Geo World_Metropolis

GEO World

URBAN TERRITORY

METROPOLIS

Secondary Cycle One

Robert Bergevin Julie Charette Michel Méthé

LIVING IN A METROPOLIS:

ADVANTAGEOUS OR INCONVENIENT?

What is a metropolis? 2 Montréal 10 Cairo 34 Issues Population movement and housing 52 Global challenges Access to water and health care 61 Synthesis 68

CONFORMS TO THE PROGRESSION OF LEARNING

due to contact with another culture or several other cultures.

ANCESTRAL RIGHTS: Rights held by

CONCENTRATION: Concentration occurs when many similar or identical elements are found in the same geographical space.

Indigenous peoples as a result of their ancestors’ longstanding occupation and use of a territory.

CONSERVATION: Preservation or protection of the natural environment from damage or deterioration.

ARTIFICIAL RISK: A risk associated with human action that threatens a population (chemical spill, overuse of pesticides, etc.).

CONTINUITY: Remaining the same

over time. For example, we use the word continuity when the function or appearance of a building does not change over time.

AUTONOMY: Independence from others.

For example, a country has energetic autonomy when it produces enough energy for its own consumption.

CONVENTION: Agreement between

BAND: Today, a federally recognized

CULTURE: All the elements of a society

CHANGE: A change takes place when

DEFORESTATION: The human-made process of reducing natural-growth areas of forest.

administrative unit within an Indigenous nation, represented by a council, with members elected by the community.

differences occur over time: for example, when the function or appearance of a building evolves over time.

CLAIM: Demand made to obtain or recover a property or to exercise a right.

COMMERCIALIZATION: Operations

that take place before the sale of products to consumers. Commercialization includes processing resources, labelling and activities related to sales (advertising, distribution, etc.); often used as a synonym of marketing.

individuals or groups, requiring all parties to respect the conditions of the agreement.

such as a language, traditions, way of life and values shared by a group of people.

DEGRADATION: Synonym of “deterioration.”

For example, agricultural land suffers degradation when its soil deteriorates and becomes less fertile.

DENSITY: Population density is the

measurement of the number of inhabitants per square kilometre (km2). To calculate population density, the following formula is used: number of inhabitants ÷ area (km2) = number of inhabitants per km2.

© 2019, Les Éditions CEC inc. • Reproduction prohibited

ACCULTURATION: Changes in a culture

III

The collection The GEO World collection contains 12 booklets: Maps and Sketches reference booklet; 11 booklets that each have a specific focus in 1 of 5 types of territories

PROTECTED TERRITORY Natural Park

URBAN TERRITORY Heritage Metropolis Natural Hazard

GEO World

AGRICULTURAL TERRITORY

REGIONAL TERRITORY Energy Production Forests Industrial Activities Tourism

INDIGENOUS TERRITORY

Agricultural Space Environment at Risk

Indigenous People

REFERENCE BOOKLET © 2019, Les Éditions CEC inc. • Reproduction prohibited

Maps and Sketches

Organization of the booklet The booklet is divided into six sections: What is a metropolis?

Montréal Cairo Issues Global challenges Synthesis Each section presents a series of contents and activities.

Type of territory under study Opening question

Examples of places in photos

This page introduces the booklet’s specific focus in photos. The opening question helps encourage reflection and guides learning.

Presentation

Specific focus Summary

IV

What is a metropolis? This section introduces the booklet’s specific focus, defines it and identifies its characteristics and global impact. It also introduces the main concepts to be explored.

These concepts appear in RED in the text, and they are defined and illustrated in the margins. A list at the beginning and the end of each booklet catalogues all concepts and their definitions, with those related to the specific focus highlighted in yellow.

This section concentrates on one or two places related to the specific focus of the booklet. These places are located, described and analyzed (characteristics, development, etc.). At the end of each place under study, the In summary activity helps students consolidate their learning.

Places

This section requires the use of Competency 1: Understanding the organization of a territory.

Issues

This section examines one or two territorial

Some vocabulary words appear in blue in the text, and they are defined in the margin. All of these words and their definitions are found in the glossary on page 72.

This section requires the use of Competency 2: Interpreting a territorial issue.

This section focuses on one or two challenges faced by the entire world. It highlights how, on a global scale, the problem has different aspects and similarities, and identifies possible solutions.

