Lancelot 'Capability' Brown's approach to landscape design & a 21st century response to CB300

GREEN

CBF047 / Leeds Beckett University September 2015

EDWARD

Lancelot ‘Capability’ Brown’s approach to landscape design & a 21st centur y response to CB 300 Moccas Hill Competition

CONTENTS

4.0 Primary Research

1.0 Introduction 1.1 Part one - project aims and objectives 1.2 Part two - project aims and objectives

4.1 Interview with Nick Owen 5.0 Landscape Conservation

1.3 Part three - project aims and objectives PART ONE 2.0 An introduction to Lancelot Brown and his approach to Landscape Design 2.1. Lancelot Brown’s career 2.2 Brown’s clients and 18th century issues 2.3 Progression of the English landscape garden style 2.4 Brown’s approach to landscape design 2.5 Types of designed parks and pleasure grounds 3.0 Case Studies 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Berrington Hall, Herefordshire 3.3 Rothley Park, Wallington Estate, Northumberland 3.4 Hulne Park, Alnwick, Northumberland

6.0 Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples 6.1 Brown’s components 6.2 Modern Examples Today 6.3 A Design Matrix outlining Brown’s Approach and Modern Equivalents

PART TWO Woodbury Hill Wood, Moccas Estate, Herefordshire (Competition Site) 7.0 Competition - Brief 7.1 Site location 7.2 Design Competition Objectives 7.3 Hypothetical Design Brief

8.0 Competition - Site Response 8.1 Site Analysis 8.2 Historic significance 8.3 Design approach 8.4 Masterplan strategy 8.5 Ecological proposals 8.6 Masterplan 8.7 Supporting visuals PART THREE 9.0 Reflection 9.1 Reflection on part one and part two 10.0 References and Sources Appendices Appendix 1 - Site Competition Additional Site Photos

Part One

1.0 1.0 Introduction This project was developed as a response to the Landscape Institute’s Capability Brown Festival Design Ideas Competition 2015. As a fundamental requirement was to provide a design which attempted to reflect Brown’s theories in the context of a 21st century landscape it was necessary to undertake research to understand his approach in order that these could inform the design process. However, the chosen site, Woodbury Hill Wood is some distance from the designed landscaped and the principal building Moccas Court. For the purposes of this study, a designed landscaped divorced from the main park and house is termed as an ‘outlying park’. These sites are distinct from a park that is part of the normal designed parkland overlooked by the house which in turn are different from pleasure grounds which are areas around the house.

The Study There are three parts to the study: • • •

Part One – Research Part Two – Competition Design Part Three – Reflection

Part One – Research The research element of this project will identify and analyse sources which document the design principles of the 18th century landscape designer Lancelot Brown. The research will focus on Brown’s approach to landscape design

but the design approach of other 18th century landscape designers will also be explored to understand the context of design principles at that time.

Part Two – Competition Design The research elements of Part One will inspire a modern vision and approach to designing a landscape that is equivalent to an 18th century outlying park. The design proposals will provide a response to a design competition launched by the Landscape Institute & Natural England celebrating the tercentenary of Brown’s birth and his legacy of landscapes in the context of a 21st century landscape design project. 33, 34

Part Three – Reflection The findings of both Part One and Part Two will be reviewed.

1.1 Part One - Project Aims and Objectives Aims The research will explore 18th century parks in terms of design philosophy, key design components will also be explored.35 Sites designed by Brown, will be reviewed to compare the focus of his typical commissions for landscapes associated with the immediate setting for country houses & also in relation to outlying parks.

33 LANDSCAPE INSTITUTE (2015) Capability Brown Festival Design Ideas Competition.

Available from:http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/PDF/Contribute/CB300CompbriefandEntryForm_002.pdf> [Accessed 24th July 2015 34 CAPABILITY BROWN (2015)Available from: http://www.capabilitybrown.org/[Accessed 06/06/2015] 35 M. Laird, The Flowering of the English Landscape Garden: English pleasure grounds 1720-1800 (Philadelphia, 1999), page 133-51.

Objectives • Develop an understanding of Lancelot Brown’s philosophical and formulaic design approach to landscape design and outlying parks in particular as well as other 18th century landscape designers’ approaches • Evaluate key design components Brown used in both outlying parks, parks and pleasure grounds to establish a design matrix

1.2 Part Two - Project Aims and Objectives Aims In the context of the 21st century, the fundamental aims of Brown’s work will be examined, explored and questioned.

The conclusion to these findings will inform the design response to the competition. The research explored in Part One will be key in determining the selected approach.

Objectives • Explore how Brown may have translated his design philosophy to the 21st century with particular consideration to:

• Sustainability and technologies

• Community use

• Availability of information to designers

• How life in the 21st century would have

broadened Brown’s outlook and design

philosophy • Explore the emotional impact of features Brown placed in distant pleasure grounds and their comparable significance today

• Establish the differences in how a landscape may have been perceived in the 18th century in comparison to the 21st century, allowing people to experience the site in their own unique way • Carry out site visits to the Moccas Park Estate and the competition site known as Woodbury Hill Wood, taking into account the context of the adjacent: 1. Medieval deer park 2. Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) 3. National Nature Reserve, (NNI) 4. Heritage Environment Record (HER) 5. The overall area and its significance as an Area of Natural Beauty (AONB) • National Character Area Profiles: Hereford / 99. Black Mountains, 100. Herefordshire Lowlands – please see Appendix

1.3 Part Three - Project Aims & Objectives Aims The findings of both Part One and Part Two will be reviewed separately and also to what extent the core issues highlighted in the research of Part One has been useful in informing the competition design.

Objectives The following issues will be discussed: • Analysis of Part One & Part Two • Conclusions of competition entry • Overall conclusion

Introduction

2.0 2.0 An Introduction to Lancelot Brown and his Approach to Landscape Design

2.2 Brown’s clients and 18th century issues Politics, agricultural improvements, grand tours

reclamation and park-making were all described by contemporaries as forms of ‘improvement’ all…came under the general heading of “improvement”.37

2.1 Lancelot Brown’s career

Politics Lancelot Brown was a follower of Pitt the Younger, was very patriotic and most of his clients belonged to the Whig of Tory party and Brown soon became acquainted with some of the wealthiest people in the country. By 1768 Brown’s bank balance at Drummonds bank had risen to £32,279.34

…’While improvement did not necessarily imply landscaping, no landscape could hope to flourish unless due attention had been paid to the ground on which it was to be formed, and the proper cultivation of trees with which it was to be planted’. 38

Lancelot Brown was born in 1716 Kirkhale, Northumberland, the son of William Brown, an estate worker on the Kirkhale estate. It was here his passion evolved as a gardener. He pursued this career path and secured a position working for Lord Cobham at Stowe, Buckinghamshire in 1741. Brown arrived at Stowe at a pivotal time as it coincided with the birth of English Landscape School which started with the work of Charles Bridgeman and William Kent there.

Brown’s work at Stowe provided a platform for him to begin providing his services to other landowners. In 1753 it was recorded that Brown employed four-site foremen to organise a local workforce recruited by estates. His landscapes rapidly became renowned both for their vision and their functionality which combined his skills and expertise of science, art and engineering. A Brown landscape was at the forefront of fashion and by 1760 Brown had twenty-four foremen working on numerous sites across the country. It is estimated that Brown designed over 170 parks and directly influenced a total of 250 landscapes. 33

4 CAPABILITY BROWN (2015)Available from: http://www.capabilitybrown.org/[Accessed 06/06/2015]

Agricultural Improvements By the mid- 18th century landowners wanted their land to sustain itself in the most efficient manner. The Georgians saw themselves as ‘improvers’35 The Lancelot ‘Capability Brown’ research impact review prepared for English Heritage by the Landscape Group, University of East Anglia describes the effect of “improvements” to the parkland. ‘“Improvement” was a label often applied to the land, serving as a code word for capitalist farming, notably enclosure, while also being applied to landscape gardening’ 36 Stroud herself emphasised that Brown’s ‘place-making’ could usefully be considered as only one aspect of a wider phenomenon: The passing of Acts for the enclosure of large areas of hitherto common land, new methods of reclamation and husbandry, the making of better roads, and the importation of new species of trees and shrubs, afforestation, enclosure,

Brown’s clients were enthused with the success of investing in improvements to livestock. Parkland which Brown developed provided a setting in which animals could be showcased yet be practically managed with the inclusion of sunken fences and ha-ha’s to not disturb the visual setting. The way in which Brown laid out his parkland had to maximise grazing yet it appears to blend subtlety outwards towards other designed features such as clumps and woodland which were useful for game cover. Attention to agricultural improvements also focused on perfecting crop yields, the quality of meat produced and management of grazing land. Brown assisted his clients in achieving the correct land conditions.

34 P. Willis (1984) ‘Capability Brown’s account with Drummonds Bank, 1753-1783’ in Architectural History 27, 382-91.

35 PARKS AND GARDENS (2015) Available from: http://www.parksandgardens.org/ [Accessed 10/06/2015].

36 Gregory, J, Spooner, S. and Williamson, T., 2013.Lancelot Capability Brown: A research impact review prepared for English Heritage by the Landscape Group, University of East Anglia. Available at: http://www.capabilitybrown.org/sites/default/files/ project_files2/english_heritage_research.pdf [Accessed 25th July 2015]

37Gregory, J, Spooner, S. and Williamson, T., 2013.Lancelot Capability Brown: A research impact review prepared for English Heritage by the Landscape Group, University of East Anglia. Available at: http://www.capabilitybrown.org/sites/default/files/ project_files2/english_heritage_research.pdf [Accessed 25th July 2015] 38 Gregory, J, Spooner, S. and Williamson, T., 2013.Lancelot Capability Brown: A research impact review prepared for English Heritage by the Landscape Group, University of East Anglia. Available at: http://www.capabilitybrown.org/sites/default/files/ project_files2/english_heritage_research.pdf [Accessed 25th July 2015]

Grand Tours Many of Brown’s wealthy clients went on tours across

Europe to broaden their horizons. Jane Brown described the Duchess of Northumberland travels- “The Duchess was the product of all of this and of her habitual travels all over Britain, as well as to Germany, Switzerland and France; as she had sought out Voltaire and visited Versailles, but was equally interested in a wider spectrum of people and buildings, in whatever caught her lively interest – her peers dubbed her ‘vulgar.’” 39

2.3 The progression of the English Landscape Garden style Brown moved away from the style of key designers associated with the early 18th century English Landscape Garden style such as Charles Bridgeman and William Kent, his predecessors at Stowe.

Geoffrey Jellicoe described Bridgeman as: an English garden designer in the onset of the naturalistic landscape style.

Although he was a key figure in the transition of English garden design from the Anglo-Dutch formality of patterned parterres and avenues to a freer style that incorporated formal, structural and wilderness elements, Bridgeman is a somewhat obscure entity in the history of landscape architecture, his reputation eclipsed by those of his successors, William Kent and Lancelot “Capability” Brown” .40

39 Brown, J. 2011. Lancelot ‘Capability’ Brown: The Omnipotent Magician 17161783.p.214 Pimlico 40 Jellico , J Sir et al. (1986) The Oxford Companion to Gardens p.72 The New York: Oxford University Press.

An introduction to Lancelot Brown and his approach to Landscape Design

2.0 Bridgeman’s landscapes instigated a change. He began to peel back the formality of wider masterplans to reveal layers in nature. This may have metaphorically related to unpeeling the elements in nature, as Newton began to publish his mathematical formulas and formulas to interpret natural history. Bridgeman and designers such as John Vanbrugh began to soften the execution of formal gardens near the mansion. At Seaton Delaval, Vanbrugh’s formal garden adjacent to the mansion is defined by a simple outline. 33

Seaton Delaval is a rare example of a landscape that Vanbrugh may have worked on, that was not modified. Chris Biddick (Gardener at Seaton Delaval) comments on Vanbugh’s layout to the masterplan in relation the birth of the later English Landscape Movement “The garden offers important clues for the development of gardens in this country and beyond, bridging the French formal design perfected by Andre Le Notre at Versailles, and the later English landscape movement of William Kent, Capability Brown and 33 NATIONAL TRUST (2015) http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/seaton-delaval-hall/history/ [Accessed 07/06/2015]

so on. This can be seen, for example, in the way Vanbrugh incorporated the wider landscape, while still imposing symmetry and geometry upon it. He used trees and woodland, controlling and guiding the eye with paths (or allees) cut in the woodland and lime avenues to highlight certain features such as the obelisk.’34 Bridgeman and Vanbrugh’s contributions to the birth of the English Landscape Garden style were soon reinterpreted by Brown and Kent who did not favour formal parterres. Brown favoured natural flowing gardens in his pleasure grounds.

William Kent defined the natural style of the English Landscape Garden with the removal of straight lines, omitting geometric vistas, paths, woodland. His style also saw the removal of other formal features such as clipped trees. At Chilham Castle, Kent and Brown’s work can be seen side by side. Brown’s presence in the 1760’s marked a time of change in landscape approach, removing the lime avenue and replacing the formal parterre with formal lawn.35 Wright located a sundial at the edge of the castle lawn, which aligned with the old chestnut avenue. 36 The pair of designers promoted a naturalistic approach. Horace Walpole was another key player at the time. His specialism lay in providing a vision for estates such as at Strawberry Lane, London where he provided a “theatrical” circuit in the landscape involving sculptures and buildings within lawns 34 NATIONAL TRUST (2015) http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/seaton-delaval-hall/ourwork/article-1355871314881/ [ACCESSED 10/06/2015] 35 CHILLINGHAM CASTLE (2015) http://www.chilham-castle.co.uk/history.aspx?id=9 [Accessed 17/06/2015] 36 CHILLINGHAM CASTLE (2015) http://www.chilham-castle.co.uk/history.aspx?id=9 [Accessed 17/06/2015]

and shrubberies.

2.4 Brown’s Approach to Landscape Design The evolution and development of naturalistic style of English Landscape School has been linked to changes in English politics, philosophy and aesthetics at the time. The formal geometric garden was seen as a reflection of age of tyranny and absolutism where power was invested in single authority. The evolution and development of naturalistic style of English Landscape School developed through the 18th century as a reflection of the Age of Enlightenment and Age of Reason characterised by the philosophy of empiricism where knowledge came from sensory experience, inquiring minds and through the advancement of science and art. Similarities have also been drawn between Hogarth’s ‘line of beauty’ and Brown’s sinuous curves in his designs of lakes, clumps and trees and woodlands.37 Brown’s response to working on large estates was governed by the requirement to develop a coherent landscape design whilst being highly practical in management terms. In order to do this Brown was responsible for removing many established landscape features such as avenues, walled enclosures and formal gardens as well as even being responsible for moving villages. The majority of Brown’s schemes adapted deer parks and formal landscape gardens. He sought to create his vision of a naturalistic, idealised land37 Gregory, J, Spooner, S. and Williamson, T., 2013.Lancelot Capability Brown: A research impact review prepared for English Heritage by the Landscape Group, University of East Anglia. Available at: http://www.capabilitybrown.org/sites/default/files/ project_files2/english_heritage_research.pdf [Accessed 25th July 2015]

scape inspired from paintings of landscapes by Claude Lorraine and Nicolas Poussin. He devised flower gardens and manicured, serene scenery adjacent to the mansion from which he created extensive views over ha-has and sunken fences across gently rolling landscape dotted with clumps of trees, making estates seem larger.

Brown compared his role as a landscape designer to that of a poet or composer. “Here I put a comma, there, when it’s necessary to cut the view, I put a parenthesis; there I end it with a period and start on another theme.”38 Jane Brown records Batty Langley’s ‘General Directions’, New Principles of Gardening 1728 as ‘notes applicable to training Lancelot’s training’.

1. That the grand Front of a Building lie open upon an elegant Lawn or Plain of Grass, adorn’d with beautiful Statues, terminated on its Sides with open Groves.

2. That such Walk, whose Views cannot be extended be extended, terminated in Woods, Forests, misshapen Rocks, old Ruins, grand Buildings, &c 3. That shady Walks be planted from the End-Views of a House, and terminate in those open Groves… and thereby you may enter into immediate Shade, as soon as out of the House, without being heated by the scoring Rays of the Sun. 4. That Hills and Dales, of easy Ascents, be made b tart, where Natures has not perform’d that Work before.

5. That all Walks whose Lengths are short, and lead away from any Point of View, be made narrower at their 38 Brown, J (2012)‘Lancelot Capability Brown’ The Omnipotent Magician 17161783 p.298

An introduction to Lancelot Brown and his approach to Landscape Design

2.0 further Ends than at the hither Part; for by the Inclination of their Sides, they appear to be of a much greater length than they really are; 6. That the walks of a Wilderness be never narrower than ten Feet, or wider than twenty five Feet; and these walks be so plac’d as to respect the best Views of the Country 7. Observe, at proper Distances, to place publick and private Cabinets, which should be encompass’d with a Hedge of Ever-Greens, and Flowering Shrubs next behind them, before the Forest-Trees that are standards [nb interpreted as layering] 8. All Grass-Walks should be laid with the same Curvature as Gravel-Walks; for, by their being made flat or level from Side to Side, they soon settle into Holes in the Middle; the Proportion for the Heights of the Crown, is as five is to one, that is, if the Walks be five Foot in Breadth, the Height of the Middle, above the Level of the Sides must be one Inch; if ten Foot, two inches &c 9. Distant Hills are beautiful Objects when planted with little Woods; as also are Valleys, when intermix’d with Water and large Plains; and a rude Coppice [clump] in the Middle of a fine Meadow, is a delightful Object.

10. In the Planting of Groves, you must observe a regular Irregularity; not…like an Orchard…but in a rural Manner, as if they had reciev’d their Situation from Nature itself; plant in and about your several Groves good store of Balck-cherry and other Trees that produce Food for Birds, which will not a little add to the Pleasure…

11. The several Kinds of Forest-Trees make beautiful Groves, as also doth many Ever-Greens, or both mix’d together, but none more beautiful than that noble tree the

[Scots} Pine [to which the Cedar of Lebanon is soon added.]39 These notes were likely to have been extremely influential as Lancelot Brown in developing his style.

Although his approach to landscapes was consistent, and sometimes criticised as formulaic, it was adapted to capture the ‘spirit of the place’ for each particular site. As importantly, to the visual effect of Brown’s landscapes was that he successfully created managed, productive agricultural landscape and naturalistic landscapes, which enabled estates to sustain themselves economically.

Jane Brown comments on Brown’s work and design style, “Lancelot Brown changed the face of eighteenth century England, designing country estates and mansions, moving hills and making flowing lakes and serpentine rivers, a magical world of green. The English landscape style spread across Europe and the world...It proved so pleasing that Brown’s influence moved into the lowland landscape at large and into landscape painting.”40 Brown’s influence travelled into Europe, particularly in France where it was reborn as le Jardin Anglaise and also to Russia where it was adopted by Catherine the Great, the Empress of Russia and the his style was admired by Thomas Jefferson who used it for the layout of the University of Virginia.

39 Brown, Jane The Omnipotent Magician – Lancelot ‘Capability’ Brown 1716-1783,Chatto&Windus, p.21 40 Brown, Jane The Omnipotent Magician – Lancelot ‘Capability’ Brown 1716-1783,Chatto&Windus, p. 201

Brown was immortalized by the poet William Cowper in The Task Book III, 1785. Although there may have been ambiguity in terms of whether the magician was a force of good or evil, there was no doubting his power.

