants

The beneďŹ ts of fertile soil are manifold: increased pest resistance in plants, higher production of plant products, resistance to disease, better nutrition of produced plant products, higher medicinal values of plant based medicines.

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

IPM aspects of the Teal Farm include a number of methods for controlling pests effectively while maintaining beauty and complexity on the farm. Proven IPM plants like Ceonothus sp., Laburnum alpinum, Caragana sp, Robinia pseudoacacia, Maackia amurensis, and many others have been factored into the site design to act as nitrogen ďŹ xing shrubs with secondary functions such as harboring beneďŹ cial insects or attracting them for pest control. Perennial beds speciďŹ ed in the intensive annual gardens will be multi-storied layers of medicinal and edible perennial plants with secondary IPM functions. Umbelliferous perennials such as Queen Anne’s lace, salad burnett and lovage will be present. Annuals such as fennel, dill, caraway, cilantro, carrots, and parsley will be Small Scale Zoned Compost Heaps used to attract beneďŹ cial insects. All of these plants present owers that have distinctive umbels that act as Small compost heaps should be about 1 yard wide by 1 one yard tall by 2 yards long. Numerous small heaps “landing padsâ€? for beneďŹ cial insects. could be part of the intensive annual gardening spaces to save time and energy through a net pattern of fertility Plants with active compounds in their plant bodies or root structures will be planted in rotations to deal concentration. Locate these near faucet standpipes as compost heaps beneďŹ t from a good watering every few Ceanothus with problems such as fusarium wilt and nematode problems. A common example would be sowing marigold, (a days. They should also be put uphill from a group of plants or garden bed that would beneďŹ t from the small proven nematicide) to be turned into the soil before a cash/medicinal/food crop is planted. leaching of nutrients downhill (this depends on rainfall). A riot of colors and fragrances will be encouraged in the garden in order to confuse pests and provide inhabitants with a synaesthetic experience. Diversity will be one of the most powerful strategies for dealing with pest problems. Diversity in Large Scale Biomass Composting height, color, and fragrance has been proven to be effective against insect species seeking similarity (mono-cultures). Larger compost piles can be built in a centralized area that deals with greater quantities of compostable materials generated by the farm. These piles should be located in a place easily accessible by vehicles and preferably would be uphill from a crop that would beneďŹ t from the nutrients that will leach from the pile.

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Fertility / Integrated Pest Management

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Aerated compost teas loaded with diverse micro-organisms applied to the leaves of plants will provide a living layer of protection that discourages organisms from moving onto leaf surfaces already colonized by beneďŹ cial organisms as the niche is already ďŹ lled. Dedication to soil tilth, fertility, and abundance of micro-life translates into healthy plants with adaptive immunological systems well equipped with powerful phyto-chemicals capable of combating fungal, bacterial, and insect intrusions.

assured that no noise from these systems would impact the landscape.

Architectural and Building Strategies Northern white cedar

In order that Teal Farm continues to develop leadership in sustainable and regenerative design best practices the following strategies should be kept at the forefront of the built environment.

New construction should prefer the following material uses: Splitting Shingles Shingles Splitting Roofing and sheathing material is produced Framing: timber, light stick framing, from hand-split cedar. Roofing on-site shingles grown and split waddle and daub on site from Northern white Foundations: stone cedar windbreak plantings Sheathing: site milled wood paneling RooďŹ ng: thatch, slate, earthen Please see criteria for more strategies

Shelterbelt guilds: Picea, abies, Typ.

NURSERY

Planting and maintaining a site the size of the Teal Farm can be a considerable expense but raising trees, shrubs, Intensive gardens and herbaceous perennials on site will reduce operating costs. Quality of nursery stock can also be assured by North South using site-raised plants. A nursery is a research lab in its Roadway own right with the necessary facilities for experimentation Shelterbelt - Greenhouse Section Evergreen and deciduous windbreaks anchor the north side of the in all manners of propagation: seed germination, grafting, entrance garden and protect greenhouse climate. cuttings, and divisions. Nursery facilities also enable the Teal Farm to manage any material they will receive of rare or difďŹ cult to obtain species which will need to be propagated in order to disseminate (and thereby be conserved in ex-situ). A nursery is also a classroom that can be used to teach all aspects of home horticulture. Putting plant reproduction “know howâ€? into the hands of farmers/producers reduces their costs and allows for the novelty of new varieties to be created. Home horticulture is the cradle for varieties of fruitful and useful species. The vast majorities of useful plants have been selected and improved by regular people, not experimental stations. Supporting this tradition is important for maintaining the novelty and resiliency inherent in varieties within a speciďŹ c species. Small scale nurseries help put horticulture back into culture.

New construction should prefer the following forms: Passive solar orientation and glazing Passively vented High degree of daylighting Open-air buildings for seasonal residential and work uses Please see criteria for more strategies

Amaranth

Drying Space (Typ.)

Fruit, nutand and grain grain dehydration occurrs in open-air structures. Fruit, nut, dehydration in open air structures

of local materials design for this purpose

A note on thatching Due to the lack of sustainable solutions for the rooďŹ ng challenge innovating ecological building in this region will involve developing thatching techniques. The ‘long straw’ method, employing wheat straw (Ben Gleason in Bridport would be a good source) should be explored in particular. “Water Reedâ€? or Phragmites australis is an excellent plant choice for thatch given its tendency to overtake sites in the region. Of note, the plant is so good for thatch that it is cultivated is Turkey and is imported into Europe, putting all other local producers of more traditional materials out of business.

BUILDINGS and UTILITIES Tools

Light and Sound

Refined land-care toolstools are grown, crafted and Refined land-care are grown, used on site. Pictured here: Bow of Osage crafted and used on site. When Due to the sensitive nature of the site and unique program goals it is recommended that all outdoor lighting be orange and gut, arrow with Mockernut hickory powder stores are used up a bow kept to an absolute minimum. The only full time exterior lighting that may be required would small path lights for shaft and turkey-feather fletching.

walking on dark nights. These could be independently powered solar charged lights with L.E.D. bulbs. Lighting during nighttime events should be restricted to areas of heavy use to assure neighborly relationships with residents in this small and open valley. Lighting should be especially non-existent near the pond and stream course due to high sensitivity of amphibians to artiďŹ cial light. Lights related to the wind turbine and tower would also be especially problematic given the highly visible location in the valley. Contractors involved in the wind turbine development have assured no lighting would be present. The Site Design has been crafted with respect to maintaining the natural soundscape of the site and enhancing it where possible. ArtiďŹ cial noise should be kept to a minimum. The ďŹ rst oor of the Energy Barn contains many utilities which have the potential to produce artiďŹ cial noise. Of particular negative sound potential are pumps, turbines and motors located in this building. The micro-hydro turbine, especially, should be sealed against audible pollution of the site around the Energy Barn. Contractors involved in the speciďŹ cation of these systems have

and gut-string of osage orange with arrow of mockernut hickory with a turkey feather fletching will help feed residents.

North

South

Climatic Roofing

Hybrid roofing is utilized to fit the climate: slate & sod on northern aspects, thatch & shingles on southern aspects. Shown: thatch-slate

North

South

Shed Roofing

Cedar shingle and sod hybrid roofs protect animal outbuildings.

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Edible plants for South side: SmallArctostaphylos uva-ursi (bearberry) Amorpha canescens (leadplant) Prunus fruiticosa (Mongolian bush cherry) Vaccinium angustifolium (lowbush blueberry) Allium tuberosum (garlic chives) Medicago sativa (alfalfa) MediumCaragana pygmaea (pygmy pea shrub) Rubus idaeus (Raspberry) Achillea millefolium (Yarrow) Prunus mandschurica (Manchurian apricot)

shrub/E Rmat shrub/ms shrub/ms shrub/Ctkt herb/clmp herb/ clmp

shrub/ms shrub/Rtkt herb/run shrub/Rtkt

LargeCorylus americana (American hazel) Eleagnus commutata (silverberry) Myrica pensylvanica (N. bayberry) Amelanchier lamarkii (juneberry)

shrub/Ctkt shrub/ms shrub/Ctkt extra lg. shrub/ms

Management strategies

Edible plants for North side:

Drive slow: Recommended speed of less than 20-25mph)

SmallAsarum canadense (wild ginger) Cardamine diphylla (tooth wort) Clintonia borealis (blue bead lily) Cornus canadensis (bunchberry)

herb/run herb/E run herb/clmp shrub/E Rmat

MediumAdiantum pedatum (maidenhair fern) Equiesetum sylvaticum (woodland horsetail) Gaultheria hispidula (creeping snowberry) Aronia melanocarpa (black chokeberry) Athyrium filix-femina (lady fern)

herb/clmp herb/E run shrub/E Rmat shrub/Ctkt herb/clmp

LargeLigusticum canbyi (osha) Cornus paniculata (gray dogwood)

herb/clmp shrub

Limit rapid acceleration and turning to avoid tire/roadway slippage Vary driving path to ensure even compaction of roadway surface Avoid/limit use of heavy wehicles during mud season and minimize amount of total driving Ensure that no topsil is ever exposed -if roadwork requires excavation or soil distrubance, seed with appropriate seed mix immediately before any work -if slope of disturbed areas exceeds 6-8% and/or heavy rain is in the forecast, erosion control cloth should be applied immediately after disturbance

Legend-Habit Evergreen Runnerspreading indefinitely Clmp Clumpingspreading to a certain width Rmat Running mat formerspreading indefinitely Ctkt Clumping thicket formernot spreading beyond a certain size Rtkt Running thicket formerspreading indefinitely ms Multi stemmed E Run

Inform all roadway users of the above strategies. A little mindfulness by all roadway users will save thousdands of dollars and pounds of materials every year.

Road surface: 3/4� aggregate (crushed stone) with 20-60% sand (less than 1/4�) and 8-15% fines

Road base: 40-80% hard stone graded from 1/4 to 3� in diameter

Ferns

Flowering herbs

Bioswale Plants

Crown =

Berry bush

12�h

7/8� - 1�v

Small herbs

Nut tree

1/2� = 1’

TEAL FARM

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-Sandbar Willow -Typha latifolia -Phragmites communis -Juncos spp. -Scirpus spp.

Topsoil Clay 1� = 1’

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YEAR 1 –– 100 at the TEAL FARM: A MANAGEMENT OUTLINE IN 6 PHASES This table outlines the evolution of the Teal Farm from its current state into an agricultural ecosystem and regenerative land-use hub. The sections estimate labor requirements, outline major management tasks, and approximate outcomes that can be reasonably expected if appropriate time, energy, and resources are directed toward these ends. Management plans specific to each year will be developed within this framework. [The Preliminary Site Design details implementation needs of Year 1.]

Year 1

Year 2

Year 3

Year 5

Intensive Garden: Initial garden installation will require several people to prepare beds, construct trellises and compost bins, and complete other details. The garden will require 2 people fulltime for the first growing season.

Intensive Garden: 2 full-time gardeners plus 2 summer interns with seasonal help for bed digging, planting, and harvest. Possible involvement with university students to develop research projects.

Intensive Garden: 2 full-time gardeners plus 3 summer interns with seasonal help for bed digging, planting, and harvest. Continue building fertility and tilth with compost, compost tea, and manure applications.

Emphasize soil-building through dynamic accumulating plants and cover cropping. Development of perennial herb and medicinal herbaceous beds begin. Intensive annual plant guilds and rotations will develop to optimize ground coverage and production. Record everything possible for use in research and to feedback into system innovation.

Fertility and tilth are on the increase with compost and/or manure applications. Annual plants should produce more uniformly than the first year. Perennials become more established.

Intensive Garden: Staff and maintenance has stabilized. Less work is required for fertility management as beds become well established and all nutrient input comes from on site and crop rotation. Regular application of manure from Teal Farm animals, as well as green manure cover crops in rotation continues to build fertility.

Intensive Garden: For nine growing seasons the Teal Farm has participated in growing heirloom varieties, worked with open pollinated varieties for breeding and preservation, developed its own varieties, and shared its findings with many neighbors.

Compost tea and aerated compost teas are used to balance fertility in the garden. Their properties are studied and test teas are used on plots in the garden as part of an organic agriculture research project.

Orchard: The agro-silva-pastoral systems in the mid-level fields are fully mature. The orchard space is a exemplary agro-ecosystem that harbors wildlife, feeds domestic animals and people, and operates like a forest, giving much more than it takes. The Teal Farm orchards produce over a hundred tons of fruit each Orchard: year. Teal Farm also produces The orchard offers abundant hundreds of tons of acorns, hickory harvests of fruits, berries, nuts, craft nuts, chestnuts, pine nuts, hazelnuts, woods, timber, mushrooms, and and walnuts. The trees are medicinals. The fruit harvest extends enormous. 90’’ tall oaks with an from the mulberries, cherries, and equal 90’’ spread dominate places apples of early July to the late where they have been planted. October/early November Intensely planted wildlife edges are persimmons and medlars. highly complex and teem with animals. There is ample forage for Nuts like hickories, hicans all manners of domestic animals. (hickory/pecan cross), many species Large honey locust trees are of oaks, pine nuts, chestnuts, producing hundreds of pounds of walnuts, hazelnuts, and yellow horn sugar rich edible pods (per tree) and

Install water systems/irrigation in the garden. Orchard: After short term, intensive installation, one full time orchardist will be required with part time help. Keeping deer out of the orchard will require active and consistent attention. Dogs/hunting/fencing options must be explored. Guild plantings of multi-use, tree crops (nuts, fruits, and timber).

Continue with compost/aerated tea applications. Gardeners can begin seed saving, cataloging, and perhaps small-scale breeding. Abundance from the garden could be large part of residents’’ summer and fall diets with some winter storage. Step up season-extension with waste-heat from buildings for yearround growing. Orchard: 1-2 full-time orchardists required with early and late season help for pruning, maintenance, and failed

Year-round production techniques are further refined and yields are up from last year. Niche greens, possibly brassicas and others could become economically valuable products at local markets. Seed saving, cataloging, and small-scale breeding continues. A substantial seed bank develops. Continue to test more varieties and more new annual species. Students and interns continue to collect useful data that is shared with area farms and workshop participants. Orchard: 2 full-time orchardists required with early and late season help for pruning, maintenance, and new plantings. Update and improve deer fencing. Apply aerated compost tea, and clean around trees 1-2 times throughout the spring and summer depending on sapling size.

Year 10

The seed bank has an impressive collection of heirlooms as well as its own varieties local to the Teal Farm. University students conduct seed work here for research projects. Continue to test more varieties, more new annual species. Record data. Berry hedges and patches produce abundant fruit. The Teal Farm is producing jams and jellies of high quality for home use and sale. Orchard: 2 full-time orchardists required with

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Year 100

The garden models extreme levels of fertility and productivity. A pitch fork put into a raised bed sinks feet deep into the well structured soil. Healthy beds of edible and medicinal perennials abound. The landscape has become a place that draws people internationally from multiple disciplines of study and business.

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Intensive Garden: Teal Farm has conserved and maintained dozens of annual varieties for almost 100 years. Many new varieties unique to the Teal Farm have been developed. The garden is a testament to the focused efforts of generations of dedicated work. Teal Farms garden is a legend in the area.

TEAL FARM

Management Outline: Year 1-100

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Year 1

Year 2

Apply azomite and kelp powder only to trees planted the year before.

Year 5

Year 10

more early and late season help than the previous years.

Year 100

nuts are all bearing. Many nut trees planted in the first year are bearing Increase density with understorey well. Surplus food for wildlife and and groundcover plantings Replace failed plantings from previous Aerated compost tea is sprayed once domestic animals is everywhere. (nitrogen-fixers, shrubs for IPM, year (keep data.) Research projects can be in the spring and ““as needed”� for hedges, coppice, dynamic generated from test plotting. possible fungal problems. Inter-generational food security is accumulators.) now becoming visible at the farm Expect some bush fruit: like buffalo-berry, Apples, pears, plums, cherries, Continue to improve deer repelling sea-berry, honeyberry, currant, elder, quinces, juneberries, grapes, kiwis, Food Processing: systems and improvie fencing as jostaberry, gooseberry, blueberry, paw-paws, persimmons, medlars, all Preservation of tree crops staples is needed. Vaccinium, Aronia, Amelanchiers, and bush fruits, some chestnuts, and part of processing the fall harvest. Dwarf food forests, trellised plants, possibly some small genetic dwarf plums. even a few oaks (planted in the first New nut based cuisine develops. espaliered plants, wire-leader row Food Processing: year) will bear their first good crop, plantings, shrub layers and Sufficient yields possible for canning Food Processing: the preceding year having been Pears, quince, currants, sea berries, understorey plantings will need and preserving of vegetables and Canning and preserving of vegetables and marginal. apples, raspberries, strawberries, moderate upkeep by orchardist. solanaceae species (tomatillos, solanaceae. Small batches of ““bush fruits”� pears, hawthorns, apricots, plums, goldenberries, tomatoes.) are available for production (currants, Harvest techniques, harvest elder berries, and blueberries are Site walks by managers/workers bigooseberries, honeyberries, raspberries transport, and storage and drying made into jams, dried, and frozen. monthly to check overall landscape Nursery: strawberries. blueberries and bilberries). techniques need to be researched Hundreds of pounds of mushrooms and record results. Expand and diversify nursery. and tested are processed and dried. Work Layout and implement irrigation Harvest medicinals and herbs. Process continues with processing At least one aerobic foliar tea plan. ““Heel in”� grafted trees. medicinals in drying facilities and in the Food Processing: medicinals and garden bounty. application should be made. See Propagate next year’’s plantings commercial kitchen. Tincture production Canning, preserving, and fermenting www.soilfoodweb.com. ahead of time. could begin. vegetables for home use and sale. Nursery: The Teal Farm nursery has the best Installation of main-line and Living Fences and Hedges: Nursery: Nursery: collection of multi-functional and secondary irrigation lines. Live fences and hedges begin to take Nursery duties require 1 full-time person The nursery is producing a full array edible perennials in the Northeast. shape in the landscape. Blends of with help from interns. Production of of multi-functional fruits, nuts, Teal Farm has trialed and tested Nursery: hawthorn, sea berry, buffalo berry, fruit, nuts, herbs, medicinals, natives, and timbers, natives, medicinals, erosion dozens of species and specific Choose species, site, and install stone fruits, and Osage orange form ornamentals is up and running. Ample and phyto-remediation plants. varieties to address local agricultural plants. These will need protection what will be robust wind-buffering plant material is available for planting and Propagation facilities are ample and and wild-lands eco-system-limiting from elements and deer. Timed and animal-containing hedges. rooting of hardwood cuttings from Teal there is plenty of space for rooting factors. Recommendations can now irrigation should be set-up. This area Farm stock. Nursery success may provide thousands of cuttings. Based on the be made for numerous guilds and is small enough that it can be fenced Weave willows, plums, cherries, and an opportunity to create a commercial past four seasons, much knowledge forage systems with specific species and kept by orchardist. poplars together, increasing venture. can be shared with interested public, and varieties designated effectiveness of living fences 1st generation seeds planted in year 5 farms, and program participants. Living Hedges and Fences: Live Fences and Hedges: The nursery at this point will house may be producing and will soon A small team will be needed to Myco-forestry: Live fence and hedge planting are establish a second generation of some 1st generation tree seeds for install hedges and fences in the fall. Silvaculture continue to evolve as significant and begin to define the some nut and fruit varieties with the first time at the Teal Farm. Planted hedges will not be effective mushroom cultivation begins (fungi landscape. Buffalo berry and sea berry Nursery may begin sales to local new local adaptations. as deer control for several years. such as King Stropharia and the produce fruit. These elements are markets. ““Prince”� type mushrooms), and beginning to fill in and break space in The nursery has more orders for Myco-forestry: more slash is inoculated with their designated areas. Expect to prune in Live Fences and Hedges: Teal Farm plant varieties than can Address existing forest road erosion sporulated oils. the fourth year. Live fences and hedges planted in be filled; off site nursery production st nd problems using erosion control the 1 and 2 year are well begins, if not happening already. cloth and/or myco-matting Map, plan, and implement deliberate Myco-Forestry: established. Paddock-system animal techniques. disturbance with inoculations and Continue timber management and rotation can take place in designated Living Fences and Hedges: small understorey plantings (record inoculation of slash with sporulated oils. areas. Harvest techniques and Live fences and hedges planted in Continue timber management and baseline inventories for research.) schedules for coppice and food the 1st and 2nd year are an established Trees will need base-cleaning 1-2 times during the course of the summer. Smaller seedlings (8”�-18”�) will need 2 clearings, taller trees (3’’4’’) will need one. Cleaning will be done by hand near the delicate cambium and 6”�-8”� away by weed eater. Use ““kamas”� for cleaning.

plant replacement.

Year 3

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cattle and sheep graze on the bounty of the trees. The groves of mature forage islands of oaks, chestnuts, and honey locusts are separated by open pastures giving the Teal Farm animals a varied and healthy diet. The orchard is a living seed bank where the most successful species and varieties have been selected, improved, and shared with people throughout the region. The work at Teal Farm has inspired and provided material for countless citizens, both locally and internationally, to take up the work of reinhabiting their landscapes. Food Processing: The Teal Farm processes dozens of tons of walnuts, chestnuts, hickory nuts, pine nuts, and sweet acorns in order to have farm staples in the form of flours, meals, butters, oils, and roasted nuts available throughout the winter. There are large storages of acorns and chestnuts for animal feed for the winter. Commercial processing of fruits and nuts goes on and supplies tons of food for the bioregion. Fruits are canned and dried and sold or traded. Garden and understorey medicinals are also dried and processed on site. The Teal Farm is known for the quality medicines and foods. Nursery: The quality and diversity of nursery stock is also legendary. The nursery has offered propagation training and plant material to thousands of people. Tens of thousands of trees have been produced from the work done at the nursery. The local valley is filled with bearing plant material from the nursery so people have plenty of food, fuel, and building material.

TEAL FARM

Management Outline: Year 1-100

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Year 1 redevelopment of timber plan with eye on increasing forest vigor. Disease-resistant varieties of chestnut, butternut, American elm, and other nut-bearers in nursery can be planted in forest after an area is logged. Inoculate slash with sporulated oils to accelerate and steer succession. Animals: Site facilities for housing animals: barn, watering, fencing.