Global challenges

This section requires the use of Competency 3: Constructing his or her awareness of global citizenship.

Synthesis

This section helps solidify the learning

achieved throughout the booklet. It also helps answer the opening question.

© 2019, Les Éditions CEC inc. • Reproduction prohibited

issues. The place or places under study serve as examples to illustrate the issues, examine the viewpoints of different groups and identify possible solutions.

V

Boxes About Additional information related to what is being learned.

Additional information related to the content.

Additional explanations that will help clarify different elements that could be confusing.

Connections between Québec and the places being studied.

Activities Throughout the booklet, exercise pages feature activities based on ideas presented in previous pages. Some indicate special goals: Activities with this symbol involve an intellectual operation.

© 2019, Les Éditions CEC inc. • Reproduction prohibited

These activities are followed by a self-assessment grid that describes the targeted intellectual operation and the evaluation criteria.

Activities identified with this symbol involve the use of techniques specific to geography.

The technique is explained with an example in the Maps and Sketches booklet, on the relevant pages.

Reference booklet The Maps and Sketches booklet contains: a mini-atlas of 21 coloured maps and an index concepts related to cartography (the science or practice of drawing maps) explanations concerning techniques an illustrated glossary

TAKE A LOOK! THE BALLOONS HELP YOU UNDERSTAND IDEAS AND FIND INFORMATION.

Comparison between places under study and other places in the world.

VI

Table of Contents What is a metropolis? 2 Metropolises around the world 6

Montréal 10 Where is Montréal located? 10 Montréal: relief and hydrography 11 Who lives in Montréal? 14 How is Montréal organized? 18 The story of Montréal’s development 23 What services and cultural activities can be found in Montréal? 28 What centres of political and economic power are found in Montréal? 28 Montréal’s reputation around the world 30 Montréal in summary 32

Cairo 34

Issues Population movement and housing 52 Getting around Montréal 52 Finding housing in Montréal 53 A range of proposals 54 Finding housing in Cairo 57 Getting around Cairo 58 Possible solutions 58

Global challenges Access to water and health care 61 Imbalance between metropolises 61 Access to water 62 Health 63

Synthesis 68

© 2019, Les Éditions CEC inc. • Reproduction prohibited

Where is Cairo located? 34 Who lives in Cairo? 38 How is Cairo organized? 42 The story of Cairo’s development 46 What services and cultural activities can be found in Cairo? 47 What centres of political and economic power are found in Cairo? 47 Cairo’s reputation around the world 48 Cairo in summary 51

New York City, a metropolis in the United States

URBAN

LIVING IN A METROPOLIS:

ADVANTAGEOUS OR INCONVENIENT?

METROPOLIS

TERRITORY

What is a metropolis? 2 Montréal 10 Cairo 34 Issues Population movement and housing 52 Global challenges Access to water and health care 61 Synthesis 68

Tokyo

Sydney

Mexico City

2

METROPOLIS What is a metropolis?

WHAT IS A

METROPOLIS? METROPOLIS CONCENTRATION Concentration occurs when many similar elements are found in the same geographical space.

Large city usually made up of a main city and surrounding cities. To be defined as a metropolis, a city must have a high population and be home to a number of services and administrative bodies. For this reason, metropolises attract more people and have influence over the region in which they are situated.

To be a METROPOLIS, a city must have a high CONCENTRATION of:

population 1 Urban population around the world

TODAY, MORE THAN HALF THE WORLD’S POPULATION LIVES IN CITIES.

Percentage

50

A metropolis offers a range of activities and services.

• Culture and society: large universities, specialized hospitals, professional sports teams, multiple museums and performance venues, etc.

• Economy: many businesses, jobs, banks, stores, restaurants, etc.

• Transportation: elaborate road network, public transit system, international airports, etc.

• Science and technology: high-tech industries (aerospace, pharmaceutical, information technology), etc.

40 30 20 10 1960

1990 Year

2017

Source: The World Bank, 2018.

power A metropolis houses organizations that make decisions affecting the surrounding region (province, country, continent): • Head offices of banks and large companies, Stock Exchange, etc.

• Government offices • International organizations, consulates (offices) of different foreign nations, etc.

URBANIZATION Urbanization is the phenomenon that occurs when a population becomes increasingly concentrated in cities, leading to the development of localized activities and services.