“Lo! He comes, the omnipotent magician. Brown appears. …He speaks. The lake in front becomes a lawn Woods vanish, hills subside, and valley rise, And streams, as if created for his use Pursue the track of his directing wand, Sinuous or straight, now rapid now slow, Now murmuring soft, now roaring in cascades, Even as he bids.

However there were detractors. The renowned ‘picturesque’ writer Richard Payne Knight commented: wrap’t all o’er in everlasting green, Makes one dull, vapid, smooth, unvaried scene. 41 Another proponent of the picturesque, Uvedale Price, was equally critical and rude….referring to Brown….’this fellow crawls like a snail all over the grounds and leaves his cursed slime behind him wherever he goes.42

2.5 Types of designed parks and pleasure grounds

The definitions and gradations of three types of designed parks - outlying park, parkland and pleasure grounds are often blurred. As context and as introduction, it is impor41 Brown, Jane The Omnipotent Magician – Lancelot ‘Capability’ Brown 1716-1783,Chatto&Windus P.314 42 Ross, S (2001) What gardens mean: University of Chicago Press p.129

tant to understand the qualities of all three landscapes and their differences and comment on Brown’s involvement in each area.

Pleasure Grounds Mark Laird, commented that Brown created as many pleasure grounds as parks.43 The 18th century pleasure grounds Laird referred to were adjacent to the mansion. Typically this type of pleasure ground would include, lawn, shrubs and trees as well as flower gardens almost completely around the house usually within the ha-ha. This was often but was not always the approach Brown employed.

In Essays on the Picturesque Uvedale Price comments, ‘Mr Brown has been most successful in what may properly be called the garden, though not in that part of it which is nearest the house’.44 Loudon describes how the ‘modern pleasure garden with its shrubs and exotics would form a very just and easy gradation from architectural ornaments, to the natural woods, thickets and pastures’. Paths were key in allowing people to explore the pleasure grounds, they are described ‘by the execution of gravel walks, the planting of shrubberies, and other details belonging to pleasure grounds’45 Pleasure grounds were manicured to achieve serene swards and these were scythed for hay instead of grazed. The wider parkland would be rougher in aesthetic and managed through grazing a variety of livestock.

43 M. Laird, The Flowering of the English Landscape Garden: English pleasure grounds 1720-1800 (Philadelphia, 1999), page 133-51.

44 Price, U, Essays on the Picturesque, Vol. 2 (London, 1810), page148.

45 Loudon, The Landscape Gardening and Landscape Architecture of the Late Humphry Repton Esq (London, 1840), page 328.

An introduction to Lancelot Brown and his approach to Landscape Design

2.0 Parkland Parkland is an area overlooked by the principal house consisting of pasture and meadow with trees, clumps, lake(s) with the land being used as productive farmland and woodland as well as being used for hunting, shooting and fishing.

All these elements gave pleasure, as well as being useful to the landowner embracing the 18th century fashion fuelled affiliation for ‘use and beauty’. Brown was responsible for creating many masterplans in which the parkland broadly stitched each of the elements together.

Outlying Parks Distant parks or outlying parks were designed to create a series of dynamic and intriguing experiences, which were dependent on revealing features and views in the designed landscape. These gave the experience of a designed landscape away from the designed parkland and pleasure grounds associated with the main house. They were to be seen from a drive in motion whilst in a carriage, on horseback or stationary at a specific viewing station. Visitors would stop to absorb the setting, views and built features.

Some outlying parks also had footpaths for a walking experience. Notable examples of outlying parks of significant distance to the mansion include, Hackfall, Plumpton Rocks and Rievaulx Terrace, all in North Yorkshire. Brown created a small number of outlying parks including Hulne Park at Alnwick, Northumberland and Rothley Lakes, which is part of the Wallington Estate.

Relationship between the Pleasure Grounds and Parkland In his publication Andeutungenüber Landschaftsgärtnerei (“Ideas On Landscape Gardening”), the German landscape

gardener, Hermann, Prince of Pückler-Muskau, gave the following explanation of the relationships between gardens, pleasure ground and parkland. “The word pleasure ground is difficult enough to render in German and I have therefore felt it better to retain the English expression. This means a piece of land adjacent to a house, which is fenced in and ornamented, of much greater extent than gardens, and something of an intermediate thing, a connecting element between the park and the actual gardens. “ He continued: “[...] if the park is an idealised, condensed piece of the natural world, so the pleasure garden is an extended residence [...] in this way [...] the suite of rooms, is continued on a larger scale in the open air, [...]46 Mark Laird describes the relationship between the pleasure grounds and wider parkland. “In one sense the division between parkland and ornamental grounds – usually defined by the ha-ha, a sunk fence or netting – seems straight forward enough. Yet Thomas Whately elaborated his account of Painshill and Hagley, that division might have been absolute in terms of function and maintenance but not in terms of aesthetics”. Thomas Whatley said when describing his grounds laid out by Charles Hamilton between 1738 and 1773. “They may however, be more closely united; and by transferring to the one some of the circumstances, which are usually, but not necessarily, confined to the other, they may actually be blended together. There are indeed properties in the garden, which cannot be applied to a park: its bloom and fragrance cannot there be persevered; is they 46 Von Kroisgk, K-H (1999) Klein-Glienicke mit Pleasureground. In: Landesdenkmalamt Berlin (ed.): Gartenkunst Berlin. 20 Jahre Gartendenkmalpflege in der Metropole, Schlezky & Jeep, Berlin

could, the flowers and the flowering shrubs, and the culture they require”. Thomas Whatley comment on the scale of pleasure grounds in comparison to the parkland. “The even more curious trees could hardly be secured from injuries; the little groupies, if raised, would seldom kindly coalesce with the woods of the forest around them; and several delicate finishing, and elegant ornaments, which become the confined spots of a garden, would at best, be lost in the larger scenes of a park”. Thomas Whatley continues to comment on the serenity of manicured lawns around the mansion and notes as a walking experience this is not an issue in comparison to experiencing the rougher pasture in the parkland. “and if the lawns and woods be of moderate extent, and rather in style than in dimensions; if they be everywhere distinguished by elegance in forms and their outline; and if, the communications between them, the appendages of a walk be preferred to those of riding: the park maybe stocked with deer and sheep and amply provided with harbour and pasture; yet adopt without any derogation, the capital beauties of a garden.”47

Reconstruction of Lord Petre’s planting fr the “Amphitheatre at Woksop 1738 47 M. Laird, The Flowering of the English Landscape Garden: English pleasure grounds 1720-1800 (Philadelphia, 1999), Introduction page 9.

Detail of Thomas Robin’s painting of Chinese Kiosk at Woodside 1750s (private collection)

Reconstruction of Phillip Millers instructions for planting alongside a private wilderness walk 1731

An introduction to Lancelot Brown and his approach to Landscape Design

3.0 3.0 Case studies

Hall.

The following sites were visited in order to gain first-hand experience of Brown’s landscapes in order to inform the design of the completion site.

Brown believed building locations should be found instead of made. When siting mansions Brown would create 4 views. Often on an axis, the three key views would compliment key rooms in the house. Views overlooked the serene landscape of a pleasure park. The fourth view would often be from the service entrance to the house. It is not until till the final key room is discovered at Berrington Hall for example, that a narrow view emerges of the lake. The lake appears to extend to infinity, with views of the Welsh Hills in the background. There is evidence of an old Oak tree on the island of the lake. It is believed Brown may have left the tree as a feature and built the lake around it in order to break up the massing of the water on the landscape.

(Discussions with Nick Owen, Debois Landform Survey Group).

• Berrington Hall, Herefordshire • Rothley Park, Wallington Estate, Northumberland • Hulne Park, Alnwick, Northumberland The three sites are different in character. Berrington Hall is a classic Brown landscape, located close to Moccas and both Rothley Park and Hulne Parks being examples of the outlying parks, located at a distance from the main house, park and pleasure grounds, although both including different design components and characters.

View to west showing sinuous edge of edge to ha-ha

3.1 Berrington Hall

The Hall is located 3miles from Leominster, Herefordshire.

The house has been in the ownership of The National Trust since 1957. The family house was originally built for Thomas Harley, who chose the renowned architect Henry Holland to design the neoclassical building in 1778-1781. The grounds were Brown’s last commission and he is believed to have been also responsible for the location of the Hall.

Lancelot Brown located the house ‘ There, just there that is the place for your house’33 Berrington provides an example of a typical Brown park, designed in closely in relation and to the Hall and its setting with a curving ha-ha and parkland graded to gently slope down to a 6 hectare lake from the 33 Jane Brown, 2011. Lancelot Capability Brown – The Omnipotent Magician 17161783, cited without reference p248

View to south over ‘invisible’ ha-ha towards lakes with drive in foreground

Case Studies

3.0

View to east equidistant from Berrington Hall (north) and the lake (south)

View to south towards lake from Berrington Hall

Case Studies

3.0

View to north towards Berrington Hall (centre of image)

View to west showing curvaceous edge similar to the frontage of the drive/formal lawn and ha-ha at Berrington

Case Studies

3.0 3.2 Rothley Park, Wallington Estate, Northumberland Brown was commissioned to produce a masterplan for the outer reaches of Sir Walter Calverley Blackett’s estate at Rothley Park. The outlying park is 8km north of Wallington Hall, which belonged to the Blackett family. Rothley Park functions in a slightly differently purpose to most Brownian parks as it is detached from the main house on the estate.

Rothley Park would be visited as an expedition from the main house; it is recorded as being a destination for picnics and that fishing equipment was stored in one of the lodges next to the lake.33 Brown was responsible for the design of the higher and lower lakes, which nestle in a small valley in a wide swept landscape and which were viewed from serpentine paths and designed features. Brown had the vision to accentuate the small valley and introduce dammed lakes, creating a high impact designed landscape with was set amongst extensive tree planting. Related features include classical lodges and a classical style banqueting house was proposed on a knoll overlooking the lower lake however it was not built (please see plan to the right). The banqueting house was intended to be linked to a ‘garden’ protected by the circular plantation of trees with two clumps to frame the view of the lake. Other unbuilt proposals included the cladding of agricultural building facades with classical inspired 33 NATIONAL TRUST (2015) National Trust Wallington Hall Guide Book, Available at: http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/cs/Satellite?blobcol=urldata&blobheader=application %2Fpdf&blobkey=id&blobtable=MungoBlobs&blobwhere=1349128671534&ssbinary= true [Accessed 01/06/2015]

It is believed that several landscape designers were involved to realise Brown’s masterplan and vision across the site. An imitation Gothic castle and crags were built on the hillside overlooking the lakes to dominate the sky line. The castle was designed by Daniel Garrett and the Codger’s Fort and crags by Thomas Wright. “Sir Walter had built his most ambitious folly, ‘a vast ruin’d Castle built of Black Moor Stone’ designed by Daniel Garrett, the beginning of his detached and Picturesque park, rather in the manner of Hulne park at Alnwick. Beyond the Crags was a smaller outcrop, Codger Crag, for which Thomas Wright designed a miniature fortress (the walls survive), overlooking the valley where Lancelot’s lower lake was being dug.”33 Brown may have been responsible for identifying the horizon as a key location for potential eye catching features. 34

33 Brown, J. 2011. Lancelot ‘Capability’ Brown: The Omnipotent Magician 17161783.p. 217 Pimlico 34 Aldred, O, 2014, Archaeological Excavations Across the Serpentine Path, Rothley Lake, Wallington. Available at: http://www.ncl.ac.uk/mccordcentre/research/researchreports/McCord_Centre_Report_2014.5.pdf [Accessed 1st August 2015] page 4W

Plan showing Brown’s vision for the lower lake at Rothley Park

View to east showing the lower lake at Rothley

View showing bridge at Rothley Park

View to west showing upper lake with adjacent deciduous woodland

Case Studies

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Rothley Castle by Daniel Garret

View showing Codgers Fort, possibly designed by Thomas Wright

Codgers Fort by Thomas Wright

James Paine’s bridge over the Wansbeck

Case Studies

3.0 3.3 Hulne Park, Alnwick, Northumberland The site is known to have been worked on by Brown. It is believed that he collaborated with the head gardener at the Alnwick Estate called Mr Call on behalf of 1st Duke and Duchess of Northumberland. Brown’s plans were partly implemented at Hulne Park.33 It is recorded that he laid out the park around Alnwick Castle, the parkland adjoining the outlying park to the north containing the Priory and Brizlee Tower. Brizlee Tower was located as the main feature for a hilltop garden which included other features such as semi natural caves and a small ornamental pool and views were linked to the Priory. Brown was responsible for locating and designing many towers such as the Column of Liberty at Gibside and also designed Lord Cobham’s monument whilst working at Stowe. Brizlee Tower located to the north of Hulne Park was designed by Robert Adam, however, it is believed Brown sited the tower to allow views towards the Priory which dates back from the 11th century. A 40 acre lake was proposed at the foot of the hill of the Priory but this was unbuilt. This would have swept around the north and south of the hill on which the Priory stood and would have marooned the Priory with a thin ribbon lake.

Jane Brown comments on Brown’s work at Alnwick “He began exploring immediately upon his arrival at Alnwick, pouring forth lyrical descriptions – of how he rode down from the castle into ‘a deep sequestered Valley’ passing under a high cliff, with overhanging trees ‘watered at the foot by a clear running Brook, which after a shower affords one or 33 Shrimpton, C, 2006. A History of Alnwick Parks and Pleasure Grounds. Heritage House Group Ltd, page 45

two very fine Waterfalls’, then up over ‘wide swelling slopes’ form where he could see the sea, and up more onto heathland, with ‘the vast swellings of Cheviot’ appearing to the west; he fund a ‘hermit’s cave’ and crossed over ‘the Flowery Head of Carmel’ – called by the country people Brisley (Brizlee) Hill – and down again to ford the Aln, ‘meandering in the most beautiful and whimsical irregularities’, untill he reached his goal, the ruin of Hulne Priory, where – protected by the Percys in the twelfth century – Carmelite friars had lived peaceably gathering honey.”34 ….. “The extent of Lancelot’s softening of the landscape and planting of shelter belts and clumps extended beyond the Aln to the meadows and gently sloping fields of the North Demesne, effectively the castle’s park. Having made the immediate setting of the castle, he would naturally have regarded all the views out from the approach ad from the castle ramparts – and the responding views back to the castle –as part of his scheme the dramatic possibilities of the Hulne park would also surely have tempted him? Lancelot certainly knew Thomas Percy – it was rarely that he met a person who so nearly shared his own perceptions of landscape.”

View of Brown’s carriageway to the north of the estate

View showing the parkland to the east of the Deer Park

Brown’s significance as a designer in the county of his origin was different, he knew people like Mr Call as a young boy and Call’s perception of Brown as a renowned designer may have been reduced in comparison to people he had no connection. Brown used his roots to his advantage claiming that northerners were more rooted with the land. He would insist on using Scottish gardeners as they had a different skillset to southerners.

34 Jane Brown, 2011. Lancelot Capability Brown – The Omnipotent Magician 17161783, cited without reference p214

Carriageway approaching the Priory

View towards later 19th c. agricultural hayloft

Case Studies

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View towards the carriageway looking south

View to the north from the Priory

View of Priory entrance

View towards the west of the Priory to form Medieval Deer Park

Parkland to the west of the Priory

View towards the Priory from the south

Case Studies

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View of Brizlee Tower from east

Southern elevation

Close up view of tower from woodland

View of Duchess bridge

Southern elevation

Later than Brownian era Wellingtionia’s

Case Studies

4.0 4.0 Primary Research 41 Interview with Nick Owen I have carried out an interview with Nick Owen, a leading expert on Lancelot Brown and a partner at Debois Landform Survey Group. This has provided valuable information about Brown’s approach to designing parks including outlying parks.

General questions related to Lancelot Brown If Brown was alive today do you feel he would have embraced new technology and implemented sustainable cycles such as sustainable drainage in his landscapes?

Broadly yes, but the point is he would just make landscapes that worked. I don’t know if they were conscious of sustainability in the way that we are, the work wasn’t quite as threatened in their day, but it is an interesting idea but I don’t really know the answer to it.

Do you feel Brown would have lessened the environmental impact of his landscapes, or do you feel he was sensitive to conserving such as marshland for example?

He wanted his landscapes to give as many experiences as it was capable of so variety was a vital part of his landscapes.

If there was marshland, and there was room for marshland in the landscape then he would leave it. Quite often I suspect Brown would have probably seen a boggy bit of ground as either, a perfect place for a lake or that it’s a challenge to

be tidied up. When Brown went to Croome Hall he saw it as a mess and he saw it as his moral duty to tidy it up. Croome is famous for its miles and miles of expensive land drains and I suspect he did that in a lot of places because that was one of his practical skills valued by his clients. He turned them into beautiful landscapes but also profitable ones.

And this did have an obsession with creating beautiful parks and that would usually involve drainage.

Was the widespread removal of bogland predominately an agricultural improvement to the land or was it to improve the aesthetic of his scheme to form features such as pasture and lakes?

Commons were considered as a waste. Moorland areas were considered a waste. And the whole of North America, when they went there, was considered a waste land and they set about improving it but cutting all of the trees down.

That was very much the way they saw the world – ‘we were put on earth to improve it’. It’s an interesting area because we now tend to see bits of the world where we haven’t improved them e.g. the Rainforest, Scottish hill tops as the most valuable bits where man hasn’t come, but in their day it was completely the opposite.

If Brown was alive today, do you think he would embrace contemporary design?

I am sure the answer is yes but that’s a difficult one to answer really. In his day he was contemporary but having said that, he like every designer looked back to ancient Greece for inspiration.

By the end of Brown’s career do you feel he evolved his design approach towards the picturesque, such as at Alnwick?

Yes Rothley is an example of that. I think that is the main criticism of Brown. They accused him of always creating very tame, smooth, beautiful landscapes. Hulne Park is another example. Again, he was trying to get as much variety as he could get. Alnwick is a good example, Castle Park is very beautiful, and everything is smooth with rounded knolls. Grazing herds at Hulne Park is the opposite as it is very wild and rocky and that is exactly the kind of thing he would aim at. Wallington is the same. Rothley Park has rocky crags which is totally different and that’s good. It’s a dramatic experience and a contrast giving it a richness of experience.

out and say – they are the same.

With Brown’s extensive portfolio in mind do you feel Brown deployed a formulaic response to certain site conditions or do you feel every design provoked new site responses That is another accusation against Brown that he just rolled out the same style and of course in a way that is true. But I would say he wouldn’t have become as successful as he was without this. He picked out what was special about each site and adapted his designs to the spirit of the place.

He absolutely did that, so the answer is yes and no. He did have his own style, but he adapted it to each landscape he worked on, that’s where his nickname came from. It is what is special about each place. You can usually spot a Brown landscape but in each place it is different. Looking at his plans, they are all similar in approach, but each design is totally different. There are very few things that you can pick

Do you think Brown would have planted non-native species for environmental reasons such as being drought tolerant?

He would have planted anything, but he was a practical person who was employed because of his practical skills; he wouldn’t plant a tree in a position where it would fail. He would adapt his planting to suit the environment. He didn’t have a concept of environmental issues like we do. English Nature (Natural England) used to frown on planting Beech trees because they are not native to the North of England but now they accept them because they are no longer viable in south of England because they had droughts, so now its OK to plant beech up here. I would guess it won’t really be acceptable just because of all of the other issues tied into native trees.

