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CODING ALL-IN-ONE FOR DUMMIES 2nd Edition Dummies.
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2023930263
ISBN 978-1-394-15365-7; ISBN 978-1-394-15366-4 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-394-15367-1 (ebk)
Unit 1: Locating Physiology on the Web of Knowledge
CHAPTER 1: Learning a New Language: How to Speak Fluent A&P
CHAPTER 2: Better Living through Chemistry
CHAPTER 3: The Secret Life of Cells
CHAPTER 4: Joining Forces: Cells Organize into Tissues
Unit 2: Weaving It All Together: The Structural
Layers
CHAPTER 5: It’s Just Skin Deep: The Integumentary System
CHAPTER 6: More than a Scaffold to Build On: The Skeletal System
CHAPTER 7: Getting in Gear:
Unit 3: Talking to Yourself
CHAPTER 8: Your
Unit 4: Traveling the World
11: Spreading the Love: The Cardiovascular System
Unit 5: Supply and Demand
CHAPTER 13: Oxygenating the Machine: The
CHAPTER 14: Fueling the Fire: The Digestive System
Unit 6: Making a Mini-Me: Behind the Scenes
CHAPTER 18: From Cradle to
Index
Cells Organize into Tissues
Finding
Taking
Sensory Overload
Moving trucks: Red blood
Waiting
The stealthy swap: Capillary exchange
A new organ? The interstitium
Of Sirens and Lymphs
Whaddya Know? Chapter 10 Quiz
Answers to Chapter 10 Quiz
CHAPTER 11: Spreading the Love: The Cardiovascular System
Meet & Greet Your Pumping Station
Home Is Where the Heart Is
In
orchestra
The performance
Pausing for pregnancy
The “Middle Ages” .
Growing creaky
Whaddya Know? Chapter 18 Quiz
Answers to Chapter 18 Quiz
Introduction
Whether your aim is to become a physical therapist or a pharmacist, a doctor or an acupuncturist, a nutritionist or a personal trainer, a registered nurse or a paramedic, a parent or simply a healthy human being, your efforts have to be based on a good understanding of anatomy and physiology. But knowing that the knee bone connects to the thigh bone (or does it?) is just the tip of the iceberg.
The human body is a miraculous biological machine capable of growing, interacting with the world, and even reproducing despite numerous environmental odds stacked against it. Understanding how the body’s interlaced systems accomplish these feats requires a close look at everything from chemistry to structural mechanics.
Early anatomists relied on dissections to study the human body, which is why the Greek word anatomia means “to cut up or dissect.” Anatomical references have been found in Egypt dating back to 1600 BC, but it was the Greeks — Hippocrates in particular — who first dissected bodies for medical study around 420 BC. That’s why more than two millennia later, we still use words based on Greek and Latin roots to identify anatomical structures.
That’s also part of the reason why studying anatomy and physiology feels like learning a foreign language. Truth be told, you are working with a foreign language, but it’s the language of you and the one body you’re ever going to have.
About This Book
Anatomy and Physiology All-In-One For Dummies, 1st Edition, combines the idea of a simplified textbook with the practice opportunities of a workbook. It isn’t meant to replace a proper anatomy and physiology (A&P) textbook, and it’s certainly not meant to replace going to an actual class. It’s designed to be a supplement to your ongoing education and a study aid for prepping for exams. Sometimes, a slightly different presentation of a fact or of the relationship between facts can lead to a small “Aha!” moment; then technical details in your more comprehensive resources become easier to master. Consider reading the relevant chapter before class. That way, when your instructor covers the content, it’ll be more likely to stick.
Your coursework might cover things in a different order from the one I’ve chosen for this book. As an instructor, I’ve had years of trial and error in the order in which I teach topics. I’ve found the flow of this book to be the most successful for my students, and it does differ from the traditional order, particularly when you reach Unit 4, “Traveling the World,” which covers the fluids that circulate in your body. I welcome you to take full advantage of the table of contents and the index to find the material as it’s addressed in your class.
Whatever you do, don’t feel obligated to go through this book in the order I’ve chosen. But please do answer the practice questions and check the answers as you go. They are placed strategically, and in addition to providing the correct answers, I clarify why the right answer is the right answer and why the other answers are incorrect.
The goals of this book are to be informal but not unscientific, brief but not sketchy, and information-rich but accessible to readers at many levels. I’ve tried to present a light but serious survey of human anatomy and physiology that you can enjoy merely for the love of learning.
Foolish
Assumptions
In writing this book, I had to make some assumptions about you, the reader — the most important of which is that you’re not actually a dummy! If any of the following applies, this book is for you:
» Formal student: You’re enrolled in an intro A&P course for credit or in a similar course tied to a particular certification or credential. You need to pass an exam or otherwise demonstrate understanding and retention of terminology, identification, and the processes of human anatomy and physiology.