URBANIZATION occurs when a city grows because new residents are

attracted by businesses that offer jobs. This leads to an increase in economic, cultural and social activities, which attracts even more newcomers. A city becomes a metropolis when it is large enough to have some degree of power over the surrounding region or the country.

© 2019, Les Éditions CEC inc. • Reproduction prohibited

activities and services

60

0

A metropolis has a population that numbers in the millions.

Examples: • Tokyo, a metropolis in Japan: 38 million inhabitants.

• Montréal, Québec’s metropolis: 4 million inhabitants.

METROPOLIS What is a metropolis?

A metropolis is definitely not a village.

2 The metropolis of France: Paris (12.5 million inhabitants).

Cities are organized around various economic activities rather than agriculture. The population is large and concentrated in space.

As in the example of Paris, a metropolis is home to many different activities and services.

3 A French village: Solutré-Pouilly (350 inhabitants).

Villages, typically located in rural areas, are often organized around a main economic activity such as agriculture. As in the example of Solutré-Pouilly, they have few inhabitants and a lot of space.

© 2019, Les Éditions CEC inc. • Reproduction prohibited

A metropolis is more than a city.

4 A metropolis in the United States: Chicago (9.9 million inhabitants).

Chicago is home to more than 30 colleges and universities and the head offices of many world-famous companies, including McDonald’s and Kraft. Chicago is also home to a number of professional sports teams, including the Blackhawks (hockey), the Cubs and the White Sox (baseball). Its O’Hare International Airport is among the busiest in the world.

5 A city in the United States: Portland, Maine (67,000 inhabitants).

Average-sized cities attract smaller numbers of people than metropolises do, and may be organized around a main economic activity. For example, the city of Portland has the largest port in the state of Maine and draws thousands of tourists.

The capital of a country is not necessarily a metropolis. Toronto, for example, is Canada’s largest metropolis, but it is not the capital of the country. A capital is the location of the seat of government (the place where political decisions are made). The seat of Canada’s federal government is located in Ottawa. Even if the seat of government is found in another city, however, metropolises greatly influence political decisions.

6 The Parliament Buildings in Ottawa, the capital of Canada.

3

6

METROPOLIS What is a metropolis?

Metropolises around the world Metropolises are found on all continents except Antarctica. The number of inhabitants varies, but the most populous are called megacities.

Megacity: According to the UN, a megacity is a metropolis with more than 10 million inhabitants.

7 Some metropolises around the world 160°

140°

120°

100°

80°

60°

40°

60°

40°

80°

Arctic

Circle

60°

8 Montréal, Canada.

40°

San Francisco

Toronto Chicago

Montréal New York Washington

Los Angeles

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Tropic of Cancer

20°

Mexico City

PACIFIC OCEAN

9 New York, United States.

Bogota Equator

Lima Rio de Janeiro São Paulo

20° Capricorn Tropic of

Buenos Aires

10 Mexico City, Mexico.

Legend

40°

Megacity (Population greater than 10 million) Regional metropolis

Population density, 2017 (Population per km2) Less than 10 10 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 200 200 and more

THE POPULATION OF A METROPOLIS INCLUDES THAT OF THE MAIN CITY AND THE SURROUNDING CITIES.

60° Antar

International boundary

© 2019, Les Éditions CEC inc. • Reproduction prohibited

0°

ircle ctic C

80°

Source: The World Bank.

0

800

1 600

2 400

3 200 km

160°

140°

120°

100°

80°

°

Some metropolises have a higher concentration of activities and services than others, but all metropolises have one thing in common: they play a central role, influencing the decisions made in the region.

40°

20°

0°

20°

40°

Greenwich Meridian

60°

60°

80°

100°

120°

140°

ARCTIC OCEAN

160°

In 1900, there were 16 major cities with more than 1 million inhabitants in the world.

In 2018, there were more than 600.

180° 80°

ircle Arctic C

60°

Moscow

London

40°

Paris Istanbul

Rome

Seoul

Beijing

Cairo

Tokyo Osaka

Tehran Baghdad

Shanghai

Delhi

Karachi

Mumbai Bangalore

ancer Tropic of C

Dhaka Canton

Kolkata (Calcutta)

20°

Hong Kong Manila

Hyderabad Bangkok

PACIFIC OCEAN

Lagos

Equator

Nairobi

Kinshasa

Jakarta

Luanda © 2019, Les Éditions CEC inc. • Reproduction prohibited 60°

40°

INDIAN OCEAN 20° Tropic of C apricorn

Johannesburg

Sydney

40°

SOUTHERN OCEAN 60°

Greenwich Meridian

°

METROPOLIS What is a metropolis?