Have you ever noted any modern landscape architects with a similar design ethos to Brown?

No – that is a good question. I would ask you the same question have you? EG compares Brown to Charles Jenks.

I struggle to find modern designers whose work I rate. If you are looking at landform and trying to create something different you can only look at Charles Jenks but in terms of typical Brown commission then… I liked Jenks because he bases his work on a philosophy, there is an underlying philosophical basis to his work which I welcome and you can say the same about Brown, he wasn’t just thoughtlessly imposing a design on the landscape. Kim Wilkie produces good stuff.

Primary Research

4.0 Do you think Brown’s colour palate would be different if he was alive today?

Brown used to create a landscape through choosing it’s colour like a painting. He would use foliage colours to create depth within a landscape. For example he would use the darkest trees in the foreground of key views such as Cedar of Lebanon and in the far distance at the furthest visible point he planted the same variety.

Do you think Brown’s method of grouping trees on steep hillsides as more successful than grouping trees in a rolling landscape?

You plant the trees on the top because it makes the valleys look deeper and the trees look higher. But each site is different and so each site would have its own area to accentuate.

If you wanted to bring out the rolling topography he would have picked out the swells and he also planted trees on a cliff top. I don’t know the answer to this question, he would have his vision to the landscape and that would be the defining element in where he planted trees and what type of trees he would plant.

Do you think Brown invented the use of clumps within a designed landscape and what role did they play in his designed landscape?

It was supposed to be William Kent who did this, but Brown worked with him. William Kent’s clumps are pretty naff and very artificial looking and more regimented. Brown took the idea and developed it into something more. But he is also accused of planting artificial looking clumps.

Do you think Brown could not design all his architectural features in his landscapes as he had so many projects across the UK? I don’t know. He usually worked with Henry Holland, he was his son in law. I think it was quite often the client who brought in other architects. Quite often Brown designed a building but the client went with someone else. It seems to me that he didn’t accept that he was running out of time and some projects got neglected and he didn’t have the time to fit them all in.

Questions relating to Woodbury Hill Wood Why do you think creating lakes was important to Brown?

Brown created two types of lake. One was expansive in a blob shape such as the one to the west of the house at Berrington Hall, Herefordshire. The over type was more like the ribbon lakes of Rothley Park, Northumberland.

Do you think Brown would have focused more in enhancing the ecology of Woodbury Hill Wood or focused on creating powerful designed landscape?

I think the second but the first wouldn’t be dismissed. The richness thing as much variety as possible is what he would be after.

How do you think Brown would have approached the sensitivities of avoiding ancient burial sites of site?

Another interesting one. I think their clients want to link their family as far back in time as they could go to make the impression that they had always been there. Backward looking landscapes with artificial ruins etc so it looked like this had been the family’s ancient place even if they had only

been there 10 years or so. Any ancient earth works would be welcomed. They bulldozed half of the Roman Wall away so they were quite cavalier. He incorporated ruins Roche Abbey, that is a good example of using the old – he did that at a few places. Roche had detached pleasure grounds.

Did Brown interplant plant semi-mature specimens with whips in parkland groups, clumps and in woodland belts?

Yes, he wanted to create instant landscapes, they weren’t bothered about generations in the future. The most important view would have mature trees in it to create an instant view.

Do you think that if Brown was to design an eyecatcher today he would have inspired by something contemporary in the same way he was inspired by classical features in the 18th century?

This is tricky because he and everyone else looked back to the past for their buildings. There wasn’t any contemporary architecture in the 18th Century, it was all derivative. An interesting area but I don’t really know, but I think it is true.

This is odd that they didn’t have their own style. It was very much the old style. They looked to Gothic if they chose not to design a classical building. They always say that architects didn’t exist till the 18th century, they were only builders.

Do you think Brown would have planned to screen any eyesores that impinged on his designed landscape for example wind turbines?

He certainly would plant out eyesores. That was a big part of what he was doing and again the tiny little bit we have

where he talked about his own work he does say “We are hiding what needs hiding and showing what needs showing” – hiding the bad and showing the good. Windmills – they liked these along with church steeples and hay-stacks. They were considered to be picturesque objects. So he would not have planted out wind turbines, he would have made a feature.

Would Brown have integrated Woodbury Hill Wood into his overall landscape for Moccas Estate and how would he have done this?

Yes he would. He would have identified its capabilities e.g. views from the top. Then he would have tried to bring out what was special about them. If it has interesting landfall he would pick this out. Moccas has natural swirls, which he might have enhanced a bit.

Do you know if Brown favoured sheep or cattle grazing in his landscapes?

Our angle is that parkland around the house would be divided into separate enclosures for horse, cows, sheep and possibly pigs and for deer. Each enclosure would have a different style of planting and each of those animals create a different kind of sward and that is one of the tools that an artist has by creating different enclosures with different planting and sward, which the animals would naturally fit in. And you can see that in his plans but you would want the whole to have a unity, you wouldn’t want it broken up totally, you would want to disguise where one enclosure merged into another, e.g. a band of trees. It’s all of those tricks that he would employ to create contrasts and variety but at the same time a landscape that looked whole, a park.

Primary Research

5.0 5.0 Landscape Conservation Organisations such as The National Trust and English Heritage have in the last thirty years intervened to conserve many struggling properties across the country. The two organisations allow the public to enjoy many of these sites including many of Brown’s landscapes. The sites are now encouraged to be self-sufficient financially.

• The National Trust conserves over 300 properties 250,000 hectares of land of outstanding natural beauty and over 775 miles of coastline . In 2014 The National Trust had almost 20 million visitors to their sites.

• English Heritage cares for over 400 buildings, monuments and sites – world famous prehistoric sites to grand medieval castle, from forts on the edges of the empire to Cold War bunker English Heritage sites were visited last year by over 10 million visitors per year.

• The National Trust remains as charity in April 2015 English Heritage and formed Historic England and English Heritage. This enables these charities to apply for public or private funding.

In tandem with the interest in visiting historic landscapes, there has been a resurgence in their conservation and restoration with the Heritage Lottery Fund having expended

In addition Natural England has provided funds for the restoration of historic estates through the Higher Level Stewardship (HLS) scheme funded through defra, including many Brown landscapes such as the Trentham Estate, Staffordshire and the Burghley Estate in Lincolnshire.

To inform the restoration proposals Parkland Plans are prepared to provide an full understanding of an estate. Documents and drawings are compiled to provide: • an overview of the estate, in terms of archaeology and the historic development of the estate • detailed accounts and chronology of the historic design and layout of the estate • Assessment of the integrity of this design and associated heritage features • Survey work is often commissioned to establish the site condition of features including building and structures • The status Flora and Fauna and arboriculture is reviewed within the site documenting, ecology, tree cover and landscape features within the estate

tween Natural England and the landowner • to identify potential HLS projects to be negotiated between Natural England and the landowner • to identify potential repair, restoration and enhancement projects in addition to HLS projects • to assist in informing a Conservation Plan or Conservation Management Plan • to contribute to the translation of a site history A recent report by Natural England Historic Parkland Handbook 2015 provides guidance on historic parklands, designed largely for their own staff to assist informing future restoration and repair works. This document was informed by a previous report by Cookson and Tickner Enironmental Stewardship and Historic Parklands 2013.

This report funded by Natural England assessed the effectiveness of the Higher level Stewardship scheme in terms of conservation results and then drew up guidelines for prioritisation for future restoration work.

All features are recorded and evaluated in relation to status, condition and heritage significance in terms of the estate as a designed and managed historic landscape.

over £700m of park restoration since 1996.33

The findings of the Parkland Plan is intended to inform development and management decisions that protect, conserve and enhance the fabric and understanding of the historic park and garden including:

33 HERITAGE LOTTERY FUND (2015) Available at: www.hlf.org.uk [Accessed 17/06/2015]

• to identify potential HLS projects to be negotiated be-

Landscape Conservation

6.0 6.0 Brown’s components and modern day examples When exploring the use of Brown’s components in the context of 21st century landscape design, architecture and engineering projects it became apparent that many of the landscapes components Brown utilised are still at the forefront of modern design. This chapter will explore how he designed certain features to create striking experiences within the landscape.

6.1 Brown’s components It became apparent when researching the complex projects Brown undertook that his ambitious approach to master planning was never compromised. In the context of outlying parks, parks and pleasure grounds this study aims to highlight, through a ‘Design Matrix’ components Brown used in certain situations and within key zones within his landscapes. The chosen examples represent a snippet of Brown’s legacy, projects which were implemented or just visionary drawings. The examples to an extent illustrate the functions of the design landscape components, outline interrelationships in design style as well as their impact in creating a striking landscape experiences.

Components include: • Infrastructure • Green Infrastructure • Earthworks

• • • • •

Water Architectural Features Agricultural Improvements Boundaries Sport

6.2 A Design Matrix outlining Brown’s approach and modern equivalents The illustrated Brownian components and modern equivalents were chosen to reflect similarities in both in large scale landscape interventions as well as focus on the smaller individual features which together define an exciting landscape experience.

The modern examples, which illustrate parallels to Brown’s design components, are linked through their style and function. The design function to the modern examples are determined by the intended site user and user experience. Brown’s commissions were focused on developing the ‘use and beauty’ in the landscape as well as responding to Brown’s clients requirements for a sustainable future through investing in ‘improvements’. Brown’s skilled design approach enabled him to stitch the two requirements together seamlessly in a naturalistic fashion. Through outlining the design components used by Brown, it is intended to analyse the design significance and the characteristics of features experienced when journeying outwards into a park from a mansion. The transition and anticipation through travelling between features and different areas of character within a park all contribute to the drama and experience of

visiting a park.

6.0

Matrix Component - Infrastructure // Drives Project Case Study / Studies

Supporting Brownian Illustration

Comparable Modern Sites

Lowther Castle, Cumbria Brocklesby, Lincolnshire

Notes / Descriptions When Brown worked at Lowther castle for Sir James Lowther, neither his proposals or the earlier proposals of Francis Richardson were implemented. Brown’s plan shows pleasure grounds with a circular flower garden and serpentine walks. The extract to the right shows Brown’s design for the journey through wider parkland.

Mark Laird describes Browns proposals. “Although no more successful than in implementation than its predecessors, the proposal is of extraordinary interest, for it provides the most dramatic evidence of Brown’s capabilities in the art of pleasure ground.” It is noted Brown’s style reflects Thomas Wright’s sketches.

Additional Illustration

Location of Drive extract below Location of pleasure grounds adjacent to Lowther Castle

Comparable Brownian Sites Illustration reference Brocklesby, Lincolnshire. ‘A Plan for Intended Alteration, 1771 Stroud, D, 1975.

Capability Brown. Faber and Faber Ltd, Stowe: A stepping stone to success, image 59a >

M. Laird, The Flowering of the English Landscape Garden: English pleasure grounds 1720-1800 (Philadelphia, 1999), page 280-281.

Drives were key in allowing Brown’s larger scale parkland landscapes to be accessible to his clients and their visitors. The layout was often sinuous in flow between landscape forms of open fields and following winding routes through woodland.

< Browns plan, “A plan for intended gardens” c.1771 M. Laird, The Flowering of the English > Landscape Garden: English pleasure grounds 1720-1800 (Philadelphia, 1999), page 280-281.

Image Title - Lowther Park, Cumbria c.1771

Illustration references

Image Title - Sweeping drive

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Matrix Component - Green Infrastructure // Wooded Belt Project Case Study / Studies

Supporting Brownian Illustration

Burton Constable, Yorkshire

Comparable Modern Sites Victorian public parks follow the theme.

Grant associates

Notes / Descriptions

Tropical woodland perimeter belt at Vietnamese German University in Bing Duong Province.

Serpentine / sinuous edge through which a drive travels.

Serpentine belts are a characteristic feature of Browns designs. This may partly be owing to his designs following the boundary of landform of a park rather than imposing geometric shapes on the landscape.

Additional Illustration

Comparable Brownian Sites Bowood, Wiltshire Corsham, Wiltshire Wimpole, Cambridgeshire

At Burton Constable, Brown planted indigenous trees interspersed with conifers, sugar maples and scarlet oaks in the parkland belts.

<Brown’s plan for the grounds for William Constable c.1722.Stroud, D, 1975. Capability Brown. Faber and Faber Ltd, Stowe: Conclusion. Brown’s principles: influences and interpretations, image 50a

Image Title

This image was photographed when viewing the personal collection of Nick Owen. >

- Perimeter belt at Burton Constable c.1722.

Illustration references

Image Title - Wooded Perimeter

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Matrix Component - Green Infrastructure // Wooded Clump Project Case Study / Studies

Supporting Brownian Illustration

Comparable Modern Sites Take up by designers such as William Sawrey Gilpin (1762-1843) Killerton House, Devon e.g Register of Historic parks and gardens no. 1000694

Ashburnham in Sussex

Notes / Descriptions

Additional Illustration

Circular / rounded edge planting block , often on skyline. Clumps were often offset in axis to frame views towards the house.

Comparable Brownian Sites

“Circular clump outlined on a simplified sketch showing Lancelot’s intended alterations to Ashburnham in Sussex. The arrangement of clumps and scattered trees screen a parsonage from the ride.

Compton Verney Castle Ashby, Northamptonshire

< Collection of Nick Owen. Moccas Park, Herefordshire

Image Title - Brown’s plan for Moccas

Edward Green, Berrington Hall,Herefordshire, >

Illustration references

Image Title - Wooded clump

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Matrix Component - Green Infrastructure // Trees Project Case Study / Studies

Supporting Brownian Illustration

Moccas Park, Herefordshire

Comparable Modern Sites Berrington Hall, Herefordshire Hulne Park, Alnwick, Northumberland

Notes / Descriptions

Additional Illustration Image References

Brown was a practical designer who knew what would thrive in particular site conditions. He used largely mature forest trees for instant impact in the most significant areas such Pleasure Parks and Pleasure Grounds, however whips would be planted to create wooded areas. There is evidence to suggest Brown promoted exotic species. Brown used to create a landscape by choosing it’s components intuitively like a painting. He would use foliage colours to create a carefully engineered depth within a landscape. For example he would use the darkest trees in the foreground of key views such as Cedar of Lebanon. In the far distance at the furthest visible point he planted the same variety of tree to connect the patternation of the same species, adding a sense of perspective to the landscape. At places such as Stowe he would use conifers around key eye-catching features such as Lord Cobham’s Column, Stowe

Comparable Brownian Sites

< Oak tree, Moccas Park Hertforshire, Edward Green The Moccas Park Oak / J.G Strutt 1822.

Sylva Britannica; or portraits of forest trees, distinguished for antinquity, magnitude or beauty. Drawn from nature and etched by Jacob George Strutt London: Colnaghi & Co

xx

Species such as beech would be used in between as a less pronounced species in the landscape.

Image Title - ‘Oak tree, Moccas Park ‘

Illustration references

Image Title - Oak Tree

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Matrix Component - Green Infrastructure // Specimen Trees Project Case Study / Studies

Supporting Brownian Illustration

Moccas Park, Herefordshire

Comparable Modern Sites Specimen trees are widely available from nurseries today. Sizes range from 3-5+m.

Notes / Descriptions

Additional Illustration

Brown used key species in certain areas of his plans. Trees were often retained from the former hedgerow, there were lines of trees but also new planting of individual trees. These were sometimes large, having been transplanted from other parts of the estate. There was only a limited palette of trees which were available for Brown to use. They included;

Comparable Brownian Sites Warwick Castle for Lord Brooke - ‘Land into Landscapes’ Hunter . J (1985) p.114

Deciduous Trees Oak / Sweet Chestnut / Lime / Beech / Ash / Sycamore Conifers - Cedar of Lebanon - Saver fir - Norway Spruce - Weymouth pine (although mainly used in the south of the UK) - Scots pine, Brown’s clients allegedly planted this type of tree to express they were Jacobites and supported King James VII of Scotland and King James and their heirs.

Trees species availability was however massively underdeveloped now in comparison to what is available in UK today. Species such as copper beech were not introduced until the 1790s.

< from The Planter’s Guide by Sir Henry Stuart,1828”. Stroud, D, 1975. Capability Brown. Faber and Faber Ltd, Stowe: Conclusion. Brown’s principles: Notes to Chapter VIIII, Fig 5.

Picturesque designers such as Andrew Paine Knight who grew up near Moccas Park were opposed to Brown’s work. They removed conifers and encouraged features.

Image Title - ‘Moving a tree’

Edward Green, Berrington Hall, Herefordshire >

Illustration references

Image Title - Oak Tree

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Matrix Component - Green Infrastructure // Pollards Project Case Study / Studies

Supporting Brownian Illustration

Moccas Park, Herefordshire

Comparable Modern Sites Trees continue to be pollarded today.

The wood is used for fencing and stakes.

Notes / Descriptions

Additional Illustration

Brown retained the majority of pollarded trees for naturalistic effect.

Many of the pollarded trees at Moccas Park were retained from the medieval Deer Park.

Comparable Brownian Sites

‘‘Pollards (trees regularly cut above the point where the new shoots could be reached by an animal) are admired today for their antiquity and for the richness of their natural history. But in the 18th century the consensus among farmers and agriculturists was that pollards were bad,’’

Quote to accompany image > ‘‘some of the planting shown in the painting survives,the pollard oak is the best example. One would expect this to have been cut deliberately so as to show off the view’’. Ref (see below)

Debois Landscape Survey Group (2012, may) Capability Brown 1716 – 2016, Launching the Brown Tercentenary Celebrations at Ampthill Park, Rezzy, The Lake View p11: Available at: http://www.debois.org.uk/deboisampthilltour. pdf ( Accessed 27/07/2015)

Quote from online publication.

Edward Green, Moccas Park, Herefordshire. >

Debois Landscape Survey Group (2012, may) Capability Brown 1716 – 2016, Launching the Brown Tercentenary Celebrations at Ampthill Park, Rezzy, The Lake View p11, Image - Park House from the far side of the ‘Rezzy’The Lake View: Available at: http://www.debois.org.uk/ deboisampthilltour.pdf ( Accessed 27/07/2015) http://www.debois.org.uk/deboisampthilltour.pdf - (image and text above)

Image Title - Possible pollarded Oak specimen

Illustration references

Image Title

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Matrix Component - Green Infrastructure // Circular clumps Project Case Study / Studies

Supporting Brownian Illustration

Ashburnham, East Sussex

Comparable Modern Sites Less space for schemes. Smaller areas designed with clumps or grasses to articulate space.

Notes / Descriptions

Additional Illustration

“Circular clump outlined on a simplified sketch showing Lancelot’s intended alterations of Ashburnham in Sussex. Located adjacent to ‘Parsonage’ and ‘the ride’

Comparable Brownian Sites Uppark, Sussex Alnwick Castle Park Bowood, Wiltshire

< Brown, D, 2001, Lancelot Brown and his Associates: Journal of the Garden History Society. Maney Publishing, 29:1 page 92 “

Image Title - Circular clump of trees

J, 2011. Lancelot Capability Brown – The Omnipotent Magician 1716-1783. Chatto & Windus, Lancelot Capability Brown, page85 >

Illustration references

Image Title - Circular Clmups

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Matrix Component - Green Infrastructure // Shrubs Project Case Study / Studies

Supporting Brownian Illustration

xx

Comparable Modern Sites Newby Hall, North Yorkshire Sissinghurst

Notes / Descriptions

Additional Illustration

At Berrington Hall shrubs were used within clumps to the cover. Ornamental shrubs were planted in the walled garden Berrington, Hall. Which is an important example of Brown’s use of ornamented gardens in inner pleasure grounds of estates.