Year 2 Myco-mats installed on low-use forest roads. Refine harvest techniques, using horses for hauling and wheeling where possible, moving away from skidding logs. Animal Systems: Build facilities for housing and watering animals and animal tractors. Rabbit, duck, and chicken systems begin using tractors. Continue HRM grazing.

Graze lowest field on Camel’’s Hump Road using HRM techniques. Biotecture: Continue installing and maintaining Biotecture: biotecture elements. A biotecture Site spaces for biotecture. Plant in workshop could bring in labor and the fall/following spring. ideas. Excavation: Farm Center berming in focus area during summer. Complete heavy machine work so no future disturbance is required. Plant newly graded areas in late summer and spring. Program Development: Develop internship program in winter months and engage interns for spring farm management and research initiation. Finish installation of baseline data systems such as wind, electricity and microclimate monitoring. Track all resource inputs and outputs for ecological footprint and other analysis. Plan for social /planting workshops for following fall/spring. Teal Farm staff visit other sites in

Program Development: Host spring ““bench grafting/top working”� workshop and planting weekends. Possible other workshop firsts include food-garden design workshop, and Permaculture design certification course in the summer/fall. Volunteer/internship program in the gardens, orchards and forests should have 4-10 personnel. Farm Expansion: Begin to develop hardy conifer based agro-forests for windbreaks and habitat in the Cobb Brook meadow for nut production, soil building and wildlife habitat enhancement. Teal Farm interns and staff can begin to develop identity and publicity materials, articulate plans to a large audience through web and print-based approaches, apply for

Year 3 Continue to work with ““deliberate disturbance”� and experiment with spacing and stacking, recording data on this work. Formalize reverse-wildcrafting and wildlands eco-system restoration projects. Expand plantings of understorey plants working with patch and net patterns. Animal Systems: Ducks, rabbits and chickens continue to be added to the intensive annual gardens to ““clean up beds”� through the continued use of ““animal tractors,”� This will to add their fertility, reduce work, and aerate the soil. Continue Planned Grazing. Students can observe pasture health and carrying capacities to determine best management practices. Biotecture: Many planned biotecture elements such as ““willow tunnels,”� ““living fences”� or ““living trellises,”� ““children’’s elements,”� (like bridges, tunnels, tipis, or wigwams) are taking shape, are pruned and otherwise maintained. These elements begin to hold presence in the landscape. Program Development: 2nd annual ““Spring bench grafting/top working workshop.”� Planting weekends continue. Food forest design workshop. 2nd annual ““Permaculture Design Course”� in the summer/fall ““08”�. The Teal Farm label hits local and out-ofstate markets. Production levels triple or more from last year. Farm Expansion: Cobb Brook development continues. Heat-loving species and varieties are trialed. A zone-1 seasonal camp may be needed for the care-takers of the plantings.

Year 5

Year 10

Year 100

products should be established by this time.

part of the agro-ecosystems on the farm.

Myco-Forestry: Several full-time seasonal workers will be required. Harvest first chestnuts and fungi planted in the year 2 in the ““deliberate disturbance”� plots. Continue to work with ““deliberate disturbance”� techniques and expand beyond nuts into paw-paw and other shade tolerant fruits.

Myco-Forestry: Selected sites that have been replanted with nut trees are bearing nuts and becoming centers for wildlife re-inhabitation.

The Teal Farm nursery has enabled thousands of people in the Champlain Valley and Central Vermont to survive the serious food shortages of the 21st century and begin a thriving more localized economy with plants and animals at its foundation.

Feeding on the numerous new mastproducing species, the wildlife Living Fences and Hedges: harvest at Teak Farm has become The live fences and hedges at the the most productive in the state. Teal Farm resemble the hedges once seen in old England. Numerous Begin to sustainably ““wildcraft”� There are sustainable harvests of craft related jobs are supported by planted understorey medicinals. significant quantities of understorey the pruning and maintenance of Continue reverse-wildcrafting of medicinals. Thousands of pounds of these elements. extirpated, most valuable or shitake, maitake, oyster, reishi and threatened species. many other species of mushrooms Myco-Forestry: Continue to plant and re-plant from are harvested in the summer and The forests of Teal Farm are critical available nursery stock. fall. Some of these harvests become habitat for many once extirpated or celebrations and are part of the Teal threatened and endangered local Harvest and continue to cultivate Farm’’s integration into the local species. Hunting and foraging in mushrooms in the forest garden. community. the lightly managed forests becomes one of the primary sources of food Animal Systems: Wolves are returning to the for the scores of residents of the Teal Farm chickens, Guinea fowl, mountains above Teal Farm and Teal Farm. turkeys, and ducks maintain fertility, find the wildlands of the site to be produce eggs, and provide meat. critical habitat with higher calorieAnimal Systems: Larger animals (Milking Devon dairy per-acre food available from Perennial food systems and vertical, cattle, Katadin sheep, and Angloabundant food sources. multi-story agriculture support many Nubian goats) are rotated through species and breeds of dairy cattle, pastures and paddocks via livingResearches start to find species workhorses, goats, pigs, poultry, and fence systems. Planned grazing formerly extirpated or thought to be sheep. The animals benefit from a continues with optimum rotation extinct in the region. The more wild varied diet based in fruits, nuts, and stocking densities well known areas of the property start to take on nitrogen-rich perennials, and and maintained so that pastures and some semblance of their past vigor. grasses. Many breeds of animals are animals flourish. conserved here and the most useful Animal Systems: breeds for the region are bred and Biotecture: The Teal Farm participates in the promoted by the Teal Farm. The st nd 1 and 2 year biotecture plantings conservation of heirloom breeds of integration of animals and tree crops are well defined. Child’’s play spaces, chickens, ducks, goats, dairy cattle, at the Teal Farm is one of the best willow tunnels, furniture, small horses, and sheep. Planned grazing examples of regenerative farming in structures and artwork are all in along with Holistic Resource the world and people come from various states of maturity. Management techniques ensures distant places to study these systems optimal use of farm resources and and species interactions for Program Development: ongoing healthy pastures. Poultry implementation in cold temperate 5thnd annual ““Spring bench and rabbits continue to be part of regions. grafting/top working workshop.”� garden and nursery fertility

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Management Outline: Year 1-100

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Year 1 fall for information gathering and experience, including Oikos, Burnt Ridge Nursery, and Bullock Bros. Farm. Connect with and begin long-term collaborations with universities, plant-breeding and heirloom seed conservation groups, local nonprofits including NOFA, Rural Vermont, Vermont Family Forests and others.

Year 2 grant-based funding, and continue research planning. Interested interns, grad- and undergradstudents should be easy to come by for project support, ideas, research, etc…‌.

Year 3 Consider beginning Huntington Center perennial CSA by planting perennial systems in lowest elevation town lands. Expansion into more public regenerative agriculture work will be crucial for overall project success. The farm begins to see significant economic returns from its produce as the system matures.

Year 5

Year 10

Year 100

5thnd annual ““Permaculture Design Course”� in the summer/fall. 2nd annual building workshop is held in a ““hands-on approach”� to learning about ecological architecture and building. Research on myriad topics based in plant propagation, breeding, seed saving, agro-forestry, pasture systems, myco-forestry, understorey cultivation, botany, food preparation, and food preservation continue and expand. Markets for elaborated products, fresh produce, and preserved products are explored.

Valuable lineages of animals start to become available to the local community.

Biotecture: Biotecture elements throughout the focus area, orchards, and other farm sites are familiar and emblematic parts of the farm. Arbor-sculptures and children’’s play elements have been inspirational for visitors for many decades. Some biotecture elements have been sited and grown to serve other functions like outdoor winter animal shelters and classrooms.

Biotecture: The biotecture spaces are a destination for study. Small ““biotecture starts”� are beginning to be sold. Program Development: An extension program for the Huntington Valley reinforces Teal Farm’’s work within the community.

Teal Farm products reach an The Teal Farm brands of products international audience and claim reaches more out-of-state markets numerous awards. Highlighting the and/or grows 2-10x over last year. possibilities of a diverse diet of regeneration starts to receive Micro-business or student research national/international publicity. A explores the harvest, elaboration and restaurant offering the cuisine is use of medicinal herbs in all their popular in Burlington and/or forms and how to popularize and Huntington/New York sell them City/Boston. People associated with Teal Farm/Living Future begin to publish results of research. Farm Expansion: Cobb Brook development continues. Heat-loving species and varieties are trialed and successes are repeated. Farming of this unique microclimate is an important response to climate change and adds resiliency to the agro-ecology of the landscape.

Planting the terraces, April 2007: Teal Farm planting Phase I

Financial sustainability begins to be reached as off-farm sales of foods and electricity meet or exceed all maintenance and operations costs.

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Huntington Center Vermont is known as a center for regenerative land-use and residential/working landscape integration. Farm Expansion: Seasonal zone-1 sites at Cobb brook are well established. Northern peaches planted in year 5 are fruiting. Silva-pastoral grazing sites are well established and healthy. Cobb Brook and the land above Cathedral Pond are well vegetated with many native and multifunctional species. Annual sales of farm outputs begin to exceed $1 million.

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Program Development: The Teal Farm has been an institution for learning for one hundred years. Children and adults have learned about regenerative agriculture, renewable energies, biofuels, and bioregional issues through the didactic nature of the place. Countless research papers and studies have been conducted. Farm Expansion: The Teal Farm has many inhabitants. The abundance of resilient and agro-biodiverse food ecosystems has created a center that has brought a lot of people together to harvest food, care for animals, to learn, to teach, and to share in the abundance, creating a strong, healthy community. For the past 95+ years farm revenue has bolstered the existing foundation such that hundreds of similar initiatives have been funded through LivingFuture and are now economically-self sufficient centers of food security and thriving land use in their own right.

TEAL FARM

Management Outline: Year 1-100

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People power (estimated human resource needs) Year Intensive Garden Orchard Other Gardens Programs/Management Interns Residents

1 Full time / seasonal 1 2 0.5 2 0.5 0 1 1 0-3 2-3 3 3-4

2 Full time / seasonal 1 2 0.5-1 2 0.5-1 2 1+ 1-2 2-5 3+ 3+ 5+

3 Full time / seasonal 1-2 2 1+ 3+ 1+ 2+ 1+ 1-3 3 4+ 3+ 6+

5 Full time / seasonal 1-2 2+ 2+ 4+ 1+ 3+ 1-3 1-4 3+ 6+ 5-10 10+

10 Full time / seasonal 2+ 2-3+ 2+ 8+ 1-2 3-5+ 1-3 2-5+ 3+ 6-20+ 5-10+ 10-20+

100 Full time / seasonal 2+ 3+ 2+ 20+ 1-2 5+ 1-3+ 5+ 5-20+ 20+ 20-50+ 20-200+

Expected/ potential challenges This site will present several major challenges to achieving the goal of a regenerative farming ecosystem.  Protecting young trees, shrubs, and other plants from deer is of the utmost importance and should not be underestimated. The area has a high population of deer which will damage or destroy all young plants if proper protection measures are not taken. Fencing costs for areas this large can be prohibitive. Young trees must be protected individually until they are large enough to be immune to deer browse or until living fences and other deer repellant measures are perfected. Hunting may provide some relief and might keep deer away temporarily, but a more consistent and sure solution must be developed, because a small group of deer can do enough damage in a few hours to ruin several acres of orchard or garden.  Protecting young and established plants from strong winter winds will also present a challenge. This site has exceptionally strong winter winds as they regularly reach hurricane force in the winter, accompanied by extremely cold weather. Establishing protected microclimates will be necessary for plants to thrive. The design details several microclimate areas as a baseline, but their effectiveness must be monitored and the design must evolve to respond via careful observations of climate details.  Developing effective irrigation systems for the orchards will also require on-site experience and adjustments. Some plant loss should be expected to occur as these systems evolve.  The true measure of the success of this project will require long-term observation. Emerging challenges will occur as the system is in constant flux. Successful management will require constant observation and adapting actions to respond to evolution of the living farm system.

U-Bar

Welded in farm shop of salvage metal. For no-till soil aeration in intensive gardens.

Draft Animals

Animal power is used for material and human transport and small amounts of light tilling.

Teal Farm Chestnut Harvest, October 2350 AD

Biotecture Spaces

Living sculptures of willow and birch become sheltered gardens.

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Inhabitants and their animals reap the autumn nut bounty in the climax woodland.

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Management Outline: Year 1-100

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TEAL FARM

Orchard-Pasture

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Farm Water System Layout

Huntington Center, Vermont H U

mp Camel ’s Hu

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B ro

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Source positioned to retain water high in the watershed.

Solar direct pumped irrigation of upper field (5-9 p.s.i)

N

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R

Fi e l d

Wo

o ds

road

s

1649’

Location & Relief

Fi e l d

Gravity feed irrigation of mid fields (5-20 p.s.i. stepped down from 50) Animal watering and domestic usage (20-75 p.s.i.)

0’ 0

1000’

1 Mile 1K

Contour interval: 100 feet

North

South

To lower animals, agriculture and micro-hydro turbine. (5-200+ p.s.i.)

South

North

Water distribution materials 6“ ductile iron penstock 2� poly mainlines 3/4� poly secondary lines 1/4� poly drip emitter lines

L oc a t i o n w i t h i n p r o p e r

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TEAL FARM

Irrigation System Layout

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FOREST - ORCHARD - PASTURE

Fire Ecology at Teal Farm Fire has had only a minor role in developing the ecology of most of Vermont’s forests yet it can be an important tool in speciďŹ c sites where particular communities beneďŹ t from ďŹ re disturbance to maintain composition and/or ecological structure. Prescribed burning of localized segments of the Teal Farm may be a management tool implemented by future stewards of the Teal Farm landscape. In particular, light burning of Dry Oak Woodlands (a recognized plant community in Vermont) may be important to maintaining the open park-like landscape that can beneďŹ t nut – pasture systems by facilitating foraging and harvesting of seeds by both humans and livestock.

The interaction of animals, pasture, and tree crops elements will play a large part of the development of the mid level ďŹ elds. One of the most important strategies at Teal Farm is the development of tree-based animal forage systems to support livestock populations. Healthy pastures will be dotted with “forage islandsâ€? that will drop nuts and sugary, leguminous pods for forage and browse. Nitrogen-ďŹ xing shrubs and fruits will also be present (especially in the early Milking Devon years to ensure early production.) A forager in the woodland-pasture understory. The advantages of these tree based agricultural systems are many. Forage Grafting trees can produce up to 3-4 times more nutrients than oats per-acre, and Scion wood is mated to existing rootsocks for quick-yielding Coniferous windbreak many times more than corn. Oats and other feeds need to be planted each year. Grain crops for animals require fruits and nuts. Coniferous windbreak designs will involve fast growing conifers like Pinus strobus, Pinus nigra, Picea abies, and Thuja tilling, causing fertility and erosion problems. Many nitrogen ďŹ xing and biomass trees ensure tree crops system’s occidentalis with slower growing conifers like Pinus cembra, Pinus pumila, Pinus koraiensis, Juniperus communis and Pinus siberica fertility and eco-systemic resiliency and only need to be planted once. Multi-story agriculture provides habitat and var. turfosa that allow for faster growing nurse conifers to be replaced by smaller conifers that will establish the desired abundant food for domestic animal, humans, and wildlife. The system will be managed for wildlife harvesting, height for focus area windbreaks as well as contribute edible nuts. domestic dairy, and meat production. Pastures will be managed using principles and practices of Holistic Resource Management. Large windbreaks have also been designed to moderate climate in the mid-level pastures and above the water gardens. These Techniques like paddock systems created by live fences and hedges to ensure pasture health. The rhythms of the landscape will shelterbelts will slow winds, hold snow, provide food, ďŹ x nitrogen, offer edible nuts and sequester high amounts of carbon. blend with rotations of appropriate species for optimum usage of available forages. Trees of heights 70’-120’ or more will be helpful for a stacked windbreak of trees from 25’ to 120’ in ascending Forage trees speciďŹ ed include oaks, chestnuts, hickories, and locust. Some oaks will bear sweet, low-tannin order, smallest trees receiving predominant winds in such a way that the wind climbs the “slopeâ€? of ascending acorns ďŹ t for human consumption. Honey locust trees will stand in small groves as part of the “pasture trees and get sent past the windbreak 10 times the height of the tallest tree in the windbreak. For example an islandsâ€? and will produce 300-400 pounds of high sugar pods per tree by year 10. Chestnuts of all types will ascending windbreak of 8’ to 50’ would affect an area 50 x 10=500’ behind the windbreak. Windbreaks are sited bear hundreds of pounds of nuts per tree and provide excellent forage. Hickories will provide food for pigs, so that the wind will be consistently held above the less hardy trees from windbreak to windbreak. This technique goats, and humans. Walnuts will be planted for human and livestock consumption as well as timber. Hazelnut can signiďŹ cantly moderate climate and simultaneously provide abundant wildlife habitat. and tree hazels will also occupy edges and provide food and habitat for birds. Pears, hawthorns, persimmons, apples, plums, apricots, cherries, medlars, and quinces will provide food for all. This mosaic of species will be resilient and adaptive to disturbance. Directing the shift from resource FENCING PROTOCOLS intensive, soil depleting, one-dimensional grain production will help Trees in the Fagaceae family such as: oaks, chestnuts, and beeches have a high concentration of tannins and are this culture transition out of fossil fuel dependence. The new look of fairly resistant to browse, but can be susceptible to “antler rub.â€? and vole damage. Mulch for tree should always American farms changes the bucolic (but failed) grain-ďŹ eld system into Chilean guava be put in a “doughnutâ€? pattern with the tree in the middle with no mulch touch to avoid vole or mouse habitat and an intricate web of vertical and persistent food crops. This beneďŹ ts not subsequent gnawing of sweet cambium in the winter. In the case of these trees a vole/rub guard of fairly stiff ½â€? only the farmer (who now harvests many times what is planted only x ½â€? wire of about 18â€? can be attached or a TUBEX tree shelter that has a plastic translucent body that creates a once,) but the health of the land, animals, and community increase as well. “green houseâ€? effect for the tree in the tube and increases heat and subsequent CO2, and therefore growth. Coppice Systems Trees in the Juglandaceae family like all walnuts and butternut as well as hickories are a sweeter and may receive some browse but a Coppices are ancient and well documented systems for managing human impacted forests. TUBEX tree shelter should sufďŹ ce in the ďŹ rst year. Through coppice systems wildlife habitat is created, as are materials for Trees in the Rosaceae family, apples, pears, cherries, peaches, plums, medlars, quince, Asian pears and hawthorns are building, fencing, furniture, and craft. The act of coppicing actually quite sweet. TUBEX tree shelters are recommended as well as regularly scheduled coyote urine sprayings as well as extends the life of plants. Endeavoring into coppice systems for timber Edible Windbreak (Typ.) any urine from meat eating yang types of people. production and non-timber forest products is in itself a statement of Evergreen and deciduous Trees like persimmons (Asian/American hybrids and Native American species) are astringent and have good resistance permanence and culture building. When one talks about creating agrowindbreaks of nut pine, oak, to browse. forestry systems of timber, crops, animal forages, and wildlife habitat, one and other hardy masting trees Shrubs in the Saxifragaceae family like all currants and gooseberries are susceptible to deer browse. speaks about their direct intention to stay with the land, steward the land, Beaked hazelnut Conifers are resistant as are all pines, ďŹ rs, spruces and Cupressaceae species. and ultimately live in it, instead of on it. Paw paws in the Annonaceae family are sweet and not resistant to browse. Systems of coppice management that involve cutting of trees and relying on their regenerative powers to furnish non-timber forest products involve an investment of 5 to 15 years or more. This practice is regenerative and creates high diversity ecosystem edges. Or ecotones, which are productive for wildlife. The Teal Farm coppice systems are designed for hazelnut, hop hornbeam, musclewood, chestnut, willow, ash, and Living Fences others. This system will resemble hundreds-of-years-old coppices still in use to day in Great Britain and Europe. The living fence plantings will be important for fencing wildlife out in designated areas and keeping domestic animals Hazelnuts and ďŹ lberts will be of particular value as they: form thickets harvested for nuts, non-timber forest in. Fences planned for 2-3 years before they are needed will save thousands of dollars and eliminate the need to cut products, and control domestic animal movement. Hazelwood is excellent for building crafts, rustic furniture, light trees for fence posts. The living fence strategies to be employed at the Teal Farm include: structures, baskets, and weaving. ď‚ˇď€ Poplars 1-2’ on center and weave slash and willow whips in between for a good fence for larger domestic animals Cycle Management practices that can be timed to allow timber to be removed regularly at the same time that or deer (fastest option). 1-2 years as poplars grow 3-6’ feet per year. different stages of regenerating thickets of pole wood are developing. ď‚ˇď€ Willows planted by live staking in the early spring. These will also be grafted onto one another with a technique Solly farms (willow coppices) can also be developed at Teal Farm for basketry materials, used in conjunction with called pleaching that joins all the trees into a living fence matrix that is hedged 1-2 times per year and used for animal animals as high protein forage, used as stock for stream and river bank stabilization, used as stock for biotecture, art work, and employed as living fence systems. Practicing coppicing at Teal Farm will be reviving this ancient agricultural system in a continent and culture that ! $ "&!% ! "#% TEAL FARM Wď?¨ď?Żď?Źď?Ľ "# %"'! has generally forgotten its importance and value. Sď?šď?łď?´ď?Ľď?­ď?ł South

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feed, compost/biomass or craft work. ď‚ˇď€ Where wildlife need to be fenced out (or domestic animals in) mixed hedges of spiny multifunctional plants like Hawthorns (Crataegus sp.) Osage Orange (Maclura pomifera) Sea berry, (Hippophae rhamnoides) and Buffaloberry (Shepherdia argentia) will be used. These plants produce human and wildlife food, medicines, wood for bow making, and also ďŹ x nitrogen.

and the entrance circle intensive garden beds, the north paddock below the garden pond, and in some fenced areas within the mid level pastures.

