O intervalo semântico by Editora da Unicamp

O Intervalo Sem창ntico

Editor

plinio martins filho

universidade estadual de campinas Reitor

José Tadeu Jorge Coordenador Geral da Universidade

Fernando Ferreira Costa

Conselho Editorial Presidente

Paulo Franchetti Alcir Pécora – Arley Ramos Moreno Eduardo Delgado Assad – José A. R. Gontijo José Roberto Zan – Marcelo Knobel Sedi Hirano – Yaro Burlan Junior

Carlos Vogt

O Intervalo Semântico (Contribuição para uma Teoria Semântica Argumentativa)

Copyright © 2008 Carlos Vogt Direitos reservados e protegidos pela Lei 9.610 de 19.02.1998. É proibida a reprodução total ou parcial sem autorização, por escrito, das editoras. 1ª edição – Ática, 1977. 2ª edição, revista – Ateliê Editorial / Editora Unicamp, 2008.

Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (cip) (Câmara Brasileira do Livro, sp, Brasil) Vogt, Carlos, 1943O intervalo semântico: (contribuição para uma teoria semântica argumentativa) / Carlos Vogt. – 2. ed. rev. – São Paulo: Ateliê Editorial / Campinas: Editora da Unicamp, 2008. Bibliografia isbn 978-85-7480-253-4 (Ateliê Editorial) isbn 978-85-268-0806-5 (Editora da Unicamp) 1. Lingüística 2. Semântica

i. Título

08-03118

cdd-412

Índices para catálogo sistemático: 1. Semântica: Lingüística 412

Direitos reservados à ateliê editorial Estrada da Aldeia de Carapicuíba, 897 06709-300 – Granja Viana – Cotia – sp Telefax: (11) 4612-9666 www.atelie.com.br atelie@atelie.com.br Printed in Brazil 2008 Foi feito depósito legal

Sumário

Prefácio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 cap. i Por Que Intervalo? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 cap. ii A Comparação: Sondagem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Adjetivos Argumentativamente Dependentes. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Adjetivos Argumentativamente Independentes . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Ambigüidade e Dependência Argumentativa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Comparar e Argumentar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41 41 61 74 85

cap. iii Ainda a Comparação . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 1. Mesmo: Operador de Argumentação . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 2. Ainda, Mesmo e a Comparação . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 3. Uma Hipótese Argumentativa: Ainda, Marcador de Excesso . 113 cap. iv Também a Comparação . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 1. Também: Pressuposição ou Anáfora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 2. Entre Anáfora e Dêixis: Também Argumentar . . . . . . . . . . . 130 7

3. Componente Lingüístico e Componente Argumentativo . . .141 4. Também: Operador de Direção Argumentativa . . . . . . . . . . .171 5. Linguagem e Memória . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 cap. v Sempre a Comparação . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193 1. Transformar ou Argumentar? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193 2. Compensação Argumentativa: A Diferença na Igualdade . .217 3. Outras Línguas: Na Diversidade das Construções Comparativas, a Resistência do Valor Argumentativo. . . . . 234 4. Tão... Quanto: Igualdade Informativa e Diferença Argumentativa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 5. Comparar, Pressupor e Argumentar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Conclusão . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bibliografia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Obras Citadas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Bibliografia Geral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

283 295 295 302

Para Marianna, que me ensinou que os olhos nascem sem travas.

Ao prof. Antonio Candido, Ao prof. Oswald Ducrot, que me contaram as est贸rias de dignidade e afei莽茫o. Desta hist贸ria este trabalho existe.