Comparable Brownian Sites Rothley Lakes, Northumberland Luton Hoo, Hertfordshire Cadland House, Hampshire

Shrubs were used to substitute trees designed in the ‘English Landscape Style’ to add a new sense of scale to Brownian landscapes. Clipped shrubs were also planted adjacent to the mansion, defining the difference between manicured inner pleasure parks and the wider naturally designed landscape.

< Edward Green, Berrington Hall, Herefordshire

Image Title - Clipped Holly specimen

Collection of Nick Owen. The image > shows the 19thc. sales particulars map for Berrington Hall , Herefordshire

Illustration references

Image Title - Shrubs

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Matrix Component - Green Infrastructure // Avenue Project Case Study / Studies

Supporting Brownian Illustration

Kirkharle, Northumberland & Burghley House, Linconshire

Comparable Modern Sites Retention of Avenue Kirkharle, Northumberland, Burghley, Stamford.

Notes / Descriptions

Additional Illustration

Although Brown cut avenues down, in exception he did retain them at certain sites such a Kirkharle, Northumberland. The plan to the far right shows what is believed to be Browns first plan for a designed landscape. One tree still survives to this day. The plan for the estate was lost until the current owner of Kirkharle Courtyard John Anderson discovered it in 1980. In 2009 The Forestry commission pledged £4,000 to plant the scheme comprising of hundreds of Scots pine, oak, beech and shrubs.

Comparable Brownian Sites Illustration reference

At Burghley House Brown also Brown also retained the avenue. Brown occasionally felled sections of avenues to open up views into the wider landscape.

Browns plan of Kirkharle, Northumberland, believed to Brown’s first. Article by Nick Britten , Capability Brown’s first garden plan to be brought to life after 250 years, The Daily Telegraph, 19 Feb 2009. Available at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/4697835/Capability-Browns-first-garden-plan-to-be-brought-to-life-after250-years.html (accessed 20/08/2015)

This may have been owing to client instruction, or through his own thought process. Although used by formal designers such as Bridgeman at Stowe, an avenue can reveal a sense of being on the edge of something significant, Brown wanted to penetrate views from the carriageway. He would often remove or plant specimens to create framed views.

“Burghley House, Plan showing Lancelot’s works” 1754-1779 Brown J, 2011. Lancelot Capability Brown – The Omnipotent Magician 1716-1783. Chatto & Windus, Lancelot Capability Brown, page 85

Image Title - Burghley House, Plan by Brown 1754 - 1779

Illustration references

Image Title - Kirkhale

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Matrix Component - Green Infrastructure // Double Tree Planting Project Case Study / Studies

Supporting Brownian Illustration

Comparable Modern Sites Some trees are now cultivated with multistems to have maximum impact on a planting scheme such as Viburnum burkwoodii, Betula and Amelanchier canadensis.

Moccas Park, Herefordshire

Notes / Descriptions Brown introduced the method of double tree planting to create a high visual impact in open areas of Grassland and pasture in the inner reaches of the pleasure park at Moccas Park.

Additional Illustration

Comparable Brownian Sites

The illustration to the right demonstrates the use of double tree planting in the Lower Parkland of Moccas Park. This is in close proximity to the house on the cusp of the pleasure grounds.

Illustration reference

A tree titled by the Woolhope Naturalists Field Club of the 1870s as the ‘The Riven Oak’ is located at the waters edge of the pool at Moccas. The illustration to the far right shows a sketch of this statuesque tree. The tree is noted as still living in 1985 by Heather Percy.

Sketch by Worthington G. Smith from Transactions of the Woolhop Naturalists’ Field Club, 1873 > T. P. and Wall, T eds., 2000. Moccas: an English Deer Park: The history, wildlife and management of the first parkland National Nature Reserve. Peterborough: English, chapter 3, landscapes and trees, p83

Information reference T. P. and Wall, T eds., 2000. Moccas: an English Deer Park: The history, wildlife and management of the first parkland National Nature Reserve.

Peterborough: English Nature,Chapter, Landscape and Trees,p83.

< Collection of Nick Owen.

Image Title - Duo morph planting, Moccas Park

Illustration references

Image Title - The Riven Oak

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Matrix Component - Green Infrastructure // Planting Specimen Conifers Project Case Study / Studies

Supporting Brownian Illustration

Comparable Modern Sites Today on modern developments, trees tend to be planted in groups as settings to buildings, now green space is a premium and the aim is to increase tree cover, bio diversity etc.

Berrington Hall, Herefordshire

Notes / Descriptions Brown is renowned for his approach to planting coniferous trees such as Cedar of Lebanon adjacent to mansions. This technique framed views to exert the houseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s presence within the landscape. The location of the tree also added an element of intrigue as visitors travelled towards the front of the house by carriage or horse.

Additional Illustration

Comparable Brownian Sites Compton Verney, Warkwikshire Stowe, Buckinghamshire Gatton Park, Surrey

< Berrington Hall, Hererfordshire Edward Green

Image Title - Cedar of Lebanon & Berrington Hall

Nick Owen collection. The image shows the 19th century sales particulars map for Berrington Hall

Illustration references

Image Title - Berrington Hall

Brownâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Matrix Component - Agricultural Improvements // Pasture Project Case Study / Studies

Supporting Brownian Illustration

Moccas Park, Herefordshire

Comparable Modern Sites Today the process is reversed and the aim is to retain soil condition and avoid destruction by drought, flooding and soil excavation.

Notes / Descriptions The image (right)shows ‘An area lying between the Lawn Pool and the road, photographed in June 1993, before the application of herbicide to the stand of thistles using prototype of ‘Allman Eco-wipe’ and in summer 1996, after wiping in 1993, 1994 and 1995 Photographs by Tom Wall’

Additional Illustration

Comparable Brownian Sites

Landowners took advice from publications such as Arthur Young’s ‘A six month tour of the North of England’ 1772 which detailed methods of agricultural improvements.

Image Description > Brian Otterburn adjusting his ‘ Parkland Bracken Breaker’ so as to runit off-set under low tree branches, the Lower Park, 6th of June 1997. The towing balls permit towing of additional units, whether off-set or in line through gateways.

Quote from online publication.

Harrows the Lower Park, 1991

< Photographs by Tom Wall Photograph by Tom Wall >

Image Title - Thistle Control

Photograph by John Bacon > Harding, T. P. and Wall, T eds., 2000. Moccas: an English Deer Park: The history, wildlife and management of the first parkland National Nature Reserve. Peterborough: English Nature

Illustration references

This model was developed in association with English Nature, the Royal Arboricultural College, the Veteran Trees Initiative and the Ancient Tree Forum.

Image Title - Bracken Breaker

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Matrix Component - Agricultural Improvements // Livestock Project Case Study / Studies

Supporting Brownian Illustration

Comparable Modern Sites xx

Luton Hoo, Hertfordshire

Notes / Descriptions

Additional Illustration

Brown worked with landowners to achieve their goals for an estate, often ensuring it would sustain itself financially. The management of landscapes was key in achieving the appearance of certain areas of estates. Different animals would graze certain areas of pasture to achieve certain aesthetic appearances.

• • •

•

Comparable Brownian Sites xx

Sheep were better for grazing downland.

Hay was created through careful management of pleasure parks Cattle were introduced not only for meat and dairy production but to add drama to the country scene, this was often depicted towards the 18th c.when artists began to respond to the picturesque movement.

Livestock continued to be commonly shown in paintings also as a showcase for rare breeds, representing landowners success in breeding livestock.

It is documented that pigs even grazed areas of the estate at Crewe, Cheshire.

< This painting by Paul Sandby was done in 1760.

Image Title - Painting of Luton Hoo, Hertfordshire

Illustration references

Image Title

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Matrix Component - Sport // Deer Project Case Study / Studies

Supporting Brownian Illustration

Comparable Modern Sites D

Moccas Park, Herefordshire

Notes / Descriptions

Additional Illustration

Deer parks were not a new concept in the 18th c. Their popularity soared in the medieval era and many of the landscapes Brown worked in incorporated Deer Parks such as Moccas Park. Deer continued to be popular in Brown’s time and many of the sites he worked at were managed for the rearing of Deer.

There is a reference in Moccas and English Deer Park to their being accounts at the Hereford Record Office (HCRRO J56/IV/3) of George Cornwall’s Accounts of 1775-1785 including a number of entries showing payments for “park wall”, “pailing” and “stone wall” all of which contributed to creating a deer-proof boundary. The boundaries stretched across the Moccas Parish totalling 5.2km in length.

In the summer of 1997 there was a herd of 315 which was reduced to 220 (post cull).

Comparable Brownian Sites Image Description > Sketch of deer grazing in Hulne Park, Alnwick, Northumberland.

Shrimpton, C, 2006. A History of Alnwick Parks and Distant pleasure grounds. Heritage House Group Ltd, page 63

George Cornwall’s account information & Deer record Harding, T. P. and Wall, T eds., 2000. Moccas: an English Deer Park: The history, wildlife and management of the first parkland National Nature Reserve. Peterborough: English Nature,Chapter 5 Fallow Deer: History and Management,p202.

A deer leap on the northern boundary near the Lawn Gate Lodge. Deer leaps, also known as “buck leaps” were introduced to allow Deer to enter the Park. Hounds would have rounded stray deer up however this no linger happens as there no hounds.

Description of Deer Leaps, Chapter 5, page Moccas: an English Deer Park. See ‘Project Case Study’ for full reference. < Edward Green, Hulne Park, Alnwick Northumberland

Deer record (as above) Table 5.6.1 Records and references to deer at Moccas Park and their numbers, chapter 5, page 204

Image Title - Roe Deer at Hulne Park

Photograph by Paul T. Harding > T. P. and Wall, T eds., 2000. Moccas: an English Deer Park: The history, wildlife and management of the first parkland National Nature Reserve. Peterborough: English

Illustration references

Image Title - Deer leap, 1979

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Matrix Component - Sport // Hunting / Game Project Case Study / Studies

Supporting Brownian Illustration

Comparable Modern Sites Most Brownian sites had to cater for county pursuits such as hunting, shooting, fishing and horse riding.

Hulne Park, Alnwick Northumberland Rothley Park, Wallington Estate, Northumberland

Notes / Descriptions

Additional Illustration

In the mid 18th century the fashion for country pursuits in parkland and deer parks across Britain was in its prime. Designed landscapes provided provided an attractive setting as well as the infrastructure for sport. Estate plans were devised according to use of the land. Country sports were accommodated subtly with the agricultural infrastructure of parkland.

Comparable Brownian Sites

At Hulne park, Brown adapted and enhanced the former mediaeval deer park for agriculture and sport. The Duke of Northumberland continues to rear game and manage the park for other country pursuits.

Image Description > A deer leap on the northern boundary near the Lawn Gate Lodge. Deer leaps, also known as “buck leaps” were introduced to allow Deer to enter the Park. Hounds would have rounded stray deer up however this no linger happens as there no hounds.

Description of Deer Leaps, Chapter 5, page Moccas: an English Deer Park. See ‘Project Case Study’ for full reference.

At the Wallington Estate lakes at Rothley Park provided lakes for fishing and even include a hut for equipment. It is documented that Sir Charles Edward Trevelyan named a wood after Edward Grey (1862 - 1933) (foreign secretary 1905 - 1916) after a successful days shooting.

Trevelyan, R, 1994. Wallington, Northumberland. National Trust (Enterprise) Ltd

< Edward Green, Hulne Park, Alnwick Northumberland

Edward Green, Rothley Park, Northumberland >

Image Title - Game at Hulne Park

Illustration references

Image Title - Upper Lake

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Matrix Component - Earthworks // Graded Profiles Project Case Study / Studies

Supporting Brownian Illustration

Comparable Modern Sites Northumberlandia, Northumberland Newcastle Great Park, Newcastle-UponTyne.

Ashburnham Place, East Sussex

Notes / Descriptions

Additional Illustration

Very important to grade and smooth out humps and bumps. In the mid 18th century designers such as Brown and William Kent used this approach to create, flowing, uncluttered landscapes. Also important for dealing with spoil from excavating lakes.

Comparable Brownian Sites Woburn, Bedfordshire Petworh Park, Sussex

The image to the right shows Browns work nearing the end of his career with hints that he was possible becoming inspired by the picturesque.

Jane Brown quotes a contract which suggests Brown was moving towards the picturesque which includes lines from a poem by William Mason. The contract stated that Brown was to finish the Wark (according to the ideas fixed on with Lord Scarborough (with poetsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; feeling and with painters eyes)).

The Omnipotent Magician (2011) p285.

< Ashburnham Place, East Sussex, 1779 Drawing by Lord Duncan engraved by W. Watts Brown, D, 2001, Lancelot Brown and his Associates: Journal of the Garden History Society. Maney Publishing, 29:1 page 93 Edward Green, Berrington Hall, Herefordshire>

Image Title - Plan of Heveningham by Brown

Illustration references

Image Title - Smooth sward

Brownâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Matrix Component - Earthworks // Mounds Project Case Study / Studies

Supporting Brownian Illustration

‘Blenheim. Vanbrugh’s bridge; Brown’s lakes.

Comparable Modern Sites Northumberlandia

Notes / Descriptions

Additional Illustration

Reclaimed soil from lake extract often using in grading. Trees were planted on mounds to add instant impact to the landscape .

Comparable Brownian Sites

Although the bridge is by Vanbrugh, Brown is believed to advised on the location for the bridge.

xx

< Edward Hymas, 1971, Capability Brown and Humphry Repton, Capability Brown Image 6

Image Title - Plan of Heveningham by Brown

Stroud, D, 1975. Capability Brown. Faber and Faber Ltd, Stowe: A stepping stone to success, image 32b >

Illustration references

Image Title - Rothley Lakes

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Matrix Component - Earthworks // Lakes Project Case Study / Studies

Supporting Brownian Illustration

xx

Comparable Modern Sites xx

Notes / Descriptions

Additional Illustration

Gently sloping ground aids visibility of water. Streams and ditches were enlarged dramatically to form lakes. Rounded lake / edges / naturalistic. Island distinguished . Lakes provided a magnet for ornamentation

Comparable Brownian Sites

Brown created two types of lake. One was expansive in a droplet shape. The oter type was more like the ribbon lakes of Rothley Park, Northumberland.

Larger droplet shaped at lake Berrington Hall, Herefordshire Ribbon lake, Rothley Park, Northumberland.

< Edward Green, Berrington Hall Hertforshire

‘Blenheim. Vanbrugh’s bridge; Brown’s lakes. Image Reference Edward Hymas, 1971, Capability Brown and Humphrey Rep-

Image Title - Ribbon shaped lake at Berrington

ton, Capability Brown Image 6.>

Illustration references

Image Title - Grading

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Matrix Component - Water // Lakes Project Case Study / Studies

Supporting Brownian Illustration

‘Heveningham. One of Brown’s plans for the further part of the park, dated 1782”.

Comparable Modern Sites

Charles Jenck’s Serpentine Lakes National Galleries, Edinburgh

Notes / Descriptions

Additional Illustration

Lakes were a important component in many of Brown’s landscapes. His vision to turn depressions within a landscape into a lake was a signature feature developed at many of his best known sites.

Comparable Brownian Sites

Brown created two types of lake. One was expansive in a droplet shape such as the one to the west of the house at Berrington Hall, Herefordshire. The other style was creating ribbon lakes, like the lakes at Rothley Park, Northumberland and the lake Heveningham pictured right.

Croome, Worcestershire Claremont, Surrey

< Stroud, D, 1975. Capability Brown. Faber and Faber Ltd, Stowe: Conclusion. Brown’s principles: influences and interpretations, image 62a

Image Title - Plan of Heveningham by Brown

Aerial image of Berrington Pool (blob shaped lake), Berrington Hall, Hererfordshire, © Google Earth >

Illustration references

Image Title - Aerial Image

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Matrix Component - Water // Cascades Project Case Study / Studies

Supporting Brownian Illustration

Comparable Modern Sites xx

Ashburnham, East Sussex

Notes / Descriptions

Additional Illustration

‘Brown prepared plans for Ashburnham in 1762. He made a string of lakes below the house, using cascades, and feed the whole system from the mill – pond’

Comparable Brownian Sites xx

< Hyams, E, 1971, Capability Brown and Humphrey Repton, Capability Brown Image 14.

Image Title - Cascade by Brown

View near first cascade at the stocking in Hulne Park by W.Beillby, 1773 Shrimpton, C, 2006. A History of Alnwick Parks and Distant pleasure grounds. Heritage House Group Ltd, page 46>

Illustration references

Image Title - Cascade, Hulne

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Matrix Component - Water // Wooded Islands Project Case Study / Studies Heveningham, Norfolk Trentham, Staffordshire

Supporting Brownian Illustration

Comparable Modern Sites Thomas Heatherwick Hudson River Proposal

Notes / Descriptions

Additional Illustration

The illustration to the immediate right show ‘Heveningham. One of Brown’s plans for the further part of the park, dated 1782”.

Brown wrote to Sir William of Scampston in 1773:

Comparable Brownian Sites

‘ I have also fil’d the angle of the water at the west end, and have also made an island where the water was too broad,’

Belnheim, Oxfordshire Compton Verney, Warwickshire.

Stroud, D, 1975. Capability Brown. Faber and Faber Ltd,: Detractors and champions, page 174 Similarly Brown’s plan (far right) illustrates the use of this component to enhance a large lake. Islands disguise the extent of the lake and added mystery to the landscape.

< Stroud, D, 1975. Capability Brown. Faber and Faber Ltd, Stowe: Conclusion. Brown’s principles: influences and interpretations, image 62a Stroud, D, 1975. Capability Brown. Faber > and Faber Ltd, Stowe: Conclusion. Brown’s principles: influences and interpretations, image 48a

Image Title - Plan of Heveningham by Brown

Illustration references

Image Title - Trentham

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Matrix Component - Boundaries // Ha - Ha Project Case Study / Studies

Supporting Brownian Illustration

Berrington Hall, Herefordshire

Notes / Descriptions

Comparable Modern Sites

Field landscape - farms approach to Scotney Castle, Kent.Road Bridge - The bridge is planted on either side of the road and allows uninterrupted view of the natural landscape but hides the road.

Additional Illustration

The ha-ha is probably one of the most innovative solutions to controlling livestock, as conventional fencing distributed key views from the mansion.

Comparable Brownian Sites

During the 18th century it was the landscape designers like Brown who began to develop new solutions to agricultural boundaries. In Brownâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s case his use of the ha-ha often but not always, provided a boundary to the immediate Pleasure Gardens adjacent to the mansion.

This allowed uninterrupted views into the landscape.

Bowood, Wiltshire Fisherwick, Staffordshire

< Edward Green, Berrington Hall Herefordshire

Image Title

This image was photographed when > viewing the personal collection of Nick Owen. The map is from 19th century sales particulars map for Berrington Hall

- Curved ha-ha at Berrington Hall Herefordshire

Illustration references

Image Title - Plan of Berrington

Brownâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Matrix Component - Green Infrastructure // Fencing Project Case Study / Studies

Supporting Brownian Illustration

Luton Hoo, Hertfordshire

Comparable Modern Sites The requirement for fencing today offers a great potential for innovative design.

