Forward 1_Grammar Book by Les Éditions CEC

www.cecplus.com

Forward basic english

Stephen W. MacDonald in collaboration with Carolyn Genge Audrey Blair

TABLE OF CONTENTS Unit 1 The Alphabet and Parts of Speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 part A The Alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Part B Parts of Speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.) . . . . . . . . . . 2 Unit 2 Pronouns and Demonstratives . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Part A Personal Pronouns (I, him, hers,

myself, etc.) and Possessive Adjectives (my, your, his, etc.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Part B Demonstratives: This, That, These and Those . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Unit 3 Nouns, Quantifiers and Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Part A Nouns and Quantifiers (boys, children, water, a few, etc.) . . . . . . . 16 Part B Articles (a, an, the) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Unit 4 Adjectives and Adverbs . . . . . . . . 28 Part A Base Forms (sad, sadly, good, well, etc.) . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Part B Comparative and Superlative Forms (taller than, the most quickly, etc.) . . 33 Review Units 1 – 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Unit 5 Present Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Part A Simple Present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Part B Present Continuous . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Unit 6 Past Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Part A Simple Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Part B Past Continuous . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Unit 7 Future Forms: Will and Be Going to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Unit 8 Modal Auxiliary verbs . . . . . . . . 76 Review Units 5 – 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Unit 9 Sentence Structures . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Unit 10 essay writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Your Audience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Generating Ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Writing a Body Paragraph . . . . . . . . . . Developing a Thesis Statement and Writing an Introduction . . . . . . . . . The Essay Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Staying Focused and Checking Your Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sample Essays—The Good and the Bad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100 101 102 106 107 108 112

Review Units 9 – 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Collocations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Words That Sound the Same or Look Alike . . . . . . . Commonly Misspelled Words and Canadian Spellings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common Irregular Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common Irregular Verbs by Sound and Spelling . . . Common Phrasal Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vocabulary Visuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Punctuation and Capitalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

120 123 125 127 129 131 134 138

forward 1 basic english grammar table of contents

III

UNIT

PART A

NOUNS, QUANTIFIERS AND ARTICLES NOUNS AND QUANTIFIERS FORM AND USAGE 1 Count Nouns

Count nouns are used for things that can be counted. This means that count nouns have plural forms. Regular plurals: Add -s to the singular form.

Singular

Plural

brother

brothers

chair

chairs

school

schools

toe

toes

Regular plurals with special endings: Add -es to form the plural of words ending with -ss, -z, -x, -ch, -sh and sometimes -o. For -s and -z, you may have to double the last letter before adding -es.

Singular

Plural

kiss

kisses

quiz

quizzes

fox

foxes

watch

watches

wish

wishes

tomato

tomatoes

Regular plurals with consonant + -y endings: If a word ends in consonant + -y, change the -y to -i and add -es.

Singular

Plural

battery (consonant r + -y)

batteries

supply (consonant l + -y)

supplies

candy (consonant d + -y)

candies

Regular plurals with vowel + -y endings: If a word ends in vowel + -y, then add -s to form the regular plural.

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Singular

Plural

tray (vowel a + -y)

trays

boy (vowel o + -y)

boys

Irregular plurals: Many plural forms are irregular and do not take an -s or -es. Instead, there can be a change in the word ending or in the middle of the word.

Singular

Plural

child

children

man

men

woman

women

foot

feet

tooth

teeth

mouse

mice

goose

geese

medium

media

crisis

crises

hypothesis

hypotheses

parenthesis

parentheses

knife

knives

wife

wives

half

halves

wolf

wolves

leaf

leaves

criterion

criteria

phenomenon

phenomena

stimulus

stimuli

Irregular plurals that do not change their form: Sometimes, the plural form of the word is the same as the singular form of the word. Animals often fit into this category.

Singular

Plural

sheep

moose

fish

deer

UNIT 3 nouns , quantifiers and articles

2 Non-Count Nouns

Non-count nouns are used for things that cannot be counted, but that may be measurable. Non-count nouns do not have plural forms. Here are some common non-count categories with examples.

