Prospect 2nd Ed_Grammar book by Les Éditions CEC

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Prospect Grammar is designed for use by low-intermediate students of English as a second language. The book provides a complete review of basic-level grammar, and two supplementary units deal with more advanced grammar. Although Prospect Grammar makes reference to themes and texts in Prospect: English Skills for Academic and Professional Purposes, 2nd Edition, the book may be used on its own.

Prospect Grammar includes: • Twelve units • Clear explanations and an easy-to-follow structure • A wide variety of exercises and exercise types • Three review sections with exercises for structures seen in previous units • Spelling rules and a list of phrasal verbs • A list of irregular verbs

Grammar book for students The digital grammar book allows students to: • flip through the book and take notes • write in their answers • save voice recordings in an audio player

Grammar book for teachers and answer key For in-class use and correcting, the digital version allows you to:

2nd Edition Jane Petring Richard Paré

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CODE DE PRODUIT : 250709 ISBN 978-2-7617-3268-0

ProspectGrammar_Cvrt(4).indd 1

English Skills for Academic and Professional Purposes

Jane Petring Richard Paré

• project the answer key, unit-by-unit • download the answer key, unit-by-unit • share the answer key, unit-by-unit, with your students • correct your students’ answers directly on their digital grammar book • save voice recordings in an audio player

Six-month access for students and teachers to the digital version of the skills book is FREE upon purchase of the paper version of the skills book.

English Skills for Academic and Professional Purposes

Digital Versions, accessed with or without the internet

A 144-page book, with accompanying audio and video recordings, designed for use by lowintermediate ESL students in both academic and vocational programs. The book provides integrated material for students in all programs, with writing assignments and projects allowing students to make connections to their own particular fields.

2nd Edition

About the Authors Jane Petring has taught ESL at Cégep ÉdouardMontpetit in Longueuil and St. Hubert since 1995. She holds an MA in Applied Linguistics and TESOL from Michigan State University and a Certificate in Translation from McGill University. She has also taught in China, Croatia, Ivory Coast, Niger and the U.S. Richard Paré has been teaching ESL at Cégep de Granby since 1990. He has also taught in Rivièredu-Loup and Japan. His university studies were at the Institut d’Études politiques de Paris and the Université de Montréal.

PROSPECT English Skills for Academic and Professional Purposes, 2nd edition

PROSPECT GRAMMAR

PROSPECT GRAMMAR 2nd Edition

2016-11-09 9:01 AM

TABLE OF CONTENTS UNIT 1

PRESENT TENSES

Simple Present Observation ............................................ 1 Form ....................................................... 1 Usage and Practice ................................ 2

UNIT 7

PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

Observation .......................................... 65 Form and Usage ................................... 65

UNIT 8

ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

Observation .......................................... 70 Form and Usage (Adjectives) ............... 70 Form and Usage (Adverbs) .................. 71

Present Continuous Observation ............................................ 4 Form ....................................................... 4 Usage and Practice ................................ 5

Making Comparisons .............................. 73

Simple Present or Present Continuous? Usage and Practice ................................ 7

UNIT 9

UNIT 2

PAST TENSES

Simple Past Observation .......................................... 12 Form ..................................................... 12 Usage and Practice .............................. 13 Past Continuous Observation .......................................... 16 Form ..................................................... 16 Usage and Practice .............................. 16 Simple Past or Past Continuous? Usage and Practice .............................. 18

UNIT 3

THE FUTURE

Observation .......................................... 24 Form ..................................................... 24 Usage and Practice .............................. 25

UNIT 4

MODAL AUXILIARIES

Observation .......................................... 31 Form ..................................................... 31 Usage and Practice .............................. 33

UNIT 5

QUESTIONS

Types of Questions .............................. 40 Question Words ................................... 40 Question Patterns ................................ 42

REVIEW UNITS 1 to 5 ......................... 49 UNIT 6

NOUNS

Observation .......................................... 58 Kinds of Nouns ..................................... 58 Possessive Nouns ................................ 62

PREPOSITIONS AND PHRASAL VERBS

Observation ........................................... 79 Form and Usage ................................... 79 Phrasal Verbs......................................... 83

REVIEW UNITS 6 to 9 ......................... 85 UNIT 10 CONDITIONALS Observation ........................................... Form and Usage ................................... Usage ................................................... Unless, Wish and Hope .......................

91 91 94 96

UNIT 11 THE PRESENT PERFECT AND PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS Observation ........................................... 99 Form .................................................... 100 Usage .................................................. 102

UNIT 12 THE PASSIVE VOICE Observation ......................................... 108 Form .................................................... 108 Usage .................................................. 109

REVIEW UNITS 10 to 12 ................... 113 APPENDICES Appendix 1 Spelling Rules with –ed or –ing .............................. Appendix 2 Spelling Rules with –s ..... Appendix 3 Nouns: Irregular Forms ... Appendix 4 Non-Action Verbs ............. Appendix 5 Glossary of Phrasal Verbs Appendix 6 Irregular Verbs ................

116 116 117 117 118 119

iii TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S

PRESENTATION PAGES ........................... iv

PROSPECT GRAMMAR

INTRODUCTION Prospect Grammar, 2nd Edition reviews the basic grammar notions students have been exposed to in other English courses while highlighting specific aspects that students often have trouble with. Each unit begins with an observation exercise that allows the student to see how the targeted structure is used in context. Charts illustrate how the structure is formed and are followed by explanations of usage. Exercises are interspersed after discrete points to allow students to practise the target structure. Many of the contexts for the exercises relate to the themes in Prospect 2nd Edition and include content that is useful for career and work situations. At the end of every unit, there is a class or group activity to encourage interaction while practising the structure. This revised edition includes three additional review sections following Units 1 to 5, 6 to 9 and 10 to 12 to allow students more practice in consolidating the various structures they have learned. An answer key is provided separately to allow students and teachers the flexibility of independent or classroom study. Although Prospect and Prospect Grammar can be used independently of each other, many of the themes are recycled to enrich the discovery process.

Presentation Pages ProsPect Grammar

UNItstructures 2 The 12 units deal with essential grammatical that you need to know. All verb units and most other units include the following stages. PAST TenSeS UNIT 1

Present UNIT 1 tenses Present tenses

Simple Present Simple Present

Observation: Simple Past Start by finding out how much you

already know about a particular grammar structure. ObservatiOn

Exercise 1: Simple Past Read the text below and underline the verb every time the simple past tense is used in questions, in affirmative statements and in negative statements.

ObservatiOn Exercise 1: Simple Present Read the text below and underline the verb every time the simple present is used in questions, in affirmative statements and in negative statements.

ObservatiOn

Form: This section shows you how to challenges, so they observed animals and mimicked their survival behaviors. Where did Leonardo PAST TenSeS the structure. How do inventors come up with great ideas? Many people think thatda geniuses Vinci getsit hisalone ideasinfortheir flying machines? Of course, he observed birdsform and insects and then drew Simple Past rooms and just wait as brilliant ideas enter their brains. However, most of the time inventions pictures of theoretical aircraft. Four hundred years later, the Wright brothers spent time observing Then you can put and innovations don’t happen like this, and the inventor doesn’t say “Eureka!” Most innovations birds in flight and they applied some of those principles to their early the plans. Although they didn’t into information require a lot of experimenting, and sometimes they are the result of acall mistake. Do mistakes it biomimicry, they ever knew that nature made an excellent teacher. It was not until the end of practice through help you find a new way to do something? the 20th century that biomimicry became a formalized field of study. In 1998, the biologist Janine Benyus published her book Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature.varied follow-up 12 FOrm exercises. FOrm FOrm

Subject Pronoun

Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

ProsPect Grammar

Present tenses

How do inventors come up with great ideas? Many people think that geniuses sit alone in their When did the science of biomimicry begin? The concept of using nature to influence human Exercise 1: Simple Present rooms and just wait as brilliant ideas enter their brains. However, most of the time inventions and innovations don’t happen like this, and the inventor doesn’t say “Eureka!” Most innovations Read the text below and underline the verb every time the simple present usedwith the first humans. They didn’t have reference books to solve their design design really is began require a lot of experimenting, and sometimes they are the result of a mistake. Do mistakes ever UNIt 2 in questions, statements and in negative statements. help you find a new wayin to doaffirmative something?