20°

0°

Antarc tic Cir cle

80°

20°

40°

60°

11 London, England.

80°

100°

120°

140°

160°

180°

12 Cairo, Egypt.

13 Sydney, Australia.

0°

7

14

METROPOLIS Montréal

Who lives in Montréal?

Montréal is the most populous city in Québec. The City of Montréal and the other cities on the Island of Montréal form an urban agglomeration, which is home to 2 million residents. The area, made up of the Island of Montréal, Laval, the Urban Agglomeration of Longueuil and the cities of the North Shore and South Shore, is called Greater Montréal, or the metropolitan region of Montréal. With 4 million residents, Greater Montréal is the metropolis of Québec.

Agglomeration: Grouping of a main city and surrounding cities.

IN THE CITY OF MONTRÉAL, THE POPULATION DENSITY IS HIGH: 4 662 INHABITANTS PER KM2. IN QUÉBEC AS A WHOLE, THE DENSITY IS LOW: 6 INHABITANTS PER KM2.

Approximately 50 percent of the population of Québec lives in Greater Montréal. This is also the region with the highest population DENSITY in Québec.

POPULATION DENSITY OF GREATER MONTRÉAL IN RELATION TO ALL OF QUÉBEC IN 2016 POPULATION DENSITY PLACE (number of inhabitants) (inhabitants/km2)

DENSITY Population density is the measurement of the number of inhabitants per square kilometre (km2). To calculate population density, the following formula is used:

City of Montréal

1 705 000

4 662

Urban Agglomeration of Montréal (Island of Montréal): 16 cities, including the City of Montréal 1

1 942 000

3 899

City of Laval 2

423 000

1 713

Urban Agglomeration of Longueuil 3

415 000

1 471

North Shore 4

693 000

388

South Shore 5

508 000

367

3 981 000

935

Greater Montréal: ( 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 ) Whole of Québec

number of inhabitants number of = inhabitants per km2 area (km2)

8 164 000

6 Source: Statistics Canada.

Saint-Jérôme Mascouche

o r e S h Terrebonne

h Blainville

N

o

Mirabel

0

14.5 km

Varennes

r

t

Repentigny

4

2 Sainte-Julie

Laval Saint-Eustache

MONTRÉAL

o

r

3

5

e

Urban Agglomeration of Longueuil

1

S

VaudreuilDorion Châteauguay

S o

u

t

h

h

Legend City of Montréal Other cities on the Island of Montréal Urban Agglomeration of Montréal North Shore South Shore Municipal limits

© 2019, Les Éditions CEC inc. • Reproduction prohibited

19 Greater Montréal

No other city in Québec has a population as big as Montréal’s. By comparison, Québec, the city with the second largest population, has 532,000 inhabitants.

MONTRÉAL’S POPULATION IS VASTLY LARGER THAN THE POPULATIONS OF OTHER CITIES IN QUÉBEC!

METROPOLIS Montréal

THE 10 MOST POPULOUS CITIES IN QUÉBEC IN 2016

1. Montréal

The most common languages in Montréal are French and English.

20 Native languages in Montréal in 2016

52% French 35% Languages other than French or English (Arabic, Italian, Spanish, etc.)

15

1 705 000 inhab.

2. Québec

532 000 inhab.

3. Laval

423 000 inhab.

4. Gatineau

276 000 inhab.

5. Longueuil

240 000 inhab.

6. Sherbrooke

161 000 inhab.

7. Saguenay

146 000 inhab.

8. Lévis

143 000 inhab.

9. Trois-Rivières

134 000 inhab.

10. Terrebonne

112 000 inhab.

Source: Statistics Canada.

13% English Source: Statistics Canada.

Montréal’s population is extremely diverse. A high percentage of residents come from other countries and speak different languages.

This phenomenon is called MULTI-ETHNICITY.

