EDS UI Newsletter Vol. VIII by English Debating Society Universitas Indonesia

8 P A L E S T I NE I S R A E L S DGs S HA R I NGE C ONOMY E DSUI K A L E I DOS C OP E

NE WS L E T T E R

E DSUI

V O LU M E

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&WHA T I T ME A NSF ORT HE I R QUE S T F ORI NT E R NA T I ONA L R E C OGNI T I ON

Anat i ons t at ecanbecons i der eda l egi t i mat es t at ei ff ourel ement sof whatcons t i t ut esa“ s t at e”ar ef ul ﬁl l ed,whi ch ar e:per manentr es i dent s ,s ov er ei gn t er r i t or y ,l egi t i mat egov er nment ,andf or malr ecogni t i onf r om ot hers t at esorI nt er nat i onalcommuni t y .ForPal es t i ne, t hel at t eronei shi ghl ydi f ﬁcul tt o at t ai n.

BY:KRI STIARDI ANA

ANATI ONSTATEcanbeconsideredalegitimatestateiffourelementsofwhatconsti-

t ut esa“ s t at e”ar ef ul ﬁl l ed, whi c har e:per manentr es i dent s , s ov er ei gnt er r i t or y , l egi t i mat egov er nment , andf or mal r ec ogni t i onf r om ot hers t at esorI nt er nat i onal c ommuni t y . ForPal es t i ne, t hel at t er onei shi ghl ydi f ﬁc ul tt oat t ai n.

Theques toff r eedom,f ul ls ov er ei gnt yt odet er mi net hei rf ai t h,and i nt er nat i onalr ec ogni t i on oft heex i s t enc eoft heSt at eofPal es t i near epar tof t hes t r uggl est hatPal es t i ni anshav ebeenfight i ng f orc ent ur i es . Theyhav ebeent r y i ngt or eac ht hei r dr eamsofbei ngabl et ol i v ei nt hei rownl andt hat i sf r eef r om c onfis c at i on, oppr es s i on, andex pl oi t at i onf r om I s r aelf ordec ades . TheI s r ael i – Pal es t i ni an c onfli c thasi t sr oot si nt hel at e19t handear l y20t h c ent ur i es .Pal es t i ni ansbec amev er yv oc alt ofight f ort hei rc i v i landpol i t i c alr i ght ss i nc e1920when t he r i s i ng t i de ofEur opean J ewi s hi mmi gr at i on happened.I nt haty ear ,J ewswhobel i ev et hatt he l andofPal es t i nei sapr omi s edl andf r om God,as whati swr i t t eni nt heBi bl e, mi gr at edt oPal es t i net o av oi dper s ec ut i oni nEur ope. Pal es t i ni ans ’ wor s tni ght mar ei st hatt hemas si nfluxofJ ewsi mmi gr ant t oPal es t i newi l ll eadt ot hees t abl i s hmentofJ ews s t at e( I s r ael )i n Pal es t i ne.Ther ef or e,Pal es t i ni an s howedt hei rangerandr es i s t anc e. Si nc et hen, c l as hesbet weenI s r aelandPal es t i nes t ar t edt obr eak outc ons i s t ent l y , f r om t hefir s tands ec ondi nt i f ada, bombi ngsofGaz as t r i ps ,f ul ls c al ei nv as i onoft he Wes tBanks , andl aunc hi ngofr oc k et s . Bes i desus i ng mi l i t ar y appr oac hes ,Pal es t i ne hasal s obeent r y i ngt ous edi pl omat i cappr oac hes t odealwi t hI s r ael . Ani mpor t antmi l es t oneofPal es t i ne’ sdi pl omat i cs t ept ofightf ort hei rf r eedom i s t hees t abl i s hment of ThePal es t i neLi ber at i onOr gani z at i on( PL O)i n1964ands i nc et heni thasbeen