All verbs except be, have and modals

base form

do not / don’t + base form does not / doesn’t + base form

do + subject + base form does + subject + base form

I/you/we/they

I work

I don’t work.

Do you work?

He/she/it

He works

He doesn’t work.

Does she work?

UNIT 1

ObservatiOn

Exercise 1: Simple Past Read the text below and underline the verb every time the simple past tense is used in questions, in affirmative statements and in negative statements.

When did the science of biomimicry begin? The concept of using nature to influence human

The verb be

I am / I’m

I am not / I’m not

Am I ... ?

design really began with the first humans. They didn’t have reference books to solve their design

You are / You’re

You are not / You aren’t / You’re not

Are you ... ?

challenges, so they observed animals and mimicked their survival behaviors. Where did Leonardo

He/she/it

He is / He’s

He is not / He isn’t / He’s not

Is he ... ?

da Vinci get his ideas for flying machines? Of course, he observed birds and insects and then drew pictures of theoretical aircraft. Four hundred years later, the Wright brothers spent time observing

The verb have

birds in flight and they applied some of those principles to their early plans. Although they didn’t

I/you/we/they

I have

I do not / I don’t have

Do I have ... ?

He/she/it

He has

He does not / He doesn’t have

Does he have ... ?

Subject Affirmative Spelling Rules for Adding –s to the 3rd Person Singular Pronoun

Present tenses

You/we/they

call it biomimicry, they knew that nature made an excellent teacher. It was not until the end of

the 20th century that biomimicry became a formalized field of study. In 1998, the biologist Janine

Negative

Verbs ending in consonant + -y study, carry, try, cry

Change the –y to –ies studies, carries, tries, cries

Verbs ending in vowel + -y play, stay, obey, employ

Keep the –y and add –s plays, stays, obeys, employs

All verbs except be, have and modals

Benyus published her book Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature. Interrogative FOrm Affirmative Affirmative

Negative

did not + / didn’t base form –ed + base form do + subject + base form Regular I/you/he/she/it/ I did not / does + subject form verbs* + base we/they worked. didn’t work. base form + –ed

Add -es base form do not / don’t + base form misses, rushes, watches, taxes, goes does not / doesn’t + base form

Verbs ending in –s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o miss, rush, watch, tax, go

Irregular

I/you/he/she/it/

I did not /

Interrogative did + subject + base form

UNIT 1

Did I work?

Negative

Interrogative

did not / didn’t + base form

did + subject + base form

Did I see Tom?

verbs** we/they saw Tom. didn’t see Tom. Regular I/you/he/she/it/ I did not / Do you work? The verb be I/he/she/it was here. I was not / wasn’t here. Was I here? You/we/they were here. worked. You were not / Were you here? verbs* we/they didn’t work. weren’t here. Does she work? * Regular and irregular verbs (except be) use the same form in the simple past with all subject pronouns. Irregular I/you/he/she/it/ I did not / ** See Appendix 6 for a list of irregular verbs. verbs** we/they saw Tom. didn’t see Tom.

Did I work?

I/you/we/they

I work

I don’t work.

He/she/it

He works

He doesn’t work.

I am / I’m

I am not / I’m not

Am I The ... ? verb be

You/we/they

You are / You’re

You are not / You aren’t / You’re not

Are you ... ?

He/she/it

He is / He’s

He is not / He isn’t / He’s not

and irregular verbs (except be) use the same form in the simple past with all subject pronouns. Is he* ...Regular ?

The verb be

The verb have

I/he/she/it was here. You/we/they were here.

I was not / wasn’t here. You were not / weren’t here.

Did I see Tom? Was I here? Were you here?

** See Appendix 6 for a list of irregular verbs.

I/you/we/they

I have

I do not / I don’t have

Do I have ... ?

He/she/it

He has

He does not / He doesn’t have

Does he have ... ?

ProsPect Grammar

4 The students are going to study together. The students are going to take the exam. (before)

USAGE And PRACTICE

5 We will not graduate from CEGEP. We will work harder. (unless)

Simple Past

Past Continuous

Expresses completed past actions

Expresses actions in progress in the past

Ann studied English last year. We went to the park yesterday.

We were walking to the park when it started to rain. Ann was studying English while Mark

Simple Past or Past Continuous?

Exercise 5: Using the Present after Time Expressions Past Continuous Complete the following sentences using your own words.

was working in London. Simple Past Describes a series of actions in the past

Describes actions happening in the past at the same time or that were interrupted

We took the completed metro downtown and then we actions Expresses past Expresses actions in progress in the past to do his homework after he finishes dinner. Examples: Daniel is going went to a club. We danced all night and then While I was sitting in the club, the waiter we came home. was serving drinks and the band was playing music. While people were dancing, We were walking to the park when it Ann studied English last year. As soon as it stops raining, I’ m going to go downtown. the lights suddenly went off. 3 Pierre is going to wait for us. We are going to finish our homework. (until) Keywords: to the park yesterday. Keywords: while, as, when We went started to rain. yesterday, last night, last year, last week, Sunday, three years ago, five months ago, Ann was studying English while Mark 1 When 4 Theback students are going to my study together. I get from trip,TheI students are going to take the exam. (before) two days ago, a week ago; dates or times in the past: in 1959, on March 4th, on Monday, was working in London. at 8:00 this morning 5 We will not graduate from CEGEP. We will work harder. (unless) 2 I will jump for joy when you Describes a series of actions in the past Describes actions happening in the past Non-Action Verbs As with the present continuous, the past continuous is rarely used with certain verbs that do at the same time or that6 were interrupted Tom will study. Greg will finish practising his drums. (when) not convey an action. See Appendix 4 for a list of non-action verbs. We took the metro downtown and then we 3 You aren’t going to buy a new car unless you – I knew the answer. We understood the lecture. They seemed tired. went to a club. We danced all night and then While I was sitting in the club, the waiter Exercise 5: Using the Present after Time Expressions Do NOT use the past continuous to describe a sequence of past actions we came home. was serving4drinks andComplete the band was the following sentences using your own words. I’m going to call everyone I know if Tom or past habits. Examples: Daniel is going to do his homework after he finishes dinner. played helped playing music. While people were dancing,m going to go downtown. When I was little, I was playing in the park and I was helping my mother As soon as it stops raining, I’ in the garden. off. 28 the lights suddenly 5 Afterwent 1 my uncle When I getsees back from what my trip, I I did to his car, he ProsPect Grammar

ProsPect Grammar

Simple Past or PastPRACTICE Continuous? USAGE And

Usage and Practice: This section shows you when and how to use the structure and helps you to distinguish Tom will study. Greg will finish practising his drums. (when) between forms which may cause problems.

The simple past is used much more frequently than the past continuous.

Keywords: Note: Some verbs can be both action and non-action verbs, depending on the meaning. yesterday, last night, last year, last week, • Julie had a car. The verb have expresses possession, not an action. Sunday, three years ago, five months ago, • Julie was having problems with her car. Have expresses an action. two days ago, a week ago; dates or times in • Jane saw a cat. The verb see expresses a perception, not an action. the past: in 1959, on March 4th, on Monday, • Jane was seeing a colleague. This active usage means Jane was dating a colleague. at 8:00 this morning

2 I will jump for joy when you Keywords: while, as, when 6 Dave isn’t3 You aren’t going car unless you until going toto buy doa new anything 4 I’m going to call everyone I know if Tom

5 After my uncle sees what I did to his car, he

A wide range of exercises lets you practise different aspects of a structure, with more open-ended activities toward the end of the unit.

Exercise 6:6Mixed Tenses (Present, Past and Future Tenses) Dave isn’t going to do anything until Exercise 6: Mixed Tenses the (Present,correct Past and Future form Tenses) Fill in the blanks with of the verbs in parentheses. Pay attention to Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. Pay attention to clues in theclues sentence determine which tense to use. in the sentence toto determine which tense to use.