Notes / Descriptions

Additional Illustration

Fencing was used in Brown’s landscapes, however in key locations he developed other devices to reduce the visual impact of boundaries. In a letter to Sir William of Scampston in 1773 he states ‘ I have made the sunk fence on both sides of the gate-way, which has the most charming effect’.

Comparable Brownian Sites The ha-ha at Kenddleston Hall is now topped by a later cast iron fence as a safety measure.

Stroud, D, 1975. Capability Brown. Faber and Faber Ltd, : Detractors and champions, page 174 Ha-has also acted as a boundary. In some cases Riven Oak fencing was used when it did not matter if it was visible.

< This painting by Paul Sandby was done in 1760.

Image Title - Painting of Luton Hoo, Hertfordshire

The park , pale 1974. Photograph by Oliver Racklam. Chesnut pale fence >

Illustration references

Image Title - Chestnut pale fence

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Matrix Component - Boundaries // Stone Walling Project Case Study / Studies

Supporting Brownian Illustration

Hulne Park, Alnwick, Northumberland

Comparable Modern Sites Jekyllâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s garden, Lindisfarne

Notes / Descriptions

Additional Illustration

Stone walling is still retained in woodland settings due to its longevity.

This image (right) shows walling adjacent to The Priory at Hulne Park.

Although walls were often removed by Brown to open up parks, in some cases they were retained to keep deer or other stock enclosed.

Comparable Brownian Sites Rothley Park

Deer Park boundary wall Edward Green, Hulne Park, Northumberland Hulne

Image Title

Deer Park boundary wall, Edward Green, Moccas Park, Herefordshire >

- Deer park boundary wall

Illustration references

Image Title - Boundary wall

Brownâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Matrix Component - Boundaries // Hedegrows Project Case Study / Studies

Supporting Brownian Illustration

Comparable Modern Sites xx

Notes / Descriptions

Additional Bibliography Illustration

Generally when altering landscapes Brown removed hedges as they were intrusive to his layouts, he like other 18th century designer’s favoured sunken fences and ha-has close to the mansion. However this extract from Lancelot Capability Brown: A research impact review prepared for English Heritage by the Landscape Group, University of East Anglia illustrates the importance of certain trees Brown retained in hedgerows.

Rackham and others have noted the extent to which pre-existing trees, principally from hedgerows,were retained by Brown and other eighteenthcentury park-makers, and can usually be readily identified by their disposition (in lines), growth pattern (a significant proportion are former pollards) and archaeological associations (with the earthworks of former field boundaries).p.157 Many of Brown’s parks contain fine collections of veteran trees, retained from the earlier landscape in this way, such as Croome (Worcestershire), Blenheim (Oxfordshire) and Kimberley (Norfolk).

Gregory, J, Spooner, S. and Williamson, T., 2013.

Lancelot Capability Brown: A research impact review prepared for English Heritage by the Landscape Group, University of East Anglia.p34 Available at: http://www.capabilitybrown.org/ sites/default/files/project_files2/english_heritage_research.pdf [Accessed 25th July 2015]

Comparable Brownian Sites xx

157 O. Rackham, ‘Pre-existing trees and woods in country-house parks’, Landscapes 5:2 (2004), 1-15; T. Williamson, The Archaeology of the Landscape Park.

158 M. Oates, ‘Ecology and nature conservation’, in Rooted in History: studies in garden conservation, 143-5; J. Campbell, ‘Some aspects of the natural history of Blenheim park’, in J. Bond and K. Tiller, Blenheim: landscape for a palace (Oxford, 1987); G. Barnes and T. Williamson, Ancient Trees in the Landscape: Norfolk’s arboreal heritage (Oxford, 2011), 124-6.

x

The hedgerow and tree to the right, although may have been retained by Brown, may have been removed.

Please see literature references (far right)

Image Title - Hedgerow adjacent to Moccas Estate

Illustration references

Image Title

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Matrix Component - Architectural Features // Bridges Project Case Study / Studies

Supporting Brownian Illustration

Comparable Modern Sites xx

Chatsworth, Derbyshire

Notes / Descriptions

Additional Illustration

‘At Chatsworth, Derbyshire, Brown was at work in the late 1750s and early ‘ 60s. To bring the river into the view from the house, he widened it and raised the water by damming.’

Comparable Brownian Sites

Although the bridge is by James Paine, Brown is believed to have chosen the location for the bridge.

xx

< Hymas, E, 1971, Capability Brown and Humphry Repton, Capability Brown Image 15.

Edward Green, James Paine’s bridge over the Wallington (sited by Brown) >

Bridge by James Paine (sited by Brown) Image- Title

Illustration references

- Bridge at Rothley Image Title

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Matrix Component - Architectural Features // Obelisks & Monuments Project Case Study / Studies

Supporting Brownian Illustration

Comparable Modern Sites xx

Stowe, Buckinghamshire

Notes / Descriptions

Image belowIllustration - Reference Additional

Edward Green, Brizlee Tower, Hulne Park, Northumberland (sited by Brown and designed by Robert Adam>

Brown used tall eyecatching features in his landscape to add a sense of scale. As features columns would also add an element of intrigue as to the reasoning and significance for it’s construction.

Comparable Brownian Sites

Brown designed many columns, one of his most renowned was designed for William Pynset at Burton Pynsent House, Somerset. This column was located 700m from the house as an eyecatching feature by William Pit who inherited the estate from Pynset after opposing a tax on cider (1763 Cider Bill).

Burton Pynsent, House, Somerset Lord Cobham’s Column, Stowe Gibside, Brown consulted on design.

Far left - Stroud, D, 1975. Capability Brown.

Faber and Faber Ltd, Stowe: A stepping stone to success, image 3b

Image Title - Lord Cobham’s column

Left - Brown J, 2011. Lancelot Capability Brown – The Omnipotent Magician 17161783. Chatto & Windus, The Kingdom of Stowe, page 57

Illustration references

Image Title - Brizzle Tower

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Matrix Component - Architectural Features // Gothic Follies & Temples Project Case Study / Studies

Supporting Brownian Illustration

Comparable Modern Sites xx

Stowe, Buckinghamshire Rothley Park, Wallington Estate, Northumberland

Notes / Descriptions

Additional Illustration

Brown often designed architectural features for his landscapes, however with so many projects across the UK it was probably likely that he employed other architects to deal with projects on site.

Comparable Brownian Sites

The temple shown to the right is at Stowe, Buckinghamshire and was designed by James Gibbs c.1750 and influenced by Brown who loved castellated facades.

xx

The gothic inspired ruin (far right) illustrates Rothley Castle which was sited by Brown and designed by Daniel Garret.

< Brown, J, 2011. Lancelot Capability Brown – The Omnipotent Magician 1716-1783, Chatto & Windus p49

Image- Title Gothic Temple designed by James Gibb’s

Edward Green, Wallington Estate, Northumberland >

Illustration references

- Rothley ImageCastle Title

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Matrix Component - Architectural Features// Classical Pavilions & Temples Project Case Study / Studies

Supporting Brownian Illustration

Stowe, Buckinghamshire

Comparable Modern Sites xx

Notes / Descriptions

Additional Illustration

The Boycott Pavilions - Stowe Lord Cobham instructed Brown to design and build the pavilions at Stowe.

These formed the gateway into the estate from western Oxford.

Comparable Brownian Sites

Lord Cobham had great trust in Brown to coordinate complex architectural wonders and The Pavilions were a major statement.

xx

Classical Temple - Stowe Brown was inspired by hearing descriptions of ‘Grand Tours’ of Europe.

At the time there was no precedent for innovative architecture and most architectural works in the 18th c . replicated classicism or the gothic period.

The temple to the far right was located in he Grecian valley. The Engraving, published by George Bickham in 1753, shown also depicts the scene of the valley.

Etching by Benton Sleeley 1750 Brown J, 2011. Lancelot Capability Brown – The Omnipotent Magician 1716-1783. Chatto & Windus, The Kingdom of Stowe, page 51

Image Title - The Boycott Pavilions, Stowe

Stroud, D, 1975. Capability Brown. Faber and Faber Ltd, Stowe: A stepping stone to success, image 3b >

Illustration references

Image Title

- Grecian temple

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Matrix Component - Architectural Features // Abbey Ruins Project Case Study / Studies

Supporting Brownian Illustration

Comparable Modern Sites xx

Hulne Park, Alnwick, Northumberland and Roche Abbey (Sandbeck Park), Yorkshire

Notes / Descriptions

Additional Illustration

When looking at 12th century Priory at Hulne Park it is interesting to see how sensitively it’s visual mass is assimilated into the naturalistic landscape

by Brown, in comparison to Roche Abbey which is of much greater visual impact.

Comparable Brownian Sites

The way in which Brown approached his intervention at Roche Abbey (Sandbeck Park), Yorkshire is dramatic. He carved through the 12th century Abbey ruins created a narrow watercourse. The water provides a focal point added energy to the journey through the valley landscape.

xx

< Stroud, D, 1975. Capability Brown. Faber and Faber Ltd, Brown’s principles: influences and interpretations, image 51b

Image Title

- The Abbey ruins in Brown’s landscape

Edward Green, Hulne Park, Alnwick, Northumberland >

Illustration references

Image Title

Hulne Priory

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Matrix Component - Architectural Features // Gateways Project Case Study / Studies

Supporting Brownian Illustration

Heaven’s Gate, Highclere Park,West Berkshire

Comparable Modern Sites

xx

Notes / Descriptions

Additional Illustration

Highclere was laid out by Brown. This structure provided key view-point from a hilltop pleasure ground and acted as an eyecatcher from the castle which is commonly know for it’s appearance on the television programme ‘Downtown Abbey’. It is

Comparable Brownian Sites

From the pleasure ground the gateway features provides the grand reveal of views into the parkland from a fixed point.

Although built during the period when Brown worked at the site there is no evidence to suggest Brown sited or designed the feature

xx

< ©Nick Owen.

Image Title - Heavens Gate at Highclere, Berkshire

©Nick Owen.>

Illustration references

Image Title

- Heavens Gate, Berkshire

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Matrix Component - View interrelationships Project Case Study / Studies

Supporting Brownian Illustration

Comparable Modern Sites

Notes / Descriptions

Additional Illustration

Views to surrounding parkland

Obstructed views

Views to across water xx

Comparable Brownian Sites

Reduced avenues

Views to pleasure grounds

Framed views

Views from a fixed point Views across water

Views to surrounding rural landscape

Vistas Obstructed views

xx

Views to agricultural buildings in the estate

Views from bridges View from the mansion Views to water

Viewing area adjacent Image Title to the carriageway

Views from structures View back to the mansion Illustration references Image Title

Brownâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Matrix Component - Removal of Features Project Case Study / Studies

Supporting Brownian Illustration

Comparable Modern Sites xx

Milton Abbas, Dorset

Notes / Descriptions

Additional Illustration Other features removed

Many landscape features were compromised when Brown engineered his landscapes

Comparable Brownian Sites

One of Brown’s most controversial proposals was the removal ‘Middleton’ a village in Dorset in 1769. In the 18th century landowners relocated villages to ensure the buildings did not diminish the setting for creation or expansion of parkland. This was a common occurrence and known as ‘emparking’. A new village, Milton Abbas, was built, providing local people with better living conditions.

xx

Image Title - Milton Abbas

Common features which were removed included: • Water logged ground • Diversion of water course • Smoothing of mounding • Hedgerows • Avenues • Formal gardens • Ornamental Pools • Canals • Ridge and Furrow • Roads • Courts

Top left - ©RIBA British Architectural Library Drawings & Archives Collection.

Bottom left - © Spencer Means Follow 18th Century. mansion in the Gothic style (1771-76) https://www.flickr.com/photos/ hunky_punk/12312451633/ (Accessed 15/08/2015)

Image Title - Damers Mansion

Illustration references

Image Title

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Modern Comparisons / Earthworks & Pleasure Grounds Project Case Study

Comparable Brownian Qualities

Sutton Place, Guilford, Surrey Mansion with pleasure grounds, lake and Parkland

•

Project Background Sutton Place dates back to tudor times. Geoffrey Jellicoe became involved at the grounds in 1980. He worked for the owner, Stanley Seiger. Another art lover who wanted a grand garden to reflect the presence of Sutton Place.

Philosophical intentions Metaphorically Jellicoe engineered a landscape, which told a journey through time. Jellicoe created a 13.5 acre lake which intended to celebrate its importance to man. The formal gardens, comparable to pleasure grounds are located close to the mansion. Jellicoe intended to create vibrant ornamental design which evoked a response to the earliest gardens known to man in the far east. He focussed on enhancing the garden with colour, the music of water and smell, all of which link closely to the intended function of pleasure gardens in the 18th c.

Preserving site assets.

Jellicoe did not intend to interfere with the formal gardens at the front of the building which were instigated by Lady Northcliff at the turn of the 20th century.

Site images

• • •

Sweeping lines provide a sweeping views and blend with wooded belts and tree clumps Distant views to the lake from the mansion Wooded island breaks the up the visual mass of the 13 acre lake Rolling grass slopes & framed wooded provide back drop to lake

Design Notes / Lateral thinking •

•

The scale of Jellicoe’s masterplan for the mansion is smaller in comparison to many of the sites Brown worked at. The scale of Jellicoe’s masterplan terminates at the lake, enhancing the most important views from the mansion.

The lake provides a meaningful reflection to the value of water in a landscape.

Photographic references < (bottom left & bottom middle) Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe’s work at Sutton Place, Surrey available at: www.thetimes.co.uk (Ac cessed 27/07/2015) < (bottom right) Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe’s work at Sutton Place, Surrey available at: http://www.ldcgardens.co.uk/gdn-suttonplace. php.(Accessed 27/07/2015 < (top) Site Aerial image https://maps.google.co.uk/k (Accessed 27/07/2015)

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Modern Comparisons / Country Mansion Pleasure Grounds Project Case Study

Comparable Brownian Qualities

Sutton Place, Guildford, Surrey

Jellicoe’s use of the contemporary sculpture by Ben Nicholson almost reinvents Brown’s use of classical temples and other architectural buildings which he located in pleasure grounds. Although Brown did not favour the use of formal ponds the sculpture he sited was executed in a similarly effective way.

Project Background Jellicoe connected a number of axes combined with a path made a cross.

The cross was intended to be symbolic of the troubles witnessed during the lifespan of Sutton Place’s.

Jellicoe also celebrated surrealism in the garden. This vision for the garden celebrated the famous 1920s artist René Magritte (1898–1967). The space celebrated perspective with the integration of oversized urns and narrowing paths decreasing in width from 12ft to 2ft. The journey intended to provide an experience similar to that of an art gallery, intending to shock visitors with different experiences. Jellicoe commissioned Ben Nicholson to create a sculpture to evoke to the mystery of the future. The pieces of marble are carved in different shapes which make striking reflections onto a pool.

Site images

Design Notes / Lateral thinking • Brown may have considered the that the philosophical reason ing for the layout provided an enchanting experience in touring formal gardens • Brown would have approved of the flower garden, designed by Jellicoe’s wife Susan, being located close to the house and well screened from its main windows. .

Photographic references < (bottom middle) ,https://martamalavasi.wordpress. com/2011/02/07/sir-geoffrey-jellicoe/(Accessed 27/07/2015)

< all other images, http://www.gardenvisit.com/garden/sutton_ place_garden Accessed 30/08/2015)

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Modern Comparisons / Country Mansion Project Case Study

Comparable Brownian Qualities

Carolean House, Hampshire

•

Project Background

Site images

• •

Carolean house is at the centre of a semi circular stretch of the River Itchen in Hampshire.

Kim Wilkie extended the structure of the existing formal garden which dates back to the seventeenth -century.

The formal gardens are located adjacent to the mansion and adjoin the parkland in which Wilkie’s pool sweeps out symmetrically into the parkland.

Kim Wilkie, like Brown introduced bold architectural features near the mansion which included a bastion and ramparts which hug the pleasure garden.

A figure by Anthony Gormley appears to be absorbing the transition between the pleasure gardens and the wider parkland. The distance the figure stands from the sinuous pool heightens the transition into the established 17th century parkland, but developed into a naturalistic park.

Use of water to periphery of formal flower 17th century flower gardens Rolling grass embankment down to the lake Smooth mounding to blending the lake with the wider gently rolling slopes of pasture

Design Notes / Lateral thinking •

Innovative transition to formal gardens and wider naturalistic parkland.

Photographic references < Kim Wilkie’s works at Carolean House, Hampshire : Available at: http://www.kimwilkie.com/uk/private-house-4/ ( Accessed 27/07/2015)

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Modern Comparisons / Earthworks, Mounding & Framing of Views Project Case Study

Comparable Brownian Qualities

Northumberlandia - Charles Jencks, 2013

•

Project Background

Site images

The landform and serpentine paths and lakes in many respects reflect a Brownian landscape however the piece totals 34 metres in height. This scale in height is not comparable to Brown’s work as giant machinery did not exist in his time.

The project evolved when the Banks Group (surface miners) and the Blagdon estate submitted proposals to extract 3.4 million tonnes of high quality coal close to Blagdon Hall.

Northumberlandia is a Landart park for people of Cramlington and additional visitors to experience. The form of the lady was created to provide Cramlington with a public park as it is something the town lacked. The lady is made of 1.5 million tonnes of earth and measures 400 metres in length.

In 2012 I was lucky enough to attend a tour of the site given by Banks Group’s Landscape Architect Mark Simmons. He worked closely with Jencks on the design for the park. He was responsible for the majority of practical implementation of the project on site.

In true Jenck’s fashion the abstract masterpiece celebrates movement and human form.

Design Notes / Lateral thinking •

The scale of mounding in this project is comparatively larger in height to those created by Brown however the lengths and shapes Jencks proposed do resemble some characteristics of Brown’s style

Photographic references < (all) Images of Northumberlandia Available at: www.northumberlandia.com( Accessed 29/07/2015)

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Modern Comparisons / Earthworks, Mounding & framing of views Project Case Study

Comparable Brownian Qualities •

Northumberlandia - Charles Jencks, 2013

Project Background

Site images

•

The piece celebrates modern engineering capabilities and the potential for designers and artists to create high impact landscape interventions.

Project Concept - Patternation in the Landscape The shape of the work is a response to the flat landscape which surrounds the immediate area. However the newly created bumps and curves of Northumberlandia express a simulation of the Cheviot hills which can be seen on the horizon to the north of the site. The purpose of this concept was to create intrigue. People who are unaware of the artwork can see ‘the lady’ from countless locations near by. Through the human process of identifying topography in the landscape people mentally register the typography is much different to the immediate landscape.

Brown worked nearby at Hulne Park, Alnwick, Northumberland to smooth stretches of mounding making a parkland feature.

Although split into three, the lake resembles a similar shape to Brown’s ribbon lakes.

Design Notes / Lateral thinking •

If Brown were alive today it would be interesting to know his opinions of Jencks and how he may have approached this project differently, such as how he would integrate features such as trees in the landscape.

Photographic references < (Top) Images of Northumberlandia Available at: www.northumberlandia.com( Accessed 29/07/2015)

< Edward Green, Northumberlandia, Cramlington Northumberland

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

Modern Comparisons / Reclamation

6.0

Project Case Study

Comparable Brownian Qualities

Hope Cement Works, Derbyshire

Brown’s ethos was based on his sensitivity to natural features and no doubt he would have insisted that nothing spoiled the integrity of the place.