WATER USE & YIELDS Spring

Summer

Fall

Winter

Estimated use: 0 - 3,000 GPD

Estimated use: 76,000 GPD

Estimated use: 0 - 10,000 GPD

Estimated use: 0 - 1,000 GPD

Gardens, Pasture/Barn

Gardens, Fields, Pasture/Barn

dens, Fields, Pasture/Barn

Pasture/Barn

Point of use: Greenhouses,

Point of use: Greenhouses,

Farm Water Load Analysis Teal Farm Water Use: Cathedral Pond Estimated incoming water flow (summer): Estimated evaporative losses Estimated available water

Point of use: Greenhouses, Gar-

Point of use: Greenhouses,

Farm Yield Projections - Mid Elevation Fields Teal Farm Field Perennial Yields: Phase I 2006-2008

72,000 gal/day at 50 gal/minute inflow

Mid elevation orchards, shrubs & edible windbreaks

15,700 gal/day avg. summertime

Heirloom Orchards The heirloom orchard will feature over 125 varieties of apples. Many of these varieties have been propagated and grown for 100 to over 200 years. Some are new introductions with disease resistance and more cold hardiness. There is an amazing story of parentage, hard work and careful breeding that accompanies each apple. As one looks upon the parentage of each new apple or older apple brought from the UK 200 years ago one can observe the traditions, practices, and perspicacity of the people who selected these apples. All of these apples have been selected for hardiness in our cold climate. The apple varieties feature a broad selection of bearing times so that there is continuous apple production from late July to late October. Apple varieties are a technology and have been treated as such in this design. We have apples that ďŹ ll niches like: winter wildlife food, fresh eating, storage, drying, sauce, cider, juicing, and baking.

Acres in production: 27.5 USING DEER REPELLENTS 4,185 fruit and nut trees Planned plantings Total Agricultural Production Area 10,462 shrubs & berries There are some effective deer repellents on the market, the most Species Variety Typical yield on year 10 (lbs.) Upper Fields appropriate of which is called “Deer Out.â€? It has a base of garlic, Mid/Focus Area Per tree Per acre Acres planted Yield Lower Fields white pepper, putrescent eggs, vinegar, and peppermint oil. The FRUITS 40,000 Apple Various 105 10,000 4 substance smells horrible to deer but not to humans. One spray is 12,000 Pear Various 55 6,000 2 4,500 Plum Various 30 3,000 1.5 effective for 3-4 months and should be reapplied in the fall and in 6,750 Persimmon Various 45 4,500 1.5 6,750 Cherry Various 45 4,500 1.5 the second year. 2,250 Paw-paw Various 30 3,000 0.75 1,000 Mulberry Various 20 2,000 0.5 5 gallons of concentrate (dilutes to 50 gallons) costs $379.00 Quince Medlar and covers 5 total acres. This should be enough for 1-2 complete TOTAL FRUITS 11.75 73,250 per year spraying(s) of the new plantings. Rootstocks: NUTS Patterns of deer browse are stimulated by the presence of new 15,938 Chestnut Various 70 3,750 4.25 G-16: Dwarf, disease resistant, wet soils. Needs to be trellised. 20,000 Hazelnut Various 20 5,000 4 Total farm water use 76795.5 elements in the environment. On-site camping of tree planters and 1,875 Butternut Various 65 3,750 0.5 B.9: Dwarf, disease resistant, wet soils. Needs to be trellised. 7,500 Hicans Various 65 3,750 2 their frequent urination in the orchard will discourage deer from 3,750 Nut pine Various 35 2,500 1.5 Antonovka: Standard 12-15,’ pruned to semi-dwarf. 10-12,’ probably the best 6,000 Oak Various 45 3,000 2 3,750 Black walnut Various 70 3,750 1 the onset of planting. The application of deer repellents and deer for overall hardiness. 1,800 Heartnut Various 60 3,600 0.5 TOTAL NUTS 15.75 55,063 harvesting from the ďŹ rst days of planting will also signiďŹ cantly Malus baccata mandshurica: Hardiest of all rootstocks. Lower than -50 F. per year mitigate deer browse. Almost all trees will survive deer browse, Malus x ranetka: Super hardy to -50 F. Withstands tough sites. 128,313 TOTAL MID ELEVATION PERENNIAL PLANT YIELD per year though antler rub is another factor that is usually fatal for most trees when the delicate cambium is removed. The use of tree shelters Pears: like the TUBEX brand will avoid deer browse from the beginning. The Heirloom Orchard will also feature over 25 varieties of Pears. Pears are a The option of homeopathically diluting the fur and urine of natural predators like wolves and coyotes into biodynamic great fruit for fresh eating and excellent for canning, drying and sauces. Some pear varieties can keep till late spring. preparations with the intention of “pepperingâ€? the orchard is also possible. It has been shown to be effective for this “predator The numbers of accessions of apples, pears, plums, cherries and apricots and others will only continue to grow as the vibeâ€? to subtly be introduced into the site, discouraging deer from entering the “pepperedâ€? space. Managing for the “deer organization grows, reaches out to pomologists and breeders, forms relationships with botanical collections, universities, and problemâ€? should be multifaceted, include the presence of humans and possibly domestic animals such as dogs, and very active experimental stations (especially the NYSAES in Geneva, New York that houses over a 1000 varieties of apples as well as dozens participation by site inhabitants. of Malus species). Maintaining a “land arkâ€? of diversity of food plant varieties and species is an excellent response to concerns like climate change and bioregional food security. 56,300 gal/day avg. summertime

Acres 40 28.55 40

Upper Fields Water Use

H20/acre (gal/day) 1000

Drip irrigated crop production

acre

gal/day

40

40000

acre 27.19 acre 1.36

gal/day 12235.5 gal/day 4080

Animals 40 acre 20

gal/day 480 gal/day 20000

Mid/Focus Area Water Use Orchard

Bio-intensive Gardens

trees/acre (gal/tree)/day 150 3 gal/acre 3000

Lower Fields Water Use

(H2O/cow/day)

Beef Heifer

Drip irrigated crop production

Water needs not supplied by Cathedral Pond

12 gal/acre 1000

gallon per day 20,496 gallons per day

REFERENCES Mollison, Bill. 1988. Permaculture: A Designer’s Manual. NSW Australia: Tagari Publications. Planning Guide for Water Consumption. 1981. Agricultural and Biological Engineering Fact Sheet SW-1. Penn State Cooperative Extension. Private Water Systems Handbook. 1992. Midwest Plan Service. MWPS-14. Handbook of Water Use and Conservation. 2001. WaterPlow Press. Amherst, MA. Consumptive Water Use Restrictions in the Delaware River Basin. 2002. Agricultural and Biological Engineering Fact Sheet F-199, Penn State Cooperative Extension. Guideline for Milking Center Wastewater. 1998. Natural Resource, Agriculture and Engineering Service. NRAES-115.

Planned Grazing and Holistic Resource Management The use of planned grazing techniques pioneered by Alan Savory will be a part of the mid-level pasture-orchard management plan. Savory’s work was revolutionary because he applied temporal pattern recognition to decision making and planned grazing. Savory observed the co-evolutionary relationship between grasslands and large hoofed animals. He observed that with the proper planning and timing grasslands actually thrive in the presence of large hoofed animals. This observation goes against conventional wisdom. Savory advocated the use of fencing (note Teal farm emphasis on live fences) to break pastures into paddocks. The sizes and timeliness of rotations of these paddocks are decided by the qualitative and temporal nature of the landscape. Savory divided the observed inherent qualities of landscapes into two opposite deďŹ nitions: brittle and non-brittle. The non-brittle nature of Vermont in general makes it a good place to grow livestock. The challenges of the short season limit optimal livestock growth while the resiliency of the landscape assures abundant grass growth when the weather allows. The integration of tree crops with the planned grazing techniques of HRM will evolve the mid-level pastures into self-regulating and abundant systems that feed animals and ultimately people. The application of these techniques will encourage production without sacriďŹ cing the fertility of the place. The presence of humans and their observations of the carrying capacities of paddocks and their relationship to stocking densities will determine the efďŹ cacy of HRM at the Teal Farm. The relationship between grazing animals and the grasslands that feed them is in essence based in the phenomenon of disturbance. Noting and reacting to how much and with what frequency a paddock is disturbed by livestock is key to effective HRM. Human presence and participation is the missing element to healthy pasture management. While the tree systems start in the mid level ďŹ elds, initial animal grazing will need to be restricted to the lowest ďŹ elds adjacent to Huntington Center proper. It will be 3-8 years before grazing of large animals happens freely in the mid level ďŹ elds (until trees get enough material above browse line), while smaller animals such as sheep and goats will be able to graze immediately and in years 2-4 in areas such as the paddock/nutrient production zone between the newly relocated barn

Understorey Medicinals and Mushrooms Management using powerful and marketable medicinal plants with myco-based forestry increases yields and forest health. Mycoforestry is the combination of sustainable logging with forest inoculation of useful, edible and medicinal mushroom species. While loggers are cutting trees with chainsaws, they can use sporulated oils in the reservoirs designated for bar and chain oil to inoculate the forest with edible species for foraging food and medicine. The inoculation of trunks of felled trees provides and ideal habitat for mycelia to “run,â€? there is also a ready source of water in the form of the still live stump’s sap as well as the accompanying sugars (food for fungi). Oils might be prepared by students with an interest in mycology, species indentiďŹ cation, and propagation. Native oyster (Pleurotus sp.), tree oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus), the phoenix oyster (Pleurotus pulmonarius) reishi like shelf mushrooms (Ganoderma sp. maybe applanatum), chicken of the woods (Laetiporus conifericola ), maitake (Grifola frondosa) and others could be inoculated along with true reishi (Ganoderma lucidum), lion’s mane (Hericeum erinaceus), the conifer coral mushroom (Hericeum abietis), and shitake (Lentinula edodes). Native medicinals like turkey tails, (Trametes versicolor) found to have active compounds that reduce cancer, could also be encouraged in the woodland forage zones. Birch polypores (Piptoporus belutinus) could also be encouraged to grow by planting grey birches, this polypore has active anti-bacterial compounds and was one of

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the few medicinals found on the famous “ice man.� Propagation and study by students allows for research projects based in discovering, propagating and isolating strains of particular mushroom varieties for superior myco-medicines. Mycelial Mats: The replanting or in some cases the repair of disturbed sites can be accelerated and made more complex (augmenting the web of soil micro-life) with the judicious use of mushroom species. Logged areas could be covered with waste materials like saw dust or spoiled hay. This dry and heavy lignin/cellulose material is idea food for the mycelium of saphrophytic fungi like Oysters (Pleurotus sp.) Mushroom colonized sawdust or hay rich in mycelium is then distributed throughout a mat of straw and hay. The mycelium of the oyster mushroom colonizes the saw/hay substrate and the soil is well covered. As the straw/hay breaks down, soil is built, good soil structure is engendered, fertility and water retention is augmented, and this promotes forest regeneration. This fertile niche is good for planting of native or select timber/nut/coppice trees within this mycelial mat of fertility and erosion mitigation.

Dressing beds with beneďŹ cial bacteria and mycorrhizal tablets before planting and use EITHER greensand or azomite. A little of this goes a long way. A pallet of greensand is $575.00 available from Fedco Seeds or www.fedcoseeds.com. A pallet of azomite runs for $825.00 Both are high in trace minerals and are slow release. Purchasing in pallet size is the most economical. These trace mineral mixes would be excellent for intensive garden/zone 2 applications. Each perennial plant should be tagged by species and variety whenever there is novelty or need for demarcation. In general a hole twice as wide and half again as deep is a good rule of thumb, trees with known taproots should have deeper holes and loose soil below hole depth. Soilmoist brand re-hydrating gel, this cuts watering by up to 50% and avoids plant loss when irrigation is forgotten. Inoculating maple logs with shittake mushroom at Teal Farm

These trees can be planted with “tree tabs,â€? which are small tabs of (tree vitamins) full of companion mycorrhizae for young trees. The introduction of these companion organisms, which are essential in a healthy forest, allows for an increase in the uptake of water and nutrients 10 to 100 greater than the tree standing alone. Companion bacteria and slow release organic fertilizer (“tea bagsâ€?) can also be added for optimal growth. Root dips of these mycorrhizae companions can also be done for all transplanted trees, garden sites can also be sowed with these beneďŹ cial fungi to increase water retention, nutrient uptake, pest management, and build organic matter. The cutting edge of these myco-solutions lies within the very systems that support us. The “microcosmosâ€? of mycelia, bacteria, and the countless cast of billions and the interrelations they have are the very foundation on which all “complexâ€? life depends. PLANTING PROTOCOL Soilmoist brand cross-linked polymer re-hydrating gel. This is one of the best uses of petroleum. This product biodegrades into the soil after 3-4 years of service reducing watering by up to 50%. Available from Gemplers Nursery/Tree Products. 50lbs (enough to plant around 15,000 trees) for $334.95 should be purchased for this project. Plant Success Tabs one per hole. (These contain 12 species of endo and ectomycorrhizal fungi). 150 units are available for $24.95 available from www.fungi.com

Biotecture Bench

Plants are trained into living built elements

Other amendments will include: Healthy Start Macro Tablets: Slow release fertilizer with micro and macro nutrients, 12-8-8, iron, magnesium, manganese and zinc. Also approx 20,000,000 beneďŹ cial bacteria. Slow release over up to two years. Available from Oikos nursery or other sites. 7 gram tablets are $50.00 for 500 tablets. (For fruit and multifunctional Trees). Bio-Pak “tea bagâ€?: (Fruit trees, shrub/herbaceous perennials and Multi-functional trees).

Inoculated logging slash protects young nut trees from deer browse

With Sulfur, Zinc, Iron, Manganese, Magnesium, Boron, Copper, 5% humic acid, kelp and naphthalene, great for challenging and low fertility sites. 100 ten gram bags= $12.00 or 12 cents per bag. Booster-Pak “tea bag� (Hardwood and Conifer Fertilizer): Two year slow release process that balances 18-6-6 with Calcium, Sulfur, Boron, and Manganese. 100 ten gram bags= $12.00 or 12 cents per bag. Recommended for Hardwoods and Conifers. For zone 1 and 2 Intensives:

Local materials use in buildings: site milled lumber and thatch

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PLANTS AT TEAL FARM Plants and Culture In the hills north of Delhi, outside of Dehra Dun there are a mix of grains and pulses that occupy an ecological and ritual niche in the landscape as they produce food and sustain the soil and ultimately the culture. In the mountains of the Andes, the Quechua people rely on guilds of the hardiest tubers (oca, ulloco, mashua, achira, bitter potato, maca, and of course our ubiquitous potato,) which grow at altitudes of 13,000 feet, and with proper processing can be stored for many years. From these arose the genetic diversity that allows us to grow innovative and disease resistant potatoes worldwide. Between the tropic of cancer and the tropic of Capricorn, the Polynesians voyaged in enormous canoes navigating the expanses of the paciďŹ c and locating small spits of land, where they settled and prospered. With them they carried 24 plants, known as the “canoe plants of the Polynesians.â€? These species were the bases of their food, medicines, building materials, dye plants, ďŹ ber plants, and plants for ceremony. They carried the potential to settle anywhere in the tropical/subtropical paciďŹ c in their canoes, enough plants to adapt to drought, different soils, tropical monsoons, famine, and war. The Polynesians voyaged throughout the tropics selecting plants that were resilient, nutritious, and adaptive. They collected from no less than: Africa, Sub-continental India, South America, Melanesia including New Guinea and Vanuatu, Indo-Malaysia, and Polynesia. Navigating the frontiers of climate change, current cultures have the opportunity to learn from traditional peoples intelligent and innovative history. The foundation for responsive, bio-diverse, and resilient agro-ecosystems that can respond to climate change and the demise of centralized food and energy systems can be built on the deliberate development of new totemic species. As cultures have evolved, so have the plants they depend on for food, medicine, and ďŹ ber. Yet, since the Industrial Age humans have lost countless useful plant varieties. As this diversity is lost, so are options for an attractive living future. Often called “guildsâ€?, speciďŹ c groups of plants that work in unison to provide the needs of their cultural stewards, were the source for much of the food and materials people needed to sustain their cultures. People tended and bred plants as if there was no line between the forest and deliberately planted areas, or forest gardens. This has been true from North America to the equatorial tropics and in other hemispheres as well. Forest gardening provided a complex web of foods that provided unique and varied foods, craft materials, ďŹ bers, psychotropics for ceremony, dyes, and building materials. Human needs were provided for in part by forest gardens, therefore less land needed to be cleared for annual grain crops. The tending of these forest gardens deďŹ ned the culture and in some cases maintained the living matrix of ecosystems and agro-ecosystems that supported life. Within each culture, totemic species were used which were honored and respected for their role as the staff of life which ensured survival in an unknown and capricious world.

What Was The Chestnut Group Chestnuts have been recognized as the â€œďŹ nest nuts in North America for eating,â€? and are a starchy nut that are used as a staple by many past and present cultures around the world from Europe to Asia. The American chestnuts recent demise has left a gap in the productivity of the North American landscape that could be ďŹ lled by the development of new, crossbred trees that have American, European, and Asian genetics. Many efforts have been made in this endeavor giving hope for a multitude of agro-forestry systems in which the American chestnut is reintroduced and again becomes a staple of diet and economy. Opportunities exist for research and development of this type at the Teal Farm. Selective breeding and propagation practices could be conducted and researched at the university level. Different chestnut species like the eastern native, the chinkapin (Castanea pumila) could be used in coppicing systems and for stacking many plants into small spaces for optimal production. Test plots based on tight planting for future selective harvesting compounded with heavy production could be established by year 6. Chestnuts here at the Teal Farm will be a keystone crop for wildlife, domestic animals and humans. Varieties to be planted at Teal Farm: Castanea dentata (American Chestnut) Castanea dentata X mollissisma (American/central Asian cross) Castanea mollissima (Chinese chestnut)

Castanea seguinii X mollissima (dwarf hybrid of 2 Asian species) Castanea crenata (Korean chestnut) Castanea pumila hybrida (single trunked selection of the chinquapin) Castanea pumila (Multiple-stemmed chinkapin) Castanea sativa X mollissima (central Asian/Chinese cross

What Is The Apple Group Apples are an icon of the temperate landscape and they represent the changes in history and the landscape in North America. Various apple species native to North America offer unique genetics. These apple species have small fruits, gregarious owering, super-hardy and disease resistant genes, and they make excellent rootstock. As apples entered the US via European colonists they began to breed and cross with their North Biotecture Spaces Biotecture Spaces Living sculptures of willow and birch become sheltered gardens. American counterparts. The result was an explosion in agro-biodiversity. Living sculptures of willlow and birch become Almost 5000 varieties were recognized in the US alone just 100 years ago. sheltered gardens Varieties have been developed speciďŹ cally to have the best qualities for juice, preserves, sauce, baked goods, dried fruit, storage, and varied bearing times. Now in the US only 1000 varieties exist. A program for variety conservation of current apple genetics, as well as the conscious effort to breed and trial new varieties is needed worldwide. The work of amateur orchardists has long contributed the lion’s share of variety within species in the human food inheritance. The Pear Group Asian and European pears are tasty, juicy and warrant eating copious amounts. Pears can be grafted onto naturalized hawthorns in areas prone to deer browse. Asian pears provide an excellent fresh eating experience while European pears cook and preserve very well. European pears also keep very well and some varieties like ‘Comice’ keep for 6 months and ripen in May of the following year. A good storing pear like this provides fresh fruit during a time when there is normally little fresh local fruit in Vermont. Pear wood sought after for ďŹ ne woodwork and valued at $13.00 a board foot and is not readily available in Vermont. The Plum Group Plums help us put horticulture back into our culture. There are at least three native species of plums from North America, they produce copious fruits 1.5 to 2.0 inch in diameter and are hardy to -40 degrees F. They would make excellent jam producers as well as wildlife and domestic animal forage in the mid level pastures. The Pine Group Pines are a resilient human food source and have been part of our many respective diets for uncounted years. They require 7-10 years to bear and they bear in the harshest sites. Once they begin bearing they are heavy producers. Pine nuts are a high protein food suitable for humans and wildlife and have a high commercial demand in our culture. The varied species below allows for the planting of pines in the coldest spots at Teal Farm. The use of many of these species allows for sound land use and food production in the most difďŹ cult north-facing locations. High elevation larger pines can be stacked with smaller sized pines down to the dwarf level creating varied layers of coniferous food production with a softened edge that blends into the woodland. These perennial food systems also make excellent windbreaks. Cold hardy nut pines are also an excellent response to climate change due to their super hardy nature. Species and varieties to be planted at Teal Farm: Pinus strobus (Native white pine) Pinus koraiensis (Korean nut pine) to 100 ft. Good nuts (hardy to -40 F) Pinus armandii (Armand pine, Tibet) to 120 ft. Good nuts. Pinus jeffreyi (Jeffrey pine) to 150 ft. Swollen trunk. Pinus peuce (Macedonian pine) to 70 ft. Good nuts, ornamental, glaucous needles. Pinus edulis (Pinyon pine) Ornamental trunk, Nuts (Hardy to -40 F.) Pinus cembra var. siberica To 100 ft. Good nuts (hardy to -50 F.) Pinus cembra (Swiss stone pine) To 100 ft. Has produced nuts in 5 years from planting.

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Pinus siberica (Russian cedar) To 100 ft. Good nuts (hardy to -65 F.) Pinus siberica sub. humistrata (Russian cedar) Good nuts, dwarf habit, grows in heavy clays at elevation (hardy to -65 F.) Pinus siberica f. coronans (Russian cedar) Drought resistant, dense and wide crown (hardy to -65 F.) Pinus siberica f. turfosa (Russian cedar) Grows in peat, high acid soils (hardy to -50 F.) Pinus pumila (Dwarf Siberian pine) Reaches a height of 9 feet, excellent for permaculture zone 2-3 nut production, very cold hardy to – 50 F. Grows at high altitudes. Pinus lambertiana (Sugar pine) To 200 ft. (hardy to -25 F) Produces large cones. Edible nuts.