© 2019, Les Éditions CEC inc. • Reproduction prohibited

Immigrants often choose to settle in metropolises, where jobs and services are usually plentiful. Because they can support each other and share a common experience, new immigrants tend to live, work and gather in the same areas. Many neighbourhoods form due to large numbers of immigrants from the same country moving to the same area of the city. Examples in Montréal include Chinatown and Little Italy. Other neighbourhoods, such as Côte-des-Neiges and Parc-Extension, are home to communities from many different origins.

MULTI-ETHNICITY Presence of people from different origins and cultures on the same territory: for example, when Italians, Greeks, Haitians and Chinese people all live in the same city.

Parc-Extension neighbourhood Parc-Extension is the most densely populated neighbourhood in Montréal.

It is also one of the city’s most multi-ethnic neighbourhoods, with 62 percent of its residents born outside of Canada.

Its population of 31 000 is made up of more than 100 different cultural communities.

21 One of the four massive gates in Montréal’s Chinatown.

22 Businesses in the Parc-Extension neighbourhood serve many different cultural communities; this Sri-Lankan-Indian-African-Caribbean-Canadian grocery store is one example.

18

METROPOLIS Montréal

How is Montréal organized?

Borough: Division of a city with its own administration that manages certain services.

The Island of Montréal comprises 16 cities, including the City of Montréal, which has the largest population. The City of Montréal is divided into 19 boroughs (arrondissement, in French). Each borough is led by a borough council elected by its residents. The borough council oversees a number of services: maintenance of roads and parks, organization of sports and cultural activities and so on. It is also responsible for urban PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT: for instance, granting building and renovation permits.

PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT Planning and development occurs when humans organize, use and transform a territory to live there, draw value from it or protect it. Planning and development of roads, cities, agricultural land and parks are examples.

23 Cities and boroughs on the Island of Montréal

Rivière-des-Prairies–Pointe-aux-Trembles L'Île-Bizard– Sainte-Geneviève

Montréal-Nord Anjou

Senneville

Pierrefonds-Roxboro Sainte-Annede-Bellevue Kirkland

Baie-D'Urfé

Beaconsfield

Dollard-Des Ormeaux

Ahuntsic-Cartierville

Saint-Laurent

Pointe-Claire

Mont-Royal

CôteSaint-Luc

L'Île-Dorval 5.75 km

Villeray– Saint-Michel– Parc-Extension Rosemont– La Petite-Patrie

Mercier– HochelagaMaisonneuve

Outremont Le PlateauMont-Royal

Dorval

Westmount

Lachine

Ville-Marie

Côte-des-Neiges– Notre-Damede-Grâce

Le Sud-Ouest

Legend Boroughs of Montréal Other cities on the Island of Montréal Downtown

Montréal-Ouest

LaSalle

Verdun

Hampstead

Boroughs have different characteristics depending on the services and cultural activities they offer. Here are some examples.

Residential A high concentration of housing and services for neighbourhood residents, such as parks and schools. Examples: the boroughs of Plateau-Mont-Royal and Ahuntsic-Cartierville.

24 A residential street in the Plateau-Mont-Royal borough.

Industrial A high concentration of industrial businesses, with factories, warehouses and so on. These businesses are clustered in industrial parks to avoid disturbing residential areas. Examples: the boroughs of Saint-Laurent and Anjou.

25 View of Technoparc Montréal, an industrial park in the Saint-Laurent borough.

Commercial A high concentration of stores, restaurants and office buildings. Large numbers of people work and shop in these areas. Example: the Ville-Marie borough.

26 Downtown Montréal, located in the Ville-Marie borough, is home to numerous skyscrapers and office buildings.

© 2019, Les Éditions CEC inc. • Reproduction prohibited

0

Montréal-Est

Saint-Léonard

METROPOLIS Montréal

19

Transportation networks As a metropolis has a large population and a high concentration of economic activities, an organized and well-developed transportation network is essential. Like any other metropolis, Montréal has an extensive range of transportation networks (metro, train and bus lines, roads, bike paths, etc.). These networks allow people to access the city and get around in it.

© 2019, Les Éditions CEC inc. • Reproduction prohibited

One important feature of Montréal is the Montreal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport. The proximity of the St. Lawrence River also makes the Port of Montréal an essential trade hub. However, the city’s location on an island makes access by road and rail more difficult: a number of bridges and tunnels are necessary to maintain a link between Montréal and the North Shore and South Shore.

Metropolitan Autoroute The section of Autoroute 40 that passes through Montréal for about 20 kilometres is called Metropolitan Autoroute because it crosses the metropolis.