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PVUSB BT DPJTBT RVF DPNQBSBNPT 1PJT B DPNQBSBÉÈP EF QSFÉP UPNB EB BDJNB DPNP FYFNQMP SFQSFTFOUB OB SFBMJEBEF VNB TJUVBÉÈP UP UBMNFOUF FYDFQDJPOBM BDPOUFDF RVF B JOTUJUVJÉÈP NPOFUÃSJB GPSOFDF OFTUF DBTP VN DSJUÊSJP PCKFUJWP QBSB TJUVBS BT DPJTBT VNBT FN SFMBÉÈP ÆT PVUSBT .BT RVBOEP FV EJHP RVF 1FESP Ê NBJT JOUFMJHFOUF RVF +PÈP FV NF SFĐSP B VNB FTDBMB TFHVOEP B RVBM FTUBSJBN NBSDBEPT PT EJGF SFOUFT HSBVT EF JOUFMJHËODJB F POEF FV QPEFSJB NFEJS TVDFTTJWBNFOUF 1FESP F +PÈP & RVBOEP FV EJHP RVF FMF Ê NBJT FMFHBOUF NBJT DPSBKPTP NBJT HVMPTP NBJT BQBJYPOBEP 4FSJB BCTVSEP QSFUFOEFS BRVJ RVF TF DPNFDF QPS BUSJCVJS B DBEB VN EFMFT VN DFSUP HSBV VNB DFSUB OPUB EF DPSBHFN EF FMFHÄODJB EF HVMPEJDF FUD F EFQPJT RVF TF DPNQB SFN FTUBT OPUBT 7BNPT NBJT MPOHF BJOEB /ÈP BQFOBT B DBSBDUFSJ[BÉÈP JOEJWJEVBM EPT UFSNPT Ê GSFRÛFOUFNFOUF JNQPTTÎWFM BOUFT EF TVB DPN QBSBÉÈP NBT BDPOUFDF OB NBJPSJB EBT WF[FT RVF FTUB DBSBDUFSJ[BÉÈP Ê P ĐN P PCKFUJWP EB DPNQBSBÉÈP F RVF QPSUBOUP FMB OÈP TBCFSJB TFS TFOÈP P TFV NFJP $PNQBSP +PÈP B 1FESP QBSB EFUFSNJOBS P RVF Ê +PÈP PV P RVF Ê 1FESP DPOTUJUVP VNB JNBHFN EF +PÈP BUSJCVJOEP MIF B QSPQSJFEBEF EF TFS NBJT JOUFMJHFOUF NBJT HVMPTP FUD RVF 1FESP " DPOGSPOUBÉÈP TVSHF FOUÈP DPNP VN TJNQMFT JOTUSVNFOUP EB EFTDSJ ÉÈP B DPJTB OÈP Ê BRVJMP RVF Ê TFOÈP QPS SFGFSËODJB B VNB PVUSB m P RVF P i&TUSBOHFJSPu KÃ IBWJB EJUP F CFN NFMIPS 2VBM EFTTBT EVBT GPS NBT EF DPNQBSBÉÈP Ê B NBJT IPOFTUB B NBJT USBORÛJMJ[BEPSB B NBJT FTUJNÃWFM BRVFMB RVF NFOPT BCSF P DBNJOIP QBSB B EJTDVTTÈP F P DPO ēJUP $FSUBNFOUF B QSJNFJSB F Ê B ÙOJDB RVF EFWFSJB TFS QFSNJUJEB OB $JEBEF EF %FVT .BT P NVOEP RVF TF FYQSJNF BUSBWÊT EB MÎOHVB OÈP Ê B $JEBEF EF %FVT F P MJOHÛJTUB OÈP Ê 4BOUP "HPTUJOIP 0 RVF 7PHU QSPDVSB KVTUBNFOUF NPTUSBS Ê RVF BT GPSNBT MJOHÛÎT UJDBT EP FOVODJBEP DPNQBSBUJWP SFBMJ[BN GVOEBNFOUBMNFOUF P TFHVOEP UJQP EF DPNQBSBÉÈP JOEJDBEP BRVJ /ÈP B DPNQBSBÉÈP SFTVMUBEP NBT B DPNQBSBÉÈP NFJP /ÈP BRVFMB FN RVF B SFMBÉÈP Ê EFSJWBEB EPT UFSNPT NBT BRVFMB POEF FMB PT DPOTUJUVJ &TUB Ê QB SFDF NF B MJÉÈP EBT QÃHJOBT FN RVF 7PHU MFNCSB RVF P FOVODJBEP DPNQBSBUJWP EF CBTF UFN TFNQSF B FTUSVUVSB UFNB DPNFOUÃSJP %J [FOEP RVF 1FESP Ê UÈP HSBOEF RVBOUP +PÈP OÈP BĐSNP DPNP P NB UFNÃUJDP RVF EPJT PCKFUPT WFSJĐDBN VNB SFMBÉÈP EF FRVJWBMËODJB /B