What Could Be The Persimmon Group Persimmons hold a powerful presence in the landscape. They have striking black bark that contrasts nicely with its red foliage in the fall. Persimmons are unique in that they are the only group of species from the ebony family in the Americas. For many years American persimmon wood has been valued as the ďŹ nest wood for the construction of golf clubs. Persimmons are native to New England and are found both south and west of here. They are known to be quite astringent until they have fully ripened or until they have had at least one good hard frost. They are a fantastic fruit (besides being very tasty) because they are harvested late in the year and are an excellent season extender. American persimmons have received some attention in the last hundred years from conventional breeders, building on the selections made by ďŹ rst peoples in the native stands that still exist. American persimmons are the size of a very large grape. Breeding and selections have achieved larger and sweeter fruits that are nearly golf ball size. Recent crosses of the American persimmon with the Japanese persimmon in Russia have led to a cold hardy (American genes) and a much larger persimmon (Japanese genes). These persimmon crosses are cold hardy to negative -30 degrees F. and have fruit of just over 2â€? in diameter. Persimmons have been dried and preserved in Asia for over a thousand years. They can be baked into pies or combined with other fruit for preserves. Eaten fresh they are a thing of true beauty and sublime taste. Species to be planted at Teal Farm include: Fruit tree islands: Diospyros americana Plum, pear, persimmon, apple, Typ. Diospyros americana x kaki

Guild Outlines

An overarching stategy to successful guild proďŹ les for the Teal Farm will be creating, deďŹ ning, and softening edges. Plant outlays should be guided by the following principles: • • • • •

Presence of N-ďŹ xing shrubs in plant stacking Dynamic accumulators in the herbaceous layer where appropriate Understorey groundcovers in zone 1 and 2 (with secondary functions) Presence of food or multi-functional plants in the overstorey IPM and/or bee plants

With this in mind, matches and mixes of many types of small standard fruit trees, semi-dwarf selections, natural dwarfs, fruiting shrubs/multi-functional shrubs, columnar apples, vines, understorey medicinals, dwarf nut trees, and an herbaceous shrub level. Mutually-beneďŹ cial plant associations will take form through many levels of complexity. The following are a few example guild descriptions: • A groundcover of Astralagus membranaceus (an N-ďŹ xer) which would lead to an arrangement of Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) and then to a Siberian pea shrub (Caragana arborescens) which would build up vertically to a standard rose family semi-dwarf or natural dwarf fruit tree such as a medlar. • A triad of selected Siberian sea-berries, (Hippophae rhamnoides), two females (and a necessary male for pollination) are planted in a small grove. In amongst these is a persimmon, (American or crossed asian/American) or rose family fruit tree (cherry, plum, pear, apple, medlar, quince,) or a nut tree. Understorey medicinals like black cohosh or eleuthero could be phased in year 3-4. • A children’s play guild with Columnar apples, dwarf fruit -trees and dwarf nut trees culminating in a transition from a more conventional orchard/garden look P re do to a complex food forest in kid-scale. m in a n t

w i n d s

Long Lived Guild

Guilds of trees that live for 400 years or more are a statement of permanence and speak to one’s intention to become native to place as well as providing Windward vegetation: Nut pines, abies, seaberry, Typ. temporal context and a reminder to our everyday work. Varied guilds of Siberian sea berry (Hippophae rhamnoides) small conifers mixed with stately oaks and chestnuts will form a beautiful and Sea berry is a fantastic plant for healing disturbed sites. It grows in the poorest of productive food forest that makes a statement of the permanence of tree crops soils and is very resistant to wind and biting cold. It ďŹ xes atmospheric nitrogen based agriculture. The following list shows the lifespan potential of the most Pasture Snow deposition through its relationship with soil bacteria. Sea berry is also very drought tolerant long-lived species: and has spines which make it a fantastic plant for hedgerows to contain animals. Windbreak Section (Typ.) • Chestnuts (Castanea dentata) 400 or more years Windbreak Section (Typ.) Shelterbelts filter and deflect winds with a combination of evergreen and deciduous shrubs and trees. Dozens of varieties have been developed in Eastern Europe, Germany and Russia • European Beech (Fagus sylvatica) 400 or more years sensitive fruit treeswinds thrive in to windproterct eddies. Shelterbelts filter Groves snowofand deflect more sensitive for commercial production of its berry, which is medicinal and makes a ďŹ ne jam. • “Deep Mountainâ€? Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) 600 years fruit trees and shrubs during all seasons. The berry and oil extracted from the seed have been used to treat cancer and • The Oak group (Quercus sp.) 300-1000 years radiation poisoning. They are very high in vitamin C, E, and A. • Canadian Yew (Taxus Canadensis) 500 years • Swamp Cedar (Taxodium distichum) 600 years Styrian pumpkin has been cultivated on the eastern slopes of Austria, Slovenia, and Hungary for over 100 years. This variety • Dawn Redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides) 1500 years of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo var. Styriaca) has a seed without a hull. The oil extracted from this seed is very high in antioxidants, • Juniper (Juniperus communis) 600 years vitamin E, and has been found effective against prostate enlargement. It has high commercial potential and is being investigated • Siberian Larch (Larix siberica) 700 years in numerous countries for oil production. • Whitebark Pine (Pinus albicaulis) 100 years • Blue Spruce (Picea glauca) 600 or more years. The Paw Paw The Paw Paw is the largest native fruit to the United States and Canada, weighing up to one pound. It is found growing in the mid-west from northern Michigan to northern Florida. They are the northern most species of the annonaceae family. They have Mexican Food Guild smooth custard like texture that is sweet and satisfying. Better known members of this family are the Andean cherimoya, West These mixed fruit and vegetables and leaf seasonings could be planted in theme guilds that feature all the essential fresh Indian sugar apple, the soursop, and the Central American soncoya. goodness one would need to have a truly fantastic meal of fresh Mexican food. The plants themselves also tell the story of It begins its life in shade in moist rich soils and can be combined with coppiced timber species for fruit/wood guilds. Paw the history of the Mexican people’s cuisines. paws are relished in their more native region and have been gathered by ďŹ rst peoples and Europeans for as long as recorded history, probably much longer. Paw Paws have 20 times more iron, 10 times as much calcium, 10 times as much magnesium, and Epazote (beans) comparable potassium to bananas, oranges, or apples. The small compact size, beauty of its foliage, tasty fruit, and tolerance to shade make this species a logical choice for forest garden plantings.

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Cilantro (fresh leaf seasoning) Parsley (fresh leaf seasoning) Poblano peppers (for stufďŹ ng) Hot peppers (multiple varieties, spiciness) Alliums (avor and spiciness) Tomatoes Tomatillos

Shepherdia argentea (Buffalo berry) Edible and medicinal berries, ďŹ xes nitrogen and reaches a height of 15 feet. Recommended. To neg. -40 F Caragana arborescens (Siberian pea shrub) Nitrogen ďŹ xing shrub to 12,’ Very cold hardy. Caragana pygmea (Pygmy Pea Shrub) To -25 F. at least 6’ x 3’

Staples below could occupy another bed in the intensive gardens: Corn Red or black dry beans Amaranth (a great opportunity to reintroduce and re-popularize one of the most healthful and powerful grains on Earth.)

Small Nut Tree Agro-forestry Guild

Caragana microphylla Small shrub good for hedges, ďŹ xes N and is cold hardy to -40 F. Very showy spring owers. Caragana sp. (there are at least 6 other species in the genus that will grow at the Teal Farm)

Persimmon

A guild for a low-growing, nut-producing, system would include a mix of small nuts, nitrogen ďŹ xing edible and IPM shrubs, and coppice timbers. This demonstration of alley-cropping style, rectilinear agro-forestry is a great transition guild from an orchard entry experience that moves toward nut forests, stone pine windbreaks, forage islands, and pasture. The guild will be planted using a grid pattern with nut tree spacing of 25’ on center between Castanea pumila and Xanthoceras sorbifolia. Five feet between C. pumila and C. Pumila (will be thinned to 15-20’). In between these tree spacings of 25’ and 5’ respectively are the nitrogen ďŹ xing edible and IPM shrubs: Ceonothus velutinus, Hippophae rhamnoides, Eleagnus umbellata, Shepherdia argentia, and Caragana microphylla. Robinia pseudoacacia could be planted in easily harvestable locations and then managed as a coppice/fertilizer tree. Ceonothus is a great Bee plant Hippophae, Shepherdia, and Eleagnus all have edible berries and are very medicinal. Caragana has an edible pea like legume that attracts birds and other wildlife. This guild would be planted on contour in W-E fashion about 25’ apart. After 5-7 years, alfalfa could be planted, and the alleys could be grazed. The animals would clean up any un-harvested nuts. Most nitrogen ďŹ xing shrubs would phase out in 7 years or less and add a lot of fertility, food, and biomass until then.

Myrica pennsylvanica (Northern Bayberry) Berries used traditionally to make candles, part of eastern North American dune community (just behind the grasses in the lee.) Hardy to -40 F at least. Elaeagnus multiora (Goumi) A favored nitrogen ďŹ xing shrub with the best tasting and largest berries of the genus, it is a favored plant in Japanese monasteries. Goumi is hardy to approx. -20 degrees F. Laburnum alpinum (Scotch laburnum) Small shrub with 16â€? yellow owering panicles, highly ornamental, insect and bee attractant. Hardy to -40 F. Ceanothus velutinus (Snow bush) Attractive evergreen bush with an early owering habit that attracts pollinators. Fixes N and is good for stacking. Hardy to Neg. -40 F.

Multifunctional Nitrogen Fixers

These will be used as understorey plants in orchard areas as well as for building fertility in all zones of Teal Farm. Hippophae rhamnoides (Sea Berry) Edible and highly medicinal berries used for treating cancer and radiation poisoning. Sea berries are now being planted commercially and many grafted and improved varieties are now available. A potential commercial crop, a great soil impover, living fence, fall color, and windbreak. They grow in the most gnarly conditions. Hardy to -40 F. Hippophae salcifolia (Willow leaved sea berry) Used in windbreaks and hedges, grows to over 20 feet and makes a great live fence. Hardy to -25 F.

Ceanothus americanus (New Jersey Tea) Hardy to -28 F. Excellent bee forage, nice evergreen low shrub gesture. Cercocarpus montanus (Alder leaf, Mountain mahogany) Hardy to -40 degrees F. Resprouts when browsed and has a high protein count.

Seaberry

Desmanthus illinoensis (Bundle Flower) Good dryland nitrogen ďŹ xer and erosion control plant with decorative seedpods. Illinois bundle ower is a large legume to 5 feet with a much branched, shrub like growth form. Common on clay or limestone soils in prairies and along roadsides, fence rows and streams. Very high in protein and is highly preferred by livestock and wildlife. The seeds are eaten by quail and other birds. This N. American perennial that is being evaluated by the Land Institute of Salina, Kansas, as an edible legume for growing with perennial grains in a non-tillage permaculture system.

Baptisia australis (Blue False Indigo) Was used as an anti-inammatory, owers beautifully, grows to 2’-3’

Maackia amurensis (Maackia amur) Hardy to -35 F. ornamental, to 20-40’ Asian origin. Hardy and beautiful.

Alnus rugosa (speckled alder) Medicinal uses, ďŹ xes N in wetland sites. Native. Hardy to neg. -50 F.

Comptonia peregrina (Sweetfern) Fixes N and makes a delicious tea, small shrub to 2-4 feet. Tolerates poor soils.

Cladrastis kentuckea (Yellowood) Used as a dye tree, has owers that present themselves on 12’ panicles. Fixes nitrogen, hardy to -25 F. 40’ x 40’ width and breadth.

Dalea purpurea (Purple Indigo) Herbaceous perennial to -40 F. grows to 2-3’ Hardy herbaceous perennial.

Myrica gale (Sweet gale) Berries used traditionally to make candles. Hardy to at least -40 F.

Apios americana (American groundnut)

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N-ďŹ xing tuber up to 2lbs or more. Many selections available. It has a climbing habit that makes it ideal for stacking in intensive food forest situations. Robinia pseudoacacia (Black locust) One of the best and most rot resistant of all northern timbers. Can be used in timber/coppice systems to produce building materials and fence posts. Excellent bee attractant. The “shipmastâ€? variety is the straightest grower. Can be used to produce biomass in temperate “cut and coverâ€? fertility building schemes. Petalostemon purpureum (Purple Prairie Clover) Leaves are used for tea and the root is eaten. Fixes nitrogen and is hardy to -40 degrees F.

Medicinal and Understorey Crops

These crops will help rebuild parts of our cultural farmacopia that has been almost lost. • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • •

• •

•

•

at least. Sanguinaria canadensis (Bloodroot) Endangered understorey medicinal and spring ephemeral. To -25 F. at least.

•

Mandragora autumnalis (Mandrake) A perennial magico-religious totem plant. The ancients used Mandrake root as a fertility herb, an aphrodisiac, a magical totem, and as a medicinal to relieve pain or promote sleep. It was also known to cause strange delirium and madness. Hardy to -15 F. • Leuzea carthamoides (Maralroot) Herbaceous perennial native to Siberia. The roots are adaptogenic and have been used in athletic training to enhance muscle strength without acting as a stimulant. Seeds germinate in warm conditions within 3 weeks. Plant prefers full sun and regular garden soils. Very hardy, with showy owers. Hardy to Zone 2 (neg. -50 F). • Mahonia aquifolium (Oregon Grape) Perennial evergreen shrub. This plant is currently native to the PaciďŹ c Northwest of the United States and Canada. The leaves resemble holly, and in the spring the bright yellow, compound owers emit delightful fragrance, and soak up the dew like a sponge. Oregon Grape has a bitter and cold energy, serving as a gentle stimulant to liver function while it controls excessive secretions of the mucous membranes. It has thus been used to good effect for treating psoriasis, poor appetite, indigestion, oral herpes and bronchitis. Good for treating questionable water when travelling. Contains berberine and is therefore used as a Golden seal substitute. Rhizomes yield a golden dye. An understorey plant hardy to neg. -15 F. • Hamemelis vernalis (Witch Hazel) A sturdy and handsome addition to the medicinal landscape, with a multi-stemmed bushing habit. The bright green leaves and young twigs produce the quintessential astringent. Witch hazel is full of surprises, owering in midwinter and waiting to give its seed until autumn. Native. Hardy to -30 F. Opuntia - edible prickly pear cactus • Dioscorea villosa (Wild Yam) Excellent edge climber, edible and medicinal. Contains high levels of estrogen. To -25 F. • Gaultheria procumbens (Wintergreen) Edible and medicinal understorey native. To neg. -30 F.

Aralia racemosa (Spikenard) Found currently in VT. The roots and young shoots are eaten. The berries were used for medicine. This understorey shrub grows in full to part shade and reaches a height of six feet. Resembles elderberry. Mahonia repens (Oregon grape) Evergreen species that tolerates temperatures down to -25 F. This spreading groundcover at home in the understorey. Asarum canadense (Wild Ginger) Relieves indigestion, colds, u, and is used to combat fevers. Can be cooked with and candied. Widely used by First Nation Peoples. Grows in the shade and spreads by rhizomes. Lycium chinense (Chinese Wolfberry or Goji Berry) Hardy to neg. -10 (greenhouse). Glycyrrhiza lepidota (American licorice) N-ďŹ xing groundcover that is a natural sweetener with powerful medicinal properties. (Hardy to neg. -25 F). Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Chinese licorice) Highly medicinal, ďŹ xes N and used in TCM. Hardy to neg. -15 F. Schisandra chinensis (Schisandra berry) Hardy to neg. -30 F. ToniďŹ es all ďŹ ve elements in TCM. Makes a ďŹ ne tea. Codonopsis pilosula “Poor Man’s Ginsengâ€? builds chi and toniďŹ es the blood. A fascinating climbing plant with bell-shaped blossoms. Highly recommended. An important Chinese medicinal herb similar in action to ginseng. Sweet tasting roots have been shown to boost red cell and hemoglobin counts in Black locust rabbits. Used as a tonic in anemia, fatigue, shallow and strained breathing, poor appetite, dyspepsia, and diabetes. To neg. -5 F. Polyganum multiora (He shou wu or Fo Ti) Hardy to neg. -30 F. Promotes longevity, fertility, and vigor. A good climber that stacks well. Angelica chinensis Dong quai Hardy to -15 F. or more. Ziziphus jujuba (Chinese Jujube) Powerful and tasty medicinal used in TCM. The fruit dries on the tree and can be preserved for months. Hardy to neg. -20 F. Gingko biloba (Maidenhair Tree) Medicinal tree with edible nuts and memory improving leaves. Hardy to Neg. -20 F at least. Gentiana tibetica (Tibetan Gentian) A rare medicinal species from Tibet. Used in Chinese medicine to expel wind Pecan dampness, damp heat, jaundice, for dry constipation, and as a tonic. Hardy to neg. -20 F. Zi-cao (Lithospermum erythrorhizon) Herbaceous perennial. This herb is currently native to northern China and Japan. A vigorous plant with many small, white owers giving way to the globular, stone-hard nutlets. The root contains the red molecule known as shikonin, employed in ointment form for the treatment of eczema, boils, and burns. Hardiness to -15 F. Ligustrum lucidum (Chinese Privet) Hardy to 20 degrees F. (Greenhouse) Astralagus membranaceus (Chinese Astragalus;Íž Huang Qi) One of the most important Chinese medicinal herbs, especially for its immune enhancing properties. Hazelnut ToniďŹ es the spleen, especially in cases of fatigue. Boosts and toniďŹ es qi (chi). Cardiotonic;Íž lowers blood pressure and blood sugar;Íž improves circulation. BeneďŹ cial effect on kidneys, liver, and endocrine system. (hardy to neg. -25) Xanthorhiza simplicissima (Yellowroot) Height: 12–18. An extremely rugged deciduous groundcover that is currently native. A understorey medicinal. Hardy to -25 F.

•

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Bearberry) Edible and medicinal understorey native. Hardy to neg.

-35 F.

• Podophyllum hexandrum (Mayapple, Himalayan) Rare form of the mayapple which contains substantial amounts of the anti-cancer agent known as podophyllotoxin. These are a rare offering and are deďŹ nitely the most elegant species of an attractive genus. To -40 F. • Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng) Native plant with adaptogenic compounds. Good understorey This plant like it cool and prefers north facing hillsides. Hardy -30 F. • Polygonatum biorum var. commutatum (Solomon’s Seal) Best used as an anti-inammatory, and folk uses do include joint pain/arthritis. True Solomon’s seal grows at the ground surface and prefers open woodlands, especially in association with rock outcroppings. Hardy to neg. -40 F. • Aralia cordata (Jiu-yan-du-huo, Japanese Spikenard) Herbaceous perennial native to Japan. Perfectly cold hardy. Udo produces asparagus-like shoots that are boiled in 2 changes of water and eaten as a cold vegetable or in soups. It is a delicacy. Udo root is considered to be pain and gas relieving, anti-inammatory and a tonic for the lungs. (greenhouse) • Lilium tigrinum (Chinese Tiger Lily) Perfectly cold-hardy herbaceous perennial. Understorey medicinal and with edible bulbs. To -40 F. • Podophyllum peltatum (American Mandrake) Colony forming plant with umbrella-like, palmate leaves and a large, waxy, white ower of delightful fragrance. Does make a fruit but the fruit is mainly a treat for deer and most humans are not really excited about it. However, the plant is striking and good to have around. Currently native to the central and eastern US. Hardy to neg.-40 F. • Hydrastis canadensis (Goldenseal) • Currently native to the Eastern hardwood forests, this plant adapts beautifully to the shade garden. To -25 F. at least. This native medicinal is highly sought after and has commercial potential for the Teal Farm. Planting it in volume would also be a great conservation move. • Caulophyllum thalictroides (Blue Cohosh) Native medicinal used to treat menopause and regulate menstruation. Hardy to -35 F. • Dipsacus japonicus (Teasel, Xu-duan) Herbaceous perennial native to China. With spreading branches topped by myriads of strange, lovely, cream-owering, spiny cones, the plant is a central attraction for the herb garden--fervently