Rail: Involving transportation by train.

27 The Montreal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport serves more than 130 destinations in Canada and internationally.

In 2017, more than 18 million travellers flew in or out of Montréal.

28 Downtown Montréal’s Central Station connects different train, metro and bus lines that reach destinations throughout Québec, Canada and even the United States.

29 The Port of Montréal handles more container transport than any other port in eastern Canada. A large number of cruise ships also dock in the port.

30 Montréal’s rail network transports freight trains, such as the Canadian Pacific line, and six commuter train lines connecting the city and the suburbs.

Name

Group

CAIRO

51

METROPOLIS Cairo

IN SUMMARY

1 Demonstrate that Cairo is a metropolis by completing the following table.

ELEMENTS THAT MAKE CAIRO A METROPOLIS CONCENTRATION • of population

A metropolis has millions of inhabitants.

Population of the city of Cairo: Population of the metropolitan area: Percentage of the population of Egypt that lives in the metropolitan region of Cairo: Diverse population made up of:

To reduce the

• services and cultural activities

in the city of Cairo, satellite cities were created in .

A metropolis offers easy access to a wide range of services and cultural activities. Name two services and/or cultural activities available in Cairo for each of the following aspects.

Health and education: Arts and culture: Communications: Economy:

© 2019, Les Éditions CEC inc. • Reproduction prohibited

• of power

A metropolis has influence over its region because it is home to decision-making organizations.

Because Cairo is the

of Egypt, nations that have political ties with

Egypt have their

there.

Name four means of transportation used for travel within the city of Cairo.

TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS

Cairo stretches along both banks of the

, so it is necessary to cross

to move around the city. There are not enough bridges to accommodate Cairo’s large population, however, which leads to As an alternative, some residents use to the other.

. to get from one bank

Name three elements that contribute to Cairo’s international reputation.

INTERNATIONAL REPUTATION

• • •

52

Issues

POPULATION MOVEMENT AND

HOUSING

Issue: A concern related to the occupation and use of a territory. An issue may concern the environment, the economy, quality of life and so on.

The City of Montréal is ranked 12th among the cities with the largest traffic jams in Canada and the United States. Montrealers lose an average of 52 hours a year due to road congestion.

In any metropolis, the combination of a large population and limited space results in a high population density. This density causes serious issues, particularly related to travel and lodging. These issues can have different effects depending on the city.

Getting around Montréal Montréal is located on an island, which brings its own set of problems.

The diagram below illustrates the main problems related to transportation, and their consequences.

Getting around Montréal

• Increased road traffic due to urban sprawl: Suburban residents travel long distances between home and the workplace.

• Congestion on roads providing access to the city: Traffic jams are frequent on bridges and in tunnels connecting suburbs to the Island of Montréal.

Consequences • Negative impact on the economy: Congestion on the road network causes lost time. The result is that employees are often late for work and employers experience lower productivity.

• Increased pollution: Automobile traffic increases air pollution and causes greenhouse gas emissions.

• Congestion on public transit: The metro and buses are sometimes unable to keep up with demand.

I SHOULD BE THERE IN TWO HOURS, MAX!

91 The metro is often crowded at rush hour.

92 Traffic congestion is common on roads that provide access to the Island of Montréal.

© 2019, Les Éditions CEC inc. • Reproduction prohibited

Problems

METROPOLIS Issues • Population movement and housing

Finding housing in Montréal The housing issue in Montréal is problematic.

The consequences of the problem are shown in the chart below.

53

MEDIAN PRICE OF RENT/MONTH IN THE MONTRÉAL REGION IN 2017 LOCATION 2-BEDROOM APARTMENT Downtown Montréal

$1337

Laval

$720

Longueuil

$715 Source: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation.

Finding housing in Montréal

Problems •C oncentration: Services and cultural activities attract an ever-growing number of people.

•H igh expenses: Montréalers spend a large portion of their income on rent.

•L ack of space: Overcrowding can reduce quality of life.

• Urban sprawl, which leads to: – encroachment on agricultural areas – increased distance between home and workplace, with large numbers of suburban residents working in Montréal – greater use of automobiles, which aggravates traffic problems

• Scarcity: Almost 96 percent of all dwellings are occupied.

Adequate housing is hard to find.

•H igh costs: Houses and other dwellings are expensive because they are scarce, in high demand and subject to intense financial competition.