Exercises with mixed tenses allow Non-Action Verbs Julie: Hi Nancy, how’s it going? you to review and As with the present continuous, the past continuous is rarely used with certain verbs that do not convey an action. See Appendix 4 for a list of non-actionNancy: verbs. Great. I can’t wait for the weekend. recycle structures – I knew the answer. We understood the lecture. They seemed tired. Spelling Rules for Adding –ed (do) something special? Julie: previously covered. Regular verbs ending in one vowel and one Double the consonant and add –edsister (move) to Ottawa Nancy: Yes, John’s These exercises DoifNOT usesyllable the past continuous to describe a sequence of emitted past actions consonant the last is stressed stopped, planned, referred, last month when she started a job with CIDA and this weekend also help you or past habits. stop, plan, reFER, eMIT played helped we (visit) her. in the park –y and was helping my mother I was in little, I was playing Regular When verbs ending a consonant + –y Change to I–ied to place the in the study, carry, try,garden. reply studied, carried, tried, replied (not / know) she moved. Your trip Julie: Oh, I structures in a is used the past continuous. Regular The verbssimple ending past in a vowel + –ymuch more frequently Keep –y and than add –ed sounds like fun. How (you / get) there? variety of contexts. play, delay, obey, employ played, delayed, obeyed, employed Julie:

Hi Nancy, how’s it going?

Nancy: Great. I can’t wait for the weekend. Julie:

(do) something special?

Nancy: Yes, John’s sister

(move) to Ottawa

last month when she started a job with CIDA* and this weekend we

Julie:

Oh, I

(visit) her.

(not / know) she moved. Your trip

sounds like fun. How

Nancy: We

(you / get) there?

(drive).

* Canadian International Development Agency.

(drive).

Advice for avoiding common errors is highlighted in the exclamation point boxes. A correct alternative is clearly indicated.

• Julie had a come car. The verb have expresses possession, not an action. explain He • Julie was wanted tohaving came.problems withThey tried toexpresses explained. her car. Have an action.

* Canadian International Development Agency.

come explain • Jane saw a cat. The verb see expresses a perception, not an action. He didn’t came. They didn’t explained it well.

USAGE And PRACTICE

• Jane was seeing a colleague. This active usage means Jane was dating Simple Present or Present Continuous?

Do NOT translate from the French passé composé structure. a colleague. wrote

Present Continuous

worked

• T here are three ways toIt’s pronounce the –ed ending, depending on the final sound of the 8:30 and I’m leaving now. verb in the base form.

I usually leave for school at 7:30 a.m.

Can express fixed schedules for the future USAGE And PRACTICE

t When does your flight arrive? Pronounce Simple Present Expresses a fact, a habit or a permanent My plane arrives at five o’clock. situation Simple Present or Present Continuous?

Cross-reference links refer to appropriate appendices so Pronounce that you Pronounce id can benefit from a wider variety of When is your uncle comingdto visit? He’s leaving Toronto in the morning and examples. 13 Voiced sound ** Verbs ending in sound t, d Can express plans for the future

Present Continuous

Expresses a temporary situation that is

happening now Voiceless sound* arriving afternoon. Question: What aretomorrow you doing? (now) trying to fix this computer. in sound b, v, g, j, Verbs ending in soundAnswer: p, I’m Verbs ending I usually leave for school at 7:30 a.m. It’s 8:30 and I’m leaving now. Keywords: always, usually, Keywords: now, today, this week, this f, k,often, s, sh,never, ch, x z, r, l, m, n, ng and vowels Can express fixed schedules for the future Can express plans for the future Question: What do you do? (in life) Answer: I’m a computer technician.

sometimes, generally, etc. When does your flight arrive?

month, this year, tomorrow, at the moment

When is your uncle coming to visit?

He’s leaving rubbed, Toronto in the morning and stopped, laughed, halved, bagged, judged, arriving tomorrow afternoon. Keywords: now, today, this week, this worked, washed, phased, barred, walled, towed month, this year, tomorrow, at the moment watched, passed, boxed Non-Action Verbs My plane arrives at five o’clock.

Non-Action Verbs

Pa s t t e n s e s

Question: What are you doing? (now) Answer: I’m trying to fix this computer.

Keywords: always, usually, often, never, sometimes, generally, etc.

wanted, started, invited, debated, decided, landed

UNIT 2

Question: What do you do? (in life) Pronunciation Answer: I’m a computer technician.

Present tenses

UNIT 1

Present tenses

• Some verbs are rarely• used in the continuous form because they do not express an action. Some verbs are rarely used in the continuous form because they do not express an action. *Vocal notverbs. vibrate. cords vibrate. Below is acords list of somedo non-action See Appendix 4 for a** longerVocal list. Below is a list of some non-action verbs. See Appendix 4 forsound a longer list. admire cost hate look possess agree disagree have love prefer suppose • N ote that pronunciation depends on the sound the spelling. be exist hear needlook realize taste possess and not admire cost believe hate include sound fear notice remember think belong feel owelove see understand agree disagree have know prefer suppose contain forgetis pronounced like own t because seem want ending of – Coughed the 7 the verb’s base form sounds like f. APPENDIX 6 Irregular Verbs be exist • Some verbs can behear realize taste action and non-action, depending on the meaning. – Phased isbothpronounced dneed because the ending of the verb’s baseAPPENDIX form6 sounds Irregular Verbslike z. This soup tastesinclude good. My perception of the soup is that it is good.remember believe fear –– Ann notice think The most common irregular verbs areirregular in bold print. The most common verbs are in bold print. is tasting the soup. Ann is in the process of tasting the soup. belong feel know owe see understand – Mark thinks the soup is good. Mark has an opinion. Past Past Base Form Simple Past Base Form Simple Past – Mark is thinking about Ann’s soup. Mark is actively thinking about the soup. Participle Participle contain forget like own seem want Past 7 arise arose arisen fall fell fallen Base Form Base Form Simple Past awake awoke awoken Exercise 9: Understanding the Difference between Simple Present and Present Continuous feed fed fed Participle USAGE And PRACTICE feel felt felt be was, were been Read the paired sentences below and answer the questions that follow. bear bore borne/born • Some verbs can be both action fight fought fought 1 a. Fred doesn’t drive.and b. Bill’snon-action, not driving us to school.depending on the meaning. arise arose arisen fall find found found beat beat beat/beaten The Who simple is used to express an event that took place at a definite time in the past.flee doesn’t have past a driver’s license? fled fled become became become – This soup tastes good. of the soup is that it is good. 2 a. Ted and Alice don’t go to the movies. My b. Helenperception and Linda aren’t going to the movies. awake awoke awoken feed fling flung flung begin began begun bend bent bent fly flew flown Who couldn’t find a babysitter? • Nicole wrote this letter – Ann is tasting the soup. Ann last is in week. the process of tasting the soup. bet bet bet forbid forbade/ forbidden feel 3 a. Julia is staying at her mother’s. b. Anthony stays with his mother. be was, were been forbad bid bade/bid bidden/bid Whose mother sees her child the most? forget forgot forgotten Marc yesterday. – Mark thinks the• I saw soup is good. Mark has an opinion. bind bound bound bear bore borne/born fight 4 a. Tom is washing the dishes. b. Kathy washes the dishes. forgive forgave forgiven bite bit bitten/bit – Mark is thinking about Ann’s Mark is actively thinking about the soup. freeze froze frozen Who has their hands soup. in dishwater the most often? bleed bled bled find beat beat beat/beaten get got gotten/got blow blew blown 5 a. Sue doesn’t eat meat. b. Helen isn’t eating meat. c. Linda is only eating vegetables. give gave given break broke broken Who is a vegetarian? flee become became become go went gone breed bred bred 6 a. Janice doesn’t skate. b. Allison isn’t skating. grind ground ground bring brought brought Exercise 9: Understanding Who theneverDifference between Simple Present and Present Continuous fling begin began begun grow grew grown learned to skate? build built built hang hung hung burn burned/burnt burned/burnt Read the paired sentences below and answer the questions that follow. bend bent bent fly 119 have had had burst burst burst hear heard heard buy bought bought bet bet bet forbid hide hid hidden 1 a. Fred doesn’t drive. b. Bill’s not driving us to school. cast cast cast hit hit hit catch caught caught hold held held bid bade/bid bidden/bid choose chose chosen hurt hurt hurt Who doesn’t have a driver’s license? cling clung clung forget keep kept kept come came come bind bound bound kneel knelt knelt cost cost cost 2 a. Ted and Alice don’t go to the movies. b. Helen and Linda aren’t going to the movies. forgive knit knitted/knit knitted/knit creep crept crept bite bit bitten/bit know knew known cut cut cut lay laid laid freeze deal dealt dealt Who couldn’t find a babysitter? bleed bled bled lead led led dig dug dug 2011, Les Éditions CEC inc. • Reproduction prohibited leave left left get dive dove/dived dived 3 a. Julia is staying©at blow blew blown her mother’s. b. Anthony stays with his mother. lend lent lent do did done let let let draw drew drawn give break broke broken lie lay lain dream dreamed/ dreamed/ Whose mother sees her child the most? light lit/lighted lit/lighted dreamt dreamt go breed bred bred drink drank drunk lose lost lost 4 a. Tom is washing the dishes. b. Kathy washes the dishes. drive drove driven make made made grind bring brought brought eat ate eaten mean meant meant grow Who has their hands in dishwater the most often? build built built hang 5 a. Sue doesn’t eat meat. b. Helen isn’t eating meat. c. Linda is only eating vegetables. burn burned/burnt burned/burnt have burst burst burst Who is a vegetarian? hear buy bought bought 6 a. Janice doesn’t skate. b. Allison isn’t skating. hide cast cast cast Who never learned to skate? hit catch caught caught © 2011, Les Éditions CEC inc. • Reproduction prohibited choose hold chose chosen © 2011, Les Éditions CEC inc. • Reproduction prohibited hurt cling clung clung keep APPENDICES