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visited by bees. Very different from common wayside Teasel. The root is used in Chinese medicine as a liver and kidney tonic, He shou wu or Fo Ti Polygonum multiora often for treating lower back pain. Plant prefers full sun and moist soils. Promotes longevity, fertility, and vigor. Has been found to increase circulation, lower cholesterol, cleanse the liver and • Aralia nudicaulis (Sarsaparilla) kidneys as well as help develop red blood cells. Native understorey plant with medicinal roots. Hardy to – neg. 50 F. Chinese Astragalus; Huang Qi (Astralagus membranaceus) • Rheum palmatum tanguticum (Da-huang, Chinese Rhubarb) One of the most important Chinese medicinal herbs, especially for its immune enhancing properties. ToniďŹ es the spleen, Herbaceous perennial. Native to China and Tibet. Rare. Plants boast a red-tinged, handsomely palmate leaves. It is the especially in cases of fatigue. Boosts and toniďŹ es qi (chi). Cardiotonic;Íž lowers blood pressure and blood sugar;Íž improves dried, cured root that provides the laxative medicine that gives relief. Plant prefers part shade to full sun and extremely wellcirculation. Has a beneďŹ cial effect on kidneys, liver, and endocrine system. Probably more effective than Echinacea. drained soils. Hardy to -20 F. • Polygala tenuifolia (Yuan-zhi, Chinese Senega) Maralroot (Leuzea carthamoides) “Shen-stabilizing herbâ€? is a classic of the Chinese pharmacopoeia. Perennial. Rare and beautiful. Hardy to -20 F. Herbaceous perennial most recently native to Siberia. The roots are adaptogenic and have been used in athletic training to enhance muscle strength without acting as a stimulant. It is incredibly hardy to cold and exposure. • Chimaphila umbellata Pipsissewa Evergreen perennial ground cover native to the PaciďŹ c Northwest and in forests across to the eastern US. Glossy leaves, Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng) A native plant with adaptogenic, cardiotonic, demulcent, and tonic effects. slow growth--rare and delicate. Superior urinary antiseptic, used with great efďŹ cacy in treating urinary tract infection. This American ginseng likes it cool and is planted on north facing hillsides. rare plant is a good indicator of old growth habitat. Grows in the understorey. Hardy to -25 F. at least. Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) • Ephedra sinica (Ma huang) Perennial, primitive shrub. Currently native to the steppes of north Native to the eastern hardwood forests. A powerful tonic that aids in digestion and stimulates and and northwestern China. Dried stem is a natural stimulant to the central nervous system and a cleanses the entire gastrointestinal tract. It has many tonic compounds that generally stimulate the bronchodilator for treating colds and asthma. The whole herb, dried and used in small doses, body and combine well to make effective herbal tonic mixes with other medicinals. poses no threat to the health. Cold hardy to – 15 F. at least. • Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice) A Nitrogen ďŹ xing medicinal groundcover. Hardy to neg. -10 F. Eleuthero (Eleutherococcus senticosus) (Formerly known as Siberian ginseng) Classic adaptogen. • Cimicifuga racemosa (Black Cohosh) The root helps you adapt to stress. Sought after and has great market potential. Striking foliage and tall white racemes. The tincture of fresh root is antidepressant, pain relieving, sedative, peripheral vaso-dilating, antispasmodic and anti-inammatory, speciďŹ c for treating Siberian Sea Berry (Hippophae rhamnoides) tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and is customarily used to control the infamous “hot ashesâ€? of Siberian sea berry has some of the highest counts per gram measured of vitamin C and E. Sea menopause. Hardy to neg. -20 F. at least. berry also has a high content of vitamin A and can be pressed for an edible medicinal. Sea berry is • Arctium lappa (Japanese Burdock or Gobo) a powerful antioxidant that was used to treat radiation poisoning after the Chernobyl disaster. Nutritive and blood cleansing. Hardy to -30 F. at least. • Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Jiao-gu-lan) Jujube Buffaloberry (Shepherdia argentia) Very high in Vitamin C. Herbaceous perennial vine native to China and Japan. The dried leaves of this plant make a tasty, energy-ďŹ lled tea that Bilberry (Vaccinium ulginosum) (V. myrtillus) contains 4 times more ginseng-like saponins than Asian or American ginseng. Used in WW 2 for night vision improvement, high in anti-oxidants. Used as a natural anti-cancer treatment. Hardy to 20 degrees F. Makes an excellent indoor plant. (greenhouse) Currants (Ribes sp.) • Koelrueteria paniculata (Golden Rain Tree) Very high in anti-oxidants. A potent anti-cancer berry. Deciduous shade tree hardy to -20° F and reaching about 30 feet in height. Currently native to central Asia. Fast-growing provider of shade with beautiful yellow owers and ornamental red seed pods. Tolerant of polluted air, wind, heat and alkaline soil but not good on the coast. The owers are used for treating conjunctivitis and produce a yellow dye. A black dye is obtained from the leaves. The seeds are used to make necklaces. Super Timber • Dianthus superbus (Qu-mai, Jove’s Flower) Herbaceous perennial. Native to China. The plant owers in the autumn of the second year, a spreading bush giving forth Black Locust Robinia pseudoacacia multitudes of hot pink owers with fringed margins. They emit an unforgettable fragrance night and day that is capable of One of the most rot resistant NE hardwoods. Coppices wafting hundreds of yards on a warm, moist breeze. Qu-mai is used for treating urinary complaints and suppressed menses. An edge and understorey plant. Honey Locust Gleditsia triacanthos Hardwood that is fast growing and used as animal forage. This document was in part excerpted (concerning plant uses) from Richo Cech’s work at Horizon Herbs LLC. Osage Orange Maclura pomifera Hardwood that is used in tool and bow making. Live fencing.

Super Medicinals

American Larch Larix laricina Rot resistant softwood. Valued.

The following plants should be considered for their especially powerful medicinal and neautraceautical potentials. Development of these crops will lead to niche markets for such products and eventually to important innovations in natural health. Teal Farm could be a center for such work pursuing human health along with ecological healing work. Wu-wei-zi (Schisandra chinensis) Powerful phytoadaptogen. Helps rebuild liver tissue. Sharpens vision and hearing, relieves stress and fatigue. Known as the ďŹ ve taste fruit. Contains vitamin C, micro elements, essential oils and shizandrin, a healthful compound.

White Oak Quercus alba Rot resistant and water tight wood (used in wine barrel making). High value.

Honeyberry

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fresh fruit in the northeast. Sea berry: This all star plant has a tart and powerfully medicinal berry borne in profusion that can be added to sweet preserves to boost nutrients for long winters.

Chestnut Oak Quercus prinus Hard wood used for heavy construction. Valued.

Mushroom Fruits Lion’s Mane mushroom: This incredible mushroom is edible, medicinal, as well as being beautifully shaped. King Stropharia: This garden inhabitant weighs in at up to 5 pounds. It is braised and barbecued and served with veggies.

Schumard’s Oak Quercus schumardii Very hard wood. Long straight runs. Black Walnut Juglans nigra Extremely high value wood used in veneer and high level wood working.

Nuts/Seeds Black Walnut: Proven seedling selections allow for large nuts high in minerals and good oils. Chestnuts: This carbohydrate rich nut is a staple nut traditionally made into ours, breads, porridges, stews, and roasted. Turkish Tree Hazels: These single-trunked hazelnut relatives are stately and bear profuse hazelnut-like nuts. Can be eaten out-of-hand and made into nut butters. Yellowhorn: This nut native to China tastes like macadamia when roasted and owers beautifully and gregariously.

Butternut Juglans cinera Valued for ďŹ ne wood working Sweet Pignut Hickory Carya ovalis Very strong and dense.

There are over 15,000 species of plants that have been used as food by humans. The challenge is to ďŹ nd the next almond, Shellbark/King Hickory Carya laciniosa Hard wood used for heavy construction. Mockernut Hickory Carya tomentosa Very strong and dense.

Teal Farm’s Mushroom System starts via a student workshop

Sugar or Rock Maple Acer saccharum “Rockâ€? moniker refers to wood’s hardness. Valued in ďŹ ne woodworking, ooring and veneer. American Chestnut Castanea dentata American chestnut is one of the most rot resistant hardwoods of this climate. Sought after and valued.

Cuisine for Regeneration

The following is a small sample of food plants from the following categories: Leaves, Roots, Flower, Fruits, and Nuts. See sample menu for more information. Leaves Good King Henry: Often ďŹ rst and last greens, related to Lamb’ Quarters. Orach: Leaves eaten fresh, very early green. Salad Burnett: Leaves in salads or as garnish. Lovage: Leaves in soups or stews. Mache: late fall green used for over-wintering Roots American Ground Nut: This nitrogen ďŹ xing vine has an excellent edible tuber. Salsify: Excellent root cooked to perfection. Skirret: Edible tuber that is baked or boiled. Mashua: Edible tuber related to tropical nasturtiums. Jerusalem artichoke: edible tuber, great for salads, eaten raw Flowers Yucca glauca: Cold hardy yucca with edible owers and basal leaves. Yucca ďŹ lamentosa: Edible owers and rhizome. Spilanthes: This annual has a piquant taste and a powerful medicinal punch. Fruits Persimmon: Improved American and crossed Asian/American produce ďŹ rst quality fruits and can also be dried. Paw-Paw: Delicious custard like fruit that is divine fresh. Honey Berry: This tasty and attractive fruit is often 2 weeks earlier than strawberries, traditionally the ďŹ rst northern garden fruit. Medlar: This European fruit needs a frost to improve its taste, which is reminiscent of cinnamon and pears. It is probably the latest

apple, mango, or ďŹ g. Introducing new crops and new foods is culture-building in the most direct sense.

APPENDIX 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Detailed Design Criteria and Principles Potential Research Projects Native to When Forest-Woodland-Orchard Plant Lists Aquatic Plant Lists Soil Analysis

1. Criteria and Principles Guiding the Planning Process

The criteria and principles below further detail the design process that has been used throughout the Teal Farm planning process. These sections expand upon criteria that are previously mentioned on pages in the plan-set and on large sheet graphics.

OVERALL TEAL FARM SITE CRITERIA (SEE RESOURCE FLOW IN PLANNING SECTION AS WELL) AIR There is a reliable supply of the life-supporting balance of atmospheric gasses (oxygen, nitrogen, and trace gasses). • Carbon and other gasses are sequestered while oxygen is produced. WATER Water is accessible, retained and stored in basins, soil and biomass. • Catchment: sheet drainage, direct precipitation, humidity, groundwater • Storage o Water is retained high on the landscape o Water is used for habitat values in its path toward human uses o Water is stored in deep soils o Water is stored in the biota of a rich landscape o Chemical, nutrient and thermal pollution is minimized o Water leaves the site healthier (more life supporting) than when it was when entering the site. o Soil and vegetation elements are used as water quality enhancers improving the health of precipitation landing on the site.

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ENERGY Energy is accessible, harvested and stored for biological activity and heat. Accessible • Sources of energy are available on site such as: sunshine, biological activity (decomposition, respiration and metabolism), wind, falling water, geothermal. Catchment & Storage • Biomass: vegetation, animals, microorganisms, soil • Water, stone • Throughput of energy is kept to a minimum. SOIL Weathered bedrock and biological capital is present and accruing on site. Fertility (biological potential) is growing in the system. BIOTA A critical mass of biological capital is present and increasing in complexity and/or yield. • Diverse, connected, free of catastrophic disturbance but exposed to stresses. STABILITY and STRESS There are tolerable levels of disturbance from wind, flood, drought, heat, cold, pollution, erosion and other forces that break critical connections between the above systems.

•

•

• • • • • • • •

WHOLE SYSTEMS DESIGN PRINCIPLES IN TEAL FARM PLANS • •

• • • • • • • • • •

The problem is the solution o Transform challenges into opportunities. o Match the output of a component with the needs of another. Capture and store energy o Use biological material to capture and store energy. o Use mass to capture and store energy. o Disperse yields over time. Favor living technology o Substitute living elements for their abiotic counterparts. The living world is the matrix for all design (biomimicry) o Use nature as “model, measure and mentor� (Benyus, 2001). o Learn and act from biological intelligence on site. Design and build to last Butternut o Put quality before quantity. Favor passive energy use over active o Rely on natural energy flows and harness with as little inputs as possible. Disaggregate the problem o Break site challenges into pieces, address and then put them back together in the plans. Close energy and material loops o Minimize throughput of resources in the system. o Waste equals food. Steer succession o Align actions with local ecosystem patterns as much as possible. o Internalize the site’s natural history and manifest through site development. Experience is a yield o Design for inspiration, contact and pleasure. Capture and store water Optimize edges and gradients o The areas between components in the landscape as well as the period between steps in the design process offers clues not present in the middle of components and steps. Transitions are fecund.

• • • • •

Look, Listen and Feel o Knowledge of the site is primary o Passive observation before active o Engage all the senses o Vary types of activities to more fully experience the range of site qualities and conditions o Internalize and articulate the story of the site, both cultural and natural Design from context o Design from the outside in as well as the inside out o See through property boundaries and other imaginary restrictions o Connect the site to the larger landscape and insulate where necessary Preserve biomass Cultivate biomass Low embodied energy o Use the most local, minimally processed materials possible. Replace technology with technique o Wherever possibly improve and leverage skill rather than force. o Favor quality over quantity. Optimize microclimates o Across time and space. Design for learning o Facilitate transmission of information from the site to the user wherever possible. o Promote “transparency� in the design. Design for contact o Encourage the user’s direct experience with the site wherever possible. Promote diversity and redundancy o Design multiple layers of genetic, energy, water, nutrient and other resources. Cultivate connectivity o Design for human mobility in the site and promote access between elements. o Find and encourage the relationship between ecological elements of the site. Garner multiple yields o Harvest numerous outputs of each component. Favor local resources o Prioritize resources from the site outward. Harness cycles o Each change across time in the system presents challenges as well as opportunities. Streamline actions o Obtain multiple benefits from single expenditures. o Least change for the greatest effect – landscape Aikido.

2. Potential Research Projects at Teal Farm Mycology: Myco-forestry Myco-filtration/remediation Mycorhizzae/plant growth interactions Mycelial mats for road reclamation Grafting: Grafting nut pine species onto local conifers Pears onto hawthorns

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Multiple grafts Micropropagation Cold climate plant genetics development: Breeding cold hardier versions of climatic “edgeâ€? species Adapting and selecting fastest/most reliable producing tree crops species Conserving and expanding genetics collections for greatest breadth of diversity Pond food production: Aquaculture Aquaponics Growing fertility Animal/tree crops foraging systems Best material, shape for flow forms • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Test plantings to select the most appropriate rootstocks (all sizes) for Zone 4 Microclimate development (in process with AJ Rossman) Guild plantings of understorey medicinals (best practice for cultivation and wild harvesting) Fire ecology in landscape (to facilitate nut harvests) Wildlife use of farm/Wildlife “production� Wildlife cultivation: forest management for growing wildlife On-stream ponds vs. beaver ponds (thermal pollution study) Compare and contrast productivity of annual versus perennial food systems Plant and mushroom based medicines Breeding new vegetable varieties to suit unique climate at the Teal Farm Develop effective techniques for drying fruits in this climate, passive solar dehydration integrated with built environment. Develop best practices for storing and preserving produce from nut trees. Develop season extension projects based in excess heat from buildings, microclimates, stand alone cold frames, stand alone greenhouses, and attached greenhouses. Productivity and suitability of managed coppice systems Planned grazing trials (HRM) and integration with perennial agriculture systems. Measuring overall electricity production and rate of flow to the grid from month to month and year to year. Trialing suitable annual and perennial crops for possible bio-fuel feedstocks Trialing ability of biomass and nitrogen fixing plants to supply all needed nutrients to production trees. Climate change aspects as they relate to most projects above.

rather than the location a plant occupies through a snapshot view of a particular year. It is interesting to note that “invasive� species tend to dominate, almost without fail, in human disturbed environments where niches have been made available. In addition, such species almost without exception are thriving in non-working landscapes; highway medians, abandoned fields, cut-over forests, etc. Indeed, in a working landscape a highly successful plant species can usually be harnessed for many uses. While great care is taken to assure that “expansive� and “dispersive� plants are not selected in this design (all plants to be used are grown from seed in New England and North American cold climate locations, not internationally), it is also recognized that food and resource security are dependent on our ability to preserve, develop, and share genetic diversity. The following chart provides some insight into commonly used plants and their genetic origins. When developing regenerative settlement systems it is helpful to remember that we are already the beneficiaries of genetics that have traveled from niche to niche across the planet since prehistory. We would have a difficult time surviving, much less thriving, without the true biotechnologies of plant and animal varieties and would do well to continue to preserve and develop these legacies into the future.

Eating a “Native� Breakfast in Vermont Typical Breakfast Foods found in a Vermont Kitchen

Origin of Food

Wheat Pears Oats Melon Banana Chicken (Eggs) Pig (Bacon) Rice Raisins (Grapes) Corn Black Pepper Potato Garlic Hot Pepper Tomato Strawberries Apples Turkey (Turkey Sausage)

Eurasia Central Asia Eurasia Middle East Indo-Malaysia Central Asia (China) Central Asia (China) Tropical Asia Europe (With genetics from N-America) Meso-america Tropical Asia Central Andes of South America Central Asia Central America South America North and South America Kazakstan (With some NA genetics) North America, Vermont

3. Native to When The existing ecosystems in New England (forests) are not pristine; they have been abused for centuries and now require healing action. Preservation of a damaged system is not the way to health. These plans approach land use in this context; that our forests are ecologically threadbare compared with what has been, and especially what is possible. The entire New England landscape is just now trying to recover from near total destruction: primary growth forests are essentially non-existent in the wake of forest liquidation and severe grazing of more than 95% of the landscape. (See orthophotos in the Planning Section to see Teal Farm forest regrowth in the past 50 years). One of the most valuable trees in New England’s forests, the American chestnut, is gone, beech is in serious decline, eastern hemlock is disappearing, and white ash may soon be. This loss of diversity must be offset, not preserved. The forest is resilient and is returning, but at this time it needs help from its human inhabitants to realize maximum potential. Using plants from adjacent bioregions and from ecologically-analogous ecosystems is crucial to the success of such ecosystem redevelopment. Because our culture has relied on the subsidies of ecosystems in distant lands for food and energy production for decades, the concept of a working landscape that provides for of our needs has been lost. The exclusion of valuable multifunctional plants from the landscape based on arbitrary timelines is counterproductive. Through geologic, climatic, and human disturbance, the species present in Huntington, Vermont have changed greatly over time, thus making the term “native� difficult to define. Re-defining or replacing the terms “invasive� and “exotic� might be replaced with terms that explain traits and uses of plants,

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Garden Pond Human Zones Latin name

aquatic Common name

emergent

shoreline

bank

sandy soil

acidic soil

Edible/ Medicinal Use

Other features

Flower

Quantity

Trees Acer saccharinum

Silver Maple

fast-growing, nectary, shade, coppice

1

Woody Cornus stolonifera Lindera benzoin Lonicera sempervirens Rhododendron viscosum Rosa palustris Rubus canadensis Salix discolor Vitis riparia (vulpina)

Red Osier Dogwood Spicebush Trumpet Honeysuckle Swamp Honeysuckle Swamp Rose Thornless Blackberry Pussy Willow River Grape

medicinal- inner bark smoked for calming & focusing, headache relief edible- tea from leaves, twigs, bark; berries as spice

nectary; wildlife food, habitat rare VT native vine rare VT native nectary berries used as dye coppice vine

edible- hips edible- berries/ medicinal- astringent

showy white berries in fall March-April, yellow, fragrant Showy red flowers June-Aug, white, fragrant June-Aug, pink, showy March-April, catkins

5 5 5 5 5 5 10 5

Herbaceous Arethusa bulbosa Arisaema triphyllum Asclepias incarnata Aster puniceus Calla palustris Carex stricta Eriocaulon septangulare Eupatorium maculatum Habenaria fimbriata Hypericum virginicum Impatiens capensis Iris versicolor Justicia americana Lobelia cardinalis Lupinus perennis Mimulus ringens Pontederia cordata Sagittaria latifolia Thelypteris palustris Utricularia cornuta Utricularia inflata Verbena hastata

Swamp Pink Jack-in-the-pulpit Swamp Milkweed Swamp Aster Water Arum Tussock Sedge Common Pipewort Spotted Joe-Pye Weed Large Purple Fringed Orchid Marsh St. Johnswort Spotted Touch-me-not Blue Flag Water Willow Cardinal Flower Wild Lupine Monkeyflower Pickerelweed Arrowhead Marsh Fern Horned Bladderwort Swollen Bladderwort Blue Vervain

Production Zone Latin name

Aug, pink nectary nectary water fowl habitat medicinal- tea from leaves use as cold remedy

medicinal- stem juice used as fungicide, Poison Ivy treatment

attracts hummingbirds, prefers shade attracts hummingbirds rare VT native rare, nectary (hummingbirds) sandy soils, endangered in VT, nitrogen fixer

edible- dried seeds, cooked young leafstalks edible- tubers

food for deer, fish habitat (esp. bass) seeds attract waterfowl

aquatic Common name

June-Aug, pink Aug-Oct, violet May-Aug, yellow

emergent

shoreline

bank

sandy soil

July-Sept, pink June-Aug, pink, showy, fragrant July-Aug, pink July-Oct, orange May-Aug, blue/purple, showy showy flower July-Sept, red, showy June-Sept, blue/yellow June-Nov, blue/purple June-Sept, white

carniverous carniverous, rare VT native sandy soils, tolerates flooding

June-Sept, yellow May-Nov, yellow

Other features

Flower

20 20 60 50 30 20 30 30 30 15 20 30 15 40 50 30 40 30 30 15 15 50

acidic soil

Edible/ Medicinal Use

Quantity

Woody

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Cathedral Pond Human Zones Latin name

aquatic Common name

emergent

shoreline

bank

sandy soil

acidic soil

Edible/ Medicinal Use

Other features

Flower

fruits attract wildlife, esp. ducks nectary; wildlife food, habitat rare VT native nectary; wildlife food, habitat

June-Aug, white showy white berries in fall June-Aug, white, fragrant June-July, white, fragrant

Quantity

Woody Cephalanthus occidentalis Cornus stolonifera Rhododendron viscosum Sambucus canadensis

Buttonbush Red Osier Dogwood Swamp Honeysuckle Elderberry

medicinal- inner bark smoked for calming & focusing, headache relief edible/medicinal- berries, flowers; antimicrobial, antiviral, diuretic, immune-boosting

10 10 10 25 55

Herbaceous Acorous calamus Allium tricoccum Arethusa bulbosa Calla palustris Eriocaulon septangulare Habenaria fimbriata Hypericum virginicum Impatiens capensis Iris versicolor Justicia americana Lobelia cardinalis Mimulus ringens Osmunda regalis Sagittaria latifolia Thelypteris palustris Utricularia cornuta Utricularia inflata

Sweetflag Ramp Swamp Pink Water Arum Common Pipewort Large Purple Fringed Orchid Marsh St. Johnswort Spotted Touch-me-not Blue Flag Water Willow Cardinal Flower Monkeyflower Royal Fern Arrowhead Marsh Fern Horned Bladderwort Swollen Bladderwort

Foraging Zone Latin name

edible- leaves, bulbs

nectary Aug, pink May-Aug, yellow June-Aug, pink, showy, fragrant July-Aug, pink July-Oct, orange May-Aug, blue/purple, showy showy flower July-Sept, red, showy June-Sept, blue/yellow

medicinal- stem juice used as fungicide, Poison Ivy treatment

attracts hummingbirds, prefers shade attracts hummingbirds rare VT native rare, nectary (hummingbirds)

edible- tubers

seeds attract waterfowl

June-Sept, white

carniverous carniverous, rare VT native

June-Sept, yellow May-Nov, yellow

Flower

aquatic

emergent

shoreline

bank

sandy soil

100 50 25 100 50 50 50 50 100 50 100 25 50 100 100 25 25 1050

acidic soil

Common name

Edible/ Medicinal Use

Other features

Black Gooseberry Red Currant Swamp Rose Thornless Blackberry Elderberry Highbush Blueberry

edible- berries edible- berries/ medicinal- astringent edible- hips edible- berries/ medicinal- astringent edible/medicinal- berries, flowers; antimicrobial, antiviral, diuretic, immune-boosting edible- berries

thorny

Fragrant Water Lily Yellow Pond Lily Pickerelweed Arrowhead

edible- young leaves, unopened flowers, tubers, seeds edible- young leaves, unopened flowers, tubers, seeds edible- dried seeds, cooked young leafstalks edible- tubers