Category

Examples

abstractions

advice, beauty, courage, education, fun, happiness, hate, health, honesty, humour, information, intelligence, justice, knowledge, love, luck, music, patience, peace, poverty, pride, progress, sadness, sleep, truth, violence, wealth

sports, games, activities

golf, tennis, chess, running, shopping, skating, skiing, swimming, walking

solids

bread, butter, cheese, meat, gold, silver, wood, cotton, silk, wool

liquids

blood, coffee, milk, oil, tea, water

gases

air, hydrogen, oxygen, smoke, steam

particles, grains corn, dirt, flour, grass, pepper, rice, salt, sugar, wheat natural phenomena

cold, darkness, electricity, gravity, heat, humidity, lightning, rain, snow, sunshine, thunder, weather, wind

groups of related items

equipment, food, fruit, furniture, garbage, hardware, jewelry, luggage, mail, money, traffic

Some nouns that end in -s—including some school subjects—are actually non-count and only singular. The news is on Economics is a Mathematics was my Politics is often a television at 10 o’clock. difficult subject. favourite subject in high school. controversial topic.

3 Count and Non-Count Nouns with a Change in Meaning

Some nouns can be either count or non-count depending on their meaning. Here are some common ones. chicken COUNT = a bird. We saw a chicken on the farm. chicken NON-COUNT = the meat of a bird. We had chicken for dinner last night. glasses COUNT = vessels that hold drinks. I’ll wash the glasses. glass NON-COUNT = transparent material for windows. I’ll wash the glass. hair COUNT = one strand of hair. There is a hair in my soup! hair NON-COUNT = hair collectively. Comb your hair before you go out. lights COUNT = individual lighting fixtures. There aren’t enough lights in here. light NON-COUNT = illumination. There isn’t enough light in here. papers COUNT = documents. We signed the papers for the bank loan. paper NON-COUNT = sheets of paper collectively. The printer is out of paper. rooms COUNT = divisions within a home. I need a house with more rooms. room NON-COUNT = space. I need a house with more room. Although non-count nouns are always singular, we can often use them as plurals by adding count nouns to them. Incorrect: I bought some new furnitures.  Correct: I bought some new furniture. Correct: I bought some new pieces of furniture.

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Incorrect: I eat two breads every morning. Correct: I eat a loaf of bread every morning. Correct: I eat two slices of bread every morning. Incorrect: I had a lot of homeworks. Correct: I had a lot of homework. Correct: I had a lot of homework assignments. 4 Quantifiers

Quantifiers are words or short phrases that indicate number for count nouns or amount for non-count nouns. Quantifiers for count nouns: Some quantifiers are used only with count nouns.

Quantifier

Used with

one each

Example one book

singular count noun

each doctor

every

every animal

a couple of

a couple of minutes

a few

a few students

a number of

a number of politicians

both many

plural count noun

both children many sports

several

several examples

the number of

the number of bicycles

two, three, four, etc.

two cars

Quantifiers for either count or non-count nouns: Some quantifiers can be used with either count or non-count nouns.

Quantifier

Example with a count noun

Example with a non-count noun

a lot of (the)

a lot of countries

a lot of the time

all

all trains

all equipment

all of the

all of the subways

all of the coffee

any

any questions

any luggage

any of the

any of the pens

any of the music

half of the

half of the people

half of the population

most

most companies

most software

most of the

most of the employees

most of the staff

plenty of

plenty of teenagers

plenty of snow

some

some paintings

some art

some of the

some of the oranges

some of the fruit

UNIT 3 nouns , quantifiers and articles

Quantifiers for non-count nouns: Some quantifiers are used only with non-count nouns.

Quantifier

Example

a good / great deal of

a good deal of rain / a great deal of rain

a little (meaning ‘a small amount’)

a little sugar

a large / small amount of

a small amount of snow

the amount of

the amount of salt

much (usually with questions or negatives)

Do you have much time? I don’t have much time.

EXERCISE 1 Plural

Count Nouns

Change the singular count nouns to their plural forms. Use a dictionary if necessary. 1 computer

8 fish

2 cellphone

9 goose

3 person

10 fly

4 monkey

11 box

5 dish

12 deer

6 shrimp

13 baby

7 sandwich

14 apartment

EXERCISE 2

Identifying Count Nouns and Non-Count Nouns

First, decide if the underlined words in the passage below are singular count nouns, plural count nouns or non-count nouns. Then, write them in the correct column in the table that follows. The first two have been done for you. 1

When our company expanded its operations, we had to move to a new building. 4

We moved a lot of equipment, including our computers. We also moved all of our 6

cost a lot of

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furniture, including some chairs, a large table and the boss’s 11

money, but the

desk. The move

employees are much happier now.