Appendices: Spelling rules and Past lists Simple Pastof special Participle of fell categories fallen fed fed nouns and verbs felt felt are provided in fought fought found found the appendices fled fled back of flungat the flung flew flown the book for easy forbade/ forbidden forbad reference. forgot forgave froze got gave went ground grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept

forgotten forgiven frozen gotten/got given gone ground grown hung had heard hidden hit held hurt kept

119 APPENDICES

Simple Present

Expresses a fact, a habitI or a permanent Expresses situation that yesterday. is have written him last week.a temporary We have worked situation happening now

INTRODUCTIION

Nancy:verbs, We 6 depending Note: Some verbs can be both action and non-action theuse meaning. Do on NOT the simple past after to or after did/didn’t.

UNIT 1

PRESENT TENSES Simple Present OBSERVATION Exercise 1: Simple Present Read the text below and underline the verb every time the simple present is used in questions, in affirmative statements and in negative statements. How do inventors come up with great ideas? Many people think that geniuses sit alone in their rooms and just wait as brilliant ideas enter their brains. However, most of the time inventions and innovations don’t happen like this, and the inventor doesn’t say “Eureka!” Most innovations

FORM Subject Pronoun

Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

All verbs except be, have and modals base form

do not / don’t + base form does not / doesn’t + base form

do + subject + base form does + subject + base form

I/you/we/they

I work

I don’t work.

Do you work?

He/she/it

He works

He doesn’t work.

Does she work?

The verb be I

I am / I’m

I am not / I’m not

Am I ... ?

You/we/they

You are / You’re

You are not / You aren’t / You’re not

Are you ... ?

He/she/it

He is / He’s

He is not / He isn’t / He’s not

Is he ... ?

The verb have I/you/we/they

I have

I do not / I don’t have

Do I have ... ?

He/she/it

He has

He does not / He doesn’t have

Does he have ... ?

Spelling Rules for Adding –s to the 3rd Person Singular Verbs ending in consonant + -y study, carry, try, cry

Change the –y to –ies studies, carries, tries, cries

Verbs ending in vowel + -y play, stay, obey, employ

Keep the –y and add –s plays, stays, obeys, employs

Verbs ending in –s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o miss, rush, watch, tax, go

Add -es misses, rushes, watches, taxes, goes

1 UNIT 1

help you find a new way to do something?

PRESENT TENSES

require a lot of experimenting, and sometimes they are the result of a mistake. Do mistakes ever

Pronunciation There are three ways to pronounce the 3rd person –s ending, depending on the sound at the end of the verb. PROSPECT GRAMMAR

Pronounce s

Pronounce z

Pronounce iz

Voiceless sound* Verbs ending with the sounds p, f, t, k

Voiced sound ** Verbs ending with the sounds b, d, l, r, m, n, v, th, g, w and vowels

Verbs ending with the sounds s, z, ch, j, sh, zh, x

stops, puffs, coughs, paints, packs

robs, bends, pulls, pairs, combs, wins, halves, bathes, sees, lies

misses, ﬁzzes, watches, judges, washes, taxes

*Vocal cords do not vibrate.

** Vocal cords vibrate.

USAGE AND PRACTICE The simple present is used to express habits and facts. • Habits: Tom usually eats breakfast at 6:00. Stacy occasionally arrives late. • Facts: Tom works in a garage. When you freeze water, it becomes ice.

Exercise 2: Simple Present be drive eat study know watch carry have

Fill in the blanks with the simple present of an appropriate verb from the list above. Use the negative form where indicated. Use a different verb for each sentence. 1 Sam’s a vegetarian, so he meat. (neg.) 2 Dora

TV when she’s bored.

3 When I drink, I 4 Nick usually

my car. (neg.) in the library when he has an exam.

5 Sally is only 15, so she

her driver’s license. (neg.)

6 Tim and Ellie can’t find their keys. They

where they put them. (neg.)

7 In Canada, people can’t vote if they 8 Della

at least 18 years old. (neg.)

her books in a backpack.

Exercise 3: Simple Present Fill in the blanks with the simple present of the verb in parentheses. If you see not, use a negative form. Smoke alarms

(save) hundreds of lives because they

smoke, but they

(warn) people that there 4

(be)

(not prevent) fires. Why

(burn, homes) down every year? It

(turn) out that the main causes are misused appliances

and faulty wiring. To solve this problem, a home

(need)

appliances that

(tell) the power outlet to shut off when they

are using too much electricity, and the power outlet

(have)

to be smart enough to turn off. With today’s new technology, a “digital transponder” in the appliance plug

(communicate) with a wireless data reader in

the outlet. The intelligent plug 12

(be) a brilliant new idea that (save) lives and

(not cost)

much money.

Asking Questions • The word order for most information questions is: Question word(s), Auxiliary, Subject, Verb, rest of sentence (QASV). Remembering QASV will help you put the words in the correct order. Notice that the question word(s) and the subject can be more than one word. Subject

Verb

Rest of Sentence

do does does don’t do

you our plane this class we they

need leave finish? go live?

to see? Vancouver?

do does does

the employees John he

need come drive?

to do this? to school?

to the library?

• T he auxiliary verb do (does) comes before the subject in a question even when there is no question word. – When do you usually wake up? – Where do you take the bus? – Do you take the bus to school? • When the verb be is the main verb, do not use do (does). – Where is the bus stop? – Is the bus late?

Do/does agrees with the subject of the sentence and the main verb is in the base form. does live Does Observe these errors: Where do he live? Where does he lives? Do he drive?

• When who or what is the subject of the sentence, do/does is not used. – Who listens to rap? Who plays guitar? What happens next? Observe: Tom helps Ann. Tom is the subject. Ann is the direct object. – Question: Who helps Ann? Answer: Tom (subject of verb) – Question: Who(m)* does Tom help? Answer: Ann (object of verb)

• Even if the answer is plural, use the singular form of the verb in the question. – Question: Who helps Ann? – Answer: Tom and Bob help her every day. * The question word whom is also used when who is the object of the verb or when it follows a preposition. © 2011, Les Éditions CEC inc. • Reproduction prohibited

PRESENT TENSES

Who What time When Why Where How many times How Which car

Auxiliary

3 UNIT 1

Question Word(s)

Exercise 4: Questions in the Simple Present Write questions for the underlined answers.

PROSPECT GRAMMAR

Example: How do smoke alarms save lives? Smoke alarms save lives by making a loud noise when they sense smoke.

1 Homes burn down because of faulty wiring.

2 Homes need intelligent plugs.

3 Homes need intelligent plugs.

4 The intelligent plug is a brilliant idea.

5 No, the intelligent plug doesn’t cost much money.

Present Continuous* *Present continuous and present progressive are two names for the same verb tense.

OBSERVATION

Exercise 5: Present Continuous Read the text below and underline the verb every time the present continuous is used in questions, in affirmative statements and in negative statements. Do you get your best ideas while you are taking a shower? Many people find that when they are not trying to concentrate on something, that is, while they are doing an activity such as jogging or doing the dishes, the most creative ideas come to them. So when someone asks, “Why are you taking a shower at this time of the day?” you can answer that you are looking for a good idea for your English essay!

FORM Pronouns

Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

present of to be + verb + –ing

negative of to be + verb + –ing

to be + subject + verb + –ing

I am working.

I am not working.

Am I working?

You/we/they

You are working.

You are not working.

Are you working?

He/she/it

She is working.

She is not working.

Is she working?

• The verb be is contracted as follows: – I’m; you’re; we’re; they’re; he’s; she’s; it’s – I’m not; you’re/we’re/they’re not or you/we/they aren’t; he’s/she’s/it’s not or he/she/it isn’t

USAGE and PRACTICE • T he present continuous is used to express actions that are temporary or are happening now. – Temporary: Ella is working at the counter while Annie is sick. – Happening now: Smile! I’m taking your picture.

Exercise 6: Present Continuous play go shine work rain ride try write

Fill in the blanks with the present continuous of an appropriate verb from the list above. Use the negative form where indicated. 1 Tom lost his job, so he

this week. (neg.)

2 The sun

, so I think I’ll go for a walk.

3 Why are you taking your umbrella? It 4 This week all of us

outside. (neg.)

5 Frank

his bike to school today because it has a flat tire. (neg.)

6 Alice

an essay about inventions inspired by nature.

7 No, I’

to the party because I have to study. (neg.)

8 My team is losing because they

well. (neg.)

(happen) in this house right now? Let’s see if they

(use) a lot electricity at this moment. A pot of water

(boil) on the electric stove while a coffee maker

(brew) coffee. Someone 5

a shirt and watching TV. The children 7

UNIT 1

Exercise 7: Present Continuous Fill in the blanks with the present continuous of the verbs in parentheses. What 1

Present Tenses

to come up with a good idea for the project.

(sit) on the floor, but they

(not look) at the TV. They 8

a video game. The washing machine

of these appliances 10

(iron) (play) (make) a lot of noise. All

(draw) a lot of electric current at the same

time.

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Asking Questions

Prospect Grammar

• The auxiliary verb be comes before the subject of a sentence. – What are you doing? Why is he driving? What am I doing? – Are you working now? Is he driving safely? Am I doing this correctly?

• When who or what is the subject of the sentence, the word order changes slightly. – Who is listening to this? What is happening here?

Observe: Tom is helping Ann. Tom is the subject. Ann is the direct object.

– Question: Who is helping Ann? Answer: Tom (subject of verb) – Question: Who(m)* is Tom helping? Answer: Ann (object of verb)

• Always use the singular form of the verb when who is the subject of the question—even if the answer is plural. – Question: Who is helping Tom? – Answer: Ann and Fred are helping Tom.

*The question word whom is also used when who is the object of the verb or when it follows a preposition.

Exercise 8: Questions in the Present Continuous Write questions in the present continuous for the underlined parts of the following answers.

SITUATION 1 Out of a Job. Two friends are talking about Julie, who has just heard that the

factory where she works is closing. Example: Why is Julie crying?

Julie is crying because the plant she works for is closing.

1 The factory is closing because the company is moving out of Canada. 2 It is moving its operations to China. 3 Yes, the company is offering workers a compensation package equivalent to six months’ salary.

SITUATION 2 Working in Costa Rica. Two friends are talking about Joy, who is in Costa Rica. 1 I’m reading a letter from Joy. She’s in Costa Rica. 2 Joy’s working in Costa Rica. 3 She’s teaching English. 4 She’s making about $12 an hour, which isn’t bad for Costa Rica.

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USAGE AND PRACTICE Simple Present or Present Continuous? Simple Present

Present Continuous

Expresses a fact, a habit or a permanent situation

Expresses a temporary situation that is happening now

Question: What do you do? (in life) Answer: I’m a computer technician.

Question: What are you doing? (now) Answer: I’m trying to ﬁx this computer.

I usually leave for school at 7:30 a.m.

It’s 8:30 and I’m leaving now.

Can express fixed schedules for the future

Can express plans for the future

When does your ﬂight arrive? My plane arrives at ﬁve o’clock.

When is your uncle coming to visit? He’s leaving Toronto in the morning and arriving tomorrow afternoon.

Keywords: always, usually, often, never, sometimes, generally, etc.

Keywords: now, today, this week, this month, this year, tomorrow, at the moment

admire agree be believe belong contain

cost disagree exist fear feel forget

hate have hear include know like

look love need notice owe own

possess prefer realize remember see seem

sound suppose taste think understand want

• Some verbs can be both action and non-action, depending on the meaning. – This soup tastes good. – Ann is tasting the soup.

My perception of the soup is that it is good. Ann is in the process of tasting the soup.

– Mark thinks the soup is good. – Mark is thinking about Ann’s soup.

Mark has an opinion. Mark is actively thinking about the soup.

Exercise 9: Understanding the Difference between Simple Present and Present Continuous Read the paired sentences below and answer the questions that follow. 1 a. Fred doesn’t drive. b. Bill’s not driving us to school. Who doesn’t have a driver’s license?

2 a. Ted and Alice don’t go to the movies.

b. Helen and Linda aren’t going to the movies.

Who couldn’t find a babysitter?

3 a. Julia is staying at her mother’s.

b. Anthony stays with his mother.

Whose mother sees her child the most?

4 a. Tom is washing the dishes.

b. Kathy washes the dishes.

Who has their hands in dishwater the most often?

5 a. Sue doesn’t eat meat. b. Helen isn’t eating meat. Who is a vegetarian?

c. Linda is only eating vegetables.

7 UNIT 1

• Some verbs are rarely used in the continuous form because they do not express an action. Below is a list of some non-action verbs. See Appendix 4 for a longer list.

PRESENT TENSES

Non-Action Verbs

PROSPECT GRAMMAR

Exercise 10: Recognizing Errors in the Present Tenses Are the underlined parts of the sentence written correctly? If they use the wrong verb tense, rewrite the sentence with the correct form. Example: Please slow down! You drive too fast and the road is slippery. You are driving too fast and the road is slippery.

1 What do you do today after class?

2 Listen, the car is making a funny noise.

3 I’m sorry but I can’t talk to you right now. I try to study for my exam.

4 Do you see the Japanese guy with the blue shirt over there? He comes from Tokyo and he visits our school.

5 I’m usually walking to school.

6 Where do you go?

7 I hate it when it rains in winter.

8 I’m not thinking it’s a good idea to call her now.

Exercise 11: Simple Present or Present Continuous? Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in parentheses. Use the simple present or the present continuous. If you see not, use a negative form. If you see a question mark (?), use a question form. 1 The company’s sales it

are dropping

(drop) dramatically. Consequently,

(not / hire) anyone; it

(fire)

workers.

2 The cost of living in China 3 Where

(increase) steadily. (you / do / ?) your grocery shopping? I buy my food

at the corner store.

4 Canadians who

(go) south for winter every year are called

snowbirds.

5 Roger

6 More and more towns

(you / hear / ?) that noise? (shovel) the snow off the roof. (ban) the use of lawn pesticides

these days.

7 Generally, the people who

(make) money with an invention

are those who

(own) the patent, not necessarily those who

invented the product.

8 Where

(you / go / ?)?

Exercise 12: Simple Present or Present Continuous? Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in parentheses. Use the simple present or the present continuous. If you see not, use a negative form. If you see a question mark (?), use a question form. is

Many people say that water 1

(be) the oil of the 21st century.

As we speak, in many parts of the world, water supplies 2 dramatically and, consequently, prices

(drop)

(rise) from the Middle

(become) the Kuwait of water. But how much water

(we / have / really / ?)? Some people

(say) that Canada 7

(hold) 20%

of the world’s freshwater resources, but in fact, our renewable freshwater supply 8

(represent) about 7% of the world’s supply for .5% of the

global population. South of our border, the situation is different. Many parts of the USA 9 10

(run) out of the precious fluid and large corporations

(get) ready to import Canadian water into the States.

These companies 11

(push) to have water considered a tradable

commodity under international rules and they 12 ways to transport huge quantities of water. Some companies

(try) to find cheap 13

(examine) the possibility of building pipelines while others 14 of using big tankers. Many Canadians 16

UNIT 1

Present Tenses

East to the American West. In this context, Canada, with its huge water supply,

(think) (be) worried and

(want) the government to protect their natural resource. Will we

let organizations such as the WTO (World Trade Organization) make decisions for us?

Exercise 13: Simple Present or Present Continuous? Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in parentheses. Use the simple present or the present continuous. If you see not, use a negative form. Every day, we are bombarded by indicators that tell us how our economy 1 (do). However, more and more people 2 happiness 3

is doing

(think) that quality of life and

(be / not) just the result of economic growth. Therefore,

today’s traditional economic indicators such as the Gross National Product (GNP) 4

(become) obsolete and specialists 5

(try) to

find other indicators that will take into account elements such as social health, environment, and quality of life. The federal government announced it 6

(invest) over

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$10 million to develop environmental indicators for economic performance. A government spokesperson said, “We 7

(provide) funds that will allow us to come up

Prospect Grammar

with a set of tools that can measure economic sustainability. Why 8 (do / they) this? It is because Canadians 9

(not / want) to destroy the

environment in order to guarantee that the economy 10 ________________________ (grow).”

There Is, There Are There + to be is used to say that something or someone is present somewhere. The word there has no meaning. The verb be must agree with the real subject of the sentence that usually follows it. There is only one teacher in this room, but there are many students. Are there many people in your building? How many apartments are there in your building? The contracted form of there is = there’s. There’s the person I was talking about.

Exercise 14: There Is or There Are? A. Write statements about the following items using there is or there are. Example: a book on my desk: There is a book on my desk. three books in my backpack: There are three books in my backpack.

1 a good movie on TV tonight:

some good movies playing at the cinema:

2 a fly in my soup:

flies around the garbage:

3 a good reason to be upset:

many reasons to be angry:

4 someone waiting to see you:

some people waiting to see you:

5 a rule against smoking here:

guidelines to help you:

B. Ask questions for all of the items in Part A.

Example: Is there a book on your desk? Are there three books in your backpack?

Notice that “any” is often used in questions instead of “some,” especially if the expected answer is negative.

Is there any information? No, there’s no information. Is there some information? Yes, there’s some excellent information here.

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Class Activity: Small Talk Bingo Short conversations with people about things such as the weather, the traffic, interests or clothing are called small talk. Although the topics may not be very important, the ability to engage in small talk is an important social skill—especially for developing a network of contacts who might help you in your career search. 1 Study the chart below and think about the questions you must ask your classmates to find the names of people who fit the different categories. Write the appropriate question(s) for each row below.

a. b. c. d. e.

wants to work with people

wants to work overseas

wants to be self-employed

wants to work from home

wants to work in an office

does not have a job

does not own a car

does not live close to school

does not pay rent

does not have a cellphone

is taking more than 30 hours of classes this session

is taking less than 15 hours of classes this session

is studying in a technical program

is working during the weekends

is planning to go to university

doesn’t like hot weather

doesn’t like snow

doesn’t like peanut butter

doesn’t like video games

doesn’t like spicy food

is wearing something new

is wearing contact lenses

is wearing blue socks

is wearing a watch

is wearing a belt

3 When everyone has at least one answer for each row, work with a partner or in small groups to describe the people you found. Examples: Mark is working at IGA. Jenny wants to work with people.

4 Do any of your questions seem inappropriate for small talk? Discuss this with your teammates.

11 UNIT 1

Find someone who …

PRESENT TENSES

2 Now, imagine that you are at a reception and you must talk to as many people as possible. Find out the names of your classmates and ask them the questions above. Try to find the name of at least one student for each row (A, B, C, D and E). See who can be the first person to get five students in a row (vertically, horizontally or diagonally).

PROSPECT GRAMMAR

UNIT 2

PAST TENSES Simple Past OBSERVATION Exercise 1: Simple Past Read the text below and underline the verb every time the simple past tense is used in questions, in affirmative statements and in negative statements. When did the science of biomimicry begin? The concept of using nature to influence human design really began with the first humans. They didn’t have reference books to solve their design challenges, so they observed animals and mimicked their survival behaviors. Where did Leonardo da Vinci get his ideas for flying machines? Of course, he observed birds and insects and then drew pictures of theoretical aircraft. Four hundred years later, the Wright brothers spent time observing birds in flight and they applied some of those principles to their early plans. Although they didn’t call it biomimicry, they knew that nature made an excellent teacher. It was not until the end of the 20th century that biomimicry became a formalized field of study. In 1998, the biologist Janine

Benyus published her book Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature.

FORM Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

base form + –ed

did not / didn’t + base form

did + subject + base form

Regular verbs*

I/you/he/she/it/ we/they worked.

I did not / didn’t work.

Did I work?

Irregular verbs**

I/you/he/she/it/ we/they saw Tom.

I did not / didn’t see Tom.

Did I see Tom?

The verb be

I/he/she/it was here. You/we/they were here.

I was not / wasn’t here. You were not / weren’t here.

Was I here? Were you here?

* Regular and irregular verbs (except be) use the same form in the simple past with all subject pronouns. ** See Appendix 6 for a list of irregular verbs.

Spelling Rules for Adding –ed Regular verbs ending in one vowel and one consonant if the last syllable is stressed stop, plan, reFER, eMIT

Double the consonant and add –ed stopped, planned, referred, emitted

Regular verbs ending in a consonant + –y study, carry, try, reply

Change –y to –ied studied, carried, tried, replied

Regular verbs ending in a vowel + –y play, delay, obey, employ

Keep –y and add –ed played, delayed, obeyed, employed

Do NOT use the simple past after to or after did/didn’t. come He wanted to came.

explain They tried to explained.

come He didn’t came.

explain They didn’t explained it well.

Do NOT translate from the French passé composé structure.

Pronunciation • T here are three ways to pronounce the –ed ending, depending on the final sound of the verb in the base form. Pronounce t

Pronounce d

Pronounce id

Voiceless sound* Verbs ending in sound p, f, k, s, sh, ch, x

Voiced sound ** Verbs ending in sound b, v, g, j, z, r, l, m, n, ng and vowels

Verbs ending in sound t, d

stopped, laughed, worked, washed, watched, passed, boxed

rubbed, halved, bagged, judged, phased, barred, walled, towed

wanted, started, invited, debated, decided, landed

*Vocal cords do not vibrate.

** Vocal cords vibrate.

• Note that pronunciation depends on the sound and not the spelling. – Coughed is pronounced t because the ending of the verb’s base form sounds like f. – Phased is pronounced d because the ending of the verb’s base form sounds like z.

USAGE AND PRACTICE The simple past is used to express an event that took place at a definite time in the past. • Nicole wrote this letter last week. • I saw Marc yesterday.

PA S T T E N S E S

worked We have worked yesterday.

13 UNIT 2

wrote I have written him last week.

PROSPECT GRAMMAR

Exercise 2: Changing Simple Past Affirmative Sentences into Negative and Question Forms Change each of the sentences below into a negative statement and a question. Form your question so that the underlined part of the original sentence answers the question. Example: Affirmative: Thomas Edison bought the patent for the electric light bulb. Negative: Thomas Edison didn’t buy the patent for the electric light bulb. Question: What patent did Thomas Edison buy?