Quantity

Woody Ribes lacustre Ribes rubrum Rosa palustris Rubus canadensis Sambucus canadensis Vaccinium corymbosum

nectary berries used as dye nectary; wildlife food, habitat acidic soils

June-Aug, pink, showy June-July, white, fragrant May-June, white

10 10 25 25 25 10 105

Herbaceous Nymphaea odorata Nuphar variegatum Pontederia cordata Sagittaria latifolia

food for deer, fish habitat (esp. bass) seeds attract waterfowl

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June-Sept, white, fragrant May-Sept, yellow June-Nov, blue/purple June-Sept, white

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25 25 50 50

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Complete List of Plant Species for Garden Pond at Living Future aquatic Latin name

Common name

emergent

shoreline

bank

sandy soil

acidic soil

Edible/ Medicinal Use

Other features

Flower

Quantity

Trees Acer negundo Acer rubrum Acer saccharinum Salix nigra Tilia americana

Box Elder Red Maple Silver Maple Black Willow American Basswood

medicinal- tea from bark used as pain reliever

bank stabilizer dynamic accumulator (K), nectary, shade, coppice fast-growing, nectary, shade, coppice coppice bank stabilizer Total

2 3 1 2 2 10

Woody Alnus rugosa Cephalanthus occidentalis Cornus amomum Cornus stolonifera Ilex verticillata Lindera benzoin Lonicera sempervirens Rhododendron viscosum Ribes lacustre Ribes rubrum Rosa palustris Rubus canadensis Salix discolor Sambucus canadensis Vaccinium corymbosum Vaccinium macrocarpon Vitis riparia (vulpina)

Speckled Alder Buttonbush Silky/Swamp Dogwood Red Osier Dogwood Winterberry Spicebush Trumpet Honeysuckle Swamp Honeysuckle Black Gooseberry Red Currant Swamp Rose Thornless Blackberry Pussy Willow Elderberry Highbush Blueberry Cranberry River Grape

nitrogen fixer, coppice fruits attract wildlife, esp. ducks medicinal- inner bark smoked for calming & focusing, headache relief edible- tea from leaves, twigs, bark; berries as spice

edible- berries edible- berries, medicinal edible- hips edible- berries/ medicinal- astringent coppice edible/medicinal- berries, flowers; antimicrobial, antiviral, diuretic, immune-boosting edible- berries edible- berries edible- berries

June-Aug, white

nectary; wildlife food, habitat fruits attract birds rare VT native vine rare VT native thorny

showy white berries in fall showy red berries in fall March-April, yellow, fragran Showy red flowers June-Aug, white, fragrant

nectary berries used as dye

June-Aug, pink, showy

nectary; wildlife food, habitat acidic soils acidic soils vine

March-April, catkins June-July, white, fragrant May-June, white June-Aug, pinkish white Total

5 10 5 10 10 5 5 10 5 5 20 10 10 5 15 5 5 140

Herbaceous Acorous calamus Alisma subcordatum Allium tricoccum Andromeda glaucophylla Arethusa bulbosa Arisaema triphyllum Asclepias incarnata Aster puniceus Astragalus canadensis Calla palustris Caltha palustris Carex stricta Chamaedaphne calyculata Coptis groenlandica Eleocharis palustris

Sweetflag Water Plantain Ramp Bog Rosemary Swamp Pink Jack-in-the-pulpit Swamp Milkweed Swamp Aster Canadian Milkvetch Water Arum Cowslip/ Marsh Marigold Tussock Sedge Leatherleaf Goldthread Spike Rush

June-Oct, white edible- leaves, bulbs

nectary acidic soils Aug, pink

edible- roots, raw or cooked/ medicinal- analgesic, antihaemorrhagic

nectary nectary nitrogen fixer

June-Aug, pink Aug-Oct, violet May-Aug, yellow April-June, yellow

edible- cooked greens (boil 20 min., discard water)

medicinal- stem/roots are antibacterial, antifungal, antiseptic, bitter tonic

water fowl habitat acidic soils, can quickly form floating mats rare, groundcover

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100 30 30 5 20 20 100 50 5 60 100 50 5 30 50

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Complete List of Plant Species for Cathedral Pond at Living Future aquatic Latin name

Common name

emergent

shoreline

bank

sandy soil

acidic soil

Edible/ Medicinal Use

Other features

Flower

Quantity

Woody Alnus rugosa Cephalanthus occidentalis Cornus amomum Cornus stolonifera Ilex verticillata Rhododendron viscosum Ribes lacustre Ribes rubrum Rosa palustris Rubus canadensis Salix discolor Sambucus canadensis Vaccinium corymbosum

Speckled Alder Buttonbush Silky/Swamp Dogwood Red Osier Dogwood Winterberry Swamp Honeysuckle Black Gooseberry Red Currant Swamp Rose Thornless Blackberry Pussy Willow Elderberry Highbush Blueberry

nitrogen fixer, coppice fruits attract wildlife, esp. ducks medicinal- inner bark smoked for calming & focusing, headache relief

edible- berries edible- berries, medicinal edible- hips edible- berries/ medicinal- astringent coppice edible/medicinal- berries, flowers; antimicrobial, antiviral, diuretic, immune-boosting edible- berries

June-Aug, white

nectary; wildlife food, habitat fruits attract birds rare VT native thorny

showy white berries in fall showy red berries in fall June-Aug, white, fragrant

nectary berries used as dye

June-Aug, pink, showy

nectary; wildlife food, habitat acidic soils

March-April, catkins June-July, white, fragrant May-June, white Total

25 35 25 35 25 10 10 10 25 25 25 75 10 335

Herbaceous Acorous calamus Alisma subcordatum Allium tricoccum Arethusa bulbosa Arisaema triphyllum Asclepias incarnata Calla palustris Caltha palustris Coptis groenlandica Eleocharis palustris Eriocaulon septangulare Eupatorium maculatum Habenaria fimbriata Hypericum virginicum Impatiens capensis Iris versicolor Juncus effuses Justicia americana Lobelia cardinalis Mimulus ringens Nelumbo lutea Nymphaea odorata Nuphar variegatum Osmunda regalis Peltandra virginica Pontederia cordata Pteretis pennsylvanica

Sweetflag Water Plantain Ramp Swamp Pink Jack-in-the-pulpit Swamp Milkweed Water Arum Cowslip/ Marsh Marigold Goldthread Spike Rush Common Pipewort Spotted Joe-Pye Weed Large Purple Fringed Orchid Marsh St. Johnswort Spotted Touch-me-not Blue Flag Soft Rush Water Willow Cardinal Flower Monkeyflower American Lotus Fragrant Water Lily Yellow Pond Lily Royal Fern Arrow Arum Pickerelweed Ostrich Fern

June-Oct, white edible- leaves, bulbs

nectary Aug, pink nectary

edible- cooked greens (boil 20 min., discard water) medicinal- stem/roots are antibacterial, antifungal, antiseptic, bitter tonic

June-Aug, pink May-Aug, yellow April-June, yellow

rare, groundcover

medicinal- tea from leaves use as cold remedy

medicinal- stem juice used as fungicide, Poison Ivy treatment

attracts hummingbirds, prefers shade attracts hummingbirds food and habitat for wildlife rare VT native rare, nectary (hummingbirds)

edible- young leaves, unopened flowers, tubers, seeds edible- young leaves, unopened flowers, tubers, seeds

edible- dried seeds; cooked young leafstalks edible- fiddleheads (boil 20 min., discard water)

rare VT native food for deer, fish habitat (esp. bass)

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July-Sept, pink June-Aug, pink, showy, fragr July-Aug, pink July-Oct, orange May-Aug, blue/purple, show showy flower July-Sept, red, showy June-Sept, blue/yellow July-Sept, yellow, fragrant June-Sept, white, fragrant May-Sept, yellow

June-Nov, blue/purple

TEAL FARM

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250 25 50 50 25 100 200 50 25 150 75 50 100 100 100 250 100 50 200 50 25 50 50 75 100 150 50

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Plant List - Riparian Zone Species by Latin Name

Common Name

Selected Species Functions

Breadth amd Height

Cold Hardiness

Overstory Salix nigra

Black Willow

Salix alba ‘Tristis’

Niobe Weeping Willow

Long lived, rooting hormone

To -40 F.

Salix alba ‘Vitellina’

Golden Willow

Tolerates all soils, likes wet.

To -50 F

Salix pentaphyllum

Prairie Cascade Willow

Smaller than S. alba

To -40 F.

Salix spp.

Willow species

Basketry, Furniture making

Carya laciniosa

Shellbark Hickory

Tree crops element

20’ x 60’

Sambucus canadensis

North American Elder Berry

Likes it wet, edible and MED.

3-4’ x 8’

To -35 F.

Sambucus nigra

European Elder Berry

Likes it wet, edible and MED.

3-4’ x 8-10’

To -25 or more

Sambucus racemosa

Ornamental Elder

Produces in the shade

3’ x 6’

To -25 F.

Ulmus sp.

Elms, amer. + otherwise

Betula nigra

River Birch

Quercus lyrata

Overcup Oak

Most flood tolerant species

40’ x 40-50’

To -30 F.

Asimina triloba

Paw Paw

Quercus x schuettei

Schuettes Oak

Acorns can be eaten raw

40’ x 70’

To -30 F.

Acer nugedo

Boxelder

Tilia Americana

Basswood

Cydonia oblonga

Quince

Fruit eaten fresh or as jams

10-15’ x 20’ or more

To -25 F at least

Platanus occidentalis

Sycamore

Prunis serotina

Black Cherry

Valuable lumber species, wildlife food

Corylus cornuta

Beaked Hazel

Edible nuts for people and wildlife native to wetlands.

Viburnum trilobum

Highbush cranberry

Makes a fine jam

6’ x 10’

To -25 F at least

Vaccinium ulginosum

Bog Bilberry

Fruit improves night vision

Aronia melancarpa

Black Chokeberry

Edible berries used in jelly and dried. Berries are rich in pectin and used medicinally

Aronia prunifolia

Purple chokeberry

Edible and ornamental

4’ x 8’

To -30 F.

Aronia arbutifolia

Red Chokeberry

Edible and medicinal

4-5’ x 6’

Lonicera involucrata

Black Twinberry

Edible berries raw or dried. Medicinal bark, leaves and fruit.

Blueberry

Blueberry

Edible raw fruit

Elderberry

Elderberry

Edible raw fruit

Cornus amomum

Silky Dogwood

Evergreen Huckleberry

Vaccinium ovatum

Edible fruit raw, cooked or dried. Leaves used for tea and medicinal use

Amelanchier alnifolia

Serviceberry

Edible fruit

3

Amelanchier canadensis

Shadbush

Edible fruit, good for hedges, erosion control

3

Ledum glandulosum

Trapper’s Tea

Tea

4

Myrica Gale

Nitrogen Fixer

Red Speckled Alder

Nitrogen Fixer

To -30 F.

Fibbonacci sequence

Flowform Water Treatment

Water is energized by movement through specific geometric patterns. Flowforms made on-site.

Midstory

To -30 F. 4

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Smooth Sumac

Rhus glabra

2

Edible berries, brilliant fall colors

Currant Sorbus scopulina

Dwarf Mountain Ash

Aesthetic, wildlife

Lindera benzoin

Spicebush

A tea can be made from the twigs

Vitis riparia

Riverbank Grape

Edible Fruit

Prunella vulgaris

Heal All

Medicinal

1

Rubus parviflora

Thimbleberry

Edible berry, no thorns!

3

4-6 feet high

Understory

Rare and Uncommon Plants along river cobble shores in Vermont Habenaria flava

Tubercled orchid

Physostegia virginiana

Obedience

Prunus pumila

Sand cherry

Carex lenticularis

Shore sedge

Sanguisorba canadensis

Canada Burnet

Riparian Guild (Typ.) Sod roof for cooling

Paw-paw Elderberry Red alder

North

Earth-berned

Willow Ice House

Passive cooling facility of earthen materials is used for long-term storage of produce.

Red osier dogwood

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Species by Latin Name

Selected Species Common Name Functions

Breadth and Height

Cold Hardiness

A. sib. Ginseng

Eleuthero

2-3’ x 6’

To -40 F.

Abies balsamea

Balsam Fir

25’ x 60’

To -40 F.

Abies lasiocarpa

Sub Alpine Fir

Long lived and Dwarf habit

15’ x 50’

To -40 F.

Achillea millefolium

White Yarrow

Diaphoretic medicinal, IPM.

6� x 1-2’

To -50 or more

Actinidia arguta

Hardy Kiwi

8-12’ x 12-15’

Actinidia kolomikta

Arctic Beauty Kiwi

8-12’ x 12-15’

Actinidia polygama

Silver Vine

8-12’ x 12-15’

Agastache foeniculum

Anise Hyssop

Edible. Medicinal.

2’ x 3’

Akebia quinata

Akebia

Edible vine, need 2 to fruit

1-2’ x 20’ or more

Akebia trifoliata

Akebia

Edible vine, need 2 to fruit

1-2’ x 20’ or more

Allium tuberosum

Garlic Chives

Leaves and Flowers eaten.

Allium schoenoprasum

Chives

Food and medicine, flowers

Alnus orientalis

Syrian Alder

Tolerates dry soils, fixes N

Althaea officinalis

Marshmallow

Roots used like aloe, candy.

2’ x 4-6’

To -25 F.

Althea officinalis

Erfurter Marshmallow

roots applied like aloe to cuts

2’ x 6’

To -30 F.

Amelanchier canadensis

Shadblow Serviceberry

Edible and ornamental

20-30’ x 20-30’

To -30 F.

Amelanchier gaspensis

Northern JuneBerry

Edible, good for stacking

4’ x 4’

To -35 F.

Amelanchier laevis

Allegheny Serviceberry

Edible and ornamental

15’ 25’ other varieties to 12’

To -30 F.

Amelanchier laevis x canadensis

Tree Serviceberry

Edible and ornamental

25’ x 40’

To -40 F.

Amelanchier stolonifera

Running Serviceberry

Edible and ornamental

3-5’ x 3-5’

To -30 F.

Amelanchier utahensis

Serviceberry

Edible and cancer medicine

10’x25’

To -50F. Or more

Amphicarpaea bracteata

Hog Peanut

Fixes N, edible tuber

6’ x 5’

To -20 F. or more

Apios americana

Groundnut

N-fixer, vine, edible tuber

12� x 10’

To -25 or more

Aralia nudicaulis

Sarsparilla

Culinary and medicinal

2’ x 6’

To -25 or more

Aralia racemose

Spikenard

Culinary and medicine

30� x 6�

To -25 F.

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi

Bearberry

Ground cover, smokeable

spreads to 12�

To -50 f.

Arnica chamissonis

American Mountain Arnica Medicinal, ornamental.

12� x 20�

To -20 F.

Aronia arbutifolia

Red Chokeberry

Edible and medicinal

4-5’ x 6’

To -30 F.

Aronia melanocarpa

Black Chokeberry

Edible, good for stacking

4’ x 4’

To -35 F.

Aronia prunifolia

Purple chokeberry

Edible and ornamental

4’ x 8’

Artemesia absinthium

Wormwood

Medicine, repels insects

3’ x 4’

To -30 F.

Asarum canadense

Wild Ginger

Cooked or candied.

spreading x 4�

To -30 F.

Asimina triloba

Paw-Paw

1st quality fruit

Betula albo-sinensis

Chinese Red Birch

Birch borer free species

To -20 F.

Betula maximowicziana

Monarch Birch

Birch sap, cold hardy

To -25 F.

Betula middendorffii

Dwarf Czech Birch

Birch sap, cold hardy

Betula neoalaskana

Yukon White Birch

Birch sap, cold hardy

To -50 F.

Betula potannini

Tibetan Birch

Birch sap, cold hardy

To -40 F.

Caragana arborescens

Siberian Pea Shrub

Fixes N, wildlife food.

6-8’ x 18’

To -40 F.

Caragana microphylla

Caragana Microphylla

Fixes N, very ornamental

4’ x 6-8’

To -40 F.

Powerful and valuable Med.

To -35 F.

To -25 F. 12� x 1-2’

To -35 F. To -20 F.

To 10 ft.

Caragana pygmea

Dwarf Pea Shrub

Fixes N, ornamental, flowers

6’ x 3’

To -25 or more

Carpinus betulus

European Musclewood

Handsome coppiceable tree

15-25’ x 35-45’

To -25 F at least

Carpinus carolinian

Musclewood

Can be coppiced, tool handles

15-20’ x 35’

To -25 F at least

Carya cordiformis

Bitternut Hickory

Tree crops element

20-30’ x 50-70’

To -30 F.

Carya illinoensis

Northern Pecan

Tree crops element

25-35’ x 50-70’

To -30 F

Carya illinoensis x cordiformis

Brown’s Hican

Tree crops element

40’ x 80’

To -30 F.

Carya laciniosa

Shellbark Hickory

Tree crops element

20’ x 60’

To -30 F.

Carya ovalis

Sweet Pignut Hickory

Tree crops element

15-25’ x 60-80’

To -30 F.

Carya ovata

Shagbark Hickory

Tree crops element

20-25’ x 80’

To -30 F.

Carya tomentosa

Mockernut Hickory

Tree crops element

15-20’ x 60’

To -30 F.

Castanea crenata

Korean Chestnut

Nice and compact, early

15’ x 10’

To -25 F.

Castanea dentata

American Chestnut

Excellent timber, sweet nuts

50’ x 50’ or more

To -30 F

Castanea dentata X mollissisma

Backcrossed American

Avail. Vars, closest to original

50’ x 50’ or more

To -30 F

Castanea mollisima

Chinese Chestnut

Abundance strain’

40’ x 40’

To -25 F.

Castanea pumila

multiple trunked Chinkapin

15’ x 20’

To -30 F

Castanea pumila x hybrida

Single Trunked Chinkapin

15’ x 20’

To -30 F

Castanea sativa X mollissima

Central Asian Chinese Cross

50’ x 50’ or more

To -25 F.

Castanea seguinii X mollissima

Asian Dwarf Hybrid

Fast production

15’ x 20’

To -25 F.

Catalpa x fargesii

Dwarf Catalpa

Flowers precociously

Ceanothus velutinus

Snow Brush

Fixes N, ornamental, flowers

8-10’ x 12’

To -40 F.

Celtis occidentalis

Hackberry

Good wood, wildlife food

15-20’ x 45’

To -30 F.

Celtis pumila deamii

Dream Dwarf Sugarberry

Wildlife food, durable tree

Cercis canadensis

Eastern Redbud

Very hardy, ornamental.

Cercocarpus ledifolius

Produces early Great Pollinator for Others

To -25 F.

To -30 F. 10-15’ x 20-30’

To -25 F.

Curly Mountain Mahogany Fixes N, super hardy

6-8’ x 15’

To -40 F.

Cercocarpus montanus

True Mountain Mahogany

Fixes N, ornamental flowers

2-4’ x 4-6’

To -25 F.

Chaenomeles japonica

Flowering Quince

Extremely Ornamental

2-3’ x 3-4’

To -20 F or more

Chamaecyparis nootkatensis

Alaska Yellow Cedar

Chamaecyparis obtusa

Hinoki Falsecypress

Chamaecyparis pisifera

Sawara Cypress

Chinese Jujube

Zizyphus jujube

Medicinal and edible

20’ x 25-40’

To -20 F.

Cladrastis kentuckea

Yellowood

Bark as dye, fixes N

40’ x 40’, huge 12� flowers

To -25 or more

Cornus canadensis

Bunchberry

Ornamental, native, food

12� x 8�

To -35 F.

Cornus florida

White Dogwood

Wood for golf clubs

Cornus mas

Cornelian Cherry

Edible and ornamental

8’ x 15’

To -40 F.

Corylus americana

American Hazelnut

bears nuts in hazel thickets

5-7’ x 5-10’

To -35 F.

Corylus avellana

Filbert

Prized nuts

15’ x 15’

To -25 F at least

Corylus colurna

Turkish Tree Hazel

Edible nuts, nice tree shape

20-25’ x 75’

To -25 F at least

To -20 F. or more Large conifer, nice gesture

20’ x up to 120’

To -40 F. to -25 F.

To -40 F.

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Corylus colurna x avellana

Trazels

Tree hazel Filbert cross

15’ x 25’

To -25 F at least

Corylus cornuta

Beaked Hazelnut

Edible nuts. Native, wildlife

6-8’ x 20’

To -25 F at least

Corylus cornuta x avellana

Filazels

Hazel and Filbert cross

15’ x 15’

To -35 F.

Crataegus columbiana

Columbia Hawthorn

Note: all graft to pears and

5-7’ x 6-15’

To -40 F.

Crataegus crus-galli

Cockspur Hawthorn

have wildlife value, fall colors

12-15’ x 35’

To -25 F.

Crataegus douglasii

Douglas Hawthorn

as well as western herbology

15’ x 30’

To -25 F.

Crataegus phaenopyrum

Washington Hawthorn

and medicinal uses in TCM

12-15’ x 25’

To -25 F.

Crataegus pinnatifida

Major Chinese Hawthorne TCM tree

7-10’ x 15

To -25 F.

Cryptomeria fortunei

Japanese Cedar

Grows in the shade, timber

Cudrania tricuspidata

Che Fruit

Related to Mulberry, cool

15-20’ x 35’

To -20 F at least

Cydonia oblonga

Quince

Fruit eaten fresh or as jams

10-15’ x 20’ or more

To -25 F at least

Dalea purpurea

Indigo Plant

Herbaceous N-fixer, Purple

12� x 18-36�

To -40 F.

Davidia involucrata

Dove tree

7� white flowers, prized

Dioscorea batatas

Japanese Mountain Yam

Climber, edible,medicinal

6-8� x 10-15’

Dioscorea villosa

Native Yam

Climber, edible,medicinal

6-8� x 10-15’

Diospyros americana

American persimmon

Excellent fruit

10-20’ x 10-20’

Diospyros americana x kaki

Russian beauty persimmon

Echinacea pallida

Pale Purple Coneflower

Ornamental and medicinal

8� x 5’

To -30 F.

Echinacea paradoxa

Yellow Coneflower

Earliest flowerer, medicinal

8� x 3’

To -30 F

Echinacea tennesseensis

Tennessee Coneflower

Bright flowers, medicinal

8’ x 4’

To -35 F.

Elaeagnus commutata

Silverberry or Wolfwillow

Fixes N. bird food, fragrance

6-8’ x 12’

To -50 F.

Elaeagnus multiflora

Goumi

Edible and medicinal

6’ x 8’

To -20 F.

Elaeagnus umbellata

Autumn Olive

Edible and medicinal

6’ x 8’

To -35 F.

Eupatorium perfoliatum

Boneset

Flu remedy, late flowers

3’ x 5’ max.

To -35 F.

Fagus americana

American Beech

Nuts eaten, timber.

To -30 F.

Fagus sylvatica

European Beech

Long lived, nut producer

To -30 F.

Feijoa sellowiana

Pineapple Guava

Green House

6-8’ x 10-12’

To 5 F.

Fragaria vesca

Strawberry “Intensity�

Long lived, tolerates shade.

spreads x 12�

To -30 F.

Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo

Edible nuts

30’ x 40-50’

To -20 F. or more

Gleditsia triacanthos

“Millwood� Honey Locust

Good wood, livestock feed

Glycyrrhiza glabra

Licorice

Powerful medicinal, fixes N.

Gymnocladus dioicus

Kentucky Coffeetree

Rot resistant wood, fixes N

To -30 F.

Hamamelis vernalis

Vernal Witchhazel

Shade tolerant, medicinal

To -25 F.

Helianthus tuberosus

Jerusalem Artichoke

Edible, for oil, flowers

Spreads x 5’

To -30 F

Hippophae rhamnoides

Siberian Sea Berry

Fixes N, ornamental, Food.

6-8’ x 12-15’

To -40 F.

Humulus lupulus

Hops

8-10� x 15-20’

To -20 F.

Hyssopus officinalis

Hyssop

Salad greens, medicinal.

18� x 18’

To -25 F.

Inula helenium

Elecampane

Lung tonic, clears mucus.

12� x 5-8’

To -35 F.

Juglans bixbyi x nigra

Buartblack Walnut

Nuts in clusters, bears well

50’ x 50’

To -30 F.

Juglans cinerea

Butternut

Vt. Native that needs planting

20-30’ x 50’

To -30 F.

Juglans nigra

Black Walnut

High value timber, nuts

30-40’ x 100’

To -35 F.

Juglans nigra x regia

Hybrid Black Walnut

Nuts, tree crop element

30-40’ x 100’

To -25 or more

Juglans regia

Carpathian Walnut

King of walnuts

50’ x 80’

To -25 F.

Excellent fruit

To -20 F.

To -20 F.

To -25 F at least

10-20’ x 10-20’

To -30 F. spreading x 3’

To -25 F.

Juglans sieboldiana

Heartnut

Smaller walnut, nuts

50’ x 50’ or more

To -25 F.

Laburnum alpinum

Scotch Laburnum

Fixes N, 16� flower racemes

12’ x 30’

To -25 F.

Larix siberica

Siberian Larch

20’ x 50-60’

To -40 F.

Leonorus cardiaca

Motherwort

Bee plant, medicinal.

12� x 2-3’

To -35 F.

Levisticum officinale

Lovage

Leaves in soups, medicine.

2’ x 3-6’

To -25 F.

Lindera benzoin

Spicebush

Leaves used like Allspice.

4-5’ x 4-7’

To -20 F.

Lonicera caerulea var. Edulis

Honeyberry

Fruits VERY early, stacking

2-3’ to 3’

To -40 F.

Lycium barbarum or chinense

Goji Berry or Wolfberry

Edible and medicinal, climbs

Climbs to 15’ or more

To -10 F.

Maackia amurensis

Amur Maackia

Fixes N, distinctive tree

10-12’ x 20-30’

To -40 F.

Maclura pomifera

Osage Orange

Living fences, excellent wood

20’ x up to 60’, coppices

To -20 F. or more

Magnolia stellata

Star Magnolia

Tolerate some shade

Mahonia repens

Creeping Mahonia

Related to Oregon Grape

spreads x 12-18�

To -25 F.

Impotant genetics for apples

15-25’ x 35-60’

To -40 F.

Malus (get Alma Ata sp.)

To -25 F.

Malus baccata ‘Mandshurica’

Manchurian Crabapple

Wildlife, cold hardiest r-stock

15-20’ x 15-50’

To -50 F.

Malus coronaria

American Crabapple

Wildlife food, genetics

30’ x 30’

To -20 F.

Malus domestica

Apple

Edible

15’ x 25’ or less by rootstock

To -30 F. at least

Malus fusca

Pacific Crabapple

Wildlife food, genetics

25’ x 40’

To -50 F.

Malus hupehensis

Tea Crabapple

Wildlife food, genetics

10-15’ x 25’

To -25 F.

Malus ioensis

Prairie crabapple

Edible, pollinator, rootstock

8-10’ x 15’

To -50 F.

Malus kerr

Kerr Flowering Crabapple

Wildlife food, genetics

8-10’ x 15’

To -50 F.

Malus pumila niedzwetzky

Niedzwetzky Crabapple

Wildlife food, genetics

6-8’ x 12’

To -40 F.

Malus sargentii

Roseglow Crabapple

Wildlife food, genetics

8’ x 10’

To -25 F.

Malus sieversii

Alma-Ata Apple

The mother of Apples

25’ x 40’ or more

To -30 F. at least

Malus x micromalus

Midget Crabapple

Wildlife food, genetics

6-8’ x 12’

To -25 F.

Malus x ranetka

Ranetka Crabapple

Wildlife, cold hardiest r-stock

8-10’ x 15’

To -50 F.

Marrubium vulgare

Horehound

Medicinal, makes nice border

18� x 2’

To -35 F.

Mentha sp.

Common Mint

For mojitos, in teas, medicine

spreads x 18�

To -30 F.

Mentha spicata

Spearmint

For mojitos, in teas, medicine

spreads x 18�

To -30 F.

Mespilus germanica

Medlar

Late season fruit

8-12’ x 15’

To -25 F at least

Metasequoia glyptostroboides

Dawn Redwood

Lives for 1500 years. A fossil

25-30’ x 75-100’

To -25 F. at least

Monarda fistulosa

Wild Bergamot

Ornamental and medicinal

2’ x 4’ max.

To -35 F.

Morus alba tatarica

Russian Mulberry

Windbreak, browse, fruit

15-20’ x 35’

To -25 F.

Morus rubra

Red Mulberry

1� fruit, nice shape, fast

20’ x 40-60’

To -25 F.

Morus sp.

Mulberry

Early season fruit

Myrica pennsylvanica

Bayberry

Fixes N, super hardy

6-8’ x 10’

To -40 F.

Nepeta cataria

Catnip

Companion plant, for tea,cats

Opuntia compressa

Native Cactus

Opuntia polyacantha

Native Cactus

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18� x 18�

To -35 F.

Cool damp spaces, spreads

sprawls x 12�

To -25 F.

Cool damp spaces, spreads

sprawls x 12�

To -40 F.

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Agro-Silva-Pasture Plant List

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Osage orange

Maclura pomifera

Good wood, living fence

Ostrya virginiana

Hophornbeam

Vt. Native. Can be coppiced

Passiflora incarnata

Maypop

To -30 F. 15-20’ x 35’

To -40 F.

spreading x 12’

To -20 F.

Perennial Herbs Section: Picea abies

Norway Spruce

Picea glauca

White Spruce

Fast growing conifer

25’ x 75’

To -50 or more To -35 F.

Pinus albicaulis

To -40 F.

Pinus armandii

Armand Pine

Pinus cembra

Swiss Stone Pine

Edible nuts

Pinus cembra var. siberica

Siberian Swiss Stone Pine

Edible nuts

Pinus edulis

Pinyon Pine

Edible nuts

Pinus jeffreyi

Jefferey Pine

Pinus koraiensis

Korean Nut Pine

Pinus lambertiana

Sugar Pine

Pinus mugo

Mugho Pine

Pinus mugo

Edible nuts

Dwarf habitat for guilds

30’ x 70’

25’ x 50’

25’ x 40-50’

To -40 F.

To -20 F. or more.

To -40 F.

5-7’ x 10-15’

To -40 F.

Mugo Pine

4-5’ x 10-15’

To -40 F.

Pinus peuce

Macedonian Pine

30’ x 70’

To -25 F.

Pinus pumila

Dwarf Siberian Pine

Edible nuts

Pinus siberica

Russian Cedar

Edible nuts

Pinus siberica f. coronans

Russian Cedar v. coronans

Edible nuts

Pinus siberica f. turfosa

Russian Cedar v. turfosa

Edible nuts

Pinus siberica sub. humistrata

Russian Cedar v. humistrata

Pinus strobus

White Pine

Huge magestic native tree

35-50’ 120-220’

To -35 F.

Pinus tabulaeformis

Table Top Pine

Great low spreading pine

30’ x 10-45’

To -30 F

Platanus occidentalis

American Sycamore

70’ in 20 years, good wood.

60’ x 75-100’ Great climber

To -25 F at least

Populus deltoides

Siouxland Poplar

Grows 4-5 feet a year

To -40 F.

Populus tremuloides

Quaking Aspen

Native, good screen tree

To -50 F

Populus x canadensis

“Prairie Sky� Poplar

Grows 4-5 feet a year

To -30 F.

Populus x nigra ‘italica’

Lombardy Poplar

Good screen, windbreak

To -25 F.

Prinsepia sinensis

Cherry Prinsepia

Edible hedge, leafs out early

5’ x 6-7’

To -40 F.

Prunus americana

American Plum

Good Wildlife food

15-20’ x 25-50’

To -40 F.

Prunus angustifolia

Chickasaw Plum

Tart fruit for jam and wildlife

8-10’ x 12’

To -25 F at least

Prunus armeniaca

Common apricot

Excellent fresh or dried

25’ x 25’

To -35 F.

Prunus armeniaca sibirica

Siberian Apricot

Dwarfing, very ornamental

5’ x 5-8’

To -30 F.

Prunus armeniaca var. ansu

Ansu Apricot

Pink Flowers, red fruit.

12’ x 12’

To -30 F.

Prunus avium flava

Wild Yellow Sweet Cherry

Yellow fruit fools birds.

25-30’ x 50-70’

To -30 F.

Prunus besseyi

Sand Cherry

Sweet edible fruit

7’ x 7’

To -40 F.

Prunus fructicosa

Dwarf Ground Cherry

Tart edible fruit

3-5’ x 3-5’

To -40 F.

Prunus japonica

Korean Bush Cherry

Small dwarf bush fruit

4-6’ x 6-8’

To -25 F at least

Prunus manshurica

Manchurian apricot

Hardy and large fruited.

15-25’ x 15-25’

To -30 F.

Prunus maritima

Beach Plum

Tasty copious fruit

6’ x 6’

To -40 F.

Prunus maritima x americana

Dunbar’s Plum

Excellent for jam

6’ x 6’

To -30 F

Prunus mume

Umeboshi plum

Source of Umeboshi

Prunus nigra

Canada plum

Jams and jellies

10’ x 10’

To -50 F.

Prunus padus

May Day Tree

Flowers beautifully

25-30’ x 45’

To -40 F.

Prunus padus var. purpurea

Purple May Day tree

Purple leaved tree.

25’ x 40-50’

To -30 F.

Prunus persica

Peach

My gosh, northern peaches

12-17’ x 20’

To -25 F at least

Prunus potaninii

Tibetan peach

Flowers earlier than Apricots

Prunus salicina mandshurica

Ussuri Plum

Stewwed and canned in Asia

12’ x 12’

To -30 F.

Prunus serotina

Black Cherry

Fine wood, wildlife food

25’ x 70-90’

To -30 F. at least

Prunus sp.

Cherry

Edible and Flowering

15’ x 25’

To -25 F at least

Prunus sp.

European plum

10-15’ x 10-15’

15’ x 20’

To -25 F at least

Prunus tennella

Dwarf Russian Almond

Can make bitter Almond oil

3’ x 3’

To -40 F.

Prunus tomentosa

Nanking cherry

Fruit, rootstock 4 plumpeach

5-7’ x 10’

To -25 F at least

Prunus verecunda

Korean Mountain Cherry

Beautiful early flowers

Prunus virginiana

Chokecherry

Attracts 40 species of birds

Ptelea trifoliata

Wafer Ash

Butterfly attractant

To -30 F.

Pterocarya rhoifolia

Wingnut

Good wood, nuts, ornament

To -25 F.

Purshia tridentata

Antelope Bitterbrush

Soil stabilizer, animal browse

5-7’ x 5-10’

To -20 F. or more.

Pycnanthemum pilosum

Hairy Mountain Mint

Grows in wetlands, clumps

spreads x 18�

To -30 F.

Pyracantha coccinea

Scarlet Firethorn

Berries for jams and jellies

8 x 8 ft.

To -20 F.

Pyrus amygdaliformis

Almond-Leaf Pear

HARDY and food/wildlife

15’ x 20’

To -25 F.

Pyrus balansae

Dwarf Wild Pear

Good for Wildlife

6-12’ x 6-12’

To -30 F.

Pyrus communis

European Pear

Pears, no Joke

15-20’ x 20-25’

To -30 F

Pyrus phaecarpa

Sun Pear

Drought and cold tolerant

8-14’ x 8-14’

To -30 F.

Pyrus pyrifolia

Asian Pear

Crisp and refreshing

15’ x 20’

To -25 F.

Pyrus ussuriensis

Russian hardy pear

Super hardy pear relative

Pyrus x pyrifolia x communis

ECOS Pear

Heavy bearer for wildlife.

15-20’ x 15-25’

To -35 F.

Q. macrocarpa x robur x virginiana Burenglish Live Oak

Fast and Dwarfed

5’ x 12’

To -25 F.

Quercus acuttissima

Sawtooth Oak

Edible and decorative Acorns

60’ x 60’

To -30 F.

Quercus alba

White Oak

Trees live 400 years, timber

80’ x 80’

To -30 F.

Quercus alba x prinus

Sauls Oak

Fast, Timber, Acorns, Adapts

60’ x 60’

To -30 F.

Quercus aliena

Oriental White Oak

Small acrons for birds

45’ x 60’

To -25 F.

Quercus bicolor x robur

Procera Oak

Timber, acorns, fast growth

45’ x 70’

To -30 F.

Quercus borealis

Red Oak

Good spread, wildlife food

40’ x 80’

To -25 F.

Quercus castanaefolia

Chest-nut leaf Oak

big acorns, drought tolerance

60-70’ x 100’

To -20 F or more

Quercus cerris

Turkey Oak

Very adaptable

60-80 x 80’

To -30 F.

Quercus coccinea

Scarlet Oak

Great fall color, nice spread

35’ x 75’

To -25 F.

To -30 F.

To -30 F. 15-20’ x 35-50’

To -40 F.

To -50 F.

To -10 F.

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Agro-Silva-Pasture Plant List

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Sanguisorba minor

Salad Burnett

Eaten in salads, treats burns

12� x 18�

To -30 F.

Quercus falcata var. pagodaefolia

Cherrybark Oak

Very tall, grows near water

80-90’ x 120’

To -25 or more

Satureja montana

Winter Savory

Edible. Medicinal.

12 x 6-12�

To -35 F.

Quercus liaotungensis

Liaotung Oak

Grows at high elevation

60’ x 75’

To -35 F.

Schisandra chinensis

Magnolia Vine

Berries used in TCM, tonic.

8-12’ x 12-15’

To -25 or more

Quercus lyrata

Overcup Oak

Most flood tolerant species

40’ x 40-50’

To -30 F.

Scuttelaria baicalensis

Baikal Skullcap

Powerful medicinal, likes dry.

12� 1-2’

To -35 F.

Quercus macrocarpa

Bur Oak

Huge Acorns, adaptable

60-80’ x 80-100’

To -35 F.

Shepherdia argentia

Silver Buffaloberry

Produces fruit, fixes N

10’ x 12’

To -35 F.

Quercus macrocarpa x alba

Bebbs Oak

Nice crown, sweet acorns

60’ x 60’

To -30 F.

Sorbus alnifolia

Korean Mountain Ash

Berries for Wildlife, fall color

20’ x 40’

To -35 F.

Quercus macrocarpa x gambelli

Burgambel Oak

Fast and Sweet Acorns, Best.

40’ x 40’

To -35 F.

Sorbus aucuparia

Edible Mountain Ash

Species selected for edibility

Quercus macrocarpa x prinus

Burchestnut Oak

Low tannin acorns

35-45’ x 70-80’

To -30 F.

Sorbus aucuparia x Crataegus

Ivan’s Belle

Productive Sorbus cross

Quercus macrocarpa x robur

Burenglish Oak

Fast, acorns, many vars.

50-60’ x 70’

To -30 F.

Sorbus communis

Service tree

Fruits as jam and for wildlife

Quercus michauxii

Swamp Chestnut Oak

Sweet acorns for fodder

60-80’ x 100’

To -25 F.

Symphytum officinale

Comfrey

Dynamic accumulator, MED.

Quercus muhlenbergii

Chinkapin Oak

Large tree, sweet acorns

60’ or more x 120’

To -30 F.

Syringa x prestoniae

Preston Lilac

IPM and ornamental, 40 var.

Quercus prinoides

Dwarf Chinkapin Oak

Bears early, small size

15’ x 15’

To -30 F

Tanacetum parthenium

Feverfew

Medicinal, ornamental.

Quercus prinus

Chestnut Oak

STRONG WOOD, acorns

50’ x 70’

To -30 F

Taxodium distichum

Bald Cypress

Can live in Water, 2 ft. a yr.

Quercus robur

English Oak

Lives for 1000 years

80’ x 100’

To -35 F.

Taxus canadensis

Canadian Yew

Small Dwarf Conifer

Quercus robur x prinus

Sargent Oak

Acorns for Wildlife

45’ x 50’

To -30 F.

Taxus cuspidata

Quercus schumardii

Schumard Oak

Grows a straight bole

60-80’ x 100’

To -30 F

Taxus x media

Quercus x bimundorum

Bimundors Oak

Produces heavily and fast

60-70’ x 60’

To -30 F.

Quercus x schuettei

Schuettes Oak

Acorns can be eaten raw

40’ x 70’

To -30 F.

To -30 F. at least 2’ x 2’

To -25 or more To -40 F.

12� x 12�

To -35 F. To -25 F.

5’ x 8’

To -35 F.

Small Dwarf Conifer

To -25 F. at least

Median yew

Edible berries, for wildlife

To -25 F.

Thuja Occidentalis

Northern White Cedar

Grows very fast for conifers

20’ x 45-55’

To -40 F.

Tragopogon porrifolius

Salsify

Edible leaves and tubers

12� x 2’

To -25 or more

RESEARCH MORE MORUS.

Ulmus parvifolia ‘Elsmo’

Elsmo Lacebark Elm

Fast growing and very hardy

20-25’ x 50’

To -25 F.

Research TCM Ligustrums or SEE LAWYERS CATALOG FOR 5 Species

Ulmus pumila

Siberian Elm

Fast growing and very hardy

20-25’ x 50’

To -25 F.

Urtica dioica

Stinging Nettle

Eaten cooked, as a tea, fiber

To -30 F.

Ribes alpinum

Alpine currant

Good tasty fruit

3-6’ x 3-6’

To -50 F.

Vaccinium angustifolium

Low Bush Blueberry

Good edge berry

Ribes americanum

American Black Currant

Decent fruit

2-3’ x 3-4’

To -25 or more

Vaccinium macrocarpon

Cranberry

Strong medicinal, ornamental

Ribes aureum

Golden Currant

Great fruit, reallly golden

2-3’ x 3-4’

To -25 or more

Vaccinium myrtillus

Bilberry

Fruit improves night vision

Ribes nigrum

Black Currant

Great fruit, many varieties

2-3’ x 3-4’

To -25 or more

Vaccinium pensylvanicum

Wild Blueberry

Good for stacking, eating

Ribes odoratum

Stinking Currant

Quality Fruit with large berries

2-3’ x 3-4’

To -25 or more

Vaccinium ulginosum

Bog Bilberry

Fruit improves night vision

Ribes oxyacanthoides

Northern Gooseberry

Produces in almost full shade

2-3’ x 3-4’

To -25 or more

Viburnum burejaeticum

Manchurian Viburnum

Makes a fine jam

3’ x 3’

To -35 F.

Ribes uva-crispa

Gooseberry

Great fruit, many varieties

2-3’ x 3-4’

To -25 or more

Viburnum edule

Squashberry

Used as medicine and food

6’ x 9’

To -25 F at least

Ribes x spp

Jostaberry

Great fruit, many varieties

2-3’ x 3-4’

To -25 or more

Viburnum opulus

Highbush cranberry

Makes a fine jam

Robinia pseudoacacia

Black Locust

Coppices, fixes N, BEES

15-20’ x 70’ depends on Var

To -25 F.

Viburnum prunifolium

Blackhaw Viburnum

Used as medicine and food

15-20’ x 20-30’

To -40 F.

Robinia pseudoacacia ‘Tortuosa’

Contorted Black Locust

Looks bitchin, fixes N, Bees

8-12’ x 8-12’

To -25 F.

Viburnum trilobum

Highbush cranberry

Makes a fine jam

6’ x 10’

To -25 F at least

Rosa rugosa

Rose Hip

High in Vitamin-C

spreads x 4-5’

To -30 at least

Vitis labrusca

Northern Fox Grape

Fruits and good for trellis

Climbs to 30 plus feet.

To -30 at least

Rubus odoratus

Purple flowering Raspberry Native, food for birds

spreads x 2-4’

To -30 F

Vitis riparia

River Grape

Native, wildlife food

spreads to 20’

To -25 F. at least

Rubus sp.

Taylor Red Raspberry

late producer, vigorous.

spreads x 2-4’

To -25 F.