t heembodi mentoft hePal es t i ni annat i onalmov ement .I ti sabr oad nat i onalf r ontt hatTheAr ab Summi ti n1974r ec ogni z edast he“ s ol eandl egi t i mat er epr es ent at i v eof t hePal es t i ni anpeopl e”i nI nt er nat i onalor gani z at i ons . Pal es t i ne’ sef f or tt ober ec ogni z edbyt hei nt er nat i onal c ommuni t yi smaj or l yr eflec t edbyt hei rat t emptt onegot i at et obeper manentmembers t at e ofUni t edNat i on. Butt hepat hf orPal es t i net obea per manentmemberi nUni t edNat i onsi snev era s moot hone. I s r ael , whi c hi saf ai t hf ul al l yofUni t ed St at es( a maj orpowers t at ei n Uni t ed Nat i ons ) al way st r i edt ol obbyUni t edSt at est os t opPal es t i neac hi ev i ngt hei rpur pos e.Now,t hi ngsar eget t i ngbet t erf orPal es t i ne, s i nc et hey ’ r es uc c es s f ulat gai ni ngnews t at usi nUni t edNat i onsas“ nonmemberobs er v erSt at e”i n2012. ButonSept ember10, 2015 hi s t or yi s made.Ami ds theat ed debat es aboutt hepol i t i c alv al ueofs y mbol i cges t ur es ,t he Gener alAs s embl yadopt edar es ol ut i onal l owi ng t he r ai s i ng offlags by nonmember obs er v er St at es .Underc l oudys ki es ,t hepol i t i c al l ys ens i t i v e flag r ai s i ng c er emonyt ookpl ac eat1: 16p. m.at t heU. N. ' sRos eGar den.Thepol i t i c alges t ur eof Uni t edNat i onst or ec ogni z ePal es t i ne’ sflags hows t hatf orPal es t i ne, f r eedom i snotani mpos s i bl eac c ompl i s hment ,andPal es t i neent er saphas eofa mor ehopef ulf ut ur ef ort hei rpeopl ei nwhi c ht he I nt er nat i onalc ommuni t yr ec ogni z est hei rex i s t enc e.

ANOT HE R

1 5 Y E A RP R OMI S E Mi l l enni um Dev el opmentGoal s( or mor epopul ar l yknownasMDGs )i s an i nt er nat i onal pr omi s e es t abl i s hed byourwor l dl eader sbac k t heni n2000.Theypr omi s ed t hat by2015,t heywi l lhav eov er c ome ei ghtbi g gl obalpr obl emswhi c h ar epov er t yand hunger ,uni v er s al educ at i on, genderi nequal i t y , c hi l d mor t al i t y ,mat er naldeat h,HI V,s us t ai nabl edev el opment ,andgl obal par t ner s hi ps .As s i mpl e as t hey s ound,eac h oft hem ac t ual l yhas mor es pec i fic i ndi c at or st hatc an be anal y z ed by numer i c alj udgment s . Nowt hat2015hasc omet o an end,ex ac t l y on my bi r t hday ( y ay ) ,Uni t edNat i ons hasfini s hed c r af t i ngandhaspubl i s hedt her es ol ut i ont hat ’ sof fic i al l yc al l ed“ T r ans f or mi ng our wor l d: t he 2030 Agendaf orSus t ai nabl e Dev el opmentGoal s ” .

BY:REZAMARDI AN

THREEYEARSAGO,Icompetedinacompetitionthatinvi-

t edy out hal lar oundc ount r yt ot al kaboutwhats houl dUni t edNat i ons doeswhenMi l l enni um Dev el opmentGoal sel aps eat2015. Wel l , i nc as e y ou’ r enotawar e,Mi l l enni um Dev el opmentGoal s( ormor epopul ar l y knownasMDGs )i sani nt er nat i onal pr omi s ees t abl i s hedbyourwor l dl eader sbac kt heni n2000. Theypr omi s edt hat by2015, t heywi l l hav eov er c omeei ghtbi ggl obalpr obl emswhi c har epov er t yandhunger ,uni v er s al educ at i on, genderi nequal i t y , c hi l dmor t al i t y , mat er nal deat h, HI V, s us t ai nabl e dev el opment ,and gl obalpar t ner s hi ps .Ass i mpl e ast hey s ound,eac hoft hem ac t ual l yhasmor es pec i fici ndi c at or st hatc anbe anal y z edbynumer i c alj udgment s .Now t hat2015hasc omet oanend, ex ac t l yonmybi r t hday( y ay ) ,Uni t edNat i onshasfini s hedc r af t i ngand haspubl i s hed t her es ol ut i ont hat ’ sof fic i al l yc al l ed “ T r ans f or mi ng our wor l d:t he2030Agendaf orSus t ai nabl eDev el opmentGoal s ” . Now, I nt er nat i onal Communi t ymak esabi ggerpr omi s et hati n2030, ourwor l dwi l lbet r ans f or med, atl eas ti nt hes e17s ec t or s . Wi t ht het ot al of17Goal s( asy ouc ans eef r om t hepi c t ur ebel ow) , wehav enewpr omi s est ol ookf or war dt o. Thati sbas i c al l yt hemai ndi f f er enc e:newbi gger goal s .I nMDGs ,c hi l dmor t al i t y ,mat er naldeat h,andHI Var et hr eedi f f er entGoal s , buti nt hec ur r entGl obal Goal sf orSus t ai nabl eDev el opment , al loft heaf or ement i onedgoal sar ei nonebi gumbr el l a:goodheal t h andwel l bei ng. Des pi t et hatdi f f er enc e,j us tl i k eMDGs , TheGl obal Goal s ofSus t ai nabl eDev el opmental s ohasi t sowni ndi c at or s . Youc anc hec ki t ont hewebs i t ey our s el f . WhatIc ant el l y oui st hatt het ot al oft hei ndi c at or sar e169t ar get s .Ofc our s et hi snumberi sbi ggerandmor es pec i fic c ompar edt ot hepr ev i ousMDGs .

PI CTURE:ht t ps : / / s us t ai nabl edev el opment . un. or g/ pos t 2015/ s ummi t

EXAMPLEOFI DI CATORS: FI FTHGOAL:GenderEqual i t y 5. 1Endal lf or msofdi s cr i mi nat i onagai ns tal lwomenandgi r l sev er y wher e 5. 2. El i mi nat eal l f or msofv i ol enceagai ns tal l womenandgi r l si nt hepubl i candpr i v at es pher es , i ncl udi ngt r af ﬁcki ngands ex ualandot hert y pesofex pl oi t at i on 5. 3.El i mi nat eal lhar mf ulpr act i ces ,s uchaschi l d,ear l yandf or cedmar r i ageandf emal egeni t al mut i l at i on 5. 4. Recogni z eandv al ueunpai dcar eanddomes t i cwor kt hr ought hepr ov i s i onofpubl i cs er v i ces ,i nf r as t r uct ur eand s oci alpr ot ect i onpol i ci esand t hepr omot i onofs har ed r es pons i bi l i t y wi t hi nt hehous ehol dandt hef ami l yasnat i onal l yappr opr i at e 5. 5Ens ur ewomen’ sf ul landef f ect i v epar t i ci pat i onandequaloppor t uni t i esf orl eader s hi patal l l ev el sofdeci s i onmaki ngi npol i t i cal , economi candpubl i cl i f e 5. 6. Ens ur euni v er s al acces st os ex ual andr epr oduct i v eheal t handr epr oduct i v er i ght sasagr eed i naccor dancewi t ht hePr ogr ammeofAct i onoft heI nt er nat i onal Conf er enceonPopul at i onand Dev el opmentandt heBei j i ngPl at f or mf orAct i onandt heout comedocument soft hei rr ev i ew conf er ences 5. a.Under t ak er ef or mst ogi v ewomenequalr i ght st oeconomi cr es our ces ,aswel lasacces st o owner s hi pandcont r ol ov erl andandot herf or msofpr oper t y , ﬁnanci al s er v i ces , i nher i t anceand nat ur alr es our ces , i naccor dancewi t hnat i onall aws 5. bEnhancet heus eofenabl i ngt echnol ogy , i npar t i cul ari nf or mat i onandcommuni cat i onst echnol ogy , t opr omot et heempower mentofwomen 5. c.Adoptand s t r engt hens ound pol i ci esand enf or ceabl el egi s l at i onf ort hepr omot i onof genderequal i t yandt heempower mentofal lwomenandgi r l satal ll ev el s

Fort hatr eas on,f r amewor ksor s us t ai nabl e dev el opment goal s l i k et hos eonesac t ual l yt r i ggeri nt er nat i onalc ommuni t yt ot ac kl e t hei ri s s ues . I fi t ’ snotbr oughtup, i t won’ tbe done r i ght .Sus t ai nabl e Dev el opment Goal s br i ng t he s ens eofur genc ywhi c h al s ot r i gger sal ls t ak ehol der st opar t i c i pat e i ni t . Forex ampl e, f r om 20002015, r es ear c hgr ant sf ormat er nal heal t h, c hi l dr en,and HI Var eev er y wher e. I t ’ snott hathar df ors c i ent i s tand NGOst ol ookf orf undt oex ec ut e t hei rpr oj ec t s , s ames t or i esappl i ed i nc ompany c hoos i ng par t i c ul ar CSRst obei mpl ement ed.Notonl y t hat , SDGspr ov i denumer i c al anal y s i st hatc anbemeas ur edandev al uat ed i nac er t ai namountoft i me. Thati sbas i c al l yhow wec anr eal l y s eewhet herornotwehav edone ourbes ti nt ac kl i ng ourpr obl ems l oc al l yorev en gl obal l y .Thi sc an al s obeut i l i z edf orpol i c y maki ngi n par l i ament .

Howev er ,Sus t ai nabl eDev el opmentGoal sal s ohav es omei nef ﬁc i enc i es .I t ’ s notl egal l y bi ndi ng and i tr el i esont hewi l l i ngnes sof t hec ount r i est oex ec ut et hegoal s . Ofc our s et her ewi l lbeannualev al uat i onsandc ont r ol s , butev ent ual l y , t her ear enopol i c i est hatenf or c e t hes egoal st obeac hi ev edl oc al l y . Att hi spoi nt ,we s houl dn’ tr eal l y r el ywi t ht hes egoal s .Henc e,what s houl dwedo? Thes i mpl es tt hi ngwec andoi s bei ngc r i t i c ali nev er ypol i c yi mpl ement ed byourl oc algov er nment . Wec anj us tt weett oc r eat eawar enes s orev en wr i t e.I fwe’ r e ol d enought ov ot e,t hi si st het i met o r eal l yanal y z et hec andi dat et hat pot ent i al l yc anbec ommi t t ed t ot he SDGs .Thet oughes tt hi ngt hatwe c andoi sc r eat i ngc hangebyy out h mov ement s . I tc ans t ar tbypl ant i ng t r eesorev enc onduc t i ngpr es t i gi ousc onf er enc es .I ti s a15y earpr omi s e,butourgov er nmenti snot al one.Theyhav e eac h and ev er y oneofus . L etuspar t i c i pat e.

T HERI S E

OFS HA R I NGE C ONOMY BY:EL VI ASUMAYASTRA

Ti me has r ol l ed by ev er s i nc e, whenal mos t ev er yec onomi cac t i v i t yi sac c ommodat edt hr oughaf ew c l i c ksawayi nmobi l eappl i c at i ons whenc ol l abor at i v ec ons umpt i on, al s oknownass har i ngec onomy ,i s ont her i s e.