Project Background

The extract is a description by Tom Turner’s of Jellicoe’s work: Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe’s plan for the Hope Cement Works uses four approaches to the reclamation of industry (Fig 6.6). The first landscape plan was published in 1943. No legislation was in force at the time, but the Scoot Report had been issued in 1942 and the owner of the company, an enlightened man, believed the works should receive special consideration because of their location in the heart of what is now the Peak District National Park.

Jellicoe wrote;

Site images

Design Notes / Lateral thinking Brown’s reclamation involved improvement of moorland , enclosure, roads and agriculture.

“It not recommended that there should be artificial planting inside the quarry, no that the quarry face should be altered from the vertical: for the quarry within itself is impressive”.

He added that “the idea of treating the quarry face like” ….the outcrops in the surrounding district.. would be a mistake as the quality of the stone was different. He gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Victoria medal of honour in 1995. He died in Devon in 1996.

Photographic references

Moggridge, Hal, ‘Jellicoe, Sir Geoffrey Alan (1900-1996)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, Oct 2006)http://www.oxforddnb.com/ view/article/40519 [ accessed 3rd August ) Landscape Planning And Environmental Impact Design

By Tom Turner. Tom Turner. Taylor & Francis, Jan 14, 2004, Future practice, page 217.

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Modern Comparisons / Land Reclamation Project Case Study

Comparable Brownian Qualities

Bishan Park, Singapore

Project Background

Site images

• • •

Serpentine rivers / attenuation areas Serpentine, circuitous footpaths Architectural features such as bridges

Bishan Park provides a naturalistic experience in the heart of Signapore. As pictured (bottom left) prior to the works the landscape had no water bodies.

The Active, Beautiful, Clean Waters (ABC Waters programme) expressed a long term vision for their projects to focus on providing drainage and supply water, but also providing key naturalised, community spaces for people to absorb and bond with.

Design Notes / Lateral thinking The way the sinuous edges of the of the river are reflected by the offset path, which visitors can experience a wide variety of views

This vision for the scheme evolved after removing the existing concrete drainage channel. Water was then diverted to create an attractive mini biosphere.

Since the project was completed in 2011, the biodiversity of the site has increased by 30%.There are now over 66 species of flower, 59 tyes of bird and 22 species. statistics accessed :http://www.dezeen.com/2012/10/05/kallang-riverbishan-park-wins-landscape-of-the-year-at-world-architecture-festival/ (Accessed 20/08/2015)

Photographic references All images : http://www.dezeen.com/2012/10/05/kallang-riverbishan-park-wins-landscape-of-the-year-at-world-architecturefestival/ (Accessed 20/08/2015)

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Modern Comparisons / Reclamation & Urban Engineering of Rural Character Project Case Study

Comparable Brownian Qualities

Houtan , China, designed by Professor Yu of Peking University

The yellow wildflowers (pictured left) reflect the similar characteristics of Brownâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s parkland meadows drifting out in to the wider landscape, cushioned by surrounding wooded belts.

Project Background

Site images

Houtan was designed by Professor Yu of Turenscape Landscape Architects who are based in Beijing, China.

The project revived a 14 acre stretch of the Huangpu River / waterfront in Shanghai, China. The site was formally a brownfield sitewhich was at the hub of steel production . The site was largely unused and used as landfill and storage of waste / materials for adjoining industrial premises.

The Shanghai World Expo Land Development Co., Ltd.engaged Dr Yu in 2007 and the scheme was implemented by 2010.

Project Philosophy The design concept for the scheme was underpinned in order to counteract suppression of rural Chinese migrants who had taken up residence in the city, thus making them feel more at home.

Rural Design Components The mixture in planting blocks of native rural/species and crops such as rice replicates a rural environment.

Design Notes / Lateral thinking A powerful network of boardwalks which celebrates the existence of the site. The riverside improvements promote fresher water, food production and flood prevention .

The site also functions as a public park and visitor destination.

Photographic references < Houtan Park, Shanghai. Available at: http://www.landezine. com/index.php/2011/02/shanghai-houtan-park-by-\ turenscape/38-turenscape-landscape-architecture-houtanpark (Accessed 09/09/2015) < Images (bottom right)Houtan Park, Shanghai. Available at: I http://www.turenscape.com/english/projects/project. php?id=443 (Accessed 09/09/2015)

Brownâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Modern Comparisons / Bridges Project Case Study

Comparable Brownian Qualities

The Garden Bridge , Lambeth, London

•

Project Background The simple yet ingenious idea was investigated by Joanna Lumley in order to bridge two quiet, unfrequented central locations at the heart of London.

The vision for a new bridge evolved further when designer Thomas Heatherwick became involved and developed the project with Arup Engineers and Landscape Designers. The proposals then expanded as a destination for providing a living park / living system which is not only a crossing point but a new refuge from the metropolis.

The bridge was deemed to be a controversial use of £30 million of public money, however in actual fact this sum contributed fractionally to a predominately privately funded project costing £175 million. The Feasibility study for the scheme reflects a solid platform to move the project forward.

Planning permission was granted for the scheme in November 2014.

Project statistics - available at: http://www.arup.com/ Projects/Garden Bridge.aspx & Introducing London’s new garden . https:// www.gardenbridge.london/ (accessed 30/08/2015)

Site images

The bridge reinterprets the style of Brown’s classically inspired bridges which created a solution to the need to interact with nature.

Design Notes / Lateral thinking •

Brown, although completely sheltered from working in areas of dense population may have reflected on the positivity and beauty in this proposal

Photographic references < (top) Artists impressions of the bridge, available at: http:// www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/gardenprojects/11600817/DanPearson-reveals-his-plans-for-the-London-Garden-Bridge.html (accessed 30/08/2015) < (other images)Artists impressions of the bridge, avaiable at: http://gardeninginacarpark.com/thomas-heatherwick-dan-pearson-londons-new-bridge/(accessed 30/08/2015)

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Modern interrelationships / Towers Project Case Study

Comparable Brownian Qualities

Gardens by the Bay, Singapore, Grant Associates

•

Project Background The 54 hectare park embraces the relationship between horticulture and architecture. It provides an inspiring journey and destination for the people and tourists of Singapore to let their imaginations roam and absorb the surroundings.

Grant Associates stated: “Our vision was to blend nature, technology, environmental management and imagination to create a 21st century focus for tropical horticulture and a unique destination experience”

Site images

• •

Four Heritage Gardens reflect Singapore’s cultural links with plants (similar to Brown’s pleasure gardens) Dragonfly Lake and Dragonfly Bridge add Additional drama whilst on route to the towers. The gardens question the importance of water both to man and horticulture across the world..

Design Notes / Lateral thinking •

The 18 25-50m high Supertrees act as a beacon to the park from the surrounding area. The 25m towers are certainly comparable to the size of Brown’s which we need to remind ourselves, can be 250+ years old.

.The park is not only an outdoor experience and includes an indoor mountain offering a tropical rainforest experience as well as two giant conservatories in which Mediterranean and tropical Montane regions of the world are celebrated through horticulture.

Photographic references

The ambitious project was delivered by Grant Associates & Wilkinson Eyre Architects and has now received 16 awards of international significance.

< (all) Images following completion of the towers in 2013, available at: http://www.grant-associates.uk.com/(accessed 30/08/2015)

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Modern interrelationships / Nature in Cities Project Case Study

Comparable Brownian Qualities

Pier 55, The Hudson, New York

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Project Background Heatherwick’s vision celebrates a new beginning to the former dilapidated Pier 54. The former pier to the Cunard White stow line. The remnants of the columns will be retained as a monunent to the sites former industrious past. The project not only revives activity in this area of the Hudson but will also provide a valuable naturalistic experience. This will allow visitors to immerse themselves in nature. This is similar to how proposals developed for the concept of Heatherwick’s Garden Bridge in London.

The smoothly undulating park is similar in some respects to how Brown reformed areas of grassland which were to rough. The park appears to emerge from The Hudson on it’s 56 columns like a hydraulic ram and almost alienates itself from the park surrounding. Dezeen Magazine describes the sites of Unique Selling Point as a destination: “treasure island”, it will include a 700-seat amphitheatre imagined as a performance space for music, dance, theatre and public art.”

Thomas Heatherwick to build $130 million “treasure island” on New York’s Hudson River Available at: http://www.dezeen.com/2014/11/17/thomasheatherwick-130-million-treasure-island-hudson-river-new-york-pier-55/ (Accessed 20/07/2015)

Site images

•

The composition of tree species planting proposed by landscape designers Mathews Nielsen resembles a naturalistic vision similar to Brown’s intention for parkland Smooth grass mounding adds to the energy of the experience of the park.

Design Notes / Lateral thinking •

The vision for the public event space is discreet, it is interesting to reflect on how Brown would have tackled such a demanding project.

Photographic references < (all) Visualisations created at Heatherwicks studio for the scheme. Available at: http://www.heatherwick.com/pier55/ ( Accessed 27/07/2015)

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Modern Comparisons / Nature in Cities Project Case Study

Comparable Brownian Qualities

Tear Drop, New York by Michael Van Valkenbugh Associates

The way in which the naturalistic elements to this project delivered spark many parallels to Brownâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s obsession with naturalistic landscapes. Should he have been presented with similar projects his approach could have been very similar.

Project Background The 1.8 acre park was designed by Michael Van Valkenbugh Associates. The design response defines the external space at the heart of apartment blocks up to 235ft in height.

The design philosophy for the site was to ensure children were catered for being the sites most important user group. The design engineers a space which magnificently resembles a whole host of naturalistic environments.

The connection for user to nature is delivered throughout. Bold topography, creates a succession of site experiences. The adventuring opportunities presented to children are connected through a series of play spaces which explore natural textures, water courses, dramatic changes in scale and an iconic use of rockscape and woodland.

As pictured (top right) the natural processes which occur at the site is a testament to the decades of research into soil water gray water management and environmental processes.

Site images

Design Notes / Lateral thinking Brown would have probably been inspired if he had known of the demand for nature in cities; it is in many respects what he is renowned for. The approach in achieving this goal is not dissimilar to how Brown would have realised his project except we now have machinery and technology to make it easier

Photographic references < (all) Images of Teardrop Park. Available at: http://www.mvvainc. com/project.php?id=2 ( Accessed 05/07/2015)

Brownâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Modern Comparisons / Redefining a Brown Landscape Project Case Study

Comparable Brownian Qualities

The Dan Pearson and William Morris Meadow, Compton Verney, Warwickshire

•

Project Background It is interesting to reflect upon a Brownian landscape with a modern intervention which contradicts the ethos of Brown’s approach to formal lawns adjacent to the mansion. The Dan Pearson and William Morris Meadow responds to the Arts & Crafts interiors of the house which were deigned by William Morris. To achieve this Pearson overlaid a Morris parterre onto the formal lawn.

The formal parterre very much goes against the grain of Brown’s approach to the frontage of mansions. However the intervention consists of a meadow which itself will help attract visitors to the site

Site images •

The serpentine lines of the wavy paths which bisect the network of grid shaped paths is similar to drives created by Brown adding a less formal approach to experiencing the designed landscape.

The meadow was a component used by Brown however it would have been located in the wider parkland of an estate.

Design Notes / Lateral thinking •

The journey through the sensuous flowery meadow is an experience which reflects Morris’s interiors. It would be interesting to know how Pearson depicted different textures and the shapes of Morris’s parterre through choice of perennials and annual mixes.

Photographic references < (Top) Images of The Dan Pearson and William Morris Meadow Compton Verney, Warwickshire,. Available at: www.comptonverney.org.uk ( Accessed 28/08/2015) < (Lower) Images of The Dan Pearson and William Morris Meadow Compton Verney, Warwickshire,. Available at: danpearsonstudio.com ( Accessed 28/08/2015)

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

6.0

Modern Comparisons / Reflecting a Brown landscape Project Case Study

Comparable Brownian Qualities

Dan Pearson, Laurent Perrier Chatsworth Garden, Chelsea Flower Show, London 2015

•

Project Background In the early 1980s Dan Pearson became involved restoring the Grotto at Painshill Park, Surrey which was laid out by Charles Hamilton who was a forerunner to Lancelot Brown. Pearson became interested in the 18th century landscape movement and was inspired by the English Landscape Garden school and the works by Brown, Kent and Repton.

When Pearson developed the Chatsworth Garden he attempted to replicate the characteristics of Chatsworth at a miniature scale. In comparison to Brown’s masterplans, Pearson reflected Chatsworth’s English Landscape Garden identity through creating meadows, glades grassland, watercourses and rockscape. Brown’s involvement at Chatsworth instigated the removal of many formal gardens. Dan Pearson’s proposal is stripped to the natural elements which gel together to make a rich experience.

Site images

Creation of a naturalistic garden in which the components reflect those Brown strove to enhance at Chatsworth. The scale in which this is done is not however comparable to the scale Brown of his landscapes.

Design Notes / Lateral thinking •

The translocation of the stone from Chatsworth to Chelsea was executed with precision. It would have been interesting to see some of the logistical operations Brown managed over 250 years ago and compare the techniques involved to realise his engineering projects.

Photographic references < (all) Images of the Laurent Perrier Chatsworth Garden, Chelsea Flower Show, London 2015 Available at: http://www.danpearsonstudio.com/( Accessed 29/07/2015) Literature references: A time and a place by Dan Pearson, 25/10/2009http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/ oct/25/dan-pearson-landscapes-book-corbusier (Accessed 20/08/2015)

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples

Part Two

7.0 7.0 Competition Brief

influenced by Brown.35 The setting of the park incorporates Moccas National Nature Reserve (NNR) and a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)

The competition project site is Moccas Grade II* Registered Park and Garden near Hereford, a Brown influenced historic designed landscape33 , that also incorporates Moccas National Nature Reserve (NNR) and Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)34

7.2 Design Competition Objectives

(Capability Brown Festival Landscape Design Competition Design Ideas) • Contemporary design ideas inspired by the creativity and innovation of Capability Brown • Respond to the features and characteristics of the site and its wider landscape • Builds on the archaeology and historic framework including Brown’s influence • Restore wood pasture and parkland habitat for the long term survival of the habitat and dependent deadwood species found at Moccas • Increase the knowledge and enjoyment of the site and its setting • Provide a range of ecosystem services appropriate to the site that are practical to manage • Based on the competition site with the potential to inspire other sites

Brown is known to have worked for Sir George Cornewell 1775 – 1778. Brown did not catalogue records of his drawings and work and it is therefore difficult to be precise to what extent he influenced landscapes. For example at Moccas Park the only plan which survives to interpret Brown’s work from covers the lower internal boundary of the park.

Many of the Brownian features are believed to be found above this line.

7.1 Site location

33 THE LANDSCAPE INSTITUE (2015) Mocas an English Deer Park. Edited by Paul T Harding & Tom Wall Available at: http://www.landscapeinstitute.co.uk/PDF/Contribute/Moccas-anEnglishDeerPark.pdf [Accessed 22/06/2015] 34 THE LANDSCAPE INSTITUE (2015) Available at: http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/ PDF/Contribute/CB300CompbriefandEntryForm_002.pdf [Accessed 22/06/2015]

Competition Design Brief extracted from the Landscape Institute & Natural England’ Capability Brown Festival Landscape Design Competition’ The competition site is known as Woodbury Hill Wood, adjacent to Moccas, Registered Park and Garden Grade II* near Hereford. An historic designed landscape, which was

Communication • Demonstrate an understanding of the site, of Brown’s work and practice, and the relevance of Brown to the design proposal in a way that will engage 35 Harding, T. P. and Wall, T eds., 2000. Moccas: an English Deer Park: The history, wildlife and management of the first parkland National Nature Reserve. Peterborough: English Nature

7.3 Hypothetical Woodland Trust Design Brief Additional Hypothetical Brief from The Woodland Trust In order to respond in detail to the competition brief, an additional hypothetical brief has been outlined for the design competition site. The design submission is based upon Brown being commissioned today by the site’s current landowners, (The Woodland Trust).

In addition to the design objectives outlined by the Landscape Institute & Natural England, the Woodland Trust has the following basic requirements: • The proposals should respond to views across surrounding landscape • The proposals should aim to attract new user groups increasing its profile and appeal as a destination • The proposals should respond to Brown’s legacy of landscapes, architectural wonders and engineering successes • The proposals should be inspired by mid 18th century concepts of the English Landscape Garden • The proposals should reflect the valley’s rich history and inspire visitors Site wide visitor facilities Education The site should become a sustainable visitor experience for educational groups and attract eco-tourism within the local area. Educational facilities should be inclusive for all ages

Competition - Brief

7.0 and a range of supplementary learning resources will be issued to groups whilst on formal educational visits.

Infrastructure • New sustainable infrastructure including new route networks and discreet service/maintenance & emergency access roads • Although capacity car parking is limited to 15 spaces, 3 minibus bays should be provided • Except for standalone features, all materials should respond to site colours and textures to reduce the sites visual impact on the surrounding landscape • Create a new building known as ‘The Hub’ to as a base for a range of activities within the site Ecology • The project will also deliver improved biodiversity and ecology through further management and diversification of habitat types in collaboration with Natural England.

Site Economies • The site is required to be financially sustainable, supporting maintenance regimes and sustaining its educational facilities • Opportunities to create revenue and business case cycle to sustain the site should be included Future audiences of The Hub will include; • Mixed age educational visits • Specific user groups dependent on chosen unique selling points to the site

• conservation volunteers The Hub’s philosophy The project will be required to develop a new outdoor hub within Moccas Park as part of a later phase of a development.

The new build project requires: • a design that reflects how Capability Brown may have responded to the site, as well as characteristics of the site and the wider landscape • a proposal that embraces the 21st century and successes of technology, which hadn’t been developed in the 18th century • the ‘Hub’ to achieve high environmental standards through sustaining itself as an off-grid building.

• a visitor reception, café, toilets, cycle and segway hire • an outdoor discovery area linked to existing cycle trails and walks providing for an enhanced outdoor programme • Interpretation and learning resource in addition to those a across the site to provide an understanding of the site’s heritage, sustainability, global awareness and life cycles The building design shall be capable of future expansion to allow the addition of a meeting room for indoor activities, staff office and changing facilities

This will be delivered through the use of green technologies through using: • sustainable materials • sustainable drainage • water treatment • rainwater harvesting • offgrid - renewable energy • high standards of building insulation • Achieve ‘outstanding ratings through The British Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Methodology 36 (BREEAM) The building will provide: 36 BREEAM (2015) Available at: http://www.breeam.org/about.jsp?id=66[Accessed 29/07/15]

Competition - Brief

8.0 8.0 Site Response 8.1 Site Analysis

• The steep sided hill forms a spine running east-west a long a watershedwhich spans the length of the site • The steepest level change across the site totals 50m • The previous coniferous felled plantation acts as a scar

on the landscape • The site borders the medieval Deer Park and parkland of Moccas Park, laid out by Lancelot Brown ..

• The current vegetation of the site is like a patchwork of

both native and non-native self colonised vegetation • The avenue of remaining coniferous trees which stretches from the south to north of site provides a bat corridor, which has the potential to be enhanced.