1 Dr. Percy Spencer invented the microwave oven. Negative: Question:

2 James Naismith taught physical education at McGill University. Negative: Question:

3 Louis Braille was three years old when he became blind. Negative: Question:

4 Louis Braille became blind because, while he was playing in his father’s shop with a sharp tool, he accidentally poked his eye. Negative: Question:

5 Gilles Villeneuve died after his car crashed into another one in 1982 during the Belgian Grand Prix.

Negative: Question:

Exercise 3: Simple Past Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the simple past. If you see not, use a negative form. If you see a question mark (?), use a question form. Refer to the list of irregular verbs in Appendix 6 if necessary. Example: Who 1 Norman Bethune

(become) a hero in China in the middle of the 20th century.

Before Bethune

(start) practising in Montreal,

(get) tuberculosis and almost

(be/?) Norman Bethune? (be) a Canadian doctor who

was

(die) from the disease. Afterwards, 7

(decide) to help the poor in Montreal who

(have) tuberculosis, a widespread illness at that time.

Although Bethune most people Bethune

(succeed) in helping many patients, (not / be able to) afford the proper care. (try) to convince the government to adopt

doctors

(not / like) the idea and the government

(reject) Bethune’s proposal. Bethune

(not / be) very popular in Canada because he was

an outspoken communist. In 1936, Bethune

(decide) to go to Spain to help

the anti-fascist army by developing the first mobile blood-transfusion unit. He

(risk) his life many times to deliver blood to the

wounded soldiers. In 1938, Bethune

(go) to China to help

Mao Zedong’s Red Army defend the country against the Japanese invaders. Unfortunately, he but

(not / complete) his mission,

(die) in China from blood poisoning.

Exercise 4: Simple Past Fill in the blanks with the simple past. For each paragraph, use the verbs from the list above the paragraph. A.

powder and water. One night, he

his glass outside on the porch

with the stirring stick in it. His glass was still half-full. During the night, temperatures 4

dramatically below zero, and Frank’s mixture

The next morning, when Frank with the stick in it. Frank people B.

, he

friends and neighbours. He 10

the frozen pop

making his “Epperson Icicles” for his family, 9

them for five cents apiece and many

them.

teach get make up (invent) write have go tell choose sit become James Naismith was born in Almonte, Ontario, in 1861. James

went

to McGill University, in Montreal, to study; then, after he graduated, he a physical-education teacher there. He then he

at McGill for three years,

a job at Springfield College in Massachusetts. At Springfield,

James’ boss asked him to find a recreational sport that could be played in the gymnasium during winter. James 6

his boss that he had an idea. James

a new game with baskets on poles. He had many things to decide. 7

He _______________________ at his desk and the rules of the game. Because James he

down 18 students in his class,

to form two teams of nine players each. James, a Canadian,

had just invented the most popular American sport: basketball.

15 UNIT 2

Frank Epperson was born in San Francisco, in 1894. At home, Frank often 1 drank fruit beverages that he 2 himself with soda-pop

PA S T T E N S E S

forget make drink freeze sell buy begin find get up fall

Past Continuous PROSPECT GRAMMAR

OBSERVATION Exercise 5: Past Continuous Read the text below and underline the verb every time the past continuous tense is used in questions, in affirmative statements and in negative statements. In the mid-1900s, George de Mestral was not working as an inventor but as an electrical engineer when he made a brilliant discovery. While he was walking in the woods, he noticed that burrs, the prickly little seeds of some plants, were sticking to his dog’s fur. When he got home, he asked himself, “Why were the burrs sticking? Why weren’t they falling off?” He looked at some of them under a microscope and discovered that they had many tiny hooks that were gripping his dog’s fur. He didn’t realize it, but he was making history because his discovery eventually led to the invention of Velcro, an early example of biomimicry.

FORM

Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

past of to be + verb –ing

was not / were not wasn’t / weren’t + verb –ing

was / were + subject + verb –ing

I/he/she/it was working.

I was not / wasn’t working.

Was I working?

You/we/they were working.

You were not / weren’t working.

Were you working?

USAGE AND PRACTICE The past continuous is used to express actions that were happening when something else occurred or actions that were happening simultaneously in the past.

Exercise 6: Changing Past Continuous Affirmative Sentences into Negative and Question Forms Change each of the sentences below into a negative statement and a question. Form your question so that the underlined part of the original sentence answers the question. Example: Affirmative: Dr. Spencer was testing a new vacuum tube when he made his discovery. Dr. Spencer wasn’t testing a new vacuum tube ... Negative: Question: What was he testing?

1 Mr. Naismith was teaching at Springfield College, Massachusetts, when he invented basketball. Negative: Question:

2 Pierre and Marie Curie were working in Paris when they discovered radium. Negative: Question:

3 Gilles Villeneuve was driving over 250 km/h when his car hit another one. Negative: Question:

Exercise 7: Past Continuous Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the past continuous. If you see not, use a negative form. If you see a question mark (?), use a question form. It was a Saturday morning. Mr. and Mrs. Kielburger (eat) breakfast, and Craig Kielburger, age 12, in the living room. He He

were eating

(sit)

(not / watch) cartoons on TV.

(read) an article in the newspaper. What story

(he / read / ?)? It was an article about Iqbal Masih, a 12-year-old

Pakistani boy who had been assassinated. The article told the story of this boy and described the reality of child slave labour in countries such as India and Pakistan. Craig started thinking about these children. While he

(live)

and beaten by their masters. What while these horrors 10

(the government / do) (take place / ?)? That was the question that

(go) through his mind while he was reading.

Craig Kielburger would go on to establish the organization Free the Children.

Exercise 8: Past Continuous A come-as-you-are party is a party where you must wear exactly what you were wearing when the host called to invite you. The following people showed up at Jane’s party. Isabelle was wearing jeans and holding her dog’s leash. Katherine had her pyjamas on. Suzanne was carrying a watering can in her hands. Claude came in his overalls with a hammer in his right hand. Richard brought a broom to the party. Josée had a shower cap over her hair. Roberto was wearing goalie equipment. Emmanuelle was dressed in soccer gear. What was each person doing when Jane called?

17 UNIT 2

(work) in carpet factories, chained to their looms

Pa s t T e n s e s

in total luxury in the suburbs of Toronto, kids his age or even younger 7

Isabelle Katherine Suzanne Claude Richard Josée Roberto Emmanuelle

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USAGE AND PRACTICE

PROSPECT GRAMMAR

Simple Past or Past Continuous? Simple Past

Past Continuous

Expresses completed past actions

Expresses actions in progress in the past

Ann studied English last year. We went to the park yesterday.

We were walking to the park when it started to rain. Ann was studying English while Mark was working in London.

Describes a series of actions in the past

Describes actions happening in the past at the same time or that were interrupted

We took the metro downtown and then we went to a club. We danced all night and then we came home.

Keywords: yesterday, last night, last year, last week, Sunday, three years ago, ﬁve months ago, two days ago, a week ago; dates or times in the past: in 1959, on March 4th, on Monday, at 8:00 this morning

While I was sitting in the club, the waiter was serving drinks and the band was playing music. While people were dancing, the lights suddenly went off. Keywords: while, as, when

Non-Action Verbs

As with the present continuous, the past continuous is rarely used with certain verbs that do not convey an action. See Appendix 4 for a list of non-action verbs. – I knew the answer. We understood the lecture. They seemed tired.

Do NOT use the past continuous to describe a sequence of past actions or past habits. played helped When I was little, I was playing in the park and I was helping my mother in the garden. The simple past is used much more frequently than the past continuous.

Note: Some verbs can be both action and non-action verbs, depending on the meaning. • Julie had a car. The verb have expresses possession, not an action. • Julie was having problems with her car. Have expresses an action. • Jane saw a cat. The verb see expresses a perception, not an action. • Jane was seeing a colleague. This active usage means Jane was dating a colleague.

Exercise 9: Correct the Verb Forms Are the underlined parts of the sentences below correct? If not, write the correct form. 1 I was crossing the street when I heard a big bang!