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WFSEBEF BĐSNP B SFTQFJUP EF 1FESP VNB DFSUB QSPQSJFEBEF QPTJUJWB B EF TFS TVQFSJPS B +PÈP FN UBNBOIP PV FOUÈP BĐSNP EF +PÈP TF GPS FMF P UFNB RVF QPTTVJ B QSPQSJFEBEF OFHBUJWB EFTUB WF[ EF UFS 1FESP DPNP JHVBM /PT EPJT DBTPT B SFMBÉÈP OÈP FTUÃ NBJT GPSB EBT DPJTBT NBT OFMBT "Î FTUÃ B TFHVOEB FUBQB RVF FV BOVODJBWB OFTUB SFDPOTUSVÉÈP SÃQJEB F OFDFTTBSJBNFOUF FTRVFNÃUJDB EB UFTF EF 7PHU BQÓT UFS WJTUP B POJQSFTFOÉB EP JOUFSWBMP EB SFMBÉÈP EB DPNQBSBÉÈP OP DBNQP TFNÄOUJDP Ê QSFDJTP WFS RVF FTUF JOUFSWBMP DPOUSBSJBNFO UF Æ FUJNPMPHJB OÈP TF TJUVB iFOUSFu PT PCKFUPT RVF FMF TFQBSB &TUÃ OP GVOEP EFMFT NFTNPT FMF PT UPSOB BRVJMP RVF FMFT TÈP )Ã BÎ VNB DPOUSBEJÉÈP 0 MJOHÛJTUB DBJV OB BSNBEJMIB RVF MIF QSFQBSPV VNB ĐMPTPĐB QPS EFNBJT TVUJM QBSB RVF TF QPTTB NBOFKÃ MB TFN SJTDP TF OÈP TF Ê VN QSPĐTTJPOBM QBSB SFTQPOEFS B FTUB JORVJFUVEF RVF Ê QSFDJTP SFBMJ[BS VNB UFSDFJSB FUBQB %FWF JOUFSWJS BHPSB DPNP FV UJOIB BOVODJBEP OP DPNFÉP P QFSTP OBHFN EP PVUSP RVF NF QBSFDF OP EPNÎOJP MJOHÛÎTUJDP P BHFOUF QSJ WJMFHJBEP EB BMUFSJEBEF 'PJ TFN EÙWJEB QPSRVF OÈP P OPUBSBN RVF PT TBVTTVSJBOPT EFJYBSBN B UFPSJB EP WBMPS EFHSBEBS TF TVCTUBODJB MJ[BS TF & Ê JOUSPEV[JOEP B RVF DSFJP QPTTÎWFM FWJUBS BT EJĐDVMEBEFT TVSHJEBT OP ĐN EB TFHVOEB FUBQB 4F 7PHU UFN SB[ÈP B GPSNB GVOEB NFOUBM EB DPNQBSBÉÈP MJOHÛÎTUJDB DPOTJTUF FN EFUFSNJOBS VN PCKFUP QPS SFGFSËODJB B VN PVUSP %POEF P QBSBEPYP QBSB EFUFSNJOBS " FN SFMBÉÈP B # Ê QSFDJTP DPOIFDFS B SFMBÉÈP FOUSF " F # F QBSB DPOIFDFS FTUB SFMBÉÈP Ê QSFDJTP BOUFT EF NBJT OBEB DPOIFDFS " F # 5VEP JTUP Ê QPVDP DPOUFTUÃWFM F P DÎSDVMP QBSFDF GFDIBS TF TPCSF OÓT .BT P RVF TJHOJĐDB BP DFSUP iEFUFSNJOBS " FN SFMBÉÈP B #u 4F TF USBUB EF GB[FS DPOIFDFS P RVF Ê " EF EBS JOGPSNBÉ×FT TPCSF TVBT QSPQSJFEBEFT SFBJT TVBT EJNFOT×FT TVB DPS TFV QSFÉP OÓT DFSUBNFOUF OÈP TBJSFNPT EP DÎSDVMP 1BSB FODPOUSBS VNB TBÎEB Ê QSFDJTP BENJUJS m TPC P SJTDP EF TFS BDVTBEP EF MJOHÛÎTUJDB ĐDÉÈP m RVF P BUP EF GBMB GVOEBNFOUBM BRVFMF FN UPEP DBTP RVF TF FYQSJNF BUSBWÊT EB NBJPSJB EBT GSBTFT DPNQBSBUJWBT Ê P BUP EF BSHVNFOUBS EF PCSJHBS PVUSFN BUSBWÊT EBT QBMBWSBT RVF QSPOVODJBNPT B EJSJHJS TF QBSB UBM PV RVBM UJQP EF DPO DMVTÈP " TJHOJĐDBÉÈP EP FOVODJBEP SFTJEJSJB FOUÈP NFOPT OP RVF FMF EJ[ EP RVF OB PSJFOUBÉÈP RVF EÃ Æ TFRÛËODJB EP EJTDVSTP %FTDSFWFS

