BENEATH the SURFACE
EDS UI
newsletter
volume 10
Editor's
STATEMENT External Division 2016
Living alongside a mumbo jumbo of crisis gives us a lot to learn. On this occasion, allow Externals to take you to the world of the underlying causes of everyday crisis: what happens before something becomes newsworthy and what is beneath the surface of all the world's problem.
WHY DOES ONE COMMIT CRIME ? ANDRE BUNDHARSJAH WILL GIVE YOU HIS ANALYSES OF THE " CRIMINAL " MINDS .
BUT I ' M NOT AS " EVIL " AS YOU THOUGHT
A SNAPSHOT OF THE ECONOMY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AMIDST A CRISIS ALWAYS LIE AN
ECONOMIC ISSUE. ALLOW CARA RIANTOPUTRA GIVE YOU HER ANALYSIS ON THE EU ECONOMY.
RELIGION OF THE RÉPUBLIQUE
WHAT HAS BECOME OF FRANCE TODAY IS ROOTED IN ITS VERY HISTORY . ALIF AZADI WILL SHARE SOME OF HIS KNOWLEDGE OF THE ORIGINS OF FRANCE ' S ISLAMOPHOBIC POLICIES .
THE PERSISTENT QUANDARY OF UNPAID INTERNSHIP
WHEN WE ARE PRACTICALLY AUTOMATED TO TAKE INTERNSHIPS , WE SHOULD KNOW WHAT WE ARE GETTING OURSELVES INTO . JESSICA ANDRIANI WILL TELL YOU WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW !
I'M NOT AS ‘EVIL’ AS YOU THOUGHT EXPLAINING SOME REASONS WHY PEOPLE COMMIT CRIME.
Andre Bundharsjah
The word 'criminal' mostly carries a negative connotation as an individual who brought harm upon others. Being used to describe shoplifter, drug users, gangs member, robber, rapist, murderer, and sometimes people who refuses to succumb to a dominant political ideology, It's understandable that most of society feel grimace or furious when they see a mainstream media uses that word in their news article, upon the news and the actor who is being described as a villainous psychopath. But, do they actually deserve that much wrath and condemnation from society? Also, are the law-conforming citizen have a right to shame them, while thinking they don't have any pint of guilt in fostering social environment that push some individuals to commit crime? This article aims to show some sociological reason of why people choose to commit crime, the way a social environment or a social structure provide a meaningful push to some individuals to break the law or hurt another person. As a disclaimer, it is not an attempt to justify their actions, but to give a clearer picture on their motives and how the efforts from society or government might work to prevent future harms.
Calculation Complete: Stealing a Piece of Bread Cost Me Nothing (But Jail). Humans are blessed to have an organ called brain which is particularly useful for doing calculation and planning in order to make the best decision. Criminals obviously have one too and their brain won’t suddenly gone off when they are about to plan and commit a crime. Instead, according to contemporary rational choice theory, it is used extensively to calculate the risk and benefit of doing a lawbreaking activity. Offenders might consider both personal factors (money, revenge, and thrill) and situational factors (security measures or police presence) .
These potential gain need not be in the form of material gain, but also in term of sensation which we usually label as 'irrational gain'. “But why are they engaging in law breaking activities when harsh punishment awaits them once they are caught by the police? Because I have planned whom I target and where I do it. You won’t be able to catch me.” There are numerous type of risks a potential offender evaluates before deciding to commit crime, for example, the possibility of getting caught, consequences of punishment, and social reaction. These risks differ according to the place and the target of crime. A back alley that is surrounded by high walls with little lighting expose drug dealers to less risk of being caught than being in a middle of the street. Likewise, a little kid wearing expensive jewelry have more risk of being robbed than an athletic-looking young man which might have more possibility of retaliating.
But... You Guys Pushed Me Too!! (to Some Extent)
I won't be surprised if you read the section above and started thinking like 'it is extremely basic', after all it's about individual's cost & benefit calculation. But, in reality, gangs usually developed in poor urban neighborhood or people living in poverty have their names written down more often in police stats under 'violence' & 'drug abuse' type of crime. For kids who are hopeless to find high-paid job in order to pay for good food, violence and drugs abuse aren't committed just because those are 'fun' and 'exciting' but as a cheap and easy way to gain happiness and acknowledgment. In a sense, they don't commit crime because they want to, but because they have to; instead of seeing them as folk devil, it's possible to see them as a desperate kids in an unfair world.