2 Alexander Graham Bell was inventing the telephone.

3 Henry Woodward wasn’t having enough money to commercialized his invention.

4 Richard James was working with springs in his lab when one was falling off a shelf.

5 Craig Kielburger was living in Toronto when he founded Free the Children.

6 When Pat Billings dropped her plaster swan and broke it, she wasn’t knowing that this would

Example: I / out / the window (while) While I was looking out the window,

see / an accident I saw an accident.

(when)

I was looking out the window when

I saw an accident.

(as)

As I was looking out the window,

I saw an accident.

1 I / a shower / take

hear / the doorbell / I / ring

a) b)

2 burn / Dan / himself

Dan / dinner / cook

a) b)

3 I / television / watch

the power / go off

a) b)

4 Bill / get / a flat tire a) b)

to school / ride/ he / his bike

19 UNIT 2

Exercise 10: Unscramble Sentences Using the Simple Past and Past Continuous Rewrite the scrambled sentences below using a verb in the past continuous and a verb in the simple past in each sentence. There are several possibilities for each sentence.

PA S T T E N S E S

one day make her famous.

5 I / to work / drive

hear / I / about the attack

a) PROSPECT GRAMMAR

6 Lily / sprain / fall / and / her ankle

Lily / at a party / dance

a) b)

Exercise 11: Mixed Verb Tenses (Present and Past) Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in parentheses. Use the simple past, the past continuous, the simple present or the present continuous. If you see not, use a negative form. Hi Ann, I

am writing

(write) to you from Paris. I

(sit) in a coffee-shop and the sun 4

(shine). Right now, Paul

(jog) down the Champs-Elysée. It’s great here. A wonderful

city! We It

(stay) at a hotel a few blocks from here.

(be) a pretty fancy hotel. 7

(arrive) a few days ago in the greatest city in the world.

It was on Sunday. Monday morning, we

(get up) early

because we wanted to visit the Louvre museum in the morning and to go up the Eiffel Tower in the afternoon. At the Louvre, we

(see)

all kinds of masterpieces, including the famous Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci. After the Louvre, we We

(have) a quick lunch in a park.

(not / go) to a restaurant because

(be) too expensive to eat out all the time. After lunch, 13

(take) the metro to the Eiffel Tower but there

were too many people who we

(wait) in line and (not / want) to spend an hour waiting, so we

(decide) to take a long walk to the Latin Quarter.

We had quite an adventure on our way there. Paul and I

(walk)

arm in arm down a boulevard, looking at the boutiques and cafés when a guy snatched my handbag and

(run) away. Paul started to chase the guy.

At that moment, I saw three policemen who

(stand)

across the street, talking in front of the police station. They didn’t seem very busy. I

the police

(scream) “Au voleur! Au voleur!” Two minutes later, 21

(arrest) the thief. The rest of the day was fine.

Exercise 12: Mixed Verb Tenses (Present and Past) Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in parentheses. Use the simple past, the past continuous, the simple present or the present continuous. Many of our food products such as sugar, coffee, cocoa, bananas and others 1 come (come) from Third World countries where the farmers and workers

(be) overworked and underpaid. Fortunately, today

more and more consumers many organizations, now,

(become) aware of this reality and

(look) at alternative markets or what

is commonly known as fair trade. One example is coffee. Coffee

(be) the second most important traded commodity,

after oil. It is a huge, very speculative market. Nine-tenths of the price consumers 6

(pay) for instant coffee

(go) to the powerful companies who ship, roast and retail the product. Their buying power is enormous. On the other hand, the coffee growers

(be) small

Goliath. Some years ago, the tension between the big companies and the small growers 10

(culminate) in a crisis. While consumers in rich countries

(pay) more and more for their coffee, the growers in

Third World countries were getting less and less for their beans. Consequently, the farmers 12

(borrow) money to feed their families and many of them were

losing their land. Meanwhile, the coffee companies

(pocket)

huge profits. With the help of non-governmental agencies, the growers (start) to get organized. They formed co-ops and

(begin) selling

their coffee at a better price under Fair Trade labels. However, in the first years, the co-ops 16

(sell) only about 20% of their production at Fair Trade prices

because the big companies were not buying from them. That was why in 2000, thousands of American activists

(campaign) to pressure Starbucks

to sell Fair Trade coffee in all their cafés. Over 80 organizations (take part) in the campaign in the USA and they

(hold)

over 25 national demonstrations. As a result, in the fall of 2000, Starbucks 20

(introduce) whole bean Fair Trade coffee in its outlets

around the world.

PA S T T E N S E S

(live) in poverty. It’s David against

21 UNIT 2

tropical farmers who mostly

PROSPECT GRAMMAR

Exercise 13: Mixed Verb Tenses (Present and Past) Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in parentheses. Use the simple past, the past continuous, the simple present or the present continuous. If you see not, use a negative form. If you see a question mark (?), use a question form. 1

(use / you / ?) sticky notes to help you remember to do

something? Families

(make) use of them to leave notes for

each other. Office workers

(write) quick notes and stick them

on the door when they minutes. Authors who

(step) out of the office for a few

(not / want ) to forget their ideas for a

story write themselves notes. It’s hard to imagine life without Post-it® Notes—even though the invention

(happen) because of an accident.

According to the 3M company, Post-it® Notes were a solution without a problem. In 1968, a researcher named Spencer Silver, who Minneapolis,

(work) at the 3M lab in

(try) to find ways to strengthen the sticking power

of the company’s adhesive tape. He 10

(not / find) what he

(look) for, but instead he

(discover) something new: a substance that

(be) strong

enough to stick to many surfaces, but when it was removed, the surfaces 13

(remain) clean and he could use the adhesive again. 14

(decide) to explore the potential for this new kind of

adhesive that he had accidentally discovered. He

(spend) five years experimenting with possible uses.

One day his colleague, Arthur Fry

(not / like) the way his bookmark would always fall out of the

(say) that he

hymnal, a book of religious songs, when he was in church. He

(think) maybe they could use Silver’s discovery to make a bookmark that would stick, but could be removed when he development, 3M

(begin) to manufacture Post-it® Notes.

(be / they / ?) a big success in the beginning?

(know / people / ?) what to do with them at that time? Not

at all. At first, people the 3M company 25

“stickies”

(not / need) it anymore. After further

(not / see) any use for them, but after (distribute) free samples, people (keep) finding more and more uses. Now even electronic

(exist) that people can use to put notes on

their websites, blogs and social-networking sites. People

(constantly / find) new ways to use this accidental innovation.

Class Activity: Lie Detector This is a game that can be played in small teams of three or four students. Prepare three statements about something that you claim happened to you. Two of the statements should be true and one false. Your statements can be funny, dramatic or outrageous. Prepare a background story around these statements and include a few past progressive verbs. Each teammate then takes a turn answering questions about their stories so the others can find out which statement is false. Examples of statements: 1. Someone stole my money and passport in Mexico. (Prepare your story: It happened while I was sleeping …) 2.

In a restaurant one day, I saved someone’s life. (The woman who was eating at the table next to me …)

I threw up on a teacher. (We were dissecting a frog in the lab when I started …)

PA S T T E N S E S

UNIT 2

www.cecplus.com

PROSPECT

English Skills for Academic and Professional Purposes

About the Authors Jane Petring has taught ESL at Collège Édouard-Montpetit in Longueuil and St. Hubert since 1995. She holds an M.A. in Applied Linguistics and TESOL from Michigan State University and a Certiﬁcate in Translation from McGill University. She has also taught in China, Croatia, Ivory Coast, Niger and the U.S. Richard Paré has been teaching ESL at Cégep de Granby— Haute-Yamaska since 1990. He has also taught in Rivière-du-Loup and Japan. His university studies were at the Institut d’Études politiques de Paris and the Université de Montréal.

2nd Edition

PROSPECT GRAMMAR

PROSPECT GRAMMAR 2nd Edition

English Skills for Academic and Professional Purposes, 2nd edition

Jane Petring Richard Paré

A 144-page book, with accompanying audio and video recordings, designed for use by low-intermediate ESL students in both academic and vocational programs. The book provides integrated material for students in all programs, with writing assignments and projects allowing students to make connections to their own particular fields.

English Skills for Academic and Professional Purposes

2nd Edition Jane Petring Richard Paré