10YEARSAGO

, i faper s onwer et ot r av el t oanot her t own, s hewoul dhav et oc al lt hehot els ev er alday sbef or ehandt omak e ar es er v at i on. Shewoul d al s ohav et oc al l mul t i pl ehot el st ofindt hebes t r at es .Whens hear r i v es ,s hewoul dhav et ol i neupf orac aborr es er v e oneatahi gherpr i c e. Att hehot el ,ei t hers heeat st hepr i c eymenuf r om t hehot elr es t aur antors pendex t r at os t r ol lar oundandl ookf orc heaper f ood. Ti mehasr ol l edbyev ers i nc e, whenal mos tev er yec onomi cac t i v i t y i sac c ommodat ed t hr ough af ew c l i c ksawayi n mobi l e appl i c at i ons whenc ol l abor at i v ec ons umpt i on, al s oknownass har i ngec onomy , i son t her i s e. Theec onomi cs y s t em t hatenabl esus er st or entt hei rr es our c eshad r i s enr api dl yi nt hel as tfiv ey ear s .I ti ss t i l lex pec t edt or i s ef ory ear st o c omebymanyr es ear c her s . Ai r BnB,c ur r ent l yt hewor l d’ sl ar ges tac c ommodat i onpr ov i der ,hos t sov er20% gues t smor et hanHi l t onwor l dwi de eac hni ght .Yett hemi ndbl owi ngt hi ngabouti ti s ,unl i k eHi l t on,Ai r BnB ownsnor eales t at e. Thes amet hi nggoesf orUber , undoubt edl yt hel ar ges tt ax ic ompanyi nt hewor l d, t hatownsnov ehi c l eoni t sown. Al i baba al s omak esi tt ot hel i s tast hel ar ges tr et ai l eri nt hewor l dwi t hz er oi nv ent or y .Thel i s tgoesonandon.I thass i nc et henc r eat edmanyt hought f ul debat esamongent r epr eneur s , ac ademi c i ans , andpol i c y mak er s . Shar i ngec onomy ,f ors t ar t er s ,al l owspeopl et omak emoneyoutof t hei runder ut i l i s edas s et s . Bei tunus edc ar sorex t r ar oom athome, us ual l yt heyar ebei ngr ent edoutatac heaperpr i c et hant hec onv ent i onal ac c ommodat i ons .Thi si sduet ot hedec r eas edt r ans ac t i onc os t s .Conv eni ent l y ,t hi sal s omeanst hatc ons umer spayl es sf oras er v i c e.Thebi g c ompani espl ayani nt er medi ar yr ol et hatc har gesaf eef orev er yt r ans ac t i onmadet hr ought hei rappl i c at i on.I nt hemac r ol ev el ,i tc ont r i but est o t he s t at ei n gr owi ng ec onomi c oppor t uni t i esand gi v i ng addi t i onal i nc omet ohous ehol ds . Ev enmor e,t hei nt er medi ar ynat ur eofs har i ngec onomygener at esa hi ghdegr eeofflex i bi l i t yi nc onduc t i ngbus i nes s esc ompar edt oi t sc onv ent i onalc ount er par t s .Peopl ear eabl et opar t i c i pat ei nt heec onomy wi t houthav i ng t oc ommi tf ul l t i me,ast hepr oc es soft r ans ac t i ononl y r equi r esc l i c ki ngs ev er alt er msand agr eement spagesi nt hewebs i t e. Opt i ngoutal s os eemsmor edoabl e,s i nc epeopl ewhoc r eat edl i s t i ngs donot hav et ogot hr oughbankr upt c yorl os eapr oper t y . I naway , i t benefit sal lpar t i es .