Believing that crime is committed rationally, interventions that will affect potential offender's risk calculation might be effective in controlling crime. The short-term-easy-implemented form of intervention is called Situational Crime Prevention , which spawn the famous quote, "Crime happened because opportunity exist (pardon my literal translation)". Sadly, this approach is sometimes used to blame the victims for not defending themselves properly, a misguided implementation of the approach. SCP focuses not only on the protection of a potential target, but also the erasure of place that invite crime, and monitoring a potential offender. Without considering these three factors, a crime prevention strategy will not work to its maximum potential. Latent harms of this approach are displacement of crime (the robber will go to neighboring town) and the existing motivation won't be rinsed away.
According to social structure theorists, being in a position of disadvantaged economic class is a primary cause of crime. Having been born in such class, which limits your capability to follow the modern mainstream culture way of life, forces you to take desperate measures to cope with the hardship of life. This condition doesn’t only affect one kid, but also many lower class kids with whom they primarily interact and exposes them to desperate way of life which in the end become contagious. Media and advertising contributes a lot in solidifying the mainstream culture message on the importance of material gain which makes the disadvantaged kids feel even more desperate by introducing them the convenient life which is simply impossible for them to acquire. Therefore, countries, such as USA, that have huge inequality and modern way of life are plagued by high crime rate.
Due to years of mismanagement, the lower-class have been forced to cope by using unconventional means for a period of time and have spawned a unique subculture. The culture which tolerates illegal and violent behavior are spread through socialization, either by peers or even parents. Even for the hopeful student who tries to escape such culture will eventually be forced back once they encounter the huge barrier to achieve success through legitimate opportunities. The mainstream society also contributes a lot in fostering this culture by labeling individual in those culture as ‘potential criminals’. It leaves them even harder to be received well members of the mainstream society who might open the doors to prosperity (such as teachers or job interviewer).
Another interesting theories also proves that some party or class literally push other groups of people into being defined as criminal. Conflict theorists of crime believes that law is not an objective instrument created for the sake of everyone in the society, but for those in power who want to protect their own rights and satisfy their interests. Take example of current controversy where casual sex is being considered to be outlawed . Regardless of the voice of society, the reason why it is currently being reviewed is because people in the position of power demand it. Those imbalance power harms the opposition even more because the powerful also control the law enforcers and thus can forcefully oversee the law being inserted into the mainstream culture. Gender structure, or more commonly known as patriarchy, also contributes as a push for individual to commit crime. It’s no coincidence that women more often play a role as victim in a crime while rarely commit a violent one. The system of patriarchy that socialize men to be authoritative and controlling and women to be passive and dependent communicates that women is weaker, thus easier to be a target of crime. On the other hand, women’s denial of access to education to prioritize men render them powerless and frustrated. However, due to their limited access to commit violent crime as a way out, women tend to commit less serious crime, such as drug abuse or being a prostitute.
Okay Then. So What? Through this article, I would like to show that crime is an extremely complex phenomenon. The reason why someone commit crime isn’t as simple as that they are ‘purely evil’ or that opportunity exists. The way we shape our culture, our existing socio-economic structure, and the political power imbalance also determine who will commit crime, or being labeled as criminal or law breaker. Seeing crime as a social phenomenon, as opposed to individual, allows us to understand the existence of numerous group of people separated by its economic class, political power, religion, race, gender, culture etc. Some group of people might have more tendency to be offender while some other might be more vulnerable to attack. It also challenges us to think who is actually responsible for one’s offense, for example, a victim of child abuse who bully other as a means to let out the negative emotions.
The way we deal with crime are also need rethinking. Gone are the day where you believe that only punishment and law enforcement are the only tool to deal with crime. A social structure reform, providing better access to conventional means to achieve success, and commitment to combat patriarchy are even more effective way to reduce the motivation of individual to hurt other. Knowing that they are not evil means understanding that we are also contributing to some of their repression and we also hold the power, and responsibility, to reduce the silent scream of those who are forced into such situation.
ECONOMY A SNAPSHOT OF THE
OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
Being one of the most robust economies on the globe, what goes on in the European economy (almost) always impacts the rest of the world. This is why the EU and its economy are so frequently discussed in our local debate arena. Below this is a short, descriptive article that will hopefully fill you in on everything you need to know about what the European economy. EU’s Economy in a Nutshell The European Union is a politicaleconomic union with 28 – er, sorry, 27 – member states across Europe. It was formed in the mid20th century, as a response to the ultranationalist ideologies that had wreaked so much havoc in World War II, and replaced that extreme nationalism with a common identity with shared goals and aspirations. Therefore, the main characteristic of the EU is promotion of integration and collective advancement. Its member states have broken down economic borders amongst each other and merged into a single market with its single currency, the Euro. This basically means that everything can move around in the EU pretty much for free, including goods (without tariffs on trade), capital (without pesky exchange rates between different currencies), and human labor (without visas and all the hassle that comes with them).
Another important characteristic of the EU economy is its focus on the service sector, e.g. banking and financing, telecommunications, mass media, consulting, etc. Note that these examples show that servicesector workers are “skilled labor”, having attained a specific set of knowledge from tertiary education. Services comprise 74.7% of EU’s GDP, whilst the manufacturing industry only takes up around 23.8%, and the agriculture sector a mere 1.5%. It’s also important to remember that Europe’s economy boasts exceptional standards of labor protection and environmental preservation. Playing the pioneer of human rights and sustainable development is Europe’s brand.
Recent Challenges The European economy is not as glamorous as the previous section might have you thinking. After the chaos of the 20072008 global crisis, many countries with the EU have suffered from stubborn recession, high unemployment, and low growth. In fact, between the years 2010 2014, the EU as a whole grew by an average of approximately 0.7%, meaning that the only continent that grew slower than Europe was…Antarctica.
Some of the challenges faced by the EU’s economy in recent years include: Debt crisis When the Euro debt crisis hit, the PIIGS (Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain) took the hardest blow. In simple terms, these countries had borrowed too much money to finance their activities, and were unable to pay the funds back.
In a desperate attempt for governments to regain the money necessary to pay back their debt, governments tried to save more and spend less. This is when the famous and menacing policy “austerity” was put into play back then. Austerity basically means that taxes were raised and government expenditure reduced, for both individuals are firms, to feed more money to government holdings. Having to take out more money from their pockets to pay tax meant that people had less money to spend, i.e. less “disposable income”. Firms also had less money to produce, leading to a lower supply of goods and services. Economic Theory 101: the lower the supply, the higher the price, ceteris paribus. The combination of higher prices and lower disposable income meant that people simply couldn’t afford anything anymore. Needless to say, it led to mass protests. With less money to produce, firms were also forced to cut back on other production costs, like labor. They had to lay off large quantities of workers to remain profitable, resulting in more and more unemployment. To this day, although austerity has been stopped in most countries, unemployment remains worryingly high, with Italy at 11.5%, Portugal at 11.6%, Spain at 19.8%, and Greece at a staggering 24.1%. Influx of migrants and refugees Over the past couple of years, Europe has experienced a huge influx of migrants and refugees, particularly from desperate people who have fled war, turmoil and poverty in Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as South Asia. In 2015, more than 1 million refugees and migrants sought to enter the EU, according to the United Nations. The problem with this is the polarized opinions within the EU towards treatment of refugees. Countries most welcoming towards refugees, such as Germany and Sweden, were more willing to grant asylum and better welfare benefits. On the other hand, opponents in Central and Eastern Europe opined that too many refugees threatened European countries’ economies by taking away jobs and lowering wages in the short run, as well
as posing a threat to the sociocultural identity of the countries. The lack of a coherent and effective asylum policy in the EU has led to very uneven dispersion of refugees and overcrowding of refugees at “transit” points like Greece. “Brexit” Unless you’ve been living under a rock, you must have at least heard about UK’s recent referendum to leave the European Union. Since this event happened such a short time ago, the economic impacts of the UK’s move are still unclear. Most likely, the EU will be worse off without the powerhouse Brits in the family. First, the EU will lose UK’s direct financial contributions. All countries within the EU pay a certain amount of money each year based on the size of their economies, which is all pooled together and redistributed. The UK was set to pay EUR 19.4 billion in 2016, while receiving only EUR 7 billion in return. The contributions that the EU will lost from UK – which could have otherwise been used to help develop less powerful, Eastern European countries – must be filled in by other wealthy states like Germany (which sucks for Germany), or else the European Union will just have to accept a decrease in benefits. Second, the EU will lose one its biggest importers. The rest of the EU has a trade surplus (net exports, or exports minus imports) of EUR 100 billion with the UK. Although UK’s exit doesn’t necessarily mean that the EU will suddenly stop trading with UK altogether, it does mean that trade will become slightly harder and more costly. Third, when migrants can no longer move to the United Kingdom, they’re going to seek alternatives, which will most likely be similarly strong countries with flourishing economies. This means that other European countries, particularly affluent ones like Germany and France, will be on the receiving end of even more migrants. However, this isn’t inevitably a bad thing – more migrants can actually be beneficial in countries with shrinking populations and not enough productive working age people.
Finally, UK’s withdrawal from the EU may set off a domino effect. Eurosceptic parties have been growing stronger, such as France’s Marine Le Pen, who are unhappy with what they call EU’s breach on national sovereignty and imposition of uniform standards. The result of UK’s referendum gives these farright parties ammunition to tell their people that the EU is no longer a relevant or necessary body. Future Prospects The wellbeing of the European economy depends on whether or not the rest of the EU remains unified, or whether the whole union simply collapses. As of now, a complete disbandment of the EU seems unlikely, and even in the wake of debt, mass migration and Brexit, most of Europe is still enjoying comfortable economic conditions, especially when compared to the third world. Europe maintains its comparative advantage of producing highquality, environmentallyfriendly goods and services with adherence to labor protection. The Euro remains a coveted and expensive currency. Stronghold Germany continues to prop everyone else up. GDP remains amongst the highest in the world, and the OECD predicts that Europe’s moderate recovery will continue steadily. In short, Europe is going to be just fine, at least in the near future. But in the long run, the only thing certain about the European economy’s future is its uncertainty.
Cara Riantoputra
The Religion of the République Alif Azadi Taufik Laïcité is a French word that is often considered to be “the French secularism”. For many French people, this concept is as important as the famous “egalité, liberté, fraternité” national motto, which is thought to be the bedrock of French society and culture. But Laïcité, and its definition of secularism, has caught the global spotlight, drawing criticism and controversies. Just recently, thirty French towns issued bans against the use of “burkinis”, a fullbody swimsuit often used by Muslim women, and social media erupted over scenes of police forcing women to publicly undress in front of crowds jeering insults “to go back to where you came from”. Religious symbols, like the cross, the kippah, and the hijab, are prohibited in public spaces, like in schools and beaches, while civil servants, politicians, and school teachers can be denied employment and risk termination if they openly express being associated to any organized religion. Schools in Burgundy, were banned from serving nonpork substitutes to their Muslim and Jewish students, whom generally observe their religion by abstaining from pork.Laïcité is a French word that is often considered to be “the French secularism”. For many French people, this concept is as important as the famous “egalité, liberté, fraternité” national motto, which is thought to be the bedrock of French society and culture. But Laïcité, and its definition of secularism, has caught the global spotlight, drawing criticism and controversies. Just recently, thirty French towns issued bans against the use of “burkinis”, a fullbody swimsuit often used by Muslim women, and social media erupted over scenes of police forcing women to publicly undress in front of crowds jeering insults “to go back to where you came from”. Religious symbols, like the cross, the kippah, and the hijab, are prohibited in public spaces, like in schools and beaches, while civil servants, politicians, and school teachers can be denied employment and risk termination if they openly express being associated to any organized religion. Schools in Burgundy, were banned from serving nonpork substitutes to their Muslim and Jewish students, whom generally observe their religion by abstaining from pork. Bans like these are justified through cries for public order and security, about being “un French”, fighting radicalization and extremism, and calls for assimilation and integration. Thierry Migoule, an official in Cannes, declared that the burkini “conveys allegiance to the terrorist movements that are waging war against us”, while Prime Minister Manuel Valls believes the burqa as “the enslavement of women”.
Though these statements may seem extreme, for many French people, the culture of keeping one’s religion obscured from the public realm has become the norm and culture of French society. Many view religion as a private issue, which should be practiced at home privately. In the public realm, one needs to be a Frenchmen above all by not showing any distinction be that of race or religion. The government is constitutionally prohibited against collecting data on the ethnic and religious identities of its citizens. Thus, accurate data and statistics about subgroups in France and their general wellbeing often do not exist. However, France is now progressing from a homogenous white, European, Christian nation, to a heterogeneous and pluralistic society (Muslims now estimate to account 8% of the population due to a rapid influx of immigrants from North Africa and the Middle East). As a result, the expectation to conceal one’s identity to be “more French” has been faced by stiff opposition. A critic in Le Figaro argued that for many Muslims, laïcité is shocking and unintelligible, amounting to “an injunction to abandon their religion”. It is, therefore, important to discuss about the definition of secularism, its form in the current society, and the impact it causes to France. Types of Secularism Generally speaking, there are three different types of secularism, positive secularism, neutral secularism, and negative secularism, which can be understood through the assumptions a nation takes into viewing the relationship between the state and the church. Positive secularism views religious ideas and values as a positive contribution towards the system in which the government is run. Religion is viewed as a valuable tool to decipher ethical, moral, and legalistic issues and the society are often open and comfortable in their religious expression. Though not systematically imposed, politicians and political groups are allowed to appeal to religious bases and advocate for issues on a religious ground, thus allowing, through the democratic process, the influence of religion in the political sphere. Positive secularism can be observed in certain states such as Indonesia. Neutral secularism views religion and politics as two separate entities, that are relevant and dominate in different aspects of the society. Citizens are allowed to show religious expression, though balanced by the state to ensure that other groups do not feel imposed by the beliefs of others. Neutral secularism can be observed in the United States of America. Politicians are generally allowed to expression religious elements, like the famously common “God bless America”, but the society have generally grown to view political issues through secular lenses instead of religious ones
Negative secularism views religion and the state as two opposing forces in society, which make tradeoffs in matters of moral values, identity, and whether one gives positive/negative contributions to culture. Arguably, negative secularism is now manifested in France. Openly showing religious expression is often seen as a sign of division and a lack of loyalty to France. Politicians are barred from using religious terminology. Many French people are appalled by the “In God we trust” enshrined on U.S. coins and pledge of allegiance and politicians swearing into office using the Bible. Christine Boutin, a French official, who openly argued against legal domestic partnership on religious grounds and was quickly marginalized in the French political realm. French Values, Assimilation, and Radicalization Laïcité was formally enshrined in the 1905 law on the Separation of the Churches and the State, which sought to limit the influence of the Roman Catholic Church and the monarchy in public institution, especially in schools. The law confiscated Church property, the clergy lost their state income, and thousands of nuns and monks were forced out of their monasteries. During the French Revolution, there was an urgency for the socialist state to reinstate control over the masses, who had split loyalties towards the
Roman Catholic Church and the monarchy instead of to the state in the past. The new government took control of the previously Churchowned private schools to reeducate the society to be “... a good little Frenchmen”, or so they say in their textbooks.
The French government’s refusal to collect data on the different groups in France makes it impossible for these problems to be addressed. Many Muslims in France are 1st 3rd generation immigrants, who face different social and economic obstacles compared to the rest of Thus, the conception of French identity was society. Many of them live in ghettos and intertwined with the rejection of religious influence underprivileged neighborhoods, face difficulties in in public life. To be French is to not be outrightly finding employment, adapting to the culture and religious. Such narrative has become a somewhat language. Without data to track the progress of unspoken, unofficial, but prevalent in the French these groups, like the upward social mobility of society. This standard becomes a perplexed immigrant children, policies meant to address obstacle for those who want to feel both French and social and economic inequities become almost religious, but do not want to be seen as a walking impossible. As a result, many disenfranchised contradiction. Regulations to ban certain religious groups do not receive the assistance they need to insignia and limit religious expression in public area face the unique problems they face. is meant to promote assimilation and integration towards accepting a more secular French lifestyle. Conclusion Religious insignia is seen as a barrier because it is considered as a “repellent” for people from other Laïcité initially sought to implement a system to identities from any meaningful interactions. defend egalité by ensuring that all Frenchmen were treated equally regardless of their religious The reality is, however, much different. Many status, to liberate and enlighten Frenchmen from religious groups in France, Muslims, Jews, and an authoritarian rule of the Roman Catholic Catholics, often cannot make the decision to Church and the monarchy, and to unify the French abandon their religious identity they hold so dearly. society under one fraternité, against the divisions Muslim girls that are expected to take off their veils, created by the Roman Catholic Church and the often times instead opt to enter private Muslim or Monarchy. However, the way it is manifested in even Catholic schools that are more tolerant reality now creates more division, as the towards the religious attire. Instead of integration, demographic face of France has increasingly these Muslim girls are instead further distanced become more pluralistic. It is much adviced for away from the rest of society. France to revisit its narratives and to seek to redefine what it means to be French, whether the Furthermore, the sanctioned law against religious current definition of laïcité is uncompromisable as symbols, added with racism, xenophobia, and it seems. As critical thinkers, it’s important for us Islamophobia, have marginalized and alienated the not to fall blindly into the devotion of faith, or even, Muslim community from the activities of French unfaith. society. This has been very detrimental, especially for Muslim youth, who faced discrimination in employment. They become more and more susceptible towards radical propaganda, which promises them a place where they are accepted.
T H E P E R S I S T E N T Q U A N D A R Y O F U N P A I D I N T E R N S H I P Amidst the ever - growing competitive world we ’ re living today , enrolling in internships have become a trend between millennials . Corporations read the trend well . More and more companies are providing spots for college students and fresh graduate to fill in the internship program , but unpaid . Will the benefit of corporate ’ s authentic experience outweigh the sacrifice ? And what can the state do to make it a better experience ?
Today ’ s job market expects individuals to undergo at least one working experience as a prerequisite before joining the workforce . The competitive atmosphere has created an environment where corporations are allowed to formulate a system where they can employ students without allocating much resources to pay them , which is called unpaid internship . Internship is essentially a job training for white collar and professional career , but the lack of standardization and oversight leaves the term open to broad interpretation . Internship is mostly unpaid and usually temporary .
UNPAID INTERNSHIP IS THE NEW HOOKUP CULTURE Some people said , working is same with sex . You ’ ve got to have experience in hand . As a part of competitive millennials , you want to present yourself as someone authentic , real , and special to the workforce . Internship is widely known as the stepping stone for the competition . There are different reasons for each student why they finally decide to enroll in internship program , starting from the university prerequisite to pass the internship credits within the curriculum , peer pressure and fear of losing job competition in the future , but last but not least , some companies require the prospective employee to undergo internship program first as the probation , before they can work as a permanent worker , forcing the students to join internship program from the company . Due to existence of these pressures , students are not well - informed about their internship program and unfortunately , the internship turns out to be a total different from how the corporate ’ s HR package it in their website .
It is true that internship bring benefit to the students . Benefits such as professional self - confidence , a test run of real working experience , and far - reaching network . But when you come to think about it , those benefits are exclusively occurring within a supportive working environment . Most often than not , corporations are taking interns for granted , as if they are a disposable six months asset for their entity . Being at the bottom of the food chain also unable them to raise concerns regarding difficult and awkward working condition , starting from exhaustive work hours , lousy coffee making and repetitive job description , and even sexual abuse from the boss . Absence of government ’ s comprehensive legal protection hinders interns to report the wrongdoing within their internship system , and more over , there is not enough leverage to make their concerns heard . As more and more companies are providing spots for unpaid intern within their corporation system , the trend is unfortunately not followed with initiative from the state to regulate about this matter . Only in countries with progressive law like U . S . have the regulation for interns . The Fair Labor Standards Act or FLSA , regulates minimum wage and overtime for U . S workers , including interns . The Department of Labor ’ s Wage and Hour Division is responsible for enforcing the law , and has a six - factor legal requirement to determine whether interns at private sector employers must be paid minimum wage . But despite the rising quantity of students following the pressure , countries with high youngsters population do not equipped them with legal protection , such as Indonesia , China and India . With more and more people joining the trend , it is highly recommended for the state to create enforcing law for the benefits of students .
Jessica Andriani
when you come to think about it, those benefits are exclusively occurring within a supportive working environment
Happy
reading!
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