Singular count

Plural count

1 company

2 operations

Non-count

EXERCISE 3

Plural Noun Forms

Change the underlined nouns in the sentences below to their plural forms. Some underlined words have no errors; if so, write OK above the line. Remember that some plural forms are irregular. spectators

Example: All of the spectator at the concert last night seemed to enjoy the music. 1 Portia and Raoul have adopted three child—all girl. Their name are Lucie, Paulina and Yolande. 2 I’m impressed by Sharon’s intelligence. She has many great idea. 3 Honesty is an important human quality. In fact, it might be one of the most important of all human quality. 4 The celebrity travelled with a lot of luggage. She had three suitcase, two valise and a carry-on bag. 5 The lake was calm, but the water was too cold for us to go swimming, so we stayed in our cabin instead. 6 Don’t throw all of that stuff in the garbage. You can recycle the paper and the plastic. 7 That documentary I saw on television had a lot of interesting and useful information. 8 We picked up some food at the supermarket, including some onion, a green pepper, some lettuce, a clove of garlic, potato chip, tea and milk. EXERCISE 4 Quantifiers

Underline the correct quantifier to complete the sentences. Example: We had (a lot of / a few) fun at the party last Saturday. 1 Be sure that you keep (some / a few) personal information private. 2 (A couple of / A great deal of) snow fell last night. 3 (A couple of / A great deal of) centimeters of snow fell last night. 4 I can’t believe (the amount of / the number of) fans who watched the game. 5 He can’t go out tonight. He has too (many / much) homework to do. 6 (Plenty of / Much of) my friends have part-time jobs. 7 He is going shopping later because he has (a few / a little) extra money. 8 (Both / Much) of the children like the babysitter. 9 Everyone makes (a few / a little) mistakes. 10 Hurry up! We don’t have (many / much) time. EXERCISE 5 Error

Correction

Correct the underlined parts of the sentences below. Some underlined words have no errors; if so, write OK above the line. crew

equipment

Example: When making a movie, a film crews uses a lot of equipments.  1 I like to watch the news every evening. I particularly enjoy story on politic. 2 Would you like some chickens for lunch, or would you rather have beef or fish? 3 I don’t have enough moneys to pay for all of these dress. I’ll have to buy just one.

UNIT 3 nouns , quantifiers and articles

4 The childs are sleeping. Please do not make too much noises or they may wake up. 5 A good candidate for this job should show honesties, integrity and intelligences. 6 I think that monkies should be left to live free in the wild, not kept as pet. 7 The glasses in those windows is dirty from all the smokes in the room. I can’t even see what the weathers is like outside. 8 If you open the blinds, you’ll get more lights in this room. EXERCISE 6 Writing

You are on vacation in Hawaii enjoying the sun, the beach and the sea. Write a postcard to one of your friends. Include at least three singular count nouns, three plural count nouns and three non-count nouns in your postcard. When you have finished writing the postcard, underline the singular count nouns, double-underline the plural count nouns and circle the non-count nouns.

PART B

ARTICLES USAGE English has two types of articles: indefinite (a and an) and definite (the). 1 A and an

The indefinite articles a and an: • express the idea of any one thing or person A cup of coffee costs a dollar. (= one cup, one dollar) May I borrow a pen? (= any pen) • express the idea of a general category A computer is a useful tool. (= Any computer, in general, is useful.) An elephant is an impressive animal. (= Any elephant, in general, is impressive.)

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• are used only with singular count nouns. Incorrect: A money is necessary in our society. Correct: Money is necessary in our society. 2 Using a or an

Use a before a word starting with a consonant sound. Use an before a word starting with a vowel sound. a game a zoo an email message an octopus Remember, the starting sound is important, not just the spelling. an umbrella, but a university (university begins with a -y’ sound) a hat, but an honest man (the -h’ in honest is silent) 3 The

The definite article the: • expresses the idea of something or someone specific or particular I have a computer. (general) BUT The computer in my office is old. (specific) May I borrow a pen? (any pen) BUT May I borrow the pen on your desk? (a specific pen) • can be used with count and non-count nouns The tigers (count noun) that we saw at the zoo (count noun) were impressive. The information (non-count noun) that we read was surprising. Do not use the for general statements with plural count nouns. Incorrect: The tigers can be dangerous animals. Correct: Tigers can be dangerous animals. Do not use the for general statements with non-count nouns, which are always singular. Incorrect: The pollution is bad for our health and our environment. Correct: Pollution is bad for our health and our environment.