• There are extensive views to the north and south

Competition - Site Response

8.0 Public Rights of Way Public Footpath Bridleway Other routes with public access

2.5km

2.5km

National Trail / Long Distance Route; Recreational Route Three Rivers Ride Herefordshire Trail

1.3km

Wye Valley Walk 1.3km

Potential Connections Distance to site from Public Footpath (varied) Distance to site from Herefordshire Trail (1.3km)

1.3km

Distance to site from Three Rivers Ride (1.3km) Distance to site from Wye Valley Walk (2.5km) Interpretation attracting people to the site 1.3km

Potential improvement for safer crossing point on nearby highways All routes will be sign posted and hazardous sections of road will be improved

Site Access

Competition - Site Response

8.0 PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

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Competition - Site Response

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8.0 N

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S Site Visibility / Viewpoint Analysis

Competition - Site Response

8.0

Site Views

Competition - Site Response

8.0

Site Views

Competition - Site Response

8.0

Site Views

Competition - Site Response

8.0

Site Views

Competition - Site Response

8.0

Site Characteristics

Competition - Site Response

8.0

Site Characteristics

Competition - Site Response

8.0

Human Interventions

Competition - Site Response

8.0

Moccas Park

Competition - Site Response

8.0

Adjacent Landscape Character (5km radius)

Competition - Site Response

8.0 MAP2 2MOCCAS MOCCASPARK PARK MAP DESIGNATIONS DESIGNATIONS 1 1

MAP 1 MOCCAS MOCCAS PARK PARK C O M P E T I T I O N C O M P E T I T I O N SS II TTEE

MAP 2 MOCCAS PARK 1

Competition Site Competition Site

DESIGNATIONS Competition Site Competition Site

Access Track Access Track

Registered Park/Garden Registered Park/Garden

Views of Views of Moccas Moccas Park Park on Googlemap Googlemap on 0 10 00 1

15 150 0

http://maps.google.co.uk http://maps.google.co.uk

0 0

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Date: 11/09/2014.NE 140909-1137-638.

Map Reference: Map Reference: NE 140909-1137-638. © Crown copyright and database rights © Crown copyright and100022021. database rights 2014.

Ordnance Survey 2014. Ordnance Survey 100022021.

VE

Scheduled Monument Scheduled Monument Competition Site SSSI SSSI Registered Park/Garden NNR NNR Scheduled Monument SSSI

R W YE

MOCCAS COURT RPG SS

SI

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MOCCAS PARK NNR MOCCAS PARK NNR MOCCAS PARK SSSI MOCCAS PARK SSSI

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2014. Ordnance Survey 100022021.

0 15

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Site Boundary & Existing Access

Map by A. Booth, GI & Analysis Services Date: 11/09/2014.

Map Reference: NE 140909-1137-638.

Site Designations (1)

© Crown copyright and database rights 2014. Ordnance Survey 100022021.

Competition - Site Response

8.0 MAP 3 MOCCAS PARK MAP 3 MOCCAS PARK DESIGNATIONS 2 DESIGNATIONS 2

## ! !! !

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Ancient Woodland Inventory Ancient Woodland Inventory Local Geological Site Semi-natural Semi-natural Ancient Tree Hunt Planted Planted

MAP 4 MOCCAS PARK PRIORITY HABITATS

Deciduous Woodland Deciduous Woodland Lowland Meadows Lowland Meadows

#

Purple Moor Grass and Rush Pastures Good Quality Purple MoorSemi-improved Grass and RushGrassland Pastures

!

Traditional Orchards Deciduous TraditionalWoodland Orchards No Main Habitat but Additional No Main Habitat but Additional Lowland Meadows Habitat Present Habitat Present

Ancient Woodland Inventory !

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Good Quality Semi-improved Grassland Good Quality Semi-improved Grassland

Local Geological Site Local Geological Site MAP 3 MOCCAS PARK Ancient Tree Hunt !

Ancient DESIGNATIONS Tree Hunt 2 !

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! !!! !!!! !!! ! !! !!

!

MAP MAP44MOCCAS MOCCASPARK PARK PRIORITY PRIORITYHABITATS HABITATS

Historic Semi-natural HistoricParkland Parkland

Wood PastureGrass and Parkland Purple Rush Pastures WoodMoor Pasture andand Parkland

Local Conservation Planted Local ConservationSite Site

Traditional Orchards

Competition CompetitionSite Site

No Main Habitat but Additional Habitat Present

Historic Parkland

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Wood Pasture and Parkland

Local Conservation Site

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Competition Site

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Date: 11/09/2014.

Map Reference: NE 140909-1137-638.

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© Crown copyright and database rights 2014. Ordnance Survey 100022021.

1000

© Crown copyright and database rights © Crown copyright and database rights 2014.

Ordnance Survey 100022021.

2014. Ordnance SurveyMetres 100022021.

!

Site Designations (2)

Map by A. Booth,Scale GI & Analysis at A4 Services 1:25,000 Map11/09/2014.

by A. Booth, GI & Analysis Services Date: Date: 11/09/2014.

Map Reference: NE 140909-1137-638.

Map Reference: NE 140909-1137-638.

0

Crown copyright anddatabase databaserights rights ©© Crown copyright and Metres 2014.

Ordnance Survey100022021.

100022021.

2014.

Ordnance Survey Map by A. Booth, GI & Analysis Services Date: 11/09/2014.

Map Reference: NE 140909-1137-638.

1000 1000 Metres Metres

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1000 1000

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Map by A. Booth, GI & Analysis Services Date: 11/09/2014.

Map Reference: NE 140909-1137-638.

Site and adjacent Priority Habitats © Crown copyright and database rights 2014. Ordnance Survey 100022021.

Competition - Site Response

8.0 8.2 Historic Significance â&#x20AC;˘ The archeological remnants of the site are extensive and potentially provide a feature to be celebrated the archeological research carried out by suggests that the processes which was prepared by Tim Hoverd, Herefordshire Archaeology, Environment, Planning and Waste Places and Communities Directorate Herefordshire Council

Spring / pool Medieval deer park pale (bank and ditch) with contemporary deer fence

Quarry Saw Pit

Holloway

Charcoal Burning Platform

Barrow

Spring and watercourse

Historic Analysis Historic Land Use

Competition - Site Response

8.0

Historic Analysis - 1st Edition Ordnance Survey Map 1886

Historic Analysis - 1st Edition County Series Map 1854 - 1901 overlayed with aerial image

Competition - Site Response

8.0 8.3 Design approach

Historic Analysis - 1st Edition County Series Map 1854 - 1901

Competition - Site Response

8.0 Vision The design adopts Lancelot Brown’s approach to landscape design to provide a masterplan for this 21st century park that conserves and enhances the site’s characteristics and creates a range of habitats and visitor attractions within a carbon neutral environment that will engage a broad range of users. People will exercise, stargaze, inhabit, and learn.

Site Qualities Archaeological and ecological qualities will be protected, enhanced and interpreted throughout the park. Visitors will gain an understanding of the site’s development and its natural and industrial heritage as well as learn about science, art, and sustain land management.

Focal Points Visitors will be led on paths through a sequence of spaces and experiences with focal points at key locations across the site (largely Phase 2): • green roofed visitor hub • Moccas Court ‘eye catcher’ • Golden Valley ‘eye catcher’ • sculptures • artist’s huts • eco-tourism pods • viewing stations The two eye catchers are the most important focal features acting as orientation points and destinations for pedestrians and cyclists. The visitor hub will provide site interpretation and information and provide a base for activities.

Brownian Approach The masterplan reflects Brown’s approach to: • designing views and landscape experiences • locating landmark features and associated land

scape features • designing circuit routes around the site • pragmatism in terms of retaining existing tracks • integrating agricultural management systems • designing water features and grading earthworks • range of planting design Future The masterplan allows for a phased development in response to the site’s growing reputation as a destination for: • education • research • leisure • volunteering • culture

8.4 Masterplan strategy The masterplan is devised to be developed in phases.

The first phase of works would provide the landscape framework for the masterplan in response to the competition brief, basically providing the landscape infrastructure works.

Subsequent phases of works would build on the success of phase one in terms of establishing the site in landscape and ecological terms as well as in terms of a visitor attraction.

Subsequent phases would require the development of a business case to justify the significant investment envisaged and to confirm that the enhanced project is economically sustainable.

Phase One Works • Native tree planting and shrub planting • Diverse meadows • Path and track layout • Viewing stations and hides • Earthworks and drainage • Lake / natural swimming pool and ponds • Sunken fencing • Creation of various habitats • Introduction of conservation grazing after establish

ment of sward • Improved signage and connections from adjacent

cycle tracks / footpaths • Interpretation Ecological Proposals The main thrust of the project is to deliver improved biodiversity and ecology through further management and diversification of habitat types in collaboration with Natural England. This will include: • Restoration of the site to wood pasture and park

land habitat to improve the resilience and long term

•

survival of the habitat at Moccas and deadwood species dependent upon it. wood pasture and parkland habitat exemplified in the adjacent Moccas NNR and SSSI.

Access Proposals • Access proposals include improved signage and

connections from: A. Herefordshire Trail B. Three Rivers Ride C. Spoon Lane Track • New path to reflect a Brownian Carriageway • Retention of existing access track, largely for main

tenance purposes • New paths adjoining existing access road for DDA

compliant routes • Development of Parkland leisure trails Site Infrastructure Proposals • New sustainable infrastructure including new route

networks and discreet service/maintenance &

emergency access roads • Although capacity car parking is limited to 15

spaces, 3 minibus bays should be provided • Except for standalone features, all materials should

respond to site colours and textures to reduce the

sites visual impact on the surrounding landscape Interpretation Proposals Interpretation proposals include: • The Educational trails - Archaeological / History /

Ecology / Scientific Research / Scenic / Sustainability

Competition - Site Response

8.0

•

• • • •

/ Organic / biomimetic design Agriculture / Landscape Management / charcoal production / Meat & Honey production Astronomy Moccas Park relationship Park leisure trails – cycling, running, walking Telling the story of the development of the park and the competition

All park interpretation will be made available through the development of ‘app’ friendly resources. The app will aid navigation of the site as well as locate additional actual interpretation boards across the site. The app will market site’s produce as well as promote local businesses and other tourist attractions in the area.

Phase Two Works • Development of Hub building (initial phase) to ac-

commodate a meeting room, basic unmanned

kitchen, an observatory and sale of produce for

site users / eco tourists potential – also potential

eco café / restaurant • Development of viewing areas, towers and sitooter

ies to view sculpture • Development of sculpture trail both temporary and

permanent works • Leisure Trails with potential for cycle segway hire • Eco tourist huts for rent • Artist in residence huts

Main Site Functions Phase 1 These will include : • Agricultural grazing - something expressed in the

brief, so areas of the former coniferous plantation

will be regenerated with pasture and fenced. A

variety of agricultural management including

rotovation of land with pigs. All breeds will be

organic and ancient breeds and be required to man

age the site through conservation grazing. They will

also contribute to the site’s financial sustainability.

• Education - the site will provide a sustainable

visitor experience for educational groups.

Educational facilities will be inclusive for all ages and

a range of supplementary learning resources will be

provided so groups can carry out their work.

Interpretation will be provided across the site in the

form of trails. A key ‘journey over time’ will

be located adjacent to the hub. This will provide

every visitor with a rich, contextual introduction to

the site. Interpreting the nature of each education

al/sculptural trail on site.

• Informal Recreation - Trail routes, sculpture trail

forming landmark and smaller pieces to be discov

ered, natural swimming pool • Volunteers - trail route maintenance, habitat devel

opment, conservation, tree planting, agricultural

management, tour guiding, etc Phase 2 Visitor Hub The Visitor Hub is the major element, depending upon a

business case. The building would be inspired by Arthur’s Stone (adjacent 3,700bc curial chamber) but have a green roof.

The new hub will include: • Provide a visitor reception, indoor classroom, toi-

lets, cycle and segway hire • By night the building will function as an observatory • Provide a kitchen to service day trippers and eco-

tourists • An outdoor discovery area linked to existing cycle

trails and walks providing for an enhanced outdoor

program • The building design shall be capable of future ex-

pansion to allow the addition of a meeting room for

indoor activities, staff office • the ‘Hub’ to achieve high environmental standards

through sustaining itself as an off-grid building.

This will be delivered through the use of green technologies through using: 1. sustainable materials 2. sustainable drainage 3. water treatment 4. rainwater harvesting 5. offgrid - renewable energy 6. high standards of building insulation 7.

Achieve ‘outstanding ratings through The British

Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Methodology (BREEAM)33 33 BREEAM (2015) Available at: http://www.breeam.org/about.jsp?id=66 [Accessed

Hub design The structure is inspired by the 3700 BC Burial chamber, close to the site and would blend into its surroundings, essential it is located within an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and as site and adjacent areas have many other important designations.

Roof • •

ramp provides access to a rooftop seating area most of the green roof with wildflower meadow

Facade • Burnt timber cladding reflecting the sites heritage of

charcoal production • Possible another material to provide a layered effect

(similar to a terraced model made from sheets) This

will reflect the shape of the stone at the burial

chamber. Similar to http://www.heatherwick.com/

east-beach-cafe/ perhaps mirrors , like Cairns Botan-

ics or copper Windows • Inspired by the stone props of the burial chamber • Key entrance to right handside allowing alternative

route to roof top seating area Towers • Viewing towers will be located in woods, providing

key view across both sides of the ridge of which you

29/07/15]

Competition - Site Response

8.0

•

can see up to 50miles or maybe even more.

They look onto plinths in which temporary sculp tures will be located They will be up to 20-30m tall and possible made from a lattice structure of CNC’D layers.

Viewing stations/Sitooteries • Something Brown developed, almost like a layby to

look at the view. Again temporary sculpture will be

sited in framed views Viewing gateway structure • Similar to Highclere (ref. design matrix) - looking

onto key sculptural platform Bridge •

A natural swimming pool will be created through blowing up rock and catching surface run off, this will be in the form of a ribbon lake due to the topog raphy on the site. A bridge will run along a shelving edge off the hillside. This would be a circular design jutting out across the swimming pool. Beneath the highest point of the arch of the bridge people will be able to look onto a cascading water feature.

Sculpture / Arts Trail The sculpture trail would include permanent and temporary works (accessible by bike, segway, walking or mobility scooter ) celebrating the site, the world, sustainability, etc.

The works will include • Look out towers with channeled vistas

•

•

platforms / bridges on which sculpture will be ex hibited journey through time touching on the site’s history, world affairs and sustainability

Some sculpture will be permanent however those which celebrate global awareness will be transient to reflect the most current issues of world affairs. This responds to Brown’s lack of information about the wider world.

• Translate an understanding of sustainability, global

awareness and life cycles • Design sculpture base upon biomimachry cycles in

the site • Respond to site textures / natural processes Typical works could include: hokkaido garden show http://hgs.co.jp/en/garden-art/journey-of-life.html http://www.eyeopening.info/2015/05/30/the-ocean-cleanup http://inhabitat.com/the-mini-house-by-jonas-wagell-is-amodern-prefab-that-goes-up-in-two-days/ http://inhabitat.com/index.php?s=solar+powered+leaf http://inhabitat.com/revolutionary-construction-systembuilds-low-cost-syrian-refugee-schools-out-of-sand/ http://inhabitat.com/china-is-building-a-massive-6300-acresolar-project-in-the-gobi-desert/ http://inhabitat.com/this-fukushima-wind-turbine-is-theworlds-largest-and-it-floats/ http://inhabitat.com/mirrored-ziggurat-connects-the`earth-and-sky-in-sydney/ http://inhabitat.com/studies-show-all-major-forest-biomes-

on-earth-are-dying-and-fast/ http://inhabitat.com/modern-log-cabin-hidden-in-a-stackof-wood/ http://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/blogs/woodlandtrust/2015/08/ancient-trees-soil-ecosystems/?utm_ source=facebook&utm_medium=social&utm_ campaign=conservation_august2015 http://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2015-09-01/scientists-warnalmost-all-seabirds-will-ingest-plastic-by-2050/6738862 http://inhabitat.com/humans-have-killed-nearly-half-thetrees-on-earth-so-far/ Huts A variety of huts will be made available, possibly including artist studios or to provide accommodation for visiting eco tourists travelling by bike. Some huts will be inspired by ancient burial mounds which look like humps and could like little hobbit homes The eco tourist huts would be for rent and provide essential income.

The artist in residence huts – artists would be responsible for making on site sculptures and for participating in arts workshops which would be open to the public.

Site Economies The site will be financially sustainable, supporting maintenance regimes and sustaining its educational facilities. A trust fund will be established to channel revenue generated from visitors.

Commerce • Moccas Hill Park camping huts • Artist in residency huts • Observatory in main visitor Centre • Rearing of livestock for breeding & meat production • Charcoal production • Honey Production • Renting out visitor hub for events • Possible café / restaurant

8.5 Ecological Proposals The main aim is to include ecological enhancement to create wood pasture & parkland.

Other site wide objectives include enhancements of ecology through: • Harnessing the micro biosphere which sustains the

adjacent Scientific Interest (SSSI) National Nature

Reserve (NNI), Registered Parks and Gardens of

Historic significance • Ensuring the proposed ecological network will

develop to adapt to climate change and support a

more diverse range of species Ecological Layers will include: 1.

Establish future veteran woodland 2.

Establish functional agricultural grazing including,

species-rich pastures - hay meadows improved

grassland 3.

Increase pollination species 4.

Conserve and enhance existing heathland and

Competition - Site Response

8.0

5.

6.

acidic grassland and through modification develop blanket bogs Establish water bodies for migrant birds Phase out existing coniferous woodland

The proposals respond to key recommendations outlined in adjacent Natural England National Character Area Profiles: Hereford\ 99. Black Mountains and Golden Valley and 100.

Herefordshire Lowlands 99. Black Mountains and Golden Valley • Maintaining and enhance heathland communities

through sustainable grazing and burning regimes

to aid water infiltration and reduce the loss of peaty

soils through erosion • Phase out the coniferous woodland and replant it

with native species when additional bat habitats are provided • Establish new habitats to aid capture and store car

bon • Coppice future woodland as required to avoid soil erosion • Promote and develop the use of trees of local

genetic provenance, free from disease, for stocking

and replanting, to reduce the spread of disease.

• Promoting the management of species-rich hay

meadows and pastures, to conserve and enhance

their biodiversity interest • Maintaining standing dead trees and fallen trees • Develop site Moccas Hill Park brand to increase site

commerce. Produce will include meat, honey, char

coal and craft which be sold locally connecting pro

duce and landscape • Increase nectar through development of pollinator species • Establish traditional hedgerows to the south of

woodland on the southern boundary. This will be in

traditional local style, to enhance landscape

character and provide habitats connections • Manage bog habitat (existing pool) to protect peat

soils, increase water-holding capacity and encour

age active peat formation, to mitigate the effects of

climate change.

• Promoting sustainable recreational opportunities

through proposed site user groups 100. Herefordshire Lowlands • Through making the site accessible to the intended

education groups / researched the site geology can

be interpreted to outline the role geodiversity plays,

in particular its connection with biodiversity, land

scape character • Mapping of historical features and development

of management plans will ensure the site’s proteced

and conserved as well as enjoyed as an asset to

the area.

Tree Management / Planting • Tree planting will take place across the site, briding

to Moccas Park’s ancient and mature woodland.

Existing woodland will adjoin a proposed network of

semi natural plant communities creating, habitat

diversification and wildlife corridors

•

•

•

The future vision for the site is to expand the fabric and footprint of the existing Site of Moccas Park’s Special (SSSI) (NNI).

Coppiced woodland will be re-introduced as a source of wood fuel, increasing recreational oppotu nities and increasing carbon storage for climate regulation.