© 2019, Les Éditions CEC inc. • Reproduction prohibited

Consequences

93 Dwellings in Montréal are often crowded together.

New York In the US metropolis of New York City, the average price of housing is much higher than in Montréal. As in Montréal, however, housing becomes less expensive the farther away you are from the downtown core. The average price of a dwelling in Manhattan (New York’s business district), is around $7 300 per month, while in Brooklyn (a borough outside of downtown) it is around $4 300 per month.

95 Manhattan is the most expensive housing district in New York.

94 Urban sprawl from Sainte-Marthe-sur-le-Lac, a city on the North Shore of Montréal, encroaches on agricultural land.

66

METROPOLIS GLOBAL CHALLENGES • Access to water and health care Name

Group

4 Name two ways that high population density affects the health of people living in metropolises.

•

•

ESTABLISH THE FACTS

I correctly established all the facts. (2 out of 2)

I correctly established one of the facts. (1 out of 2)

I did not correctly establish the facts. (0 out of 2)

5 Explain the link between access to drinking water and health.

CONNECT THE FACTS

I correctly established the relation between the facts.

I did not correctly establish the relation between the facts.

6 True or false? a) Only metropolises in developing countries are affected by the problem of smog. b) Living in slums poses health risks for residents. c) Diseases are not spread in metropolises in developed countries. d) Access to drinking water is often a problem in developing countries.

T T

F

T T

F

F F

© 2019, Les Éditions CEC inc. • Reproduction prohibited

7 Read the text below, then answer the question that follows.

Bicycle sharing services Some metropolises have self-serve bicycle sharing services that are available to the public. Bicycles can be rented and returned to any of the many service stations throughout the city. The service allows residents to enjoy the numerous benefits of having a bicycle without having to worry about maintenance and storage. In 2017, the BIXI bicycle sharing service had 6 200 bicycles at 540 stations on the Island of Montréal and the South Shore.

How can a bicycle sharing service help reduce air pollution and the risk of disease?

IDENTIFY CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

I correctly identified the causes. (2 out of 2)

I correctly identified some of the causes. (1 out of 2)

I did not correctly identify the causes. (0 out of 2)

Name

Group

METROPOLIS GLOBAL CHALLENGES • Access to water and health care

8 Name a reason why the planet’s potable water is so scarce.

9 Complete the chart below to explain the link between high concentration of people and health problems in metropolises.

Concentration of people Air pollution

Diseases

Health problems in metropolises IDENTIFY CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

I correctly identified the causes. (2 out of 2)

I correctly identified one of the causes. (1 out of 2)

I did not correctly identify the causes. (0 out of 2)

10 Explain how the following infrastructure can help reduce health problems in metropolises.

© 2019, Les Éditions CEC inc. • Reproduction prohibited

Solutions to health problems in metropolises

The Montréal metro.

A sports field at Parc Rutherford in Montréal

Explanation:

Explanation:

IDENTIFY CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

I correctly identified the causes. (2 out of 2)

I correctly identified some of the causes. (1 out of 2)

I did not correctly identify the causes. (0 out of 2)

67

70

METROPOLIS Synthesis Name

Group

6 Here is some information about Mexico City. Complete the chart to demonstrate that the city is a metropolis.

Mexico City, capital of Mexico • Population of the urban agglomeration in 1950: 3 million inhabitants. opulation of the urban agglomeration in 2018: P more than 21 million inhabitants.

• It is the most populous urban agglomeration in Mexico and represents more than 16 percent of the country’s population.

• It has numerous industries and head offices of companies in the oil and telecommunications sectors.

National Autonomous University of Mexico.

Mexico’s national soccer team plays at the Estadio Azteca, a stadium in Mexico City.

Mexico City’s business district.

The PEMEX oil company is the largest company in Mexico.

Planes belonging to Mexico’s leading airline, at the Benito Juárez International Airport (also known as Mexico City International Airport). © 2019, Les Éditions CEC inc. • Reproduction prohibited

• Problems caused by rapid growth of the metropolis: pollution, road congestion, increase in violent crime, slums, difficulty supplying drinking water, etc.

Concentration of population:

Concentration of services and cultural activities:

Mexico City is a metropolis because of its…

Concentration of centres of power:

CHARACTERIZE A TERRITORY

I correctly identified all the characteristics.