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VN FOVODJBEP TFSJB BOUFT EF RVBMRVFS PVUSB DPJTB EFTDSFWFS BPOEF FMF DPOEV[ "CTVSEP .BT EFTDSFWFS VNB FTUSBEB Ê OB WFSEBEF EFT DSFWFS QBSB POEF FMB WBJ 1PSRVF VN FOVODJBEP OÈP TF BTTFNFMIB SJB OFTUF QPOUP B VNB FTUSBEB PV B VNB FODSV[JMIBEB TF TF RVJTFS DPOTJEFSBS BT BNCJHÛJEBEFT QPTTÎWFJT RVF BCSFN B QBSUJS EP NFTNP FOVODJBEP WÃSJBT PSJFOUBÉ×FT EJGFSFOUFT NBT OÈP RVBJTRVFS PSJFO UBÉ×FT &TUB BQSPYJNBÉÈP OÈP Ê BMJÃT TVHFSJEB QFMB QSÓQSJB QBMBWSB TFOUJEP RVF EFTJHOB TJNVMUBOFBNFOUF B TJHOJĐDBÉÈP F B EJSFÉÈP 7PV BHPSB TVQPS P MFJUPS CBTUBOUF BNJHÃWFM QBSB UFS BENJUJEP TFN EFNPOTUSBÉÈP P RVF QSFDFEF QBSB UFS BENJUJEP RVF TF FV OÈP P EF NPOTUSP Ê QPSRVF OÈP UFOIP FTQBÉP QBSB GB[Ë MP 0 QSPCMFNB EB DPNQBSBÉÈP TF FTDMBSFDF FOUÈP 4F EJHP RVF 1FESP Ê UÈP JOUFMJHFOUF RVBOUP +PÈP OÈP QSPDVSP m FN UPEP DBTP B FTUSVUVSB TFNÄOUJDB EP FOVODJBEP OÈP JNQMJDB RVF FV QSPDVSF m EBS VNB JOGPSNBÉÈP TPCSF P RVPDJFOUF JOUFMFDUVBM EF VN PV EF PVUSP EPT EPJT JOEJWÎEVPT FN RVFTUÈP 0 RVF FV QSPDVSP NBJT FYBUBNFOUF P RVF QBSFÉP QSPDVSBS Ê EJSJHJS NFV JOUFSMPDVUPS FN EJSFÉÈP B VN DFSUP HËOFSP EF DPODMV TÈP 1BSB EJ[FS BT DPJTBT SBQJEBNFOUF QPTTP RVFSFS MFWÃ MP ĐOHJS RVFSFS MFWÃ MP TFKB B DPOĐBS NBJT OB JOUFMJHËODJB EF 1FESP TFKB B DPOĐBS NFOPT OB EF +PÈP m P GBUP MJOHÛÎTUJDP GVOEBNFOUBM TFOEP RVF P FOVODJBEP FN RVFTUÈP OVODB QPEF TF BQSFTFOUBS FN SFWBODIF DPNP GBMBOEP B GBWPS EB JOUFMJHËODJB EF +PÈP OFN DPOUSB B EF 1FESP BJOEB RVF DPJTB BMHVNB OB JOGPSNBÉÈP EBEB JNQFÉB FN CPB MÓHJDB EF UJSBS UBJT DPODMVT×FT P RVF NPTUSB RVF B BSHVNFOUBÉÈP Ê DPNQMF UBNFOUF EJGFSFOUF EB EFEVÉÈP MÓHJDB $PODMVÎ OP ĐOBM EF OPTTB TFHVOEB FUBQB RVF B DPNQBSBÉÈP EF 1FESP F EF +PÈP TFSWF QBSB iEFUFSNJOBSu TFKB VNB TFKB PVUSB EBT EVBT QFTTPBT DPNQBSBEBT QPTTÎWFM EFUFSNJOBS BHPSB B OBUVSF[B EFTUB iEFUFSNJOBÉÈPu /ÈP TF USBUB EF EFTDSFWFS P RVF Ê 1FESP OFN P RVF Ê +PÈP 5SBUB TF EF BSHVNFOUBS QSÓ PV DPOUSB FMFT EF PSJFOUBS FN SF MBÉÈP B FMFT B BQSFDJBÉÈP EP JOUFSMPDVUPS FTUF PVUSP OFDFTTÃSJP QBSB RVF NFV FOVODJBEP UFOIB VN TFOUJEP FTUF PVUSP QSFTFOUF OB QSÓQSJB TJHOJĐDBÉÈP EF NJOIBT QBMBWSBT /ÈP IÃ NBJT QBSBEPYP FOUÈP OFN DÎSDVMP WJDJPTP OP GBUP EF B DPNQBSBÉÈP TFS QSJNFJSB F DPOTUJUVUJWB FN SFMBÉÈP Æ EFUFSNJOBÉÈP EPT UFSNPT DPNQBSBEPT 1PJT FTUB EFUFS

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