Vitis vinifera

Grape

Great climber, food, shade

Climbs to 25’

To -25 F at least

Ruta chalepensis

Egyptian Rue

Medicinal, IPM

2’ x 3’

To -25 F.

Xanthocerus sorbifolia

Yellowhorn

Nuts are roasted and eaten.

20’ x 25’

To -25 F.

Ruta graveoleus

Rue

Medicinal, IPM

2’ x 3’

To -25 F.

Yucca filamentosa

Adam’s Needle Yucca

Basal leaves, flowers eaten

to 24� x 7’ in Flower

To -30 F

Salix alba ‘Tristis’

Niobe Weeping Willow

Long lived, rooting hormone

To -40 F.

Yucca glauca

Soapweed Yucca

Flowers, Buds, stem eaten

to 24� x 7’ in Flower

To -25 F.

Salix alba ‘Vitellina’

Golden Willow

Tolerates all soils, likes wet.

To -50 F

Zanthoxylum piperitum

Japanese pepper

Seeds used to flavor food

6-8’ x 10-12’

To -10 F.

Salix pentaphyllum

Prairie Cascade Willow

Smaller than S. alba

To -40 F.

Salvia officinalis

Extrakta Sage

Culinary and medicine

Sambucus canadensis

2’ x 30�

To -20 F.

North American Elder Berry Likes it wet, edible and MED.

3-4’ x 8’

To -35 F.

Sambucus nigra

European Elder Berry

Likes it wet, edible and MED.

3-4’ x 8-10’

To -25 or more

Sambucus racemosa

Ornamental Elder

Produces in the shade

3’ x 6’

To -25 F.

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To -35 F.

TEAL FARM

Agro-Silva-Pasture Plant List

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SOIL ANALYSIS

On March 23rd, 2006, 10 soil samples were collected for physical and chemical analysis. 10 samples were taken in the fields surrounding the Farm Center. During sampling the temperature was 45 degrees F, with weather consisting of partly sunny skies and a light wind. Several inches of snow covered the majority of the ground surface. The ground was not frozen. Samples were collected using a coring device designed by Ken Oldrid. The unit consists of a 1Âź-inch diameter steel pipe, 5 feet in length. The pipe is split in half lengthwise. The pipe bottom is threaded, and a coupling with a beveled bottom edge screws on to hold the assembly together. The upper portion of the coring device consists of 10 inches of oversized pipe to slide over and protect from impact, the coring pipe. This larger pipe has a Âź inch steel plate welded flat on the top surface. The coring device is driven into the ground with a sledgehammer. All 10 coring sites were marked at the time of sampling with numbered orange flags. See aerial photograph with soil sample maps for locations of each sample. The coring sites are marked T1 through T10, respectively. From each core, approximately 1 cup of soil was collected from 4 to 6 inches, bagged and tagged. These were sent to the Agricultural and Environmental Testing Laboratory at the University of Vermont. The samples were analyzed T9 for pH and concentrations of various nutrients. T8 The depth of each core varied from 10 inches to 15 inches in depth. The lack of greater depth cores T5 was due to the soil still being mostly frozen. Site T7 10 wasn’t as frozen due to the very high water T6 table, which was less than a foot from the surface at the time of core extraction. T1 The core from T1 reached 12 inches in depth. From the surface to 4 inches consisted T10 of dark brown organic matter, with thin plant roots present. From 4 inches to the bottom of T2 the core, the color was light to medium brown. T3 From 8 inches to 12 inches, some of the sediments KEY had an orange to brown color; this indicates the = Sample location water table could get this high occasionally. The See report and appendix for sample details. inorganic sediments were composed of various Sampling taken sizes from fine silt to sand, with a small percentage April 2006 of ½ inch to 1 inch gravel present (<10%). T2 The T2 core was 12 inches in depth. Roots were present throughout the sample. From the surface to 3 inches depth, the core was composed of dark brown organic matter. From 3 inches to the bottom of the core, the sediments were medium brown in color. The sediment grain size was predominantly silt, with some clay and small gravel present. T3 The T3 core was 12 inches in depth. The whole core was dark brown in color, suggesting some organic matter is present throughout. The grain size was mostly silt, with 15% to 20% small gravel present. No roots were found T4 The T4 core was 14 inches in depth. Dark brown organic matter made up the surface to 3 inches down. From 3 inches to 10 inches, the sediment was light brown to gray in color. This section of the core had a high percentage of clay, with a minor amount of silt. From 10 inches down to the bottom of the core, the sediment was more light brown in color. This lower section was mostly silt with some clay, and was quite dry compared to the other samples. T5 The T5 core was 13 inches in depth. The upper 5 inches were composed of dark brown to black organic matter, with a thick matrix of roots. This upper section was saturated. From 5 inches to the bottom, the material consisted of silt, clay and a small amount of fine gravel; the color was medium brown. This section was dry in appearance, and fine roots were present T6 The T6 core was 12 inches in depth. The first 3 inches were made up of dark brown organic matter. From 3 inches down to the bottom of the core, the core lightened in color from brown to light tan. The grain size was predominantly silt, with smaller amounts of fine sand and 5 % or less fine gravel. T7 The T7 core was 12 inches in depth. The upper 3 inches contained dark brown to black organic matter. It was thick with roots. From 3 inches to about 5 inches, a light tan layer of silt and fine gravel was found. From 5 inches down to 10 inches, the silt and fine gravel continued, but the color had darkened to brown. There was slight orange color in this section, due to oxidation. From 10 inches down to 12 inches, the grain sized increased to fine sand, also with some gravel present. T8 The T8 core was 13 inches in depth. From the surface down to 11 inches, the core was a consistent dark brown color. Fine roots were present throughout. The bottom 2 inches consisted of a chiseled piece of green schist. T9 The T9 core was 12 inches in depth. The top 4 inches were composed of dark brown organic matter. From 4 inches down to the T4

T1

bottom of the core, the material was light brown silt with fine gravel and pebbles. There is a distinct orange band at 6 inches depth, indicating the height of high water levels in this area. T10 The T10 core was 15 inches in depth. This was the only site where standing water pooled up in the core hole, at a depth of around 11 inches. The upper 3 inches were made of dark brown organic matter. From 3 inches down to 8 inches, the color lightened to gray, with some orange and red oxidation evident. The grain size was fine silt with some clay. From 8 inches to the bottom, the core consisted of fine silt and gravel, tan in color. The nutrient concentrations of available phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Magnesium, (Mg) and Calcium (Ca), as well as pH were measured in each sample. Nitrogen soil testing is not reliable for most plants, and so was not measured in this study. The UVM lab rated each sample according to how many nutrients they contained with respect to the requirements of apple trees. Almost all of the sites received the low rating for each nutrient, meaning a substantial amount of fertilizer, compost or manure would need to be added to increase the nutrient levels to optimum. The T3 site had the highest overall nutrient concentrations. The Mg concentration of 58 ppm was optimal. The amount of K was not optimal for most plants, but it fell in the medium range on the scale at 64 ppm. Available phosphate, however, was quite low at 0.9 ppm. Site T9 had an optimal amount of Mg at 47 ppm. P and K values were low, at 1 and 20 ppm respectively. T6 had the highest available phosphate level, 2.8 ppm; this was still below optimum nutrient concentration. K and Mg levels were low at 47 and 29 ppm respectively. Site T10 had the lowest nutrient concentrations of all measured nutrients. The values of P, K, and Mg were 0.6, 29, and 19 ppm respectively. The pH values of all cores were at or just below the target of 6.8, with the exceptions of T3 and T10, which were 6.2 and 5.7, respectively. The lab suggests that 2 tons of lime be distributed per acre or 100 pounds per every 1000 square feet to raise the pH of T3 to the target 6.8. For Site T10, 4 tons of lime per acre or 200 pounds per 1000 square ft is recommended to raise the pH to 6.8. In conclusion, these fields are in general underlain by fine silt, with some clay and some gravel. Drainage is fair. Nutrient levels are low. The pH levels are slightly acidic to neutral. Nutrients will need to be added to the soil for most orchard variety of trees to flourish. Also, care should be taken to select tree species tolerant of high water levels. Please refer to soil amendment strategies in the fertility section for design strategies related to soil quality.

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Appendix - Soil Analysis

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pH

Phosphate

8

3

7 2.5 6 2

ppm

pH

4

Available phospate(ppm P)

1.5

3 1 2 0.5 1

0

0 T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

T9

T10

T1

T2

Field Sample

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

T9

T10

Field Sample

Potassium 70

60

50

40 ppm

pH levels

5

Potassium(ppm K) 30

20

Gathering the Nut Harvest

Small draft animals are paired for large loads. Norwegian fjord, devon, Typ.

Pear on Hawthorne

Existing trees are grafted above browse line with edible species.

10

0 T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

T9

T10

Field

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Appendix - Soil Analysis

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56

Calcium

Magnesium

2500

70

60 2000 50 1500 Calcium(ppm Ca)

ppm

ppm

40 Magnesium(ppm Mg) 30

1000

20 500 10

0 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

10

T1

T2

Field Sample

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

T9

T10

Field Sample

Micronutrients 45

40

35

30

Na Fe Mn B Cu Zn S

ppm

25

20

Willow Biotecture

15

Vertical structures like fencing, trellises, walls, windbreaks and play-elements are living wherever possible.

10

5

0 T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

Field Sample

T8

T9

T10

Avg. Levels in V6 Soils

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Appendix - Soil Analysis

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57

State of Vermont Soil ClassiďŹ cations Soils vary quickly across the site and with signiďŹ cant differences in composition and agricultural value. The map at right delineates soils according to the State soil surveys. The table on the following page corresponds to each polygon on the map using the column heading MUID as a reference for the legend on the map. DeďŹ nitions of parent sub-material and depth to water table are included below for their high relevancy, while further information and details of each classiďŹ cation can be found at http://www.vt.nrcs.usda. gov/Soils/so_databases.html. PARENTSUB •  This  information  comes  from  the  ofď€ ďŹ cial  soil  series  descriptions.  â€˘ PARENTSUB shows a more detailed parent material breakdown than PARENT. • The following codes (listed alphabetically) are used: ADT dense till with carbonates at less than 40 inches AGT glacial till with carbonates at less than 40 inches BAGT glacial till with bedrock and carbonates at less than 40 inches BCGT cryic glacial till with bedrock at less than 40 inches BEGT glacial till with bedrock at less than 40 inches and high base saturation BGT glacial till with bedrock at less than 40 inches BSGT spodic glacial till with bedrock at less than 40 inches CDT cryic dense till CGL clayey lacustrine deposits CO cryic organic deposits DT dense till EDT dense till with high base saturation EGT glacial till with high base saturation GF outwash GGF gravelly outwash GL lacustrine GT glacial till M miscellaneous units O organic deposits SDT spodic dense till SGF sandy outwash SGL loamy or silty lacustrine deposits SGT spodic glacial till WATERSHALLOW and WATERDEEP •  This  information  identiď€ ďŹ es  the  range  in  the  depth  (feet)  to  seasonal  high  water  table  of  all  of  the  named  components in the map unit. • It was derived from the Top Depth-High Value and Top Depth-Low Value in the cosoilmoist table. • The user can determine if a water table may be present in some part of the map unit at or above a critical depth below the mineral soil surface. • If WATERSHALLOW and WATERDEEP equal “6.00â€? then the depth to seasonal high water table for the map unit is greater than 6 feet. • If WATERSHALLOW is a negative number, water is ponded on the surface (ie. “-1â€? indicates that the ponded water is 1 foot deep). • If WATERSHALLOW is less than “6.00â€? and WATERDEEP equals “6.00â€? then the depth to the seasonal high water table for the map unit ranges from WATERSHALLOW to greater than 6 feet. • If WATERSHALLOW and WATERDEEP equal “99.9â€? then the named components are miscellaneous land types and the map unit is unranked.

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Appendix - Soil Classification

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MUID 007CaC 007CaC 007CaC 007CaC 007CbA 007CbD 007CbD 007CoA 007CoB 007CsE 007CsE 007LmC 007LmC 007LmC 007LyD 007LyE 007LyE 007MaB 007MaB 007MaB 007MaC 007MaD 007MaD 007MeC 007MeC 007MeE 007MeE 007Pc 007PeB 007PeB 007PeC 007PeC 007PeC 007PeC 007PeD 007PsC 007PsC 007PsC 007PsE 007PsE 007PsE

PARENTSUB DT DT DT DT DT DT DT GGF GGF GGF GGF BSGT BSGT BSGT BSGT BSGT BSGT SDT SDT SDT SDT SDT SDT SDT SDT SDT SDT DT SDT SDT SDT SDT SDT SDT SDT SDT SDT SDT SDT SDT SDT

MUSYM CaC CaC CaC CaC CbA CbD CbD CoA CoB CsE CsE LmC LmC LmC LyD LyE LyE MaB MaB MaB MaC MaD MaD MeC MeC MeE MeE Pc PeB PeB PeC PeC PeC PeC PeD PsC PsC PsC PsE PsE PsE

PRIME Statewide (b) Statewide (b) Statewide (b) Statewide (b) NPSL NPSL NPSL Statewide Statewide NPSL NPSL NPSL NPSL NPSL NPSL NPSL NPSL Statewide Statewide Statewide Statewide (a) NPSL NPSL NPSL NPSL NPSL NPSL NPSL Statewide (b) Statewide (b) NPSL NPSL NPSL NPSL NPSL NPSL NPSL NPSL NPSL NPSL NPSL

MUNAME CABOT STONY SILT LOAM, 3 TO 15 PERCENT SLOPES CABOT STONY SILT LOAM, 3 TO 15 PERCENT SLOPES CABOT STONY SILT LOAM, 3 TO 15 PERCENT SLOPES CABOT STONY SILT LOAM, 3 TO 15 PERCENT SLOPES CABOT EXTREMELY STONY SILT LOAM, 0 TO 3 PERCENT SLOPES CABOT EXTREMELY STONY SILT LOAM, 3 TO 25 PERCENT SLOPES CABOT EXTREMELY STONY SILT LOAM, 3 TO 25 PERCENT SLOPES COLTON GRAVELLY LOAMY SAND, 0 TO 5 PERCENT SLOPES COLTON GRAVELLY LOAMY SAND, 5 TO 12 PERCENT SLOPES COLTON AND STETSON SOILS, 30 TO 60 PERCENT SLOPES COLTON AND STETSON SOILS, 30 TO 60 PERCENT SLOPES LYMAN-MARLOW ROCKY LOAMS, 12 TO 20 PERCENT SLOPES LYMAN-MARLOW ROCKY LOAMS, 12 TO 20 PERCENT SLOPES LYMAN-MARLOW ROCKY LOAMS, 12 TO 20 PERCENT SLOPES LYMAN-MARLOW VERY ROCKY LOAMS, 5 TO 30 PERCENT SLOPES LYMAN-MARLOW VERY ROCKY LOAMS, 30 TO 60 PERCENT SLOPES LYMAN-MARLOW VERY ROCKY LOAMS, 30 TO 60 PERCENT SLOPES MARLOW STONY LOAM, 5 TO 12 PERCENT SLOPES MARLOW STONY LOAM, 5 TO 12 PERCENT SLOPES MARLOW STONY LOAM, 5 TO 12 PERCENT SLOPES MARLOW STONY LOAM, 12 TO 20 PERCENT SLOPES MARLOW STONY LOAM, 20 TO 30 PERCENT SLOPES MARLOW STONY LOAM, 20 TO 30 PERCENT SLOPES MARLOW EXTREMELY STONY LOAM, 5 TO 20 PERCENT SLOPES MARLOW EXTREMELY STONY LOAM, 5 TO 20 PERCENT SLOPES MARLOW EXTREMELY STONY LOAM, 20 TO 60 PERCENT SLOPES MARLOW EXTREMELY STONY LOAM, 20 TO 60 PERCENT SLOPES PEACHAM STONY SILT LOAM PERU STONY LOAM, 5 TO 12 PERCENT SLOPES PERU STONY LOAM, 5 TO 12 PERCENT SLOPES PERU STONY LOAM, 12 TO 20 PERCENT SLOPES PERU STONY LOAM, 12 TO 20 PERCENT SLOPES PERU STONY LOAM, 12 TO 20 PERCENT SLOPES PERU STONY LOAM, 12 TO 20 PERCENT SLOPES PERU STONY LOAM, 20 TO 30 PERCENT SLOPES PERU EXTREMELY STONY LOAM, 0 TO 20 PERCENT SLOPES PERU EXTREMELY STONY LOAM, 0 TO 20 PERCENT SLOPES PERU EXTREMELY STONY LOAM, 0 TO 20 PERCENT SLOPES PERU EXTREMELY STONY LOAM, 20 TO 60 PERCENT SLOPES PERU EXTREMELY STONY LOAM, 20 TO 60 PERCENT SLOPES PERU EXTREMELY STONY LOAM, 20 TO 60 PERCENT SLOPES

ROCKSHALLO

ROCKDEEP 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 10 10 10 10 10 10 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60

60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60

SAND improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable probable probable probable probable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable

MUID 007CaC 007CaC 007CaC 007CaC 007CbA 007CbD 007CbD 007CoA 007CoB 007CsE 007CsE 007LmC 007LmC 007LmC 007LyD 007LyE 007LyE 007MaB 007MaB 007MaB 007MaC 007MaD 007MaD 007MeC 007MeC 007MeE 007MeE 007Pc 007PeB 007PeB 007PeC 007PeC 007PeC 007PeC 007PeD 007PsC 007PsC 007PsC 007PsE 007PsE 007PsE

SITECLASS II II II II II II II II II II II IV IV IV IV IV IV I I I I I I I I I I IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I

MUID 007CaC 007CaC 007CaC 007CaC 007CbA 007CbD 007CbD 007CoA 007CoB 007CsE 007CsE 007LmC 007LmC 007LmC 007LyD 007LyE 007LyE 007MaB 007MaB 007MaB 007MaC 007MaD 007MaD 007MeC 007MeC 007MeE 007MeE 007Pc 007PeB 007PeB 007PeC 007PeC 007PeC 007PeC 007PeD 007PsC 007PsC 007PsC 007PsE 007PsE 007PsE

SLOPELOW

AGVAL 7d 7d 7d 7d 11 11 11 6 7 11 11 10 10 10 10 11 11 7 7 7 7 8 8 11 11 11 11 10 7d 7d 8d 8d 8d 8d 8d 11 11 11 11 11 11

FORSTGRP 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 2 2 3 3 5 5 5 5 6 6 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 6 6 7 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5

SLOPEHIGH 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 0 5 30 30 12 12 12 5 30 30 5 5 5 12 20 20 5 5 20 20 0 5 5 12 12 12 12 20 0 0 0 20 20 20

FORSTVAL 51 51 51 51 31 31 31 83 83 74 74 51 51 51 51 31 31 74 74 74 74 74 74 63 63 31 31 0 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 63 63 63 51 51 51

WATERSHALL 15 15 15 15 3 25 25 5 12 60 60 20 20 20 30 60 60 12 12 12 20 30 30 20 20 60 60 1 12 12 20 20 20 20 30 20 20 20 60 60 60

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 -1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

FROSTACTIO high high high high high high high low low low low moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate high high high high high high high high high high high high high high

WATERDEEP 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 0.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

GRAVEL improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable probable probable probable probable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable improbable

MUID 007CaC 007CaC 007CaC 007CaC 007CbA 007CbD 007CbD 007CoA 007CoB 007CsE 007CsE 007LmC 007LmC 007LmC 007LyD 007LyE 007LyE 007MaB 007MaB 007MaB 007MaC 007MaD 007MaD 007MeC 007MeC 007MeE 007MeE 007Pc 007PeB 007PeB 007PeC 007PeC 007PeC 007PeC 007PeD 007PsC 007PsC 007PsC 007PsE 007PsE 007PsE

HELCLASS potentially highly erodible potentially highly erodible potentially highly erodible potentially highly erodible not highly erodible potentially highly erodible potentially highly erodible not highly erodible potentially highly erodible highly erodible highly erodible highly erodible highly erodible highly erodible potentially highly erodible highly erodible highly erodible potentially highly erodible potentially highly erodible potentially highly erodible highly erodible highly erodible highly erodible potentially highly erodible potentially highly erodible highly erodible highly erodible not rated potentially highly erodible potentially highly erodible highly erodible highly erodible highly erodible highly erodible highly erodible potentially highly erodible potentially highly erodible potentially highly erodible highly erodible highly erodible highly erodible

HYDRIC Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Y N N N N N N N N N N N N N

HYDROGROUP D D D D D D D A A A A D D D D D D C C C C C C C C C C D C C C C C C C C C C C C C

ONSITE IIId IIId IIId IIId IVa IIIe IIIe Ia Ia IIe IIe IIIf IIIf IIIf IIIf IVb IVb IIh IIh IIh IIh IVd IVd IIh IIh IVd IVd IVa IIh IIh IIh IIh IIh IIh IVd IIh IIh IIh IVd IVd IVd

PARENT DT DT DT DT DT DT DT GF GF GF GF GT GT GT GT GT GT DT DT DT DT DT DT DT DT DT DT DT DT DT DT DT DT DT DT DT DT DT DT DT DT

MUID 007CaC 007CaC 007CaC 007CaC 007CbA 007CbD 007CbD 007CoA 007CoB 007CsE 007CsE 007LmC 007LmC 007LmC 007LyD 007LyE 007LyE 007MaB 007MaB 007MaB 007MaC 007MaD 007MaD 007MeC 007MeC 007MeE 007MeE 007Pc 007PeB 007PeB 007PeC 007PeC 007PeC 007PeC 007PeD 007PsC 007PsC 007PsC 007PsE 007PsE 007PsE

WATERKIND PERCH PERCH PERCH PERCH PERCH PERCH PERCH NONE NONE NONE NONE PERCH PERCH PERCH PERCH PERCH PERCH PERCH PERCH PERCH PERCH PERCH PERCH PERCH PERCH PERCH PERCH APPAR PERCH PERCH PERCH PERCH PERCH PERCH PERCH PERCH PERCH PERCH PERCH PERCH PERCH

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Appendix - Soil Classification

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