(3 out of 3)

I correctly identified some characteristics.

(1 or 2 out of 3)

I did not correctly identify the characteristics.

(0 out of 3)

Name

Group

METROPOLIS Synthesis

7 Examine the following table that focuses on the metropolises that have hosted or will host the Summer Olympic Games, then answer the question.

YEAR

SUMMER OLYMPIC GAMES METROPOLIS

COUNTRY

2008

Beijing

China

2012

London

United Kingdom

2016

Rio de Janeiro

Brazil

2020

Tokyo

Japan

2024

Paris

France

2028

Los Angeles

United States

Why are the Summer Olympic Games held in metropolises?

IDENTIFY CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

I correctly identified a cause.

I did not correctly identify a cause.

8 Now that you have finished reading the Metropolis booklet, complete the chart to answer the starting question.

LIVING IN A METROPOLIS:

ADVANTAGEOUS OR INCONVENIENT? © 2019, Les Éditions CEC inc. • Reproduction prohibited

Two advantages of living in a metropolis

Would you like to live in a metropolis? Why or why not?

Two inconveniences of living in a metropolis

71

PRODUCTIVITY: Performance of a company or the quantity of products it creates. For example, productivity could involve the amount of meat, milk or vegetables produced by a farm.

RECREATIONAL TOURISM:

Type of tourism based on outdoor leisure activities.

REGULATION: A rule or law that governs an activity.

SUBURB: Community or district built

around a city centre. Suburban communities are primarily residential and often depend on economic activity in the city centre.

SYLVICULTURE: Planned exploitation of a forest in order to ensure regrowth, reforestation and conservation.

TOURISM: Movement and activities of

individuals visiting a location. Tourism also includes the economic activities of a region intended to showcase its attractions and meet the needs of tourists.

RELOCATION: In business, relocation

occurs when a factory is transferred from one country to another to reduce production costs.

TOURIST DESTINATION: Site or region that is visited by a large number of tourists.

RESOURCE: Source of wealth found

TOURIST FLOW: Movement of a large

RESTORATION: Measures taken to return

URBAN SPRAWL: Expansion of urban

in a region or territory.

© 2019, Les Éditions CEC inc. • Reproduction prohibited

a site or a building to its original state.

RURALITY: Related to the countryside as opposed to the city: smaller population, presence of agricultural activities, communities centred in villages and towns, etc.

SITE: Location with a particular landscape and characteristics: for example, an industrial site, a tourist site, a heritage site.

SLUM: Very poor urban district that

developed unofficially. Slums often have no running water or sewage system.

Buildings in slums tend to be precarious and made from recycled materials.

number of tourists from one place to another.

development into a city’s surrounding environment.

URBANIZATION: Phenomenon that

occurs when a population becomes increasingly concentrated in cities, leading to the development of localized activities and services.

WORKSHOP COUNTRY: A country with an inexpensive workforce that manufactures parts or assembles goods for developed countries.

GEO World

Intended for the teaching of geography in Secondary Cycle One, the GEO World collection helps students develop the competencies in the MEES Québec Education Program.

The collection’s unique booklet structure offers the possibility to choose the order in which territories are studied, while ensuring that all concepts, types of territories and specific focuses are covered in full.

GEO World features: • a dynamic and fun magazine style • a wide range of activities that allow students to learn independently • intellectual operations and techniques specific to geography that focus on relevant and timely issues • updated content with recent data and statistics • features that connect general content with Québec issues specifically • illustrated concepts that help students understand definitions • a wide variety of supporting documents: maps, graphs, diagrams, tables and photos • the Maps and Sketches reference booklet, featuring 20+ maps • for teachers, 11 tests to evaluate intellectual operations and subject-specific competencies, along with an array of reproducible documents: projects, crosswords, blank maps, mini-tests and intellectual operations exercises

A wealth of digital content MyCECZone provides access to booklets and Teacher’s guides and Answer Keys in digital form (PC, Mac, iPad and Android), as well as many enrichments, including: • a presentation of each territory • interactive maps • interactive documents presenting data • image carrousels in high-definition • image comparers • links to websites with multimedia content To find out more, go to editionscec.com

A UNIQUE COLLECTION!

CHOOSE THE ORDER OF LEARNING FOR THE DIFFERENT FOCUSES AND TYPES OF TERRITORIES