Establish a polyculture woodland different spe cies and layers perfect will create a species rich woodland, with the long term aim of achieving vet eran trees / ancient woodland. This diverts from the previous monoculture which dominated the landscape previously.

The four key woodland layers will be implemented with the exclusion of shrub planting if wooded clusters are to reflect as design style dictated by Lancelot Brown. This will include: A. Grassland (sedges and ferns) B. Shrubs (guelder rose, dogrose, hawthorn) C. Understorey for example rowan, birch, field maple,

sweet chestnut (pioneering species) D. Canopy for example oak, beech, Scots Pine domi

nant species which Brown favoured Enriching soils In areas of the former coniferous woodland there maybe a requirement to reintroduce a nutrient rich soil for biodiversity. This will be determined through soil testing.

Species such as Alder could be used for re-inject nitrogen back into the soil through mychorrizal fungi which act in symbiosis with the roots.

Forward thinking The use of cell grown trees will be used to reduce costs.

Although more expensive initially they are likely to reduce replacement planting for failed trees and are likely to establish better in windy conditions. Cell grown trees are also scientifically proven to have better root systems than bare root trees. It would interesting to know if Lancelot Brown would have used this system if it was available.

Local Provenance All trees will be selected of local provenance through a registered stand with a master certificate from a notable seed merchant like forestart, choosing native forestry.

Tree Protection / Establishment To ensure trees establish successful fencing and tree protection will be introduced. Different shelters will be tailored to tree type, the majority protected in large clumps or belts but with individual trees protected with tree guards. All the fencing will be cattle proof fencing and reducing any potential foraging from mammal such passing deer and grazing agricultural animals.

Management Plan A management plan will be developed and woodland areas will be managed by volunteers. The areas of coppiced

Competition - Site Response

8.0 woodland could potentially be managed by volunteers or to stimulate economic growth someone with the relevant skills could develop this as one the sites economic ventures.

Ecological Areas A diverse range of ecological areas will be developed across the site.

1.Deadwood management / Future veteran woodland The long term aim is to create future veteran woodlands to increase potential for dead wood, hollowing, loose bark and holes. This will become more attractive for Key bird species, mammals and insects as well as encourage the growth of mosses and lichens. This will be achieved by: • Clearance of stumps from former coniferous planta

tion to restore more valuable semi-natural habitats • Retain standing dead trees and fallen trees within

Moccas Hill Park. The quantity of dead trees will

increase as both the specimens included in the

coniferous avenue (bat corridor). In places other de

ciduous beech belts appear to be degrading

in health. This may be due to increased exposure to

the ele ments after the woodland areas were felled.

Deadwood will increase species including inverte

brates, roosting bats and birds.

• Ripping of branches will be carried out in areas to

attract invertebrates on a small number of decidu

ous trees • Goats and Soay sheep will be allowed controlled ac

cess to established woodland areas as browzers.

2.Agricultural grazing

This will include species-rich pastures, hay meadows, improved grassland Pasture • In reference to LI & Natural England brief “Promote

the management of species-rich hay meadows and

pastures, to conserve and enhance their biodiversity

interest” • Extend the character of wood pasture at Moccas

Park • Retain high concentrations carbon in pasture once

established Hay Meadows – Occasionally grazed • Retain high concentrations • Create species-rich grassland due to a deficit in this

habitat type in the local area • Grazing animals including sheep and cattle will

through careful management graze pasture through

out the site in a programmed rotation • Sheep will have access to all areas of the site how

ever cattle will be fenced in two main grazing zones

which they will be able drink from developed pools 3. Increase pollination species • Through sowing native perennial mixes there will be

an increased amount of pollinators • Shurb and trees species located on boundary hedge

rows will provide additional pollen • Bee hives will be installed 4. Enhance existing heathland and acidic grassland and

through modification develop blanket bogs / aims Existing areas of heathland will be retained and more will be created. Through grazing some heathland may become acidic grassland.

To develop • Develop areas of acidic grassland which derived

from heathland by grazing this area is located to

east of the remaining coniferous avenue which ad

joins the northern boundary of the site • Expand heathland communities through sustain

able grazing and burning regimes, aid water infiltra

tion and reduce the loss of peaty soils through

erosion.

• Through sustainable grazing moorland habitats will

be managed to ensure vegetation cover and peat

formation that improve and conserve the condition

and structure of carbon rich soils.

Bogland A bogland area will be developed in the area in which the pond is created through excavations of the ground.

Flora to encourage include: • sedge-butterwort, deer grass and cross-leaved

heath. Other characteristic species include pur

ple moor-grass, tufted hair-grass, heather, star

sedge, flea sedge, bilberry and crowberry. Wet

flushes are botanically rich; typical species include

sphagnum, mire star sedge, yellow sedge, soft rush,

butterwort, opposite-leaved golden saxifrage, water

•

mint and water forget-me-not. Blanket mire lies on the gentler slopes, with species of heather, hare’s- tail grass and cotton grass predominating. Cotton grass and mosses are abundant in the wet ground, with lichens, bilberry and crowberry.

As the pond dries out there is the potential to chan nel run-off water from the existing track top the wetland area up. An outlet would divert any ad ditional unwanted harvested water

Flora Fauna 5. Establish water bodies for migrant birds A natural swimming pool and pond for agricultural animals will be developed. This will increase opportunities for attracting additional species of native birds and passing migrant birds. The natural swimming pool will include established planting which will ensure the water is clean enough to swim in.

The agricultural watering hole will also be kept clean through the establishment of filtering plants in key areas.

6. Phase out existing coniferous woodland In the long term the woodland management plan allows for the remaining coniferous wooded areas to be reduced.

This will be a slow process and will begin to take place in approximately 20 years’ time once mitigation measures are in place to counteract the disturbance of any ecological disturbance of species such as roosting bats.

8.6 Masterplan

Competition - Site Response

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Connections / Recreational Trails 1 Site Entrance 2 Existing forestry haul road to be retained 3 Existing Car Parking to include 4 minibus parking spaces 4 Gravel Path 5 Beginners Downhill Cycle Track 6 Advanced Downhill Cycle Track

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Competition - Site Response

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Competition - Site Response

8.0

Competition - Site Response

Part Three

9.0 9.0 Reflection 9.1 Reflection on part one and part two

Study Aim The aim of the study was to carry out research into the work of Lancelot Brown (Part 1) in order to inform proposals for the Capability Brown Festival Design Ideas Competition (Part 2).

Part One - Research Desk Top Research Research was undertaken on Lancelot Brown to gain an understanding of his work and his contribution to the development of landscape architecture. It was clear that his work was a natural progression of the English Landscape Garden Style and responded to the main issues of the day in the context of wealthy landowners being obsessed with improving agricultural management on their estates as well as reflecting politics, tastes and fashion of the time. It was also interesting how quickly Brown fell out of favour with the progression of the ‘Picturesque’ movement.

His approach to design involved the removal of established formal landscape features, and he was even responsible for moving villages, in order to create a fresh new landscape over gently rolling landscape dotted with clumps of trees, making the estate seem larger than in reality.

The differences between types of parks and pleasure grounds were discussed in order to focus in on the qualities

of the Moccas competition site, which is equivalent to an outlying park, located as some distance from the principal house, rather than a traditional Brown landscape overlooked by the house. Understanding the specific qualities of an outlying park was helpful in addressing the competition brief.

approach and how components worked together. Of particular interest were Nick Owen’s views on Brown’s interest in management and sustainability. He also gave an indication how, if Brown was alive today, he may have approached the Moccas Hill site, including some views that ran contrary to the brief.

Case Studies From the outset it became evident that a number of Brown sites would be required to be visited in additional to Moccas Park. Site visits were undertaken to parks to gain an understanding Brown’s work in terms of scale, components and style. The primary purpose of this was to experience first-hand each of the elements within parks and how they related to each other. Apart from Moccas Park, Herefordshire, the following were visited:

Landscape Conservation There is a great deal of interest in historic landscapes of all types today. Significant funding has been expended on park restoration works in recent years funded through the Heritage Lottery Fund, English Heritage, National Trust and Natural England and other agencies. Monitoring of this funding is increasingly important both in terms of ensuring that necessary ongoing park maintenance works is undertaken to safeguard investment but also that the most appropriate type of restoration work is carried out in the first place, in order to inform the future funding of works.

1.

2.

3.

Berrington Hall, Herefordshire Hulne Park, Alnwick, Northumberland Rothley Park, Wallington Estate, Northumberland

Primary Research When trying to understand the complexities of Brown’s approach to landscape design projects in the 18th century it became apparent that there was a lack of evidence which interpreted Brown’s design style and its intended impact as an experience in a landscape. To gain further information and understanding an interview was carried out with national expert on Lancelot Brown, Nick Owen of Debois Landscape Survey Group. This was extremely useful in terms of understanding the reasons behind Brown’s design

Brown’s Components and Modern Day Examples The large amount of information generated by the desk-top research, site visits and the interview with Nick Owen was analysed in such a way as to assist in informing the design of the competition site. A matrix of Brown’s components was devised, using examples of his work across the country to understand their role in the overall landscape design and their interrelationships.

In addition a design matrix outlining Brown’s approach and modern equivalents was devised, to try to cross the two and half century divide to interpret his approach for the 21st century. Examples of schemes across the world were

included highlighting similarities to Brown’s work. As a designer, it was key to try and review the comparable qualities in modern designers who respond to 21st century design requirements that landscape architects, architects and engineers have to fulfill to create a functional landscape.

Parallels have highlighted that the approach to design in 18th century in relation to the 21st century broadly outline similar user experiences, yet cater for a variety of site user groups.

The matrices assisted in preparing for the design competition, firstly by analyzing Brown’s components and their roles in his design but secondly by looking at contemporary design through the eyes of Brown.

Part Two - Moccas Hill Competition Site

Competition - Brief The brief prepared for the Capability Brown Festival Design Ideas Competition was very challenging in many ways. It required the design approach to reflect Brown’s design principles on a site that he is unlikely to ever worked on and to a brief he would not have recognised. Although he designed outlying parks, to my knowledge, he never worked on any which had previously been coniferous woodland and none which had such a dramatic topography. The emphasis on ecology and archaeology is not something that would have featured in his briefs, although the need for limited public access would have had parallels to the need to accommodate frequent visitors to ‘his’ private estates. The challenge was therefore to keep Brown’s principles in mind in the development of the design to meet the brief whist ensuring

Reflection

9.0 it would deliver a high quality series of experiences, similar those achieved in his outlying parks.

However to make the masterplan and visitor experience more stimulating and diverse and to fit more closely with Brown’s approach, it was felt necessary to extend the brief.

A hypothetical additional brief was devised and this also allowed for the inclusion of more Brown’s components or modern day equivalents.

Site Response When reviewing Moccas Hill site and Moccas Park, it became apparent that the site had potential to link and develop the characteristics of the adjacent SSSI, NCI and Registered Parks and Gardens of Historic Significance.

The design philosophy and principles were delivered in this Moccas Hill Park masterplan through translating the qualities of Browns focus when planning outlying parks. The research process identified certain landscape features and components which Brown may have assigned to Moccas Hill Wood.

When attempting to create modern design ideas for the Moccas Hill site, whilst reflecting Brown’s pioneering vision and aspirations, it became apparent that modern designers adopt a similar approach to Brown in the layout to landscapes and individual landscape/architectural components with similar intentions for visitor experience and functionality within the landscape. The design outcome for Moccas Hill Park encapsulates both the history and expresses the connection to the wider world from a rural

location in Herefordshire.

Areas for potential exploration The work and achievements of Lancelot Brown have been documented by many historians but few have analysed his design approach and components in detail as well as his interest in landscape management; with the exception of Debois Landscape Survey Group. This has meant that many comments on components matrix are my interpretation and debatable. Further site visits and research would enable the matrix to be developed with more understanding. There is also great potential for further research into Brown’s outlying parks as few have been identified in this study.

This study has been carried out in preparation for the Tercentenary Brown celebrations in 2016 and no doubt there is a great deal of ongoing research which will be published in subsequent years that will provide a greater understanding of his work.

As regards the competition site, the chosen and implemented design should be monitored as the landscape establishes over a number of years to document its success both in terms of the brief and its high aspirations of creative ideas that reflect Brown’s principles.

Reflection

10.0 10.0 References and Sources Part One Texts

CAPABILITY BROWN (2015) Available from: http://www. capabilitybrown.org/[Accessed 06/06/2015] LANDSCAPE INSTITUTE (2015) Capability Brown Festival Design Ideas Competition. Available from: <http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/PDF/Contribute/CB300CompbriefandEntryForm_002.pdf> [Accessed 24th July 2015] Debois Landscape Survey Group (2012, May) Capability Brown 1716 – 2016, Launching the Brown Tercentenary Celebrations at Ampthill Park, Rezzy, The Lake View p11, Image - Park House from the far side of the ‘Rezzy’The Lake View: Available at: http://www.debois.org.uk/deboisampthilltour. pdf ( Accessed 27/07/2015) BREEAM (2015) Available at: http://www.breeam.org/ about.jsp?id=66[Accessed 29/07/15] Gregory, J, Spooner, S. and Williamson, T., 2013.Lancelot Capability Brown: A research impact review prepared for English Heritage by the Landscape Group, University of East Anglia. Available at: http://www.capabilitybrown.org/sites/ default/files/project_files2/english_heritage_research.pdf [Accessed 25th July 2015] Ross, S (2001) What gardens mean: University of Chicago Press

Von Kroisgk, K-H (1999) Klein-Glienicke mit Pleasureground.

In: Landesdenkmalamt Berlin (ed.): Gartenkunst Berlin. 20 Jahre Gartendenkmalpflege in der Metropole, Schlezky & Jeep, Berlin NATIONAL TRUST (2015) National Trust Wallington Hall Guide Book, Available at: http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/ cs/Satellite?blobcol=urldata&blobheader=application%2Fpd f&blobkey=id&blobtable=MungoBlobs&blobwhere=134912 8671534&ssbinary=true [Accessed 01/06/2015] HERITAGE LOTTERY FUND (2015) Available at: www.hlf.org. uk [Accessed 17/06/2015] Unpublished Reports Harding, T. P. and Wall, T eds., 2000. Moccas: an English Deer Park: The history, wildlife and management of the first parkland National Nature Reserve. Peterborough: English Nature Printed material Brown, J, 2011. Lancelot Capability Brown – The Omnipotent Magician 1716-1783, Chatto&Windus p248 M. Laird, The Flowering of the English Landscape Garden: English pleasure grounds1720-1800 (Philadelphia, 1999), page 133-51.

Price, U, Essays on the Picturesque, Vol. 2 (London, 1810), page148.

Loudon, The Landscape Gardening and Landscape Architec-

ture of the Late Humphry ReptonEsq (London, 1840), page 328.

Shrimpton, C, 2006. A History of Alnwick Parks and Distant pleasure grounds. Heritage House Group Ltd, page 45

Hannan H, 2014. Capability Brown comes of age: The Journal of the Landscape Institute. Available at: http://www. capabilitybrown.org/sites/default/files/project_files2/cbf. pdf [Accessed 25th July 2015]

Aldred, O, 2014, Archaeological Excavations Across the Serpentine Path, Rothley Lake, Wallington. Available at: http:// www.ncl.ac.uk/mccordcentre/research/researchreports/ McCord_Centre_Report_2014.5.pdf [Accessed 1st August 2015] page 4Wallington

Hyams, E, 1971. Capability Brown and Humphry Repton.

London: J.M Dent & Sons Ltd

Aldred, O, 2014, Archaeological Excavations Across the Serpentine Path, Rothley Lake, Wallington. Available at: http:// www.ncl.ac.uk/mccordcentre/research/researchreports/ McCord_Centre_Report_2014.5.pdf [Accessed 1st August 2015] page 6Wallington P. Willis (1984) ‘Capability Brown’s account with Drummonds Bank, 1753-1783’ in Architectural History 27, 38291.

Stroud, D, 1975.Capability Brown. Faber and Faber Ltd

Reference list of text identified that maybe used in project plan Brown, D, 2001, Lancelot Brown and his Associates: Journal of the Garden History Society. Maney Publishing Gregory, J, Spooner, S. and Williamson, T., 2013.Lancelot Capability Brown: A research impact review prepared for English Heritage by the Landscape Group, University of East Anglia. Available at: http://www.capabilitybrown.org/sites/ default/files/project_files2/english_heritage_research.pdf [Accessed 25th July 2015]

Shrimpton, C, 2006. A History of Alnwick Parks and Distant pleasure grounds. Heritage House Group Ltd

Trevelyan, R, 1994. Wallington, Northumberland. National Trust (Enterprise) Ltd Aldred, O, 2014. Archaeological Excavations Across the Serpentine Path, Rothley Lake Wallintgton. Available at: http:// www.ncl.ac.uk/mccordcentre/research/researchreports/ McCord_Centre_Report_2014.5.pdf [Accessed 1st August 2015] Brown J, 2011. Lancelot Capability Brown – The Omnipotent Magician 1716-1783. Chatto&Windus

Part Two Texts The following texts will assist and inspire the design approach to the competition site. This approach will be translated to address general issues of 21st c.

References and Sources

10.0 THE LANDSCAPE INSTITUTE (2015) Moccas an English Deer Park. Edited by Paul T Harding & Tom Wall Available at: http://www.landscapeinstitute.co.uk/PDF/Contribute/Moccas-anEnglishDeerPark.pdf [Accessed 22/06/2015] THE LANDSCAPE INSTITUTE (2015) Available at: http:// www.landscapeinstitute.org/PDF/Contribute/CB300CompbriefandEntryForm_002.pdf [Accessed 22/06/2015] NATURAL ENGLAND Historic Parkland Handbook 2015 Avaialble at randd.defra.gov.uk/Document. aspx?Document...Historic_Parklands....co.uk NATURAL ENGLAND Environmental Stewardship and Historic Parklands https://www.google.co.uk/ webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF8#q=Environmental+stewardship+and+historic+parklands+ tickner The texts below outline information, which Brown would have had to review or may have refereed to for inspiration to inform a design proposal for the competition site.

Braungart M, 2009. Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the way we make things. Vintage Natural England, 2014.National Character Area Profile: 99. Black Mountains and Golden Valley. Available at: <http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/5391726126563328> [Accessed 25th July 2015] Natural England, 2013, National Character Area Profile: 100 Herefordshire Lowlands. Available at: <http://publications. naturalengland.org.uk/publication/4827527503675392> [Accessed 25th July 2015] Hoverd, T, 2014. Woodbury Hill, Moccas Park, Data amalgamation to inform plans or site. Available at: <http://www. landscapeinstitute.co.uk/PDF/Contribute/HerefordArchaeologyReport346.pdf> [Accessed 25th July 2015] Harding, T. P. and Wall, T eds., 2000. Moccas: an English Deer Park: The history, wildlife and management of the first parkland National Nature Reserve. Peterborough: English Nature

McDonough, W. and Braungart, M, 2013.The Upcycle: Beyond Sustainability - Designing for Abundance. United States: North Point Press.

Yeang, K, 2009. Ecomasterplanning: The Work of Ken Yeang.

Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Yeang, K. and Woo, L.C., 2010. Dictionary of Ecodesign: An Illustrated Reference. London: Routledge.

References and Sources

EDWARD

GREEN

CB300 / CBF047 / Leeds Beckett University E: e.green6566@student.leedsbeckett.ac.uk M:07533226919