» Informal student: You’re not enrolled in a course, but you’re interested in gaining some background knowledge or are reviewing content on human anatomy and physiology because it’s important to you for personal or professional reasons.
» Casual reader: High five to you for maintaining your love of learning. Your teachers would be so proud! Here you are with a book on your hands and a little time to spend reading it . . . and it’s all about you! I sincerely hope that you enjoy this book.
Because this book is an all-in-one text, I had to limit the exposition of the topics so that I could include lots of practice questions to keep you guessing. (Believe me, I could go on forever about this A&P stuff!) The final assumption I made is that if you’ve picked up this book to help you perform well in a course, you have access to a formal textbook. Particularly with the labeling of anatomical structures, I cover the main players, but you’ll likely be asked to identify more or to recognize more details about them.
Icons Used in This Book
Throughout this book, you’ll find symbols in the margins that highlight critical ideas and information. Here’s what they mean.
The Tip icon gives you juicy tidbits about how best to remember tricky terms or concepts. It also highlights helpful strategies for memory and understanding.
The Remember icon highlights key material that you should pay extra attention to so you can keep everything straight. It’s often included to cue you to make a connection with content on other body systems.
This icon — otherwise known as the Warning icon — points out areas and topics where common pitfalls can lead you astray.
The Technical Stuff icon flags extra information that takes your understanding of anatomy or physiology to a slightly deeper level, but the text isn’t essential for understanding the organ system under discussion.
This icon draws your attention to the review questions included in particular places to check your understanding. Answers are included before the end of chapter quiz. You should complete all the questions as best you can, from memory (don’t go back and look up the answers); then check and correct your answers after you complete the section. It’s also important that you give yourself a brain break before continuing to the next section.
Beyond the Book
Within this book, you may note that some web addresses break across two lines of text. If you’re reading this book in print and want to visit one of these web pages, simply key in the web address exactly as it’s noted in the text, pretending that the line break doesn’t exist. If you’re reading this book as an e-book, you’ve got it easy: Just click the web address to be taken directly to the web page.
In addition to the material in the print or e-book you’re reading right now, this product comes with some access-anywhere goodies on the web. Although it’s important to study each anatomical system in detail, it’s also helpful to know how to decipher unfamiliar anatomical terms the first time you see them. Check out the free Cheat Sheet by going to www.dummies.com and typing “Anatomy and Physiology All in One Cheat Sheet” in the search box.
You also get access to an online database of questions with even more practice for you. This database contains an interactive quiz for each chapter, allowing you to hone your new knowledge even more!
To gain access to the database, all you have to do is register. Follow these simple steps:
1. Register your book at www.dummies.com/go/getaccess to get your personal identification number (PIN).
2. Choose your product from the drop-down menu on that page.
3. Follow the prompts to validate your product.
4. Check your email for a confirmation message that includes your PIN and instructions for logging in.
If you don’t receive this email within two hours, please check your spam folder before contacting Wiley at https://support.wiley.com or by phone at (877) 762-2974.
Now you’re ready to go! You can come back to the practice material as often as you want. Simply log on with the username and password you created during your initial login; you don’t need to enter the access code a second time. Your registration is good for one year from the day you activate your PIN.
Where to Go from Here
If you purchased this book and are already partway through an A&P class, check the table of contents, and zoom ahead to whichever segment your instructor is covering. When you have a few spare minutes, review the chapters that address topics your class has already covered— an excellent way to prep for a midterm or final exam.
If you haven’t yet started a class, you have the freedom to start wherever you like (although I strongly recommend that you begin with Chapter 1) and then proceed onward and upward through the glorious machine that is the human body!
When you’ve finished, find a nice home on your bookshelf for this book. The unique, handdrawn color plates alone make it worth the space it takes up. The book will be right there for you when you need a quick refresher, and it’ll be a great reference after a doctor’s appointment or the next time you wonder what the heck they’re talking about in a drug commercial.
1 Locating Physiology on the Web of Knowledge
In This Unit . . .
CHAPTER 1: Learning a New Language: How to Speak Fluent A&P
A Word about Jargon
Looking at the Body from the Proper Perspective
Getting Organized
Whaddya Know? Chapter 1 Quiz Answers to Chapter 1 Quiz
CHAPTER 2: Better Living through Chemistry
What’s the Matter?