Howev er , bey ondt hos eappar entadv ant ages , t hes har i ngec onomyal s ohas s ev er al i mper f ec t i ons . I ti nc l udesr egul at or yunc er t ai nt y . Asar el at i v el ynewbus i nes smodel c ompar edt ot hec onv ent i onal s y s t em, t her ehasnot beenanydefini t el awswor l dwi det hatr egul at est hec ol l abor at i v ec ons umpt i ons y s t em. Ai r BnB, f ori ns t anc e,hadr epor t edl yv i ol at ed72% ofs t at ez oni ngr egul at i onbyNew Yor kSt at eAt t or neyGener ali nOc t ober2014. T woofmos tpopul ardes t i nat i on c i t i esi nt hewor l d, namel yBer l i nandPar i s , hadbannedr egul ars hor t t er mr ent al s t hati st heAi r BnB’ sbus i nes spr ac t i c ewi t houtpr i orper mi s s i onf r om aut hor i t i es . Not onl yt hat gov er nment r ec ei v esal ot of l obby i ngagai ns t s har i ngec onomybybus i nes si nc umbent s , buti tal s oget sdi f fic ul t i esi nc r af t i ngt hepr operr egul at i onsf ort hepar t i c ul arbus i nes smodel .I ti nc l udest het y peoft ax est hat needt obec ol l ec t edf r om t hebus i nes s whet hert heys houl dbec har gedbyt he s ameamountoft hei rc onv ent i onalc ompet i t or s ’ . Mor eov er , t hec hal l engest hat t hec ompanyf ac esi sdi f f er enti neac hc ount r yandr egi oni nwhi c hi toper at es . Sowhi l et het r ans ac t i onc os ti smadec heaper ,c ompani ess t i l lhav et os penda l otmor ei nl obby i nggov er nment st os et t l et her egul at i ons . As i def r om t het axandr egul at i on,anot heri mper f ec t i onoft hes har i ngec onomys y s t em i st hei ri ns ur anc epol i c y .Peopl ewhopar t i c i pat ei nt hebus i nes s ar ebas i c al l ymaki ngt r ans ac t i onswi t hc ompl et es t r anger s ,i ns omebus i nes s es l et t i ngt hos es t r anger sbear oundt hei rpr i v at epr oper t yl i k ehous esorc ar s . I dent i t i esar eeas i l yf ak edandt heex i s t i ngi ns ur anc epol i c i esbyt hebi gc ompani es , ac c or di ngt os omeex per t s , ar enotenought omeett hewor s tpos s i bi l i t i es . Pr ec edi ngc as esl i k et hedes t r uc t i onofpr oper t yi nCanadi anAi r BnBl i s t i ng andGoj ekdr i v er swhoar ei nt r udi ngpas s enger ’ spr i v ac i esar ej us tt hel i ght es t ex ampl esofwhatc oul dhappen. I ti ss t i l l unc l earwhohol dst her es pons i bi l i t yof pay i ngi ns ur anc eundert heec onomy . I ndones i anGoj ekc ompany , f ori ns t anc e, c l ai mst hatt hec ompanydoesnotc ur r ent l yhol dl egall i abi l i t yf orbr eac hofpr i v ac ydonebyi t sdr i v er s , s i nc ei ti sat ec hc ompanyandnotat r ans por t at i onc ompany . Thenar r owi ngdownofdefini t i oni ss t i l lar guabl es i nc et hegov er nment s att hefir s tpl ac ehav enotdr awnt hei rbes tpol i c i est or egul at es har i ngec onomi es . Thes har i ngec onomypl ay sani mpor t antr ol easanewki ndofc api t al i s tt r ans ac t i onal ac t i v i t yt hatc ans c al et obr i ngbet t er mentt owar dsmanyac t or s . Asi ti s gr owi ngatas peedyr at e, al loft hes t ak ehol der sneedt oc ol l abor at ei nmaki ng t hemos ts ui t abl epol i c i esi nr egar dst ot hes y s t em. Thati st heonl ywayi tc anpr ev entf ur t herpos s i bl ehar msandc ont i nuebenefitt hes oc i et y .

K AL E I DOS COP E

2015 hasbeen ay earwi t h manymemor i esf or EDSUI .Al lt heac hi ev ement s ,ev ent s ,andev er y f eel i ngwes har ewi t hourmember sandI ndones i anDebat i ngCommuni t yi swor t hr emember ed. Theyar eal l c ont r i but i ngi nc hangi ngEDSUI t obe bet t erandbet t erasmor ey ear sc omi ng.Her ear e s omer emar k abl emoment sof2015t hatBEc an c apt ur e.Onl yf ew onesc ompar edt owhat ’ sbeen c apt ur edi ny ourmemor i es , t hough!

E DS UI 2 0 1 5

f e b r u a r y

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d e c e mb e r

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