Zoom-in | First a, Then the We often use a or an the first time we refer to something; after that, we switch to the.  This is because the listener or reader now knows what we are talking or writing about. I saw a thief steal a car earlier today. The thief took the car from a parking lot. The parking lot was not being guarded.

Zoom-in | Special Rules for Article Use 1 In general statements, do not use the before languages, sports or the names of most countries. Incorrect: He lives in the Brazil, speaks the Portuguese and plays the soccer. Correct: He lives in Brazil, speaks Portuguese and plays soccer. 2 Use a/an before a profession. Incorrect: John is engineer. Correct: John is an engineer.

UNIT 3 nouns , quantifiers and articles

EXERCISE 1

Reading

Read the passage below. Pay attention to the underlined parts. 1

With its vast resources of hydroelectric power, Québec could be a future producer of electric cars. Although hybrid cars, which run on gas and battery power, are becoming 2

more popular in the North American market, it has been difficult to produce an all-electric car—at least one that can travel safely on highways at high speeds. Some 4

small electric cars have been produced ( the ZENN is an example), but they tend to be small and can run only at very low speeds. Developing a larger, faster and safer electric 6

car might be a solution to our transportation needs and to the problems faced by our automobile manufacturing industry. Using the information from the passage above, answer the questions below by circling a) or b). 1 Could Québec be the only producer of electric cars? a) Yes, Québec could be the only producer of electric cars. b) No, there could be other producers of electric cars. 2 Are hybrid cars becoming popular in all markets? a) Yes, they are becoming popular in all markets. b) No, they are becoming popular in the North American market. 3 Is it possible to build more than one kind of all-electric car? a) Yes, more than one kind of all-electric car is possible. b) No, only one kind of all-electric car is possible. 4 Is the ZENN a specific brand of electric car? a) Yes, it is a brand type. b) No, it is not a brand type. 5 Is the ZENN the only example of an electric car? a) Yes, it is the only example of an electric car. b) No, there are other examples of electric cars. 6 Is a larger, faster and safer electric car the only solution to our transportation needs? a) Yes, it is the only solution. b) No, there may be other solutions. 7 Does the reading refer to the problems faced by all industries? a) Yes, it refers to the problems faced by all industries. b) No, it refers to the problems faced by the automobile manufacturing industry.

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EXERCISE 2 General

or Specific Nouns

Decide whether the underlined nouns in the sentences below are general or specific. Some sentences have two underlined nouns. Example: Regular exercise is good for your health. general 1 Sometimes, people can be strange. 2 The grammar exercises we did yesterday were difficult. 3 Chess is an interesting board game of strategy. 4 Please remove the dishes from the dishwasher when they are dry. 5 Could you open a window? It’s hot in here. 6 The flower vase on the table is made of glass. 7 The news that we heard was not good. 8 We wanted to watch a movie on DVD last night, but the DVD player wasn’t working. 9 Canada is a large, sparsely populated country. 10 Gary needed to see a doctor, but the doctor he saw was unable to help him.

EXERCISE 3

Indefinite Article or No Article

Write a or an before the word below if an article is needed. Write X if no article is needed. Examples: a bird X information 1

automobile

elephant

milk

news

equipment

sofa

match

gold

game

computer

apple

snowboard

university

snow

honesty

EXERCISE 4 Article

or No Article

Fill in the blanks in the sentences with either a, an, the or nothing (X). The first two have been done for you. 1 Nancy: Can you lend me a pen? Kristian: Which pen? Nancy: The blue one, please. 2 I don’t usually like X sushi, but the sushi in this restaurant is excellent. 3 Michel has been looking for months to find

job, but

economy is not

very strong right now. 4 Annick is

great guitarist. She might be

5 Wow! Look at 6 Diane: I had

best guitarist I know.

moon. It looks so big and bright tonight. accident last week. Another car ran into mine at

Norman: I’m sorry to hear that, but I guess

red light.

accidents do happen when there is

UNIT 3 nouns , quantifiers and articles

election of Barack Obama was

8 Gerard loves to play

significant event in American history.

football. He gets

Sunday, and they play for hours at

group of friends together every park just down

street that he

lives on. 9 I find that

shirts made of

cotton are more comfortable than

shirts

made of polyester. 10 I’m afraid that I can’t go to 11 Would you mind adding

party with you. I have to study for salt to

12 Even though Tony has been living in speak

exam.

soup? It tastes a bit bland. Japan for two years, he still cannot

Japanese, and he still needs

interpreter when he speaks to

Japanese person. 13 There was set

raccoon that had been getting into my garbage can, but we finally

trap, caught it and released it into

14 Recycling do to help

paper,

glass and

forest.

plastic is

activity that anyone can

environment.

EXERCISE 5 Error

Correction

Rewrite the sentences to correct any article errors. Add, delete or change articles only; do not add, delete or change any other words. Example: What is capital of China? What is the capital of China? 1 Most people think that dog is loyal pet. 2 I think that the Florence is the most beautiful city in the Europe. 3 Vivian is good singer. She may be best singer I know. 4 The oil is major export of Russia. In fact, it is probably a most important export. 5 Studying the engineering requires a lot of the hard work and the discipline. 6 They like to enjoy glass of wine when they eat the supper. 7 Coffee that you made is too strong. I don’t like coffee when it is that strong. 8 He enjoys playing tennis on the Saturdays. 9 Exercise regularly if you want to have healthy body. 10 Do you think that the adolescents should be allowed to vote?   26

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EXERCISE 6 Filling

in the Blanks

Use the nouns in parentheses to complete the sentences below. Each noun can fit logically in only one place in the sentence. Pay attention to the use of articles. Example: A dog bit my leg when I was young and I got an infection. That’s why I’m afraid of dogs now. (dogs/dog/infection) 1 Climbing

is a

of mine. I have been

doing it for many

. (hobby/years/mountains)

2 The

that we need includes a

some

and

. (hammer/nails/equipment)

3 Shelly likes all kinds of

, including rock

from time to time, a good foreign

and,

(concerts/film/entertainment) 4 Sylvie’s new

is beautiful. She bought a silver

and a pair of

. (jewelry/ring/earrings)

5 I have a lot of

to do this weekend. I have to read an article

and then write both a

and an

of it.

(summary/analysis/homework) 6 English

is difficult to learn. Even after you learn a , you will find there are always

(rule/grammar/exceptions) 7 The

has been bad this winter. We have had too much and too many cold

. (snow/weather/days)

EXERCISE 7 Writing

Look at the picture below. On a separate sheet of paper, write eight sentences describing something in the picture. Use the article a or an for singular count nouns; use no article or some for plural count nouns or non-count nouns.

UNIT 3 nouns , quantifiers and articles

Forward basic english

This new grammar book is designed to better respond to the basic writing needs of pre-intermediate students. In this book, the first 9 units explain the main grammar points, including those covered in the Forward 1 student book. In the final unit, Unit 10, the content provides detailed writing tips to help students start writing. This grammar workbook includes:

• 9 units on the theory and practice of level-appropriate grammar • 3 review units for consolidating form and usage • 1 comprehensive unit focusing on writing • Clear explanations and easy-to-follow structure • Helpful lists for spelling, collocation, phrasal verbs and irregular verbs

Forward 1: Basic English Designed to facilitate the basic ESL needs of pre-intermediate students – and appeal to a broad range of students in all programs of study - Forward 1 provides a wealth of learning opportunities. At its core, this series not only develops student skills in reading, listening, speaking and writing, but it also includes grammar activities, strategies for listening comprehension and vocabulary development. Learning is consolidated at the end of each unit with a step-by-step writing task. As well, useful pronunciation activities are also provided throughout the book. Stephen W. MacDonald has been teaching ESL for over 20 years, including more than 14 years in the intensive and professional English language programs at McGill University’s School of Continuing Studies. He holds a B.A. in Psychology from McGill University and an M.A. in History from Concordia University. Carolyn Genge has been teaching ESL for 17 years, the last 10 of which have been at the Cégep de Drummondville. She has a B.A. Honours in English Literature from the University of Saskatchewan. Audrey Blair has extensive teaching experience in ESL and has been teaching at the Cégep de Drummondville for 15 years. She holds a B.A. Honours in Linguistics from the University of Ottawa.

Code de produit : 214451 isbn 978-2-7617-6191-8