Keep Your Ion the Prize
Building Blocks That Build You
Metabolism: It’s More Than Just Food Charging Your Batteries
Practice Questions Answers and Explanations
Whaddya Know? Chapter 2 Quiz Answers to Chapter 2 Quiz
CHAPTER 3: The Secret Life of Cells
Keeping Same Things the Same: Homeostasis Division of Labor
Controlling the Ins and Outs
Divide and Conquer
Practice Questions Answers and Explanations
Whaddya Know? Chapter 3 Quiz Answers to Chapter 3 Quiz
CHAPTER 4: Joining Forces: Cells Organize into Tissues
Covering Up: Epithelial Tissues
Making a Connection: Connective Tissues
Flexing It: Muscle Tissues
Getting the Signal Across: Nervous Tissue
Whaddya Know? Chapter 4 Quiz Answers to Chapter 4 Quiz
IN THIS CHAPTER
» Learning to speak the language
» Orienting yourself to the body
» Exploring the body’s regions
Chapter 1
Learning a New Language: How to Speak Fluent A&P
Human anatomy is the study of our bodies’ structures; physiology is how they work. It makes sense, then, to learn the two in tandem. But before we can dive into the body systems and their intricate structures, you must learn to speak the language of the science.
A Word about Jargon
Why does science have so many funny words? Why can’t scientists just say what they mean, in plain English? Good question! The answer is a great place to start this chapter.
Scientists need to be able to communicate with others in their field, just like in any other career. They develop vocabularies of technical terminology and other forms of jargon so they can better communicate with colleagues. It’s important that both the scientist sending the information and the one receiving it use the same words to refer to the same phenomenon. They say what they mean (most of them, most of the time, to the best of their ability), but what they mean can’t be said in the English language that people use to talk about routine daily matters. As a result, we get jargon. And while it seems like an unnecessary obstacle on your course of learning something new, jargon is a good and needed thing.
Consider this. We’re sitting on a porch, enjoying a cool evening, and I say to you, “Hey! You got any tea?” You would likely offer whatever variety of hot tea you have (or kindly say that you don’t have any). Nothing too confusing there, right? If I were to ask my son (or any teenager, really) the same question, I wouldn’t be getting a refreshing beverage; I’d be getting the latest gossip. You know what I meant because the word tea means the same thing to us. But to my son, it’s like jargon.
To understand anatomy and physiology, you must know and use the same terminology as those in the field. The jargon can be overwhelming at first, but understanding the reason for it and taking the time to learn it before diving into the complicated content will make your learning experience less painful.
A great way to start is to take a moment to look at just how these complicated terms are created. The words sound foreign to us because they’re derived from Greek and Latin. Unlike other languages, those haven’t changed in centuries. Mono has always meant one, but I don’t even know what cool means anymore (except that my son says I’m not it!). In science, anatomy included, things are named by putting the relevant word roots together. Let’s look at the word dermatitis. The root derm- means skin, and -itis means inflammation. Put them together, and you get skin inflammation, commonly referred to as a rash. Table 1-1 gets you going with a list of commonly used word roots in anatomy and physiology, matched up with the body system in which you’ll likely encounter them.
Every time you come across an anatomical or physiological term that’s new to you, see whether you recognize any parts of it. Using this knowledge, go as far as you can in guessing the meaning of the whole term. After studying Table 1-1 and the other vocabulary lists in this chapter, you should be able to make some pretty good guesses!
Remember that story about your sister’s friend’s boyfriend’s uncle who went in to have a foot amputated, only to awaken from surgery to find that the surgeon removed the wrong one? This story highlights the need for a consistent perspective to go with the jargon. Terms that indicate direction make no sense if you’re looking at the body the wrong way. You likely know your right from your left, but ignoring perspective can get you all mixed up. This section shows you the anatomical position, planes, regions, and cavities, as well as the main membranes that line the body and divide it into major sections.
Getting in position
Stop reading for a minute and do the following: Stand up straight. Look forward. Let your arms hang down at your sides and turn your palms so they’re facing forward. You are now in anatomical position (see Figure 1-1). Any time the position of one structure is compared with another, the relationship comes from the body in this position.
The standard anatomical position.
FIGURE 1-1:
Illustration by Kathryn Born, MA
Unless you’re told otherwise, any reference to location (diagram or description) assumes this position. Using anatomical position as the standard removes confusion.
We also use directional terms to describe the location of structures. It helps to learn them as their opposing pairs to minimize confusion. The most commonly used terms are
» Anterior/posterior: in front of/behind
» Ventral/dorsal: toward the stomach/back (in humans, these mean the same as anterior/posterior)
» Superior/inferior: above/below
» Medial/lateral: closer to/farther from the midline (also used with rotation)
» Superficial/deep: closer to/farther from the body surface
» Proximal/distal: closer to/farther from the attachment point (used for appendages)
Right and left are also used quite often, but be careful! They refer to the patient’s right and left, not yours.
Dividing the anatomy
Because we can see only the external surface of the body, sections (cuts, in other words) must be made for us to see what’s inside. It’s important to take note of what type of section was made to provide the view you see in a picture or diagram. As illustrated in Figure 1-2, There are three planes (directions) in which these can be made:
» Frontal: Divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions. Think front and back. This plane is also referred to as coronal.
» Sagittal: Divides the body or organ lengthwise into right and left sections. If the vertical plane runs exactly down the middle of the body, it’s referred to as the midsagittal plane.
» Transverse: Divides the body or organ horizontally, into superior and inferior portions, or top and bottom. Diagrams from this perspective can be quite disorienting. Think of this plane in terms of a body opened at the waist like taking a lid off a box; viewing a transverse diagram is like peering down at the box’s contents (and trying to not be disappointed that there’s no puppy inside).
The three planes provide an important reference; but don’t expect the structures of the body, and especially the joints, to line up or move along the standard planes. It’s also important to note that anatomical planes don’t always create two equal portions, and to further complicate matters, they can also “pass through” the body at an angle, which is called an oblique section. Additionally, any cylindrical structure, such as blood vessels or intestines, can be cut straight across (a cross section) or lengthwise (a longitudinal section).
and transverse.
Mapping the regions
The anatomical planes orient you to the human body, but the regions compartmentalize it. Just like on a map, a region refers to a certain area. The body is divided into two major portions: axial and appendicular. The axial body runs right down the center (axis) and consists of everything except the limbs, meaning the head, neck, thorax (chest and back), abdomen, and pelvis. The appendicular body consists of appendages, otherwise known as upper and lower
FIGURE 1-2: Planes of the body: frontal, sagittal,
Illustration by Kathryn Born, MA
The body’s regions: Anterior view.
extremities (which you call arms and legs). The proper terms for all the body’s regions are shown in Figures 1-3 and 1-4.
It’s helpful to practice these terms both visually (on a diagram) and descriptively, especially since you’ll see them popping up throughout this book.
Additionally, the abdomen is divided into quadrants and regions. The midsagittal plane and a transverse plane intersect at an imaginary axis passing through the body at the umbilicus (navel or belly button). This axis divides the abdomen into quadrants (four sections). Putting an imaginary cross on the abdomen creates the right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower
FIGURE 1-3:
Illustration by Kathryn Born, MA
The body’s regions: Posterior view.
quadrant, and left lower quadrant. Physicians take note of these areas when a patient describes symptoms of abdominal pain.
The regions of the abdominopelvic cavity include the following:
» Epigastric: The central part of the abdomen, just above the navel.
» Hypochondriac: Doesn’t moan about every little ache and illness, but lies to the right and left of the epigastric region and just below the cartilage of the rib cage. (Chondral means cartilage, and hypo means below.)
FIGURE 1-4:
Illustration by Kathryn Born, MA
» Umbilical: The area around the umbilicus.
» Lumbar: Forms the region of the lower back to the right and left of the umbilical region.
» Hypogastric: Below the stomach and in the central part of the abdomen, just below the navel.
» Iliac: Lies to the right and left of the hypogastric regions near the hip bones.
Casing your cavities
Now let’s dig a little deeper. When looking at the body regions of our trunk, there’s more organization to be considered. We can’t just shove all our internal organs between some muscles and fat; neither could we pick them all up and just pile them in a big, empty space. To house all these organs, our body must create structured spaces to hold them. We have two cavities that achieve this purpose: the dorsal cavity, which holds the brain and spinal cord, and the ventral cavity, which holds everything else. The dorsal cavity splits into the vertebral (spinal) cavity, which holds the spinal cord, and the cranial cavity, which houses the brain. The ventral cavity is split into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity by a large band of muscle called the diaphragm. Within the thoracic cavity are the right and left pleural cavities, which hold each lung, and the mediastinum. Within the mediastinum is the pericardial cavity, which contains the heart, the trachea, esophagus, and thymus gland. (The organs listed are within the mediastinum but not the pericardial cavity, it's misleading with the edits that were made.) The abdominopelvic cavity divides into the abdominal cavity (with the stomach, liver, and intestines) and the pelvic cavity (with the bladder and reproductive organs), though there’s no distinct barrier between the two.
Serous membranes are created to define the cavities, lining the walls and covering the organs contained within. The thin layers release a slippery (serous) fluid that reduces friction. The visceral membrane lies atop of the organs, making direct contact with them. The outermost layer of the heart, for example, is called the visceral pericardium, and on the lungs, that layer is the visceral pleura. The parietal membrane lies on the other side of the spaces or lining the cavity itself. So the lining of the abdominopelvic cavity is known as the parietal peritoneum. (Note that it’s not the parietal abdominopelvic, that just sounds weird.)
When identifying the layers of the body cavities, visually or descriptively, it helps to think of the terms instead of the structures. That is, you